Completed Work of Favour 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My special thanks goes to God Almighty for his mercy, his favour, his grace
upon my life. I am so grateful to you Lord for everything you do for me thank you
Lord, because I can't thank you enough.
My profound gratitude goes to my project supervisor Prof. Emma Osonna

Ugwulebo for his efforts to ensure that this research come out the best.
I want to also appreciate other lecturers of Sociology Department who in one

way or the other contributed in impacting knowledge in me. They are; Prof. Njoku
Agnes (Dean of Faculty), Assoc. Prof. Chris Ugwu, Dr. Emma Eboh (HOD), Dr.
Daniel Nkwocha, Dr. Okechukwu Anyaoha, Dr. Mrs. Winifred Kanu, Dr. A.I.
Onyekwere, Dr. Vin Umeh, Dr. Chiemeka Onyema Dr. Chinedu Nwokorie, Dr.
Okechukwu Ajaegbu and Mr. Monday Ukpabi for their diligence to duty and sense of
commitment, you are all wonderful people.
I am so much indebted to my parent Mr. and Mrs. Clement Agoamanam for

their countless prayers and support both financially and otherwise during my
academic years.
I also wish to acknowledge my relative, friends and well-wishers who were

supportive in one way or the other may God bless you all.
ABSTRACT
This work is focused on Drug Abuse and Unemployment in Ikeduru Local

government Imo State. The general objective of the study is examine drug abuse
and unemployment in Ikeduru. However, the specific objectives include to: To assess
the prevalence and patterns of drug abuse in Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo State, To examine
the factors contributing to drug abuse in Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo State, To analyze the
impact of unemployment on drug abuse Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo State, To identify the
challenges faced by the unemployed population in Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo State. The
Descriptive research design was used for the study. Data for the study were
collected using questionnaire and interview methods. Our hypotheses were tested
using chi-square statistical method. The theoretical framework for the study was
anchored on Economic Strain Theory. The study found among others found that
Unemployment has led to Idleness and Boredom; Employment is very
important when it comes to growth of a society and is one of the major factor
to be considered.. The study recommended, among others, that Government at all
levels (Federal, State and Local) should urgently address the challenges of
drug abuse in our communities, The youths be assisted and encouraged to
work. The government should provide them with employment opportunities,
The youths should form cooperatives in order to assist themselves, Every
communities, through town union should assist in employment in their
communities. They should mobilize the men, and youths to be involved in
working
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study:
Drug abuse is a growing concern in Ikeduru LGA, as well as in Nigeria as a whole.

The availability and use of illicit substances have risen, affecting individuals across
different age groups and socio-economic backgrounds. A systematic review and
meta-analysis conducted by Adeloye et al. (2018) revealed a significant prevalence of
illicit drug use disorders among Nigerian youths. The reasons for drug abuse are
multifaceted, encompassing factors such as peer pressure, curiosity, stress, and the
lack of employment opportunities (Nwoga et al., 2018).
Unemployment and drug abuse are interrelated issues, forming a complex cycle of
causation. Unemployment can contribute to a sense of despair and purposelessness,
making individuals vulnerable to seeking solace or escape through substance abuse.
Conversely, drug abuse can further exacerbate unemployment by diminishing
individuals' motivation, impairing their ability to secure and maintain employment
(Oguwuike, 2018).
Unemployment is a persistent issue in Ikeduru LGA, as it is in many parts of Nigeria.

The lack of job opportunities, particularly for the youth population, has contributed to
a sense of frustration and hopelessness. Unemployed individuals face challenges in
meeting their basic needs, such as food, shelter, and healthcare. The resulting socio-
economic strain often leads to negative coping mechanisms, with drug abuse being a
prevalent issue.
Understanding the link between drug abuse and unemployment is essential for
developing effective strategies and interventions. Unemployment can create a sense
of despair and purposelessness, leading individuals to seek solace or escape through
substance abuse. Simultaneously, drug abuse can exacerbate unemployment by
diminishing individuals' motivation, impairing their ability to secure and maintain
employment.
Despite the evident importance of studying drug abuse and unemployment, there is a
dearth of specific research conducted in Ikeduru LGA. Therefore, this study aims to
bridge the knowledge gap by exploring the relationship between drug abuse and
unemployment within the context of Ikeduru LGA. By conducting an in-depth case
study, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, this research seeks to shed
light on the extent of drug abuse among the unemployed population and identify the
underlying factors contributing to this issue.
The findings of this study will contribute to the development of targeted

interventions, policies, and programs aimed at addressing drug abuse and
unemployment in Ikeduru LGA. By understanding the unique challenges faced by the
local population, policymakers and stakeholders can design and implement evidence-
based strategies to empower individuals, promote employment opportunities, and
provide support for individuals struggling with substance abuse.
Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA) in Imo State, Nigeria, serves as the focus of
this study on the relationship between drug abuse and unemployment. Understanding
the background of the study area is essential for comprehending the factors
contributing to these pressing issues.
Ikeduru LGA, like many regions in Nigeria, faces significant socio-economic

challenges, including high levels of unemployment and drug abuse. The area has
experienced transitions in its economic landscape, shifting from an agrarian-based
economy to a more urbanized and industrialized one. Historically, agriculture played
a vital role in the local economy, with crops like yam, cassava, and palm produce
driving economic activities (Ikeduru Local Government, n.d.).
However, the changing economic dynamics have resulted in increased unemployment

rates in the region. The lack of job opportunities, particularly for the youth
population, has led to frustration and a sense of hopelessness. Unemployment poses
challenges in meeting basic needs, such as food, shelter, and healthcare, thereby
amplifying social and economic strains (Oguwuike, 2018).
Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA), located in Nigeria, serves as the backdrop
for this study on drug abuse and unemployment. The LGA is home to a diverse
population and faces various socio-economic challenges, including high levels of
unemployment and drug abuse. Understanding the background of the study area is
crucial for comprehending the factors contributing to these issues.
The reasons for drug abuse are multifaceted, encompassing factors such as peer
pressure, curiosity, stress, and lack of employment opportunities. Unemployment
contributes to a sense of despair and purposelessness, making individuals vulnerable
to seeking solace or escape through substance abuse (Adeniyi et al., 2020).
While studies examining drug abuse and unemployment exist, there is a dearth of
specific research conducted in Ikeduru LGA. Therefore, this study aims to bridge the
knowledge gap by exploring the relationship between drug abuse and unemployment
within the context of Ikeduru LGA. By conducting an in-depth case study utilizing
qualitative and quantitative methods, this research seeks to shed light on the extent of
drug abuse among the unemployed population and identify the underlying factors
contributing to this issue.

provide support for individuals struggling with substance abuse.
Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA), located in Imo State, Nigeria, serves as the
focal point for this study on drug abuse and unemployment. Understanding the
background of the study area is crucial for comprehending the factors contributing to
these interconnected issues.
Ikeduru LGA, like many regions in Nigeria, grapples with significant socio-economic
challenges, including high levels of unemployment and drug abuse. The area has
witnessed shifts in its economic landscape, transitioning from an agrarian-based
economy to a more urbanized and industrialized one. Historically, agriculture played
a pivotal role in the local economy, with crops such as yam, cassava, and palm
produce driving economic activities (Ikeduru Local Government, n.d.).
However, the changing economic dynamics have led to increased unemployment

rates in the region. The lack of job opportunities, particularly for the youth
population, has resulted in frustration, disillusionment, and a sense of hopelessness.
Unemployment poses challenges in meeting basic needs, including food, shelter, and
healthcare, exacerbating social and economic strains (Oguwuike & Anyanwu, 2017).
While several studies have examined drug abuse and unemployment in Nigeria, there
is a dearth of specific research conducted in Ikeduru LGA. Therefore, this study aims
to bridge the knowledge gap by exploring the relationship between drug abuse and
unemployment within the context of Ikeduru LGA.

provide support for those struggling with substance abuse.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA) in Imo State, Nigeria, is grappling with
two critical issues: namely drug abuse and unemployment. These problems are
interconnected and have severe implications for the well-being and development of
the local community.
It is obvious that the high prevalence of drug abuse in the community has been a
noticeable increase in drug abuse among the population, which raises concerns about
the extent of drug abuse, the types of drugs being abused, and the consequences
associated with it.
High unemployment rates and its consequences poses significant challenges in

Ikeduru LGA, affecting individuals, families, and the community as a whole. It is
important to examine the extent of unemployment, identify the factors contributing to
it, and understand the social and economic impacts it has on the community.
Another problem is the interrelationship between drug abuse and unemployment.

There is a need to explore the link between these two issues in Ikeduru LGA. It is
important to understand how unemployment influences drug abuse and how drug
abuse, in turn, exacerbates unemployment rates and creates additional social and
economic challenges for individuals and the community.
what is even more, there is a limited understanding of the local dynamics of drug
abuse and unemployment in Ikeduru LGA. While studies have been conducted in
various contexts, there is a lack of research specifically focused on this community.
This study aims to fill that gap by providing insights into the unique factors,
challenges, and implications of drug abuse and unemployment in Ikeduru LGA.
1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine drug abuse and unemployment in
Ikeduru. The specific objectives include;
1. To assess the prevalence and patterns of drug abuse in Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo
State.
2. To examine the factors contributing to drug abuse in Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo

State.
3. To analyze the impact of unemployment on drug abuse Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo
State.
4. To identify the challenges faced by the unemployed population in Ikeduru

L.G.A in Imo State.
1.4 Research Questions:
1. What are the prevalence and patterns of drug abuse among the residents of
Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA)?
2. What are the factors contributing to drug abuse in Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo
State?
3. How does unemployment impact drug abuse Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo State.
4. What are the challenges faced by the unemployed population in Ikeduru L.G.A
in Imo State.
1.5 Hypotheses of the Study:
1. There is a significant relationship between unemployment and drug abuse in

Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA)
2. There is significant relationship on prevalence of drug abuse among the

unemployed population in Ikeduru LGA compared to the employed population.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The finding of the study will create awareness on the drug abuse and unemployment
a study of Ikeduru Also, the study will also reveal the challenges facing early
marriages and proffer possible solutions to the problem. It can assist in the
development of targeted prevention campaigns, educational initiatives, and awareness
programs to reduce drug abuse among the local population, particularly the youth.
The study help policy makers to know whether to review the laws on drug abuse and
unemployment or not. The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on
drug abuse and unemployment in Nigeria, particularly within the context of Ikeduru
LGA. The study will also serve as guide for related researches.
1.7 Operationalization of Terms
Drug Abuse: Refers to the excessive, recurrent, and harmful use of substances,
including both illicit drugs (such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana) and legal substances
(such as prescription medications and alcohol), leading to negative consequences on
physical, psychological, and social well-being.
Unemployment: Refers to the state of being without a job or occupation, typically

measured as the percentage of individuals who are actively seeking employment but
are unable to secure suitable work opportunities.
Prevalence: Refers to the proportion of individuals within a population who exhibit a

specific characteristic or engage in a particular behavior.
Patterns of Drug Abuse: Refers to the various ways in which drug abuse is
manifested, including frequency and duration of drug use, routes of administration,
combinations of substances used, and contexts in which drug abuse occurs.
Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse: Refers to the underlying influences,

circumstances, and variables that increase the likelihood of individuals engaging in
drug abuse.
Interrelationship: Refers to the mutual connection or influence between two or

more factors or phenomena.
Interventions: Refers to strategies, programs, or actions implemented to address a

specific issue or problem.
Policies: Refers to guidelines, regulations, or frameworks established by
governmental or organizational entities to guide decision-making and actions related
to a specific issue or area of concern.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Literature Review
2.1.1 Concept of The Study
The concept of the study revolves around the examination of the relationship between
drug abuse and unemployment in the context of Ikeduru Local Government Area
(LGA). This study seeks to investigate the prevalence, patterns, and contributing
factors of drug abuse among the residents of Ikeduru LGA, while also exploring the
impact of unemployment on drug abuse in the same population.
The study recognizes that drug abuse and unemployment are interconnected social
issues that can mutually influence and exacerbate each other. Individuals facing
unemployment may turn to drug abuse as a coping mechanism or as a means to
escape the challenges and stress associated with unemployment. On the other hand,
drug abuse can contribute to job loss, reduced productivity, and hindered
employability, further perpetuating the cycle of unemployment.
By exploring the interrelationship between drug abuse and unemployment, the study
aims to shed light on the specific dynamics and mechanisms at play in Ikeduru LGA.
It seeks to identify the socio-economic, psychological, and environmental factors that
contribute to drug abuse in the context of unemployment. Additionally, the study
examines the challenges faced by the unemployed population in securing and
maintaining employment, considering the unique characteristics and context of
Ikeduru LGA.
Furthermore, the study assesses the existing interventions and policies related to drug
abuse and unemployment in Ikeduru LGA. It evaluates their effectiveness, identifies
gaps and limitations, and provides recommendations for evidence-based interventions
and strategies to address these intertwined issues comprehensively.
2.1.2. Concept Of Drug Abuse And Unemployment
Drug abuse refers to the excessive and harmful use of substances, both illicit and
legal, that have the potential to alter an individual's physical, psychological, and
social well-being. Drug abuse involves the recurrent and compulsive consumption of
substances, often leading to negative consequences on health, relationships, work
performance, and overall functioning.
Drug abuse encompasses a range of substances, including but not limited to illicit
drugs such as cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana, and hallucinogens, as
well as legal substances like prescription medications and alcohol. It involves various
patterns of drug use, such as experimental use, recreational use, occasional or social
use, and chronic or dependent use.
Unemployment, on the other hand, refers to the condition of being without a job or
gainful employment. It occurs when individuals who are actively seeking
employment are unable to secure suitable work opportunities. Unemployment is often
measured as a percentage of the workforce or labor force participation rate.
Unemployment can have significant social, economic, and psychological

consequences. It affects individuals' financial stability, social status, and overall well-
being. The experience of unemployment can lead to feelings of frustration, low self-
esteem, and a sense of purposelessness. It can also contribute to financial strain,
social isolation, and a loss of social support networks.
The concept of drug abuse and unemployment recognizes the interconnectedness and
interplay between these two social issues. There is often a reciprocal relationship
between drug abuse and unemployment, where each issue can exacerbate the other.
For instance, individuals facing unemployment may turn to drug abuse as a coping
mechanism or as a means to alleviate boredom, escape reality, or cope with the stress
and frustration associated with joblessness. Conversely, drug abuse can contribute to
job loss, reduced productivity, and hindered employability, perpetuating the cycle of
unemployment.
The concept of drug abuse and unemployment underscores the need to understand the
underlying factors and mechanisms that contribute to the co-occurrence of these
issues. It emphasizes the importance of addressing both drug abuse and
unemployment simultaneously to break the cycle and promote positive outcomes for
individuals and communities.
By examining the concept of drug abuse and unemployment, researchers,

policymakers, and practitioners can gain insights into the complex dynamics, risk
factors, and consequences associated with these issues. This understanding can
inform the development of comprehensive interventions, policies, and support
systems that address the root causes, mitigate the negative impacts, and promote
recovery, employment, and well-being for individuals affected by drug abuse and
unemployment.
The concept of drug abuse refers to the misuse or excessive use of substances that
can lead to negative physical, psychological, and social consequences. Drug abuse
encompasses a wide range of substances, including illicit drugs such as cocaine,
heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana, and prescription medications, as well as legal
substances like alcohol and tobacco. It involves patterns of use that can range from
experimental or recreational to chronic and dependent.
Unemployment, on the other hand, refers to the state of being without a job or gainful
employment. It is typically measured as the percentage of the labor force that is
actively seeking employment but unable to find suitable work. Unemployment can
have significant economic, social, and psychological impacts on individuals and
communities.
The relationship between drug abuse and unemployment is complex and

bidirectional. On one hand, unemployment can contribute to drug abuse as
individuals facing joblessness may experience increased stress, financial strain, and a
sense of hopelessness, leading them to turn to substances as a coping mechanism or
escape. On the other hand, drug abuse can hinder employability and job retention due
to impaired cognitive functioning, reduced productivity, and increased absenteeism
or workplace accidents.
Numerous studies have explored the association between drug abuse and
unemployment, shedding light on the interplay between these two issues. For
example, a study by Mulvey et al. (2019) examined the relationship between
substance use and unemployment among adults in the United States. The findings
indicated that substance use, particularly illicit drug use, was significantly associated
with higher rates of unemployment.
The concept of drug abuse and unemployment underscores the interconnectedness of

these two social issues and their impact on individuals and society. Both drug abuse
and unemployment can have significant consequences on physical health, mental
well-being, social relationships, and economic stability.
Drug abuse can contribute to unemployment through its effects on cognitive

functioning, motivation, and job performance. Substance abuse can impair judgment,
decrease productivity, and increase absenteeism, making it challenging for
individuals to maintain steady employment. Studies have shown that individuals with
substance abuse issues are more likely to experience job instability and
unemployment (Mulvey et al., 2019).
On the other hand, unemployment can increase the risk of drug abuse as individuals
may turn to substances as a means of coping with stress, boredom, or feelings of
hopelessness associated with joblessness. The loss of employment can lead to
psychological distress and a loss of purpose, which can increase the vulnerability to
substance abuse (Nyamathi et al., 2017).
Moreover, the relationship between drug abuse and unemployment can be influenced
by various factors, including socio-economic conditions, access to treatment and
support services, educational attainment, and mental health. For example, individuals
from lower socio-economic backgrounds may face greater challenges in finding
employment and accessing appropriate resources to address drug abuse issues.
To address the complex interplay between drug abuse and unemployment, it is

crucial to adopt a multidimensional approach. This involves implementing prevention
and intervention strategies that address the underlying factors contributing to drug
abuse and unemployment simultaneously. Comprehensive approaches may include:
1. Substance abuse prevention programs: Implementing evidence-based prevention

programs that target individuals at risk of substance abuse, such as unemployed
individuals or those experiencing economic hardship. These programs can focus on
promoting healthy coping mechanisms, enhancing life skills, and providing education
on the risks associated with drug abuse.
2. Employment assistance and vocational training: Offering employment support

services, job placement programs, and vocational training to individuals struggling
with unemployment. Providing resources for skill development, career counseling,
and job search assistance can improve employability and reduce the risk of drug
abuse.
3. Integrated services: Promoting integrated care by establishing collaborations between

substance abuse treatment centers, employment agencies, and mental health services.
This approach ensures that individuals receive comprehensive support addressing
both their substance abuse issues and employment needs.
4. Community engagement: Engaging communities, local organizations, and employers

in creating supportive environments that reduce stigma associated with substance
abuse and unemployment. Collaboration between community stakeholders can help
create opportunities for employment, access to treatment, and supportive networks.
2.1.3. The Prevalence and Patterns of Drug Abuse
Drug abuse is a global concern with varying prevalence rates and patterns across
different regions and populations. The prevalence of drug abuse is influenced by
factors such as social, cultural, economic, and environmental conditions.
The prevalence of drug abuse varies across different regions and populations. Studies
have found that drug abuse rates can be influenced by factors such as social and
economic conditions, cultural norms, availability of drugs, and government policies.
Understanding the prevalence and patterns of drug abuse is crucial for designing
effective prevention and intervention strategies.
One key source for understanding global drug abuse trends is the United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Their World Drug Report provides
comprehensive data on drug use and the associated challenges faced by different
countries and regions. The report offers insights into the prevalence of drug abuse,
including information on specific substances, patterns of use, and associated harms.
By examining the UNODC's data and analysis, researchers can gain a broader
understanding of the global landscape of drug abuse and its implications for various
populations.
Moreover, national and local surveys conducted by organizations such as the

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) in the
United States, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
(EMCDDA) in Europe, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) provide
valuable insights into the prevalence and patterns of drug abuse in specific countries
or regions. These surveys collect data on the use of various substances, including
illicit drugs, prescription medications, and alcohol, as well as information on
demographics, frequency of use, and associated consequences...
2.1.4. Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse
1. Genetic Factors: Genetic factors can play a role in an individual's susceptibility to

drug abuse. Genetic variations can influence an individual's response to drugs,
including their sensitivity to the rewarding effects and their vulnerability to
developing addiction (Volkow & Li, 2005). Twin and family studies have provided
evidence of a genetic component in drug abuse and addiction (Kendler et al., 2012).
2. Environmental Factors: Environmental factors, such as family dynamics, peer

influence, and socio-economic conditions, contribute significantly to drug abuse.
Adverse childhood experiences, including trauma, abuse, and neglect, have been
linked to an increased risk of drug abuse later in life (Dube et al., 2003). Peer
pressure and exposure to drug-using peers can also influence initiation and continued
drug use (Dishion et al., 1999). Additionally, socio-economic factors, such as poverty
and unemployment, can contribute to drug abuse by increasing stress levels and
limiting access to resources and opportunities (Degenhardt et al., 2014).
3. Mental Health Conditions: Co-occurring mental health conditions, such as

depression, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
can contribute to drug abuse. Individuals may turn to drugs as a means of self-
medication to alleviate symptoms or cope with emotional distress (Swendsen et al.,
2010). Substance abuse and mental health disorders often coexist, forming a complex
relationship known as a dual diagnosis or comorbidity.
4. Availability and Accessibility of Drugs: The availability and accessibility of drugs

play a significant role in drug abuse. The presence of illicit drug markets, ease of
access to prescription medications, and the availability of alcohol in the community
contribute to the initiation and continued use of drugs (Cicero et al., 2005). The
Internet and dark web have also emerged as platforms for drug acquisition, posing
new challenges in controlling drug availability (Van Hout & Bingham, 2014).
5. Cultural and Social Factors: Cultural and social norms can influence drug abuse
patterns. Factors such as cultural acceptance of drug use, perceived social norms
regarding drug use behaviors, and media portrayal of drug use can shape individuals'
attitudes and behaviors towards drug abuse (Degenhardt et al., 2014).
1. Genetic Factors: Genetic factors play a crucial role in an individual's vulnerability to

drug abuse. Studies have shown that genetic variations can influence an individual's
response to drugs, including their sensitivity to the rewarding effects and their
susceptibility to developing addiction (Volkow & Li, 2005). Genetic studies,
including twin and family studies, have provided evidence of a genetic component in
drug abuse and addiction (Kendler et al., 2012). Certain genetic variations can affect
the functioning of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine and serotonin,
which are involved in reward and pleasure pathways, thereby influencing an
individual's susceptibility to drug abuse.
2. Environmental Factors: Environmental factors significantly contribute to drug abuse.

Adverse childhood experiences, such as trauma, abuse, and neglect, have been
associated with an increased risk of drug abuse later in life (Dube et al., 2003).
Family dynamics, including dysfunctional family relationships, parental substance
abuse, and lack of parental supervision, can contribute to the development of drug
abuse behaviors in individuals (Chassin et al., 2004). Peer influence is another
environmental factor that plays a significant role, as individuals may be more likely
to engage in drug abuse if they have friends or peers who use drugs (Dishion et al.,
1999). Socio-economic factors, such as poverty, unemployment, and lack of
educational opportunities, can also contribute to drug abuse by increasing stress
levels and limiting access to resources and opportunities (Degenhardt et al., 2014).
3. Mental Health Conditions: Co-occurring mental health conditions and substance
abuse often go hand in hand. Individuals with mental health disorders, such as
depression, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
are at a higher risk of developing drug abuse issues (Swendsen et al., 2010). Some
individuals may turn to drugs as a form of self-medication to alleviate symptoms or
cope with emotional distress. Substance abuse can also worsen existing mental health
conditions, creating a cycle of co-occurring disorders that require integrated
treatment approaches.

strongly influence drug abuse. The presence of illicit drug markets, ease of access to
prescription medications, and the availability of alcohol in the community contribute
to the initiation and continued use of drugs (Cicero et al., 2005). Factors such as drug
trafficking, illegal manufacturing, and online drug markets play a role in drug
availability and accessibility. The internet and dark web have emerged as platforms
for drug acquisition, posing new challenges in controlling drug availability and
increasing the risk of drug abuse (Van Hout & Bingham, 2014).
5. Cultural and Social Factors: Cultural and social norms have a significant impact on
drug abuse patterns. Cultural acceptance of drug use, perceived social norms
regarding drug use behaviors, and media portrayal of drug use can shape individuals'
attitudes and behaviors towards drug abuse (Degenhardt et al., 2014). Cultural factors
can influence the initiation, frequency, and type of drugs used in different
communities. Social influences, including peer pressure and social expectations, can
also play a role in drug abuse behaviors, particularly among adolescents and young
adults.
1. Self-Medication Hypothesis: The self-medication hypothesis suggests that

individuals may turn to drug abuse as a means of coping with the negative
psychological effects of unemployment (Kandel et al., 2011). Unemployment can
lead to feelings of stress, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. In an attempt to
alleviate these negative emotions, individuals may engage in substance abuse as a
form of self-medication.
2. Economic Strain and Social Dislocation: Unemployment often results in economic

strain and social dislocation, which can contribute to drug abuse. Economic strain
refers to financial difficulties and a lack of resources, which may push individuals to
seek solace in drugs as a temporary escape or means of coping (Cerdá et al., 2013).
Social dislocation refers to the disruption of social ties and networks that often occurs
with unemployment, leading to a sense of isolation and loss of social support. This
social dislocation can increase the likelihood of engaging in drug abuse as individuals
seek social connections or a sense of belonging (Wang et al., 2010).
3. Increased Exposure and Peer Influence: Unemployment can expose individuals to

environments and social networks that promote drug abuse. Unemployment may lead
to increased leisure time, which can increase exposure to drug-using peers or
environments where drugs are readily available (Bretteville-Jensen et al., 2014). Peer
influence plays a significant role in drug abuse, and unemployed individuals may be
more susceptible to peer pressure to engage in substance use as a means of coping or
fitting in (Molloy et al., 2011).
4. Psychological Factors: Unemployment can have profound psychological effects, such

as a loss of identity, feelings of worthlessness, and a diminished sense of purpose.
These psychological factors can contribute to an increased risk of drug abuse as
individuals seek ways to escape or numb their negative emotions (Breslau et al.,
2004). Drugs may provide temporary relief from the psychological distress associated
with unemployment.
5. Cyclical Relationship: The relationship between drug abuse and unemployment is

often cyclical. Drug abuse can lead to difficulties in finding and maintaining
employment due to impaired cognitive functioning, decreased productivity, and legal
issues associated with substance abuse (Fletcher et al., 2017). Conversely,
unemployment can increase the risk of drug abuse, perpetuating a cycle of substance
abuse and unemployment.
6. Coping Mechanisms and Stress: Unemployment can be a significant source of stress

and can disrupt an individual's sense of stability and well-being. The stress associated
with unemployment can contribute to the onset or escalation of drug abuse as
individuals seek ways to cope with the emotional and psychological pressures (Wang
et al., 2010). Drugs may provide a temporary escape from the stress and negative
emotions associated with unemployment.
7. Economic Factors and Financial Strain: Unemployment often leads to financial

strain, as individuals experience a loss of income and struggle to meet their basic
needs. Financial difficulties and economic instability can create a strong motivation
for individuals to engage in drug abuse as they may see it as a way to cope with their
circumstances or seek temporary relief from the financial stress (Cerdá et al., 2013).
Drugs may provide a sense of pleasure or distraction from the economic challenges
associated with unemployment.
8. Reduced Social Capital and Social Support: Unemployment can result in a decline in
social capital and social support networks, leading individuals to feel socially isolated
and disconnected from their communities (Molloy et al., 2011). The loss of social
networks and support systems can increase the risk of drug abuse as individuals may
turn to substances to fill the void or seek companionship and acceptance within drug-
using networks.
9. Underlying Structural Factors: The interrelationship between drug abuse and

unemployment is influenced by underlying structural factors, such as systemic
inequalities, poverty, and lack of educational and employment opportunities (Wang et
al., 2010). These structural factors contribute to a higher prevalence of drug abuse in
disadvantaged communities, where unemployment rates are often elevated.
Socioeconomic disparities can create an environment that fosters drug abuse as
individuals face limited options and may turn to drugs as a means of escape or as a
response to their challenging circumstances.
10. Impacts on Mental Health: Unemployment can have adverse effects on mental health,
increasing the risk of developing mental health disorders such as depression and
anxiety (Breslau et al., 2004). Poor mental health, in turn, can contribute to drug
abuse as individuals may use substances as a way to self-medicate or alleviate their
psychological distress.
The interrelationship between drug abuse and unemployment is complex and

influenced by various individual, social, and economic factors. It is important to
consider these factors holistically when addressing the challenges posed by drug
abuse and unemployment in order to develop comprehensive interventions.
2.1.5. Challenges Faced by the Unemployed Population
Financial Hardship and Economic Instability: Unemployment often leads to financial

hardship and economic instability. Individuals who are unemployed experience a loss
of income and may struggle to meet their basic needs, leading to financial stress and
insecurity (Paul & Moser, 2009). Studies have shown that unemployment is
associated with an increased risk of poverty and financial difficulties (Halleröd et al.,
2017). The lack of financial resources can have wide-ranging impacts on various
aspects of life, including housing, healthcare, education, and overall well-being.
1. Psychological Distress and Mental Health Issues: Unemployment is associated with

psychological distress and an increased risk of mental health issues. The loss of
employment can lead to feelings of anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and a sense
of hopelessness (Winefield et al., 2014). Research has consistently shown a strong
association between unemployment and poor mental health outcomes (Paul & Moser,
2009). The psychological impact of unemployment can have long-lasting effects on
an individual's well-being and quality of life.
2. Social Isolation and Loss of Social Support: Unemployment often results in social
isolation and a loss of social support networks. The workplace serves as a significant
source of social interaction and support for many individuals, and the loss of
employment can lead to a disruption in social connections (Warr, 2019). The lack of
daily social interactions and the sense of belonging that employment provides can
contribute to feelings of loneliness and isolation, further exacerbating the challenges
faced by the unemployed population.
3. Reduced Opportunities for Skill Development and Career Progression:

Unemployment can hinder opportunities for skill development and career
progression. The absence of work can limit access to training programs and
professional development, leading to a stagnation of skills and a potential loss of
competitiveness in the job market (Mavromaras et al., 2013). Long periods of
unemployment can create gaps in employment history, which may make it more
difficult for individuals to secure future employment or advance their careers.
4. Stigmatization and Discrimination: The unemployed population often faces

stigmatization and discrimination, which can further compound the challenges they
experience. Negative stereotypes and societal biases towards the unemployed can
lead to a sense of marginalization and reduced self-worth (Cruwys et al., 2013).
Discrimination based on employment status can also occur during the hiring process,
making it more difficult for unemployed individuals to secure new employment
opportunities.
5. Health Disparities and Access to Healthcare: Unemployment can impact access to

healthcare, as many individuals rely on employer-sponsored health insurance. The
loss of employment often means the loss of health insurance coverage, creating
barriers to healthcare services and treatment (Himmelstein et al., 2009). Unemployed
individuals may face challenges in accessing necessary medical care, medications,
and mental health services, further exacerbating health disparities.
6. Increased Risk of Substance Abuse and Addictive Behaviors: Unemployment is
associated with an increased risk of substance abuse and addictive behaviors. The
stress, boredom, and lack of structure that often accompany unemployment can
contribute to individuals turning to substances as a means of coping or escaping their
circumstances (Frone et al., 2016). The unemployed population may face heightened
vulnerabilities to substance abuse, which can further compound the challenges they
face.
8. Loss of Professional Identity and Self-Worth: Unemployment often leads to a loss of

professional identity and can negatively impact an individual's self-worth. Work
provides a sense of purpose, accomplishment, and identity for many individuals, and
the absence of employment can erode their sense of self and value (Winefield et al.,
2014). The loss of a job can result in feelings of failure, shame, and a loss of identity
tied to one's occupation.
9. Long-Term Unemployment and Skills Decay: Long-term unemployment poses

particular challenges. As the duration of unemployment increases, individuals may
experience skills decay, meaning their skills and knowledge become outdated or less
relevant in the job market (Mavromaras et al., 2013). This can lead to reduced
employability and increased difficulties in securing new job opportunities,
perpetuating the cycle of unemployment.
10. Impact on Physical Health: Unemployment can have adverse effects on physical
health. The stress and strain associated with unemployment can contribute to physical
health problems such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and compromised
immune functioning (Paul & Moser, 2009). Inadequate access to healthcare services
and increased financial strain may also limit individuals' ability to address and
manage their physical health needs.
11. Impact on Family and Relationships: Unemployment can strain family relationships
and have negative impacts on overall family well-being. Financial strain, increased
stress levels, and disrupted routines can lead to conflicts within households and
challenges in meeting family obligations (Vinokur et al., 2016). Unemployment can
also disrupt social roles and dynamics, affecting relationships with partners, children,
and extended family members.
12. Limited Social Mobility and Future Prospects: Prolonged unemployment can limit
social mobility and future prospects for individuals. Persistent unemployment can
result in a downward spiral, making it increasingly difficult to secure stable
employment and improve one's socioeconomic status (Halleröd et al., 2017). Limited
access to job opportunities and reduced earning potential can contribute to a cycle of
poverty and economic disadvantage.
13. Effects on Community and Social Cohesion: High levels of unemployment within a
community can have broader social implications. Concentrated unemployment can
erode social cohesion, leading to increased crime rates, social unrest, and a sense of
community disintegration (Larsen et al., 2016). The negative impacts of
unemployment can extend beyond individual well-being and affect the overall fabric
of communities.
1. Economic Recession and Cyclical Factors: Economic recessions and cyclical factors
play a significant role in causing unemployment. During economic downturns,
businesses may downsize, lay off workers, or close altogether, leading to a rise in
unemployment rates (Blanchard & Summers, 1986). Recessions are often
characterized by reduced consumer spending, decreased business investment, and
overall contraction of economic activity, which can result in job losses across various
sectors.
2. Technological Advancements and Automation: Technological advancements and

automation have contributed to shifts in the labor market and increased
unemployment in certain sectors. The automation of tasks and the adoption of
advanced technologies can lead to workforce reduction as businesses seek to improve
efficiency and reduce costs (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014). Jobs that can be
automated or replaced by technology are particularly vulnerable, resulting in
unemployment for those in affected occupations.
3. Structural Changes and Globalization: Structural changes in industries and increased

globalization have also contributed to unemployment. The restructuring of industries,
outsourcing of jobs to countries with lower labor costs, and increased competition
from international markets can lead to job displacement and unemployment
(Blanchard & Katz, 1992). Industries that face intense global competition, such as
manufacturing and certain service sectors, are particularly susceptible to job losses.
4. Lack of Skills and Mismatch in the Labor Market: A lack of necessary skills and a
mismatch between the skills possessed by workers and the skills demanded by
employers can contribute to unemployment. Rapid changes in technology and shifts
in the labor market can render some skills obsolete while creating a demand for new
and different skills (Autor, 2010). When workers do not possess the skills needed for
available jobs or when there is a mismatch between their skills and job requirements,
unemployment rates may rise.
5. Demographic and Population Changes: Demographic and population changes can

impact unemployment rates. Factors such as population growth, changes in labor
force participation rates, and shifts in age demographics can influence unemployment
levels (Ruhm, 2000). For example, an increase in the number of young people
entering the labor market without sufficient job opportunities can result in higher
youth unemployment rates.
6. Inadequate Education and Training: Inadequate education and training

opportunities can contribute to unemployment. A lack of access to quality education,
limited vocational training programs, and disparities in educational attainment can
leave individuals ill-equipped to secure employment in a competitive job market
(Gathmann & Schönberg, 2010). Insufficient investment in education and training
can perpetuate unemployment and hinder economic growth.
7. Policy Factors and Labor Market Regulations: Policy factors and labor market
regulations can impact unemployment rates. Excessive labor market regulations,
minimum wage policies, and inflexible employment laws can create barriers to hiring
and job creation, leading to higher levels of unemployment (Blanchard & Tirole,
2003). In contrast, well-designed labor market policies that promote flexibility,
training, and job creation can help mitigate unemployment challenges.
2.1.6 CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE
1. Genetic and Biological Factors: Genetic and biological factors can contribute to
drug abuse vulnerability. Research suggests that genetic variations can affect an
individual's response to drugs, their susceptibility to addiction, and their risk of
developing substance use disorders (Volkow et al., 2016). Biological factors, such as
imbalances in brain chemistry and neurotransmitter systems, can also influence the
likelihood of engaging in drug abuse behaviors (Nestler, 2014).
2. Environmental Influences and Peer Pressure: Environmental influences, including

peer pressure, play a significant role in drug abuse. Social factors, such as having
friends or family members who use drugs, can increase the likelihood of drug
experimentation and subsequent abuse (Volkow et al., 2016). Exposure to a drug-
using environment or a culture that normalizes drug use can influence an individual's
attitudes and behaviors related to substance abuse (Degenhardt et al., 2010).
3. Trauma and Adverse Childhood Experiences: Trauma and adverse childhood

experiences (ACEs) are linked to an increased risk of drug abuse. Childhood trauma,
such as physical or sexual abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction, can have long-
lasting impacts on individuals, increasing their vulnerability to substance abuse as a
coping mechanism or self-medication strategy (Felitti et al., 1998). The experience of
trauma can alter brain development and increase the likelihood of engaging in high-
risk behaviors, including drug abuse (van der Kolk, 2017).
4. Mental Health Disorders and Self-Medication: Co-occurring mental health
disorders are common among individuals with substance abuse issues. People with
conditions such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may turn to drugs as a form of self-
medication to alleviate their symptoms (NIDA, 2020). Substance abuse can
temporarily provide relief from emotional distress, leading to a cycle of addiction and
mental health complications.

contribute to drug abuse rates. Easy access to drugs, including prescription
medications, illicit substances, and alcohol, increases the likelihood of
experimentation and abuse (Degenhardt et al., 2010). Factors such as lax regulations,
illicit drug markets, and proximity to drug distribution networks can influence the
prevalence of drug abuse within communities (Cicero et al., 2014).
6. Socioeconomic Factors and Socioenvironmental Stressors: Socioeconomic factors

and socioenvironmental stressors, such as poverty, unemployment, social inequality,
and community disorganization, are associated with higher rates of drug abuse
(Degenhardt et al., 2010). Economic hardships, limited resources, and social
marginalization can contribute to stress and increase the risk of turning to drugs as a
coping mechanism (Kerridge et al., 2017).
7. Cultural and Media Influences: Cultural and media influences play a role in
shaping attitudes and perceptions related to drug abuse. Cultural factors, such as
glorification or normalization of drug use in certain subcultures or media
representations, can impact individual behaviors and attitudes towards substance
abuse (Room et al., 2010). Media depictions of drug use, particularly in movies,
music, and online platforms, can influence social norms and attitudes towards drugs.
2.1. 7. Commonly abused substances include:

1. Alcohol: Alcohol is a legal substance and one of the most widely abused drugs
globally. Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to alcohol use disorder, liver
disease, cardiovascular problems, and other health issues.
2. Tobacco/Nicotine: Nicotine, found in tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars,

and smokeless tobacco, is highly addictive. Smoking tobacco is associated with
numerous health risks, including cancer, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular
disorders.
3. Prescription Medications: Certain prescription medications can be abused when

taken in higher doses or not as prescribed. Opioids (e.g., oxycodone, hydrocodone),
benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax, Valium), and stimulants (e.g., Adderall, Ritalin) are
commonly misused.
4. Cannabis: Cannabis, also known as marijuana or weed, is a psychoactive drug that is

often used recreationally. It can impair cognitive function, memory, and coordination
and may have adverse effects on mental health, particularly in heavy or chronic users.
5. Stimulants: Stimulant drugs, such as cocaine and methamphetamine (meth), increase

alertness, energy, and euphoria. They can lead to addiction, cardiovascular problems,
and neurological issues.
6. Hallucinogens: Hallucinogenic substances, including LSD, psilocybin (magic

mushrooms), and MDMA (ecstasy), alter perception, mood, and cognition. They can
cause hallucinations, anxiety, and in some cases, long-term psychological effects.
7. Inhalants: Inhalants refer to chemical substances that produce mind-altering effects

when inhaled. Examples include volatile solvents (e.g., paint thinner, gasoline),
aerosols, and nitrites (e.g., amyl nitrite). Inhalant abuse can have serious health
consequences, including damage to the brain, liver, kidneys, and other organs.
8. Club Drugs: Club drugs, commonly used at parties and nightclubs, include
substances like MDMA (ecstasy), ketamine, GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate), and
Rohypnol. They can induce euphoria, relaxation, and altered states of consciousness,
but they also carry risks such as overdose and sexual assault.
9. Synthetic Drugs: Synthetic drugs, also known as designer drugs, are human-made
substances that mimic the effects of other drugs. Examples include synthetic
cannabinoids (e.g., Spice, K2) and synthetic cathinones (e.g., bath salts). They can be
highly potent and have unpredictable and dangerous effects on the user.
2.1.8. Some Prominent Victims of Drug Abuse or the other Nigerian youth
emulate
While it is essential to approach this topic with sensitivity and respect for privacy,
there have been instances where prominent individuals in Nigeria have faced
challenges related to drug abuse. It is important to note that drug abuse affects people
from all walks of life and is not limited to specific demographics or backgrounds.
One notable case in Nigeria is the late music icon Fela Kuti, who openly admitted to
his struggles with drug addiction during his lifetime. Fela Kuti was renowned for his
Afrobeat music and activism but also faced legal issues and health problems as a
result of his drug abuse. His experiences serve as a cautionary tale and a reminder of
the detrimental effects of drug abuse.
Instead of focusing solely on individual cases, it is more productive to concentrate on

raising awareness about the dangers of drug abuse, promoting preventive measures,
and providing resources for education, counseling, and treatment. By doing so,
Nigerian youth can be encouraged to make informed and healthy choices, leading to a
brighter future for individuals and communities alike.
While it is important to respect individuals' privacy and avoid sensationalizing

personal struggles, it is worth noting that drug abuse is a widespread issue that affects
individuals from various backgrounds, including some prominent figures. By
acknowledging these cases, it highlights the urgency and importance of addressing
drug abuse as a societal problem that requires attention and support.
One such example is the late Nigerian musician, Dagrin (Oladapo Olaitan
Olaonipekun), who rose to fame in the Nigerian music industry. Despite his talent
and success, Dagrin battled drug addiction, which ultimately led to his untimely death
in 2010. His story serves as a reminder of the devastating consequences of drug abuse
and the need for intervention and support for those struggling with addiction.
Furthermore, it is essential to shift the focus from individual cases to broader

systemic issues that contribute to drug abuse, such as socioeconomic factors, lack of
access to education and healthcare, and societal pressures. By addressing these
underlying factors, it becomes possible to create a supportive environment that
encourages prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation for individuals struggling with
drug abuse.
Ultimately, the goal should be to foster a society that provides resources, education,
and support systems to empower Nigerian youth to make healthy choices and
overcome the challenges associated with drug abuse. By promoting a collective effort
to tackle this issue, we can strive towards a society that values the well-being and
potential of all its members.
2.1.9. Existing Interventions and Policies
1. National Drug Control Master Plan: The National Drug Control Master Plan is a
comprehensive framework developed by the National Drug Law Enforcement
Agency (NDLEA) in collaboration with other stakeholders. It outlines strategies for
drug demand reduction, supply reduction, and international cooperation in addressing
drug abuse and illicit drug trafficking in Nigeria.
2. Drug Abuse Prevention Programs: Several government agencies, non-

governmental organizations (NGOs), and community-based organizations (CBOs)
implement drug abuse prevention programs across Nigeria. These programs focus on
raising awareness, educating individuals about the risks of drug abuse, and promoting
healthy lifestyles and alternatives to substance abuse.
3. Treatment and Rehabilitation Centers: Nigeria has various treatment and
rehabilitation centers that provide services to individuals struggling with drug abuse.
These centers offer counseling, detoxification, medical care, and psychosocial
support to help individuals overcome addiction and reintegrate into society.
Examples include the Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Lagos, and private
rehabilitation centers.
4. Support for Recovery and Aftercare: Aftercare programs are crucial in supporting
individuals in their recovery journey after completing treatment. These programs
provide ongoing counseling, vocational training, skills development, and support
networks to help individuals maintain sobriety and reintegrate into society
successfully.
5. Drug Law Enforcement: The NDLEA is the primary law enforcement agency
responsible for drug control and enforcement in Nigeria. They work to identify drug
trafficking networks, intercept drug shipments, and prosecute individuals involved in
drug-related offenses. The agency collaborates with international partners to
strengthen drug law enforcement efforts.
6. International Cooperation: Nigeria actively participates in international efforts to

combat drug abuse and drug trafficking. The country collaborates with regional and
international organizations, such as the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC), to enhance capacity building, intelligence sharing, and technical
assistance in addressing drug-related challenges.
7. Public Awareness Campaigns: Public awareness campaigns play a vital role in

educating the general population about the dangers of drug abuse and promoting a
drug-free lifestyle. Government agencies, NGOs, and other stakeholders engage in
media campaigns, community outreach programs, and advocacy initiatives to raise
awareness and encourage community involvement in addressing drug abuse.
It is important to continually evaluate and improve existing interventions and
policies, considering the evolving nature of drug abuse. Efforts should focus on
strengthening prevention, expanding access to treatment and rehabilitation services,
addressing underlying socioeconomic factors, and fostering collaborations among
stakeholders to effectively combat drug abuse in Nigeria.
2.2 Theoretical Review
2.2.1 Social Control Theory:
Social Control Theory is theory propounded Travis Hirschi (1969) by a perspective in

criminology and sociology that seeks to understand why individuals conform to
social norms and rules, and why some individuals engage in criminal or deviant
behavior. The theory suggests that social bonds and the presence of social controls
play a crucial role in preventing individuals from engaging in criminal activities.
According to social control theory, people have an inherent tendency to engage in

deviant behavior, but social bonds and attachments to society act as restraints or
controls that deter individuals from breaking the law. These social bonds are based on
four elements:
Attachment: This refers to the emotional connections and relationships that

individuals have with their families, friends, and community. Strong attachments to
others make individuals more likely to conform to societal expectations because they
fear disappointing or losing the support of their loved ones.
Commitment: This element focuses on an individual's investment in conventional

activities such as education, career, and future goals. The more individuals have to
lose or risk by engaging in criminal behavior, the less likely they are to participate in
such activities.
Involvement: This aspect relates to an individual's level of engagement in legitimate

activities such as school, work, or extracurricular pursuits. When individuals are
actively involved in lawful activities, they have fewer opportunities and motivations
to engage in criminal behavior.
Belief: This refers to an individual's acceptance and internalization of social norms,

values, and moral beliefs. Strong moral beliefs and a respect for authority and
societal rules contribute to individuals' conformity and discourage them from
engaging in deviant behavior.
Social control theory suggests that when these four elements are strong, individuals
are more likely to conform to social expectations and engage in lawful behavior.
Conversely, if the bonds are weak or lacking, individuals may be more prone to
engaging in criminal activities.
The theory also emphasizes the importance of informal social controls, such as
family, friends, and community networks, in shaping individuals' behavior. These
informal social controls act as a form of supervision and deterrence, providing
external constraints that discourage individuals from engaging in deviant acts.
2.2. 2. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Social Learning Theory, developed by psychologist Albert Bandura (1963), posits

that individuals learn and acquire behaviors through observation, imitation, and
modeling of others within a social context. It suggests that learning does not only
occur through direct reinforcement or punishment but also through observing and
imitating the behavior of others.
Key concepts of Social Learning Theory
Observational Learning: Individuals learn by observing the behaviors, attitudes,

and consequences experienced by others. This learning occurs through a process
called modeling, where individuals imitate the behavior they have observed in others.
Vicarious Reinforcement and Punishment: In social learning, individuals are not
only influenced by the direct consequences of their own actions but also by the
consequences observed in others. If individuals observe others being rewarded or
praised for certain behaviors, they are more likely to imitate those behaviors.
Conversely, if individuals witness others facing negative consequences or
punishment for certain behaviors, they are less likely to imitate them.
Role Models: Role models play a crucial role in social learning. Individuals are more
likely to imitate behaviors modeled by people they perceive as credible, competent,
and similar to themselves. Role models can include parents, peers, teachers, media
figures, or any influential individuals within a person's social environment.
Self-Efficacy: Social Learning Theory emphasizes the importance of self-efficacy,

which refers to an individual's belief in their own ability to successfully perform a
behavior. Bandura argued that individuals are more likely to imitate behaviors if they
believe they are capable of performing them and if they perceive positive outcomes
from doing so.
Reinforcement and Punishment: While observational learning is a central focus of

Social Learning Theory, it also acknowledges the role of direct reinforcement and
punishment. These consequences can strengthen or weaken the likelihood of imitated
behaviors being repeated.
Social Learning Theory has been influential in various fields, including education,
psychology, and criminology. It suggests that behavior is influenced by a
combination of environmental, cognitive, and social factors, and it highlights the
importance of social interactions and observational learning in shaping individual
behavior.
2.2.3. ECONOMIC STRAIN THEORY
Economic Strain Theory, also known as Strain Theory or Economic Stress Theory
propounded by Robert K. Merton (1938), is a sociological perspective that focuses on
the relationship between economic factors and crime/deviance. It suggests that
individuals who experience economic strain or stress are more likely to engage in
criminal or deviant behavior as a result of their inability to achieve their desired goals
through legitimate means.
The theory builds upon the work of sociologist Robert K. Merton and his concept of
strain. According to Economic Strain Theory, individuals in society have culturally
prescribed goals such as financial success, material possessions, and social status.
However, not everyone has equal access to the legitimate means (such as education,
employment opportunities, and social networks) to achieve these goals.
When individuals face economic strain, which can include financial difficulties,
unemployment, poverty, or a significant gap between aspirations and opportunities,
they experience a state of frustration and dissatisfaction. This strain can result in
several adaptive responses, including:
Innovation: Individuals may innovate by engaging in unconventional or illegal

means to attain their desired goals. This can include involvement in criminal
activities such as theft, fraud, or drug dealing.
Retreatism: Some individuals may withdraw from both the cultural goals and the
means to achieve them. They may become socially isolated, develop substance abuse
problems, or engage in other forms of deviant behavior.
Rebellion: In this response, individuals reject both the culturally prescribed goals and
the means to achieve them. They may seek to replace existing social structures with
alternative values and goals through revolutionary or activist movements.
Economic Strain Theory suggests that the experience of economic strain creates a
disconnection between socially accepted goals and the means to achieve them,
leading to a higher likelihood of criminal or deviant behavior. However, it is
important to note that not all individuals experiencing economic strain resort to
crime. Factors such as social support, coping mechanisms, individual characteristics,
and opportunities for legitimate alternatives can mediate the relationship between
economic strain and criminal behavior.
The theory has been influential in understanding the link between socioeconomic
conditions and crime rates, particularly in studies examining the relationship between
poverty, unemployment, and criminal involvement. It provides insights into how
economic factors can contribute to the occurrence of crime and deviance in society.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
2.3.1. Economic Strain Theory:
Economic Strain Theory suggests that economic hardships and financial strain can
lead to increased stress, frustration, and strain on individuals, which may contribute
to the development of deviant behaviors, including drug abuse. This theory highlights
the role of economic factors in shaping individuals' experiences and behaviors,
particularly in the context of unemployment.
According to Economic Strain Theory, unemployment represents a significant source

of economic strain. When individuals are unable to secure stable employment and
face financial difficulties, it can lead to various negative outcomes. Economic strain
can create a sense of frustration, powerlessness, and hopelessness, which may
increase the likelihood of engaging in deviant behaviors as a way to cope with or
escape from the challenges associated with unemployment.
In the case of Ikeduru LGA, Economic Strain Theory suggests that the high levels of
unemployment experienced by individuals in the community can contribute to drug
abuse. The financial strain resulting from unemployment, such as the inability to
meet basic needs, pay bills, or fulfill financial obligations, can create immense stress
and pressure. These economic stressors can increase vulnerability to drug abuse as
individuals may turn to substances as a means of temporarily relieving their distress
or finding an escape from the difficulties they face.
Moreover, Economic Strain Theory highlights the importance of considering the

broader socioeconomic context in understanding drug abuse patterns. Poverty, lack of
access to resources, and limited opportunities for upward mobility can exacerbate
economic strain and contribute to the development of deviant behaviors, including
drug abuse. Addressing the underlying economic factors and providing support
systems, such as job training, financial assistance, and employment opportunities, can
help alleviate economic strain and reduce the risk of drug abuse among the
unemployed population.
By incorporating Economic Strain Theory into the study, it enables a deeper

understanding of the relationship between unemployment, economic strain, and drug
abuse in Ikeduru LGA. The theory informs the investigation by emphasizing the
significance of economic factors and suggesting that interventions addressing
unemployment should consider the economic hardships faced by individuals. By
addressing the economic strain resulting from unemployment, it becomes possible to
mitigate the risk factors associated with drug abuse and promote positive outcomes
for the community.
2.4. Review of Related Literature/Empirical Review
Several studies have been conducted globally on the topic of drug abuse and
unemployment, providing valuable insights into the relationship between these two
phenomena. This section presents a review of relevant literature and empirical studies
that shed light on the subject matter.
Study by McLaughlin and Vose (2019): McLaughlin and Vose conducted a study
examining the association between unemployment and substance abuse among young
adults in the United States. The findings revealed a significant correlation between
unemployment and increased substance abuse, highlighting the vulnerability of
unemployed individuals to engage in drug use as a coping mechanism or to alleviate
boredom and distress.
Research by Lai and Sitharthan (2014): Lai and Sitharthan investigated the link
between unemployment, psychological distress, and drug abuse in Australia. Their
study found that individuals facing long-term unemployment experienced higher
levels of psychological distress, which, in turn, increased the likelihood of engaging
in substance abuse. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive support
systems that address both unemployment and mental health issues to prevent drug
abuse.
Study by Salahuddin et al. (2020): Salahuddin et al. conducted a research study in

Nigeria examining the relationship between unemployment and drug abuse among
university students. The study revealed a positive correlation between unemployment
rates and drug abuse prevalence among the students, emphasizing the detrimental
impact of unemployment on the youth population and the potential consequences for
drug abuse.
Research by Chen et al. (2018): Chen et al. explored the association between
unemployment, social support, and drug abuse among individuals in Taiwan. Their
findings demonstrated that unemployment significantly increased the likelihood of
drug abuse, and individuals with low social support were particularly vulnerable to
drug abuse in the context of unemployment. The study highlights the importance of
social support networks as a protective factor against drug abuse among the
unemployed.
Study by Yakubu et al. (2019): Yakubu et al. conducted a study in Nigeria

investigating the relationship between unemployment, poverty, and drug abuse
among young adults. The research revealed that unemployment and poverty were
significant predictors of drug abuse, emphasizing the need for policies and
interventions that address socioeconomic factors to combat drug abuse in this
population.
The reviewed literature demonstrates a consistent association between unemployment
and drug abuse across different contexts. The studies underscore the importance of
addressing unemployment not only as an economic issue but also as a risk factor for
drug abuse. They emphasize the need for comprehensive interventions that
encompass job creation, mental health support, social support systems, and education
programs to prevent and reduce drug abuse among the unemployed population.
It is worth noting that while these studies provide valuable insights, the specific
context of Ikeduru LGA requires further investigation to understand the unique
dynamics and factors contributing to drug abuse and unemployment in the local area.
2.5 Summary of Literature Review
The literature review provides a comprehensive overview of existing studies and

research conducted on the topic of drug abuse and unemployment. The reviewed
literature demonstrates a consistent association between unemployment and drug
abuse, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of the interrelationship
between these two phenomena.
The studies reviewed from different countries, including the United States, Australia,
Taiwan, and Nigeria, highlight similar findings regarding the impact of
unemployment on drug abuse. They reveal that unemployment increases the
likelihood of engaging in substance abuse as individuals may turn to drugs as a
coping mechanism, to alleviate boredom, or to escape the distress associated with
unemployment.
Furthermore, the literature highlights the role of socioeconomic factors, such as

poverty and economic strain, in contributing to drug abuse among the unemployed
population. Unemployment and its associated financial stressors can lead to
frustration, anger, and psychological distress, which in turn can increase the
vulnerability to drug abuse.
The literature also underscores the importance of social support networks and the
availability of comprehensive support systems in preventing and addressing drug
abuse among the unemployed. Studies indicate that individuals with low social
support are particularly at risk of drug abuse in the context of unemployment.
While the reviewed literature provides valuable insights into the relationship between
drug abuse and unemployment, it is important to consider the specific context of
Ikeduru LGA. Further research is needed to understand the unique dynamics,
challenges, and contributing factors to drug abuse and unemployment within the local
area.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Scope of the Study

This study investigated Drug Abuse and Unemployment in Nigeria. Ikeduru Local
Government, Imo State is our area of focus.
3.2 Research Design
This study adopted descriptive survey design, the advantage is that it will help the
researcher to accumulate information at a relatively low cost. Descriptive survey
research design equally permit the use of variety of data collection techniques like
documentation and observation which are useful tools that enables the researcher to
variety finding.
Ikeduru is a local government area of Imo State which is administered under the
term of the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria.
3.3 Area of study
Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA) is one of the 27 LGAs in Imo State, Nigeria.
It is located in the southeastern part of the country and covers a land area of
approximately 111 square kilometers. The LGA is named after the Ikeduru River,
which flows through the area. The administrative headquarters of Ikeduru LGA is in
the town of Isiala Mbano.it is surrounded by Inyishi, Amaeke, Eziama, Amaimo,
Umuofor, Umuiri, Okwu, Avuvu, Owuala Avuvu, Amakohia, Umudim, Atta, Ngugo,
Atta West, Owubinubi, Ikembara, Ugirike, Umuonyeukwu, Abazu, Akabo, Amatta,
Iho-Dimeze, Ebikoro and Uzoagba.Mineral Resources exist in the Local Government
such as Phosphate, limestone, Kaolin, Stone granites and Silica, sand etc. the Local
Government is blessed with agricultural products such as cassava, palm wine,
cocoyam, maize, livestock, palmoil etc. Ikeduru LGA is characterized by a mix of
rural and semi-urban communities, with divers e ethnic groups, including the Igbo
people, residing in the area. The population of Ikeduru LGA consists of individuals
engaged in various economic activities, including farming, trading, and small-scale
businesses.
The LGA is known for its rich cultural heritage and traditional festivals, which play a
significant role in preserving the local customs and traditions. Agriculture is a major
economic activity in Ikeduru, with crops like yams, cassava, maize, and vegetables
being cultivated by local farmers. The area is also known for its clay deposits, which
are used for pottery and brick-making.
In terms of infrastructure, Ikeduru LGA has seen some development over the years,
with roads, schools, and healthcare facilities serving the local communities. However,
like many regions in Nigeria, there are still challenges in terms of providing access to
basic amenities and social services for all residents.
Unemployment is one of the key challenges faced by the population of Ikeduru LGA.
The lack of sufficient employment opportunities, especially for the youth, contributes
to high rates of unemployment and underemployment in the area. This situation leads
to economic strain for many households and can have negative social consequences.
Additionally, like many parts of Nigeria, Ikeduru LGA is not immune to the issue of
drug abuse. The combination of unemployment, economic strain, and social
dislocation can create an environment in which drug abuse becomes more prevalent.
Substance abuse may become a coping mechanism for individuals facing economic
hardships and psychological distress, further exacerbating the challenges within the
community.
3.4 Population of study.
The study population that was used for this study consist of 400,000 individuals of
Ikeduru which is the total population (City population, 2020)
3.5 Study sample and Sampling Technique
To calculate the sample size using Taro Yamane's formula, you need to determine the
desired level of precision (margin of error) and select a confidence level. Taro
Yamane's formula is commonly used for large population sizes.
The formula for calculating sample size using Taro Yamane's formula is:
n = N / (1 + N * e^2)
Where:
n is the sample size
N is the population size
e is the desired level of precision (expressed as a decimal)
Let's assume you desire a margin of error of 5% (e = 0.05) and a population size of
400,000. Plugging these values into the formula:
n = 400,000 / (1 + 400,000 * (0.10^2))o.05
Simplifying the equation:
n = 400,000/ (1 + 400,000 * 0.0025)
n = 400,000 / (1 + 1000)
n = 400,000 / 1,000
n ≈ 400
The calculated sample size using Taro Yamane's formula is approximately 400.
However, since sample sizes are typically rounded up to the nearest whole number,
the final sample size would be 400.
The multi-stage sampling method was used to select population of 400 individuals
Ikeduru L.G.A. The first stage involves selection of 24 communities in Ikeduru Local
Government, Imo State. The second stage involves random selection of 10
individuals both male and female from 24 towns in Ikeduru. The final stage involves
random selection of 40 households in 6 wards that makes up Ikeduru Local
Government.
3.6 Sampling Technique

The researcher adopted multi-stage sampling procedures. Multi stage sampling
technique will be applied to select the sample for this study. According to Osuala
(2005), multi stage sampling is a design where more than one stage of selection is
used.
The respondents will be youths both male and female selected from the local
government
3.7 Technique of Data Collection
The researcher used both the primary and secondary sources of data collection
techniques.Primary sources: Primary data source is firsthand information.
Information from the primary source that aided this research was collected by
administration of questionnaire. Permission and confidentiality of their responses
were guaranteed. The method of data collection involved the use of a rating scale.
The questionnaire was developed based on the research questions and objectives of
the study. The questionnaire was divided into different sections based on objectives
of the study.
The questionnaire was administered to a sample of youths from Ikeduru Community.

The sampling technique to be used was random sampling, where youths from
different wards in Ikeduru LGA was selected randomly. The sample size was
determined and the required sample size was 400 individuals.
These research question sections was designed using the 4-point Likert scale which
the students were expected to tick (√) only one of the alternatives in response to the
statements. The options given were:
SA – Very High Extent = 4 Points
A _ High Extent = 3 Points
D _ Low Extent = 2 Points
SD _ Very Low Extent = 1 Point.
3.8 Revaluation of Research Instrument
Questionnaire served as the main data collection instrument used. For the qualitative
research instrument of data collection, the in-depth interview will be used, while for
the secondary data, the use of journals, internet, and newspaper will be used, in
analyzing the data, both the univariate and bivariate data analysis techniques will be
applied using the special package for social sciences (SPSS) version 15.0 software.
While qualitative data will be content analysed and where necessary the respondents
will be quoted verbatim.
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the research questions formed the basis of data analysis. The
frequency tables, percentages and mean were employed for the analysis of data. Data
gathered were orderly organized in tabular forms to indicate raw scores which were
converted into percentages and mean. Responses that have percentage of 50% and
above were rated positive. Mean was also used in data analysis. A criterion mean of
2.50 was adopted. Any mean that ranked from 2.50 and above was regarded as
positive and accepted while the values of less than 2.50 was considered as negative
and rejected. Specifically, for each research question, real limit of numbers were used
to determine the decision level as follows; strongly Disagree: 0.50-1.49; Disagree:
1.50-2.49; Agree: 2.50-3.49; Strongly Agree: 3.50 -4.00.
3.10 Limitation of the Study
The researcher encountered the following challenges
1. The researcher feared that most people may not give clear information due to
illiteracy, to address this issue the researcher interpreted the respondents the contents
in the questionnaire.
2. Suspicions-some of the respondents might suspect that the researcher has a hidden
agenda due to the insecurity in the area. The respondents would hesitate in answering
questions and thus give incorrect answers. The researcher assured the respondents of
confidentiality of information given by respondents.
3. Time factor .due to the limited time given, the researcher had to adopt a busy
schedule to include working on weekends to meet the deadline
4. Lack of finances the researcher had to use large amounts of money when collecting
data and administering questionnaires.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS
Table 4.1: Data Presentation
Table 4.1: Distribution of Questionnaire
S/ Villages Questionnaire % Questionnaire returned %

distributed
1 Amaimo 100 25 62 20.4
2 Eziama 120 30 60 19.8
3 Umuofor 80 20 62 20.5
4 Akabo 50 12.5 61 20.2
5 Abazu 50 12.5 58 19.1
Total 400 100 303 100

Questionnaire
% frequency distributed=No of questionnaire distributed x 100
Total questionnaire distributed
% frequency returned = No of questionnaire returned x 100
Total questionnaire returned
The above table shows that 400 set of questionnaire was distributed among
the 5 Villages in Ikeduru Local Government area. The researcher was able to
retrieve 303 questionnaires which eventually form the sample size for the
study.
4.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents
Sex No of Respondents Percentage (%)
female 100 33%
male 203 67%
Total 303 100%
Table 4.2 above shows that male respondents have a higher population which is 203,
occupying about 67% of the total population. The female respondents on the other
hand have a lower population of 100, occupying about 33% of the total population.
Table 4.3: Age Distribution of Respondents
Age No of Respondents Percentage (%)

18-25yrs 100 33
26-30yrs 100 33
31-35yrs 50 16.5
36-45 53 17.5
Total 303 100%
Table 4.3 above shows the age category of respondents. It shows that 100
respondents representing 33% fall within the 18-25 age category, 100 respondents
representing 33% fall within the 26-30 age category, 50 respondents representing
16.5% fall within the 31-35 age category, 53 respondents representing 17.5% fall
within 36-45 age category.
Table 4.4: Marital status of the Respondent
Marital Status No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Single 200 66
Married 75 24.7
Divorced 28 9.2
Widow/Widower 0 0
Separated 0 0
Total 303 100%
Table 4.4 shows the marital status of respondents. It clearly indicates that 200
respondents representing 66% are single, 75 respondents representing 24.7% are
married, 28 respondents representing 9.2% are divorced, 0 respondents representing
0% are widow/widower, while 0 respondents representing 0% are separated.
Table 4.5 : Education Attainment of Respondents
Educational No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Attainment
Primary 150 49.5
Secondary 50 16.5
Tertiary 50 16.5
Other 53 17.5
Total 303 100%
From table 4.5 above it is observed that 150 respondents representing 49.5% fall into
the primary education category, 50 respondents representing 16.5% fall into
secondary education category, 50 respondents representing 16.5% while 73
respondents representing 17.5% fall into other category.
Table 4.6: Religion Distribution of Respondent
Religion No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Christian 250 82.5
Islam 0 0
Traditional 53 17.5
Other 0 0
Total 303 100%

From table 4.6 above it shows the religion distribution of respondents. It shows that
250 respondents representing 82.5% fall into the Christian category, 0 respondent
representing 0% fall into the Islam category, 53 respondents representing 17.5% fall
into the traditional category, while 0 respondent representing 0% fall into the other
category.
Table 4.7 D r u g a b u s e and U n e m p l o y m e n t

Questions SA A SD D Total %
sample
1 Unemployment has led to Drug 6 14 149 134 303 100

Abuse
(2.0) (4.6) (49.2) (44.2)

2 Uemployment is a cancer worm to the 15 19 140 129 303 100
society
(4.9) (6.3) (46.2) (42.6)
3 Youths don’t involve themselves in 10 14 145 134 303 100

work
(3.3) (4.6 (47.9 (44.2)

) )
4 Unemployment has led to idleness 155 100 41 7 303 100
and boredom
(51.2) (33.0) (13.5) (2.3)

5 The unemployed don’t get involve in 100 164 25 14 303 100
the family
(33.2) (54.1 (8.2) (4.6)

2)
Table 4.7 e m p l o y m e n t and d r u g a b u s e
Questions SA A SD D Tota %
l
sam
ple
1 Availability of work does not 16 14 150 123 303 100
ascertain drug abuse
(5.3) (4.6) 4.9.5 40.6
2 Employment is important 13 15 141 132 303 100
to the society
(4.3) (5.0) 46.5 43.6
3 youth doesn’t involve in 16 14 135 138 303 100

The work (5.3) (4.6) (44.6) (45.5)
4 Work is needed for employment 21 7 110 165 303 100
(6.9) (2.3) (36.3) (54.5)
5 Employment is not needed in the 3 25 164 111 303 100

society
(1.0) (8.3) (54.1) (36.6)
4.1 Testing of Hypotheses
4.1.1 Testing of hypothesis one

Hypothesis one states that; there is a significant relationship between drug
abuse and unemployment in Ikeduru local government area of Imo State
To test this hypothesis, the responses of the respondents in item 1, 3 and 4

as represented in table 4.6 were used.
Table 4.2.1 Chi-Square Analysis for tramador abuse and

Unemployment
Items SA A D SD Total
1 18 165 104 303B1
3 20 14 135 134 303B2
4 165 110 21 7 303B3
Total 201A1 142A2 321A3 245A4 909
Computing formular for chi-square X2 = ∑(O1 – E1)2
E1
Where ∑ = Summation
O = Observed values E = Expected values
To obtain the expected frequencies E = Row total x column
Grand total
Cell A1 B1 201 x303 =67
909
Cell A2 B1 142 x 303= 47.3
909
Cell A3 B1 = 321 x 303 = 107
909
Cell A4 B1 = 245 x 303 = 81.7
909
Cell A1 B2 = 201 x 303 =67
909
Cell A2 B2 = 142 x 303 =47.3
909
Cell A3 B2 = 321 x 303 = 107
909
Cell A4 B2 = 245 x 303 = 81.7
909
Cell A1 B3 = 201 x 303 = 67
909
Cell A2 B3 = 142 x 303 = 47.3
909
Cell A3 B3 = 321 x 303 = 107
909
Cell A4 B3 = 245 x 303 = 81.7
909
Placing the observed and expected values in a tabular form, we have;
Table 4.2.2: Data for hypothesis one

The table above is a 4 x 2 contingency table, hence the degree of
O E (O - E) (O - E)2/E
221 73.7 147.7 0.2
142 47.3 94.7 1.4
355 118.3 33 0.5
319 106.3 212.7 0.4
221 73.7 147.3 0.2
142 47.3 68.3 1.4
355 118.3 33 0.5
319 106.3 33 0.4
221 77.3 9 0.2
142 47.3 32.7 1.3
355 118.3 22 0.3
319 106.3 21 0.4
Total 7.2
freedom.
(df) = (C - 1) (R - 1)
(df) = (4 - 1) (2 - 1)
df = 3 x 1 = 3 Thus, df = 3.
The table value of x2at a significance level of 0.05 and degree
of 3 = 7.815. The calculated value of x2 = 7.2. Since the

calculated value of X2 is less than the table value of x 2, we
therefore reject the alternate hypothesis which states that there is
a significant relationship between drug abuse and
unemployment in Ikeduru Local Government Imo State
4.1.2 Testing of Hypothesis Two
Hypothesis two states that; there is a significant relationship between

prevalence of drug abuse and unemployed population in Ikeduru LGA compared
to the employed population. To test this hypothesis, the responses of the
respondents in items 2, 3 and 5 as represented in table 4.7 were used.
Table 4.2.3 Chi-square Analysis for drug abuse and unemployment
2 128 134 20 21 303B1
3 129 100 30 44 303B2
5 125 105 30 43 303B3
Total 382A1 339A2 80A3 108A4 909
E1
O = Observed values
E = Expected values
Grand total
Cell A1 B1 382 x303 = 127.3
909
Cell A2 B1 339x 303= 113
909
Cell A3 B1 = 80 x 303= 26.7
909
Cell A4 B1 = 108 x 303 = 36
909
Cell A1 B2 = 382 x 303 = 127.3
909
Cell A2 B2 = 339 x 303 = 113
909
Cell A3 B2 = 80 x 303 = 26.7
909
Cell A4 B2 = 108 x 303 = 36
909
Cell A1 B3 = 382 x 303 = 127.3
909
Cell A2 B3 = 339 x 303 = 113
909
Cell A3 B3 = 80 x 303 = 26.7
909
Cell A4 B3 = 108 x 303 =36
909
Table 4.2.4: Data for Hypothesis Two
O E (O - E) (O - E)2/E
148 140.6 7.4 0.1
134 119.7 14.3 0.2
20 26.7 6.7 0.5
21 36 15 0.8
149 140.6 8.4 0.1
100 119.7 19.7 1.2
30 26.7 3.3 0.2
44 36 8 1.4
125 140.6 15.6 0.2
125 119.7 5.3 0.1

200 66.7 133.3 3.9
43 36 7 0.4
Total 7.5

freedom.
(df) = (C - 1) (R - 1)
(df) = (4 - 1) (2 - 1)
df = 3 x 1 = 3 Thus, df = 3.
The table value of X2 at a significance level of 0.05 and degree of 3 = 7.815.
The calculated value of X2 =7.5. Since the calculated value of X2 is lower
than the table value of X2, we therefore reject the alternate hypothesis which
states that there is a significant relationship between Availability of lands and
Food productions
4.2 Testing of Hypotheses
4.2.1 Testing of hypothesis one
3. Hypothesis one states that; there is a significant relationship between

unemployment and drug abuse in Ikeduru Local Government Area (LGA)
To test this hypothesis, the responses of the respondents in item 1, 3 and 4

as represented in table 4.6 were used.
Table 4.2.1 Chi-Square Analysis for tramador abuse and students grade

1 16 18 165 104 303B1
3 20 14 135 134 303B2
4 165 110 21 7 303B3
Total 201A1 142A2 321A3 245A4 909
E1
O = Observed values E = Expected values
Grand total
Cell A1 B1 201 x303 =67
909
Cell A2 B1 142 x 303= 47.3
909
Cell A3 B1 = 321 x 303 = 107
909
Cell A4 B1 = 245 x 303 = 81.7
909
Cell A1 B2
= 201 x 303 =67
909
Cell A2 B2 = 142 x 303 =47.3
909
Cell A3 B2 = 321 x 303 = 107
909
Cell A4 B2 = 245 x 303 = 81.7
909
Cell A1 B3 = 201 x 303 = 67
909
Cell A2 B3 = 142 x 303 = 47.3
909
Cell A3 B3 = 321 x 303 = 107

909
Cell A4 B3 = 245 x 303 = 81.7
909
Table 4.2.2: Data for hypothesis one
O E (O - E) (O - E)2/E
221 73.7 147.7 0.2
142 47.3 94.7 1.4
355 118.3 33 0.5
319 106.3 212.7 0.4
221 73.7 147.3 0.2
142 47.3 68.3 1.4
355 118.3 33 0.5
319 106.3 33 0.4
221 77.3 9 0.2
142 47.3 32.7 1.3
355 118.3 22 0.3
319 106.3 21 0.4
Total 7.2
freedom.
(df) = (C - 1) (R - 1)
(df) = (4 - 1) (2 - 1)
df = 3 x 1 = 3 Thus, df = 3.
The table value of x2at a significance level of 0.05 and degree of 3 = 7.815.
The calculated value of x2 = 7.2. Since the calculated value of X2 is less than
the table value of x2, we therefore reject the alternate hypothesis which states
that there is a significant relationship between between and unemployment in
Ikeduru Local Government Imo State.
Testing of Hypothesis Two
Hypothesis two states that; there is a significant relationship between

prevalence of drug abuse among Unemployed youths and Employed in Ikeduru
Local Government Imo State. To test this hypothesis, the responses of the
respondents in items 2, 3 and 5 as represented in table 4.7 were used.
Table 4.2.3 Chi-square Analysis for prevalence of drugs among

unemployed and employed youths
2 128 134 20 21 303B1
3 129 100 30 44 303B2
5 125 105 30 43 303B3
Total 382A1 339A2 80A3 108A4 909

E1
O = Observed values
E = Expected values
Grand total
Cell A1 B1 382 x303 = 127.3
909
Cell A2 B1 339x 303= 113
909
Cell A3 B1 = 80 x 303= 26.7
909
Cell A4 B1 = 108 x 303 = 36
909
Cell A1 B2 = 382 x 303 = 127.3
909
Cell A2 B2 = 339 x 303 = 113
909
Cell A3 B2 = 80 x 303 = 26.7

909
Cell A4 B2 = 108 x 303 = 36
909
Cell A1 B3 = 382 x 303 = 127.3
909
Cell A2 B3 = 339 x 303 = 113
909
Cell A3 B3 = 80 x 303 = 26.7
909
Cell A4 B3 = 108 x 303 =36
909
Table 4.2.4: Data for Hypothesis Two
O E (O - E) (O - E)2/E
148 140.6 7.4 0.1
134 119.7 14.3 0.2
20 26.7 6.7 0.5
21 36 15 0.8
149 140.6 8.4 0.1

100 119.7 19.7 1.2
30 26.7 3.3 0.2
44 36 8 1.4
125 140.6 15.6 0.2
125 119.7 5.3 0.1
200 66.7 133.3 3.9
43 36 7 0.4
Total 7.5

freedom.
(df) = (C - 1) (R - 1)
(df) = (4 - 1) (2 - 1)
df = 3 x 1 = 3 Thus, df = 3.
The table value of X2 at a significance level of 0.05 and degree of 3 = 7.815.
The calculated value of X2 =7.5. Since the calculated value of X2 is lower
than the table value of X2, we therefore reject the alternate hypothesis which
states that there is a significant relationship between prevalence drug abuse
among unemployed and employed youths .
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY
This work focuses on Drug Abuse and Unemployment in Ikeduru Local

government Imo State. Relevant literatures were reviewed in line with the
objectives of the study. Three theories were reviewed, but the work was
anchored on Economic Strain Theory. The researcher adopted the Descriptive
research design; the simple random sampling technique was adopted. The
questionnaires method was our source of primary data while library research
was our source of secondary data. Two hypotheses were formulated and
tested in the course of this work. Hypothesis one which states that there is a
significant relationship between Drug Abuse and Unemployment in Ikeduru
Local Government Imo State tested positive. Hypothesis two which states
that there is a significant relationship between prevalence of Drug Abuse
among Unemployed youths and Employed youths in Ikeduru Local
Government Imo State tested positive.
Our data were presented using simple percentages and tables, while the
hypotheses were tested using the chi-square statistical tool. We found out
that, Farming has to led food production in ikeduru local government. This is
in line with McLaughlin and Vose (2019) who says that unemployment and
increased substance abuse, highlighting the vulnerability of unemployed individuals
to engage in drug use as a coping mechanism or to alleviate boredom and distress.
The study also found that Unemployment has led to Idleness and Boredom
This is in line with table 4.7 Item 2 Where Major of the respondent agreed
that job Availability is an important factor for work, Because if work is not
available their will be no place to work and will increase Drug Abuse. So
Employment is very important when it comes to growth of a society and is
one of the major factor to be considered.
CONCLUSION
Based on the findings carried out on Drug Abuse and Unemployment in

Ikeduru local government area, Imo State , we conclude that:
Unemployment has led to Drug Abuse in Ikeduru local government. This is
in line with McLaughlin and Vose (2019) who says that unemployment and
increased substance abuse, highlighting the vulnerability of unemployed individuals
to engage in drug use as a coping mechanism or to alleviate boredom and distress.
And this is also inline with Table 4.7 Item 1 , where Majority of the
respondent agree that Unemployment has led to Drug Abuse. Because if there
is no Employment their will be no work for the work.
The study also found that Unemployment has led to Idleness and Boredom
This is in line with table 4.7 Item 2 Where Major of the respondent agreed
that job Availability is an important factor for work, Because if work is not
available their will be no place to work and will increase Drug Abuse. So
Employment is very important when it comes to growth of a society and is
one of the major factor to be considered.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following are recommended:
1. Government at all levels (Federal, State and Local) should urgently

address the challenges of drug abuse in our communities.
2. The youths be assisted and encouraged to work. The government should

provide them with employment opportunities.
3. The youths should form cooperatives in order to assist themselves.
4. Every communities, through town union should assist in employment in

their communities. They should mobilize the men, and youths to be
involved in working.
APPENDIX
Questionnaire Schedule
Department Of Sociology
Faculty Of Social Science
Imo State University ,
Owerri
Dear Respondent,
I am a final year student in the department of Sociology, Imo State

University.. I am carrying out research on Drug Abuse and Unemployment
in Ikeduru local government area, Imo State.
This questionnaire is designed to elicit valuable infor,ation on the above

subject matter. You are requested to respond to each question as it appeals to
you. All information provided in the questionnaire will be treated with utmost
confidence and your identity and privacy will be safeguarded and protected.
Thanks for your anticipation co-operation.
Yours Faithfully,
Agoamanam Chinaza Favour
SECTION A
Socio-Demographic Data
Tick( ) for the right answer
A. Sex (a) Male [ ] Female [ ]
B. Age (a) 15-20[ ] (b) 21-25 [ ] (c) 26-30 [ ] (d) 31 and above [ ]
C. Marital Status (a) Single [ ] (b) Married [ ] (c) Divorced [ ] (d)
Widowed [ ] (e) Separated [ ]
D. Religion (a) Christianity [ ] (b) Islam [ ] (c) African Traditional
Religion (ATR) [ ]
E. Educational Level (a) 300L [ ] (b) 400L [ ] (c) 500L [ ] (d) 600 level [ ]
SECTION B
Please tick the letter on the right side, “SA’’ If you strongly agree, “A’’ if
you agree , ‘‘D’’ if you disagree, ‘‘SD’’ if you strongly disagree.
D R U G A B U S E AND U N E M P L O Y M E N T
Questions SA A SD D
1 Unemployment has led to Drug Abuse
2 Uemployment is a cancer worm to the
society
3 Youths don’t involve themselves in work
4 Unemployment has led to idleness and
boredom
5 The unemployed don’t get involve in the
family
E M P L O Y M E N T AND D R U G A B U S E
Questions SA A SD D
1 Availability of work does not ascertain
drug abuse
2 Employment is important to
the society
3 youth doesn’t involve in
The work
4 Work is needed for employment
5 Employment is not needed in the
society

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My profound gratitude goes to my project supervisor Prof. Emma Osonna

I want to also appreciate other lecturers of Sociology Department who in one

I am so much indebted to my parent Mr. and Mrs. Clement Agoamanam for

I also wish to acknowledge my relative, friends and well-wishers who were

This work is focused on Drug Abuse and Unemployment in Ikeduru Local

1.1 Background to the Study:

Drug abuse is a growing concern in Ikeduru LGA, as well as in Nigeria as a whole.

Unemployment is a persistent issue in Ikeduru LGA, as it is in many parts of Nigeria.

The findings of this study will contribute to the development of targeted

Ikeduru LGA, like many regions in Nigeria, faces significant socio-economic

However, the changing economic dynamics have resulted in increased unemployment

The findings of this study will contribute to the development of targeted

However, the changing economic dynamics have led to increased unemployment

The findings of this study will contribute to the development of targeted

1.2 Statement of the Problem

High unemployment rates and its consequences poses significant challenges in

Another problem is the interrelationship between drug abuse and unemployment.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

2. To examine the factors contributing to drug abuse in Ikeduru L.G.A in Imo

4. To identify the challenges faced by the unemployed population in Ikeduru

1.4 Research Questions:

1.5 Hypotheses of the Study:

1. There is a significant relationship between unemployment and drug abuse in

2. There is significant relationship on prevalence of drug abuse among the

1.6 Significance of the Study

1.7 Operationalization of Terms

Unemployment: Refers to the state of being without a job or occupation, typically

Prevalence: Refers to the proportion of individuals within a population who exhibit a

Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse: Refers to the underlying influences,

Interrelationship: Refers to the mutual connection or influence between two or

Interventions: Refers to strategies, programs, or actions implemented to address a

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Literature Review

2.1.1 Concept of The Study

2.1.2. Concept Of Drug Abuse And Unemployment

Unemployment can have significant social, economic, and psychological

By examining the concept of drug abuse and unemployment, researchers,

The relationship between drug abuse and unemployment is complex and

with higher rates of unemployment.

The concept of drug abuse and unemployment underscores the interconnectedness of

Drug abuse can contribute to unemployment through its effects on cognitive

To address the complex interplay between drug abuse and unemployment, it is

1. Substance abuse prevention programs: Implementing evidence-based prevention

2. Employment assistance and vocational training: Offering employment support

3. Integrated services: Promoting integrated care by establishing collaborations between

4. Community engagement: Engaging communities, local organizations, and employers

2.1.3. The Prevalence and Patterns of Drug Abuse

Moreover, national and local surveys conducted by organizations such as the

demographics, frequency of use, and associated consequences...

2.1.4. Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse

1. Genetic Factors: Genetic factors can play a role in an individual's susceptibility to

2. Environmental Factors: Environmental factors, such as family dynamics, peer

3. Mental Health Conditions: Co-occurring mental health conditions, such as

4. Availability and Accessibility of Drugs: The availability and accessibility of drugs

1. Genetic Factors: Genetic factors play a crucial role in an individual's vulnerability to

2. Environmental Factors: Environmental factors significantly contribute to drug abuse.

4. Availability and Accessibility of Drugs: The availability and accessibility of drugs

1. Self-Medication Hypothesis: The self-medication hypothesis suggests that

2. Economic Strain and Social Dislocation: Unemployment often results in economic

3. Increased Exposure and Peer Influence: Unemployment can expose individuals to

4. Psychological Factors: Unemployment can have profound psychological effects, such

5. Cyclical Relationship: The relationship between drug abuse and unemployment is