Geo-strategic Importance of Foreign policy of Pakistan ❖ Way forward

Pakistan Decision of authorities based on knowledge • De-hyphenated foreign policy, soft

❖ Introduction and experience to conduct its business with power, ethnic linkages
❖ Geo-strategic: Policies related to rest of the world to realize international goals • Relations with neighbors
military, development, security ❖ Process • Regional cooperation
defined through geo graphical
• Constitution article 90 and 99 • New policy fronts
• Rule of Business article 11 and 13
factors • President, PM and Cabinet
❖ Location of Pakistan • Consultation of other department, Aviation,
• 24 to 36 degree northern latitude
Changing Regional Apparatus
communication,
• ❖ Emergence of new power center
61 to 75 degree eastern longitude ❖ Birdseye view of Pakistan foreign
• North-china 510km policy Before
• North west Afghanistan 2250km • Pak-US
• Pro-west
• East India 1650km • Indo-China
• Security-ridden
• South west Iran 912km • India centric Emerging
❖ Importance • Sensitive to Muslim World • Indo-US
• • Pak-China
It is a junction between eastern and west • Foreign debt dependency
❖ Increasing completion for
Asia ❖ Determinants of Pakistan foreign
• Serve as a transit economy resources
policy
• • South China Sea
It serves as trade and energy corridor • Geo-graphical factors • BRI
• Gateway to central Asian republics • Historical factors • Indian investment in Afghanistan
• Proximity to great powers • Ideological factors • BCIM Trade route
• Junction between Mineral and people • Economic factors • TAPI
rich countries • Provincial ethnic factors ❖ Nuclear proliferation arm race
• Prominent Muslim nuclear state • Technological factors • China-India arms race
• BRI • Internal • Pak-India arm race
• Pivotal Role on war on terror • External factors • Iran nuclear aspiration
• Kashmir issue ❖ 1947 to 1952 • North Korean nuclear threat
❖ Challenges Non-allied policy ❖ Terrorism and militancy threat
➢ Internal • Proxy war
❖ 1952 to 1962 • Middle East Chaos – Yemen, Syria,
• Economy • Pro-West, CENTO, SETO • Kashmir
• Political instability • Good relation US and Europe, bad • ISIS
• Provincial disintegration relation with Russia ❖ Indian Ocean Conflict
• Pashtun nationalism ❖ 1962 to 1969 ❖ Pacific Ocean Conflict
• Baluchistan grievances • Russia, pro-west ❖ Changing dynamics of regional
• Sindhi factionalism ❖ 1971-1977
•
cooperation
Energy crisis • Bhutto’s era ❖ New power nexus
• Environmental degradation • Withdrawal SETO and CENTO • Indo-afghan
Hennery Kiesinger internal strength ❖ 1978-1988 • Indo-Iran
prelude external strength • Zia’s Era • Pak-Russia
➢ External ❖ 1990 to 2000 • Pakistan and CARs
• Pak-Afghan relation • Sanctions • TAPI
• Pak-India Relation • Pressler amendment • CASA
• Pak-Middle relation ❖ 2000-2008 ❖ Aggravated fault line based on
• Pak-Iran • War on terror Sectarian Divide
• Saudi-Iran ❖ 2008-2013 ❖ Saudi-Iran
• US-Iran • Zardari Era
• CPEC- challenges from other • Diversification
perspective ❖ 2013-2018
• US- a global neighbor • Mixed results
❖ 2018 onward
• Russia, Saudi, Middle East, Afghan
peace talk in process
 Democratic and political
evolution of Pakistan
❖ Political culture – orientation of
society toward politics
❖ Occurs through socializing agents:
family, educational institution, political
parties, media, civil society-
❖ Political system
A set of institution and practices that define
government structure – Almond
❖ Components of political system
• Governmental institutions (parliament,
judiciary, etc.)
• Organizations (business orgs)
• Traditional structures (media,
judiciary, civil society, religions,)
• Anomic phenomenon (protest, riots)
A tussle between these components to gain
hegemony
❖ Political Culture of Pakistan
• Overdeveloped states structures
• Hamza Alvi’s Marxist Analysis – State
vs MBO
• Divided opinions
• Parliamentary vs presidential debates
• Civilian vs military debates
• Secular vs Islamic
❖ Two major components
• Organizes Structured
• Military, bureaucracy, business elites,
politics elites
• Unorganized structure components
• Media, civil society, religions elites
❖ Democratic Evolution
• Fifties saw control controlled
democracy
• Sixties saw basic democracies
• Seventies saw social democracy
• Eighties saw guided democracy
• Nineties saw sham democracy
• Dawn of 21st century saw quasi-
democracy
❖ Rise of oligarchies between 1947 to
2008
• Military, bureaucracy, religious elites,
political elites and business elites
❖ Politics from 2008 onward
• Revival of democracy
• Charter of democracy
• Transition of three democratic
governments
❖ New power centers • Solution (Land reforms, GMOs,
• Judiciary Microfinancing, Private Sector
• Media Coordination, Sprinkle irrigation)
• Civil society • Industry
•
❖ Why Pakistan needs democracy (Mining and quarrying, Manufacturing,
• Prosperity-democracy theory (Robert Construction)
• Environmental issues
Petric)
•
• A country having a better ranking in Lack of skills and technology
democratic index will be having a better • Low FDI
ranking in poverty index also • Energy crisis
• Democratic peace theory • Low credit
• Democracy leads to internal and external • Political instability
peace • Solutions (microfinance, energy
❖ Hurdles for democracy in Pakistan solution, investment-friendly regime,
❖ How to strengthen in Pakistan trade, stable polices, technical
education)
Democracy is security imperative
Pakistan • Services
• (Finance and insurance, transportation,
wholesale, communication)
Economy of Pakistan • Fluctuation currency
• Sectors (Overall Growth 3.29%) • FATF
Primary • CPEC
Agriculture (growth, .85%, contribution • Oil prices,
19%) • Infrastructure
Secondary • Low FDI
Industry (growth, 1.4%, contribution 21%) • Solution (stable polices, revisiting
Tertiary CPEC agreements for whole sale, oil
Services (Services 4.7%, contribution, 60%) prices, modern technology,
• National economic challenges ❖ Recipe for Economic
• Undocumented economy (40%) Development
• Low tax to GDP ratio (11.6%) • Knowledge based economy
•
• Low HDI (150/189) Business friendly polices
•
• Huge public debt (Rs. 28607 billion) Increased tax base and net
•
• Poor governance Reforming FBR
• Vicious Cycle of Poverty • Overcoming energy crisis
• Current account deficit ($ 11.58 billion • Reaping demographic dividends
dollar) • Good governance
• Trade deficit ($ 5.72 billion) • Green Economy
• High cost of production • Blue Economy
• Energy crisis • Exploitation of Exclusive economic
• Burgeoning population Zones
• Structural unemployment • Encouraging Entrepreneurship
•
• Consumption based economy Diversification of economy(tourism)
• Massive public sector subsides( 400
billion/year)
• Sector wise challenges
• Agriculture
• (Crops, Livestock’s, fishing, Forestry)
• Substance level farming
• Outdated technology
• Lack of markets
• Lack of financing
 Education in Pakistan
• Literacy rate, 62%
• Male literacy rate 72%
• Female literacy rate, 51%
• School enrollment rate 5.3%
❖ Educational issues in Pakistan
• Low budget allocation, 2.4 % of GDP
(recent budget reduced by 20%),
• According to UNESCO report, if
Pakistan wants to educate 36miilion
people 2015 to 20 it needs 1788 million
rupees.
• • Afghan Mujahideen paid by USA
Quality of education (teacher training,
large number of students, lack of
resources,)
• High dropout ratio (76%, reason:
poverty, social barrier, malnutrition
(43%),)
• Out-of-School Children (23million,
poverty, distant schools, punishment
culture,)
• Problems of Female Education
(cultural barriers, lack of school for
girls, lack female teachers)
• Parallel systems of education
• Dr. Tariq Rehman’s five-tier model
• Elite schools
• Military schools
• Private schools
• Governmental schools
• Deeni Madrasah
• Issues of Education inequalities
• Zubaida Mustafa’s two-tier model
• State of the education for privileges
• Decaying system of Underprivileged
• Flawed curriculum (no national
curriculum, outdated syllabi and
teaching method)
• Neglect toward technical education
(low industry-academic linkages, lack of
technological universities,
• Flawed examination and evaluation
methods (annual vs semester, private vs
regular, leakage papers)
• Lack of research culture
• Lack of institutionalization of
educational practices
• Poor implementation of education
policies
❖ Solutions
Health issues in Pakistan Afghan War, its impact,
❖ Issues emergence of non-state
• Food insecurity
• Child mortality (62/1000)
actors, its impact on Pakistan
• Maternal mortality (178/100,000) ❖ Retrospect
❖ Political crisis in Afghanistan
• Undernutrition (43%)
• People Democratic Party’s division
• Stunted Children (38% UNICEF)
into Parcham and Khalq after the
• Water sanitation and hygiene
coup
• Privatization of health sector
• Parcham wrote USSR for invasion
• No Family planning
• USSR invasion in 1979
• Low immunization
• UN result ion for USSR withdrawal
• Lack of trainings of doctors and staff
❖ Solutions and Saudi and train by Pakistan
• Universal coverage of essential
❖ Impact on Pakistan
interventions
• Revival of US-Pak relation
• Reducing inequities
• Nuclear proliferation of Pakistan
• Increased budget
• US military support
• Integration of stakeholders
• Afghan refugees burden on Pakistan
• Monitoring and accountability (over 4m)
• Food security and clean water • Drug trafficking (8200 metric tons
• Implementation of SDGs
smuggled in 2007)
• Rise of violent non-state actors
Pakistan’s National Culture • Sectarianism
reflects unity • Kalashnikov culture
❖ Introduction • Terrorism
• Multi-cultural society • Economist cost (Approx. $121b)
• National culture • Transit route for illegal trade of
weapon and drugs
❖ Definition
A set of norms behaviors, beliefs and
❖ Non-traditional Security Threats
customs that exist within entire nations • Refugees crisis
• Diversity in national culture • Sectarianism
• Economic lagging
• Language: Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi,
• Drug culture
Pashto, etc.
• Extremism
• Tourism
• Ethnic conflicts
• Poetry ❖ Rise of non-state actors
• Music and dance • Extremist organizations
• Religion • INGOs
• National events
• National dress
• Food
❖ How national culture promotes
unity
• It incorporates all national culture
• Mutual co-existence
• Common goals
• Shared ideology
“Peace in not unity in similarity but unity in
diversity –Mikhail Garbachov)
 Ideology of Pakistan
• Ideology ideos (ideas) logos(study)
❖ Definition
• Cluster of ideas, beliefs, and concepts
that are deeply ingrained in social
conscience of people over period of time
(Shareef ul Mujahid )
❖ Significance of ideology
• Weltanschauung (worldview)
• People binding force
• Helps in legitimization or de-
legitimization
• Manifest the ends that a society is
pursuing
❖ Ideology and Nationhood
• Earnst Rena
• Nationalism is a dynamic expression of
desires to live together as nations
• It the two component
• Past (Rich heritage of memory)
• Present (Desires to live together and
preserve the heritage)
• Ideology is abstract, but when it
manifests itself, it requires three thing
✓ State (provides grounds)
✓ Leadership (interprets and
implement the ideology
✓ Follower (follow and strengthens it)
• Formation spiritual aspect of nationalism
• Shah Wali Ullah and Shiekh Ahmed
Sirhindi (Developed the concept of
TNT)
• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (Interpretation of
TNT)
• M.A. Jinnah ( Operationalize)
❖ Derivation of ideology
• Culture
• Social practices
• Religions
• Historical experiences
• Intellectual exercise
• Example of secular Democracy in West,
which developed due to conflict with
religion
• Muslim’s ideology- Quran and Sunnah
❖ Ideology of Pakistan
• IOP = IOI + TNT
• Islamic ideology
• Quran and Sunnah (refer to Islamiat
Capsule)
❖ Evolution of Muslim Nationalism
in subcontinent
• Two set of forces
• The Orthodox Ulema (Shah, Sirhindi)
• Muslim Modernists (Jinna, Iqbal, Sir
Syed)
❖ Factors that led to Muslim
Nationalism
• Ideological conflicts (Monotheism
(Muslims), Hindu believes in different
Gods)
• Hinduism was absorptive
• Islam withstood the thirst of other
religions
• Impact of revivalist movements
• Muslim (Faraizi, Algarh, Deoband)
• Hindu Brahumu, Ary, Deyo Samaj,
• Impact of British rules
• Muslim subjugation, education, German
and Italian nationalism)
• Implementation of Westminster Model
(parliamentary democracy, majority
rule)
• Indian National Congress Policies
(711/1858)
• Muslim nationalism converts into
separatist
• Hindu extremist organization
• Cultural Factors (language (Urdu/Hindi),
Cow slaughter, Vande Mahtram, Tri-
color flag)
• Pan-Islamic Movements
• Jihad Movement
• Khilafat movement
• Role of Muslim leaders
• •
Role of Muslim press
Palestine Issue
❖ Retrospect
• Balfour Declaration 1917
❖ UN Resolution -181, 194, 242
❖ War
• 1948
• 1967 (six days war)
• 1973 (ended 1978 Camp David Accord)
❖ Core Issues
• Jerusalem (East and West)
• Refugees
• Illegal Settlement
• West bank
• Security and airspace
• Border issue
• Resources issue
• Occupied and disputed
• Mutual recognition
• International efforts
• Negotiation (PLO and Israel
government)
• Mediator (US, Russia, UN, EU)
• Camp David Accord 1978
• Oslo Accord 1993 (Area ABC, not
implemented)
• Camp David Summit 2000
• Taba summit 2001
• Roadmap for peace 2002
• Arab peace initiative
• Recent Developments
• Israeli settlement
• Gaza blockade
• Wall inside West Bank
• Imprisonment
• Humanitarian crisis
• Home demolition
• Human Rights Violation
•
US recognition Jerusalem as capital of
Israel, December 2017
• $3.1billion aid by US to Israel and
$362million to Palestine
• Solutions
• Two-state solutions
• One-state solution (not viable)
• Modus vivendi (maintains peace)
• Is there a military solution?
• Military solution is not a solution
• Suggestion
• US neutral role
Security and economic assistance
• Engage Hamas
• AL Fatah Reforms
• Realistic ease fire
• Implementation of UN resolution
• Role of regional players
 Role of Judiciary in
Constitutional Development
of Pakistan
❖ Introduction
❖ State organ (3)
❖ Judicial Review
❖ Role of Judiciary in constitutional
Development
❖ Maulvi Tameezudin case
• Dissolution of Assembly
• Decision in favor G.G
• Doctrine of necessity
• Negative role of judiciary
❖ Usif Patel case
• Consent of G.G was necessary for
every bill
• Retrospective effects were given to
laws
• Limited G.G to form constituent
assembly for legislation
• Both positive and negative role
❖ State vs. Dosso case
• Validation of Martial Law by declaring
that declaring that successful coup is an
internationally recognized method
❖ Asma Jilani vs. Govt. of Punjab
• Imposition of martial law as invalidated
• Doctrine of state necessity was
condemned martial was lifted
❖ Begum Nusrat Bhutto vs. C.O.A.S
• Appeal against martial law imposition
• State necessity was invoked
❖ Zafar Ali Shah vs Pervez Musharaf
• State necessity was invoked again
❖ Judicial activism after 2009
❖ Attack of Lawyers on Doctors
❖ Role of Judiciary
• Rule of Law
• Implementation of Judicial decision
• Continuing of political process
• Supremacy of constitution
Political System of Pakistan
❖ Definition of system
❖ Definition of political system
❖ Pakistan political system under
constitution of 1973
• Parliamentary system
• Bicameral
• Executive (PM the head of govt.)
• Legislative (NA and Senate)
• Judiciary (3 tiers)
Jinnah favored parliamentary system
❖ 1956 constitutions (parliamentary)
❖ 1962 (presidential)
❖ 1973 (parliamentary)
❖ Zia’s 8th amendment (strong
president)
❖ N. Sharif’s 13 amendment (strong
PM)
❖ Musharraf 17th amendment (strong
president)
❖ Presidential system
• Certain and stable
• Long-term polices
• Separation of power
• Vindication of opponent
• Weak provincial autonomy
• More prone to corruption
❖ Parliamentary system
Merits
• Power to elected representatives
• Strong political parties
• Accountability of executive
Demerits
• Consensus building issues
• Weak and unstable government
• Short-term polices
• Issues during emergency
Pakistan Foreign policy post
9/11
• Decision of governing bodies to
realized international goals
• Pro-west, security ridden, Indian-
centric, foreign debt dependency,
sensitive to Muslim world
• Determinants
• Geographical factors, historical
factors, ideological factors, economic
factors, Ethno-provincial factors
,technological factors, external and
Internal factors
• Post 9/11 Foreign Policy
• Retrospect of 9/11
• Pakistan foreign policy from
2001 to 2008
• Frontline ally in WoT
• Dependence on Foreign aid
• Warm relation with USA
• Support for US backed Afghan
government
• Improvement with bilateral ties with
India
• 2008 to 2013
• Diversification
• Moscow, Beijing, Ankara, Tehran
• CPEC, TAPI and IPGP
• Good relation with India
• 2013 to 2018
• Neutral role in Yemen war
• Worsening of ties with India –
Kulbashan Jhadav, Pathan Kot, Uri
attack
• Membership of SCO
• 2018 onward
• Strengthening ties with China and
Russia
• Issue with India,
• Good relation with Malaysia and
Turkey
• Kashmir policy
• Afghan peace talk
• Pakistan Role in regional and
global politics
• Afghan peace process
• Kashmir Conflict resolution (UN talk)
• Saudi-Iran Conflict
• CPEC
• US-China Trade War
• Great Game Politics
 Qatar crisis
❖ Major players
• Saudi Arabia, Egypt, UAE, Bahrain vs.
Qatar
• US base in Qatar (Al-Udeid) important
for US in ME
❖ Causes of Conflict
• Doha support for violent Islamist
groups like Muslim Brotherhood
• Role of Al Jazeera
• •
Support for Iran
• Impact of Arab Spring
• President Trump visit to SA, Egypt,
Saudi, UAE but not Qatar
❖ Current scenario
• Diplomatic crisis
• Qatar is not going back on its stance
• Economically independent
• US will do no harm because of Al-
Udied
• Nor will other party go back
❖ Impacts
• Split in Sunnis camp
• •
Tendency of Qatar, Turkey and Iran
(this nexus can further exacerbate
situation in ME)
• Impact on price of oil
• Can change security and power
structure in Middle East
• Diplomatic economic and military
escalation
❖ Solution
• Both parties should deescalate
• USA as a mediator
SCO • SCO and Pakistan
• Shanghai five (1996) Opportunities
• Build for CBM and border resolution • Inclusion is Diplomatic cum
• SCO (2001) substantial breakthrough for
Islamabad
❖ Now 8 Members
• Positive International Image
• Russia
• Political and economic dividends
• China
• Geographical location makes Pakistan
• Tajikistan
a transit economy for SCO
• Kyrgyzstan
• Influence in Regional Security
• Kazakhstan
architecture
Uzbekistan (2001)
• SCO serves for border resolution
• India (2017)
• Fight Against Three evils is in
• Pakistan (2017) alignment with Pakistan’s Foreign
❖ Objectives Policy
• Mutual Trust • CPEC and SCO
• Pol, soc, eco, cultural, energy,
• Iran and Afghan inclusion can help
education cooperation resolve the issues with both neighbors
• Regional peace and security • New Great Game perspective
• New international political and • Counter balance to Indo-US nexus
economic order
• Challenges for Pakistan
❖ Achievements • Balance b/w US and China relation
• International partnerships
• Indian strengthened relations in the
• Trade between members region
• Border resolutions • Not to become a proxy again
Fight against three evils: Terrorism,
• US and SCO
Extremism, Separatism
• Indifference to doubt to attention
• Fight against money laundering and
• 2005 onward US has engaged with
terror financing
SCO to prevent it from becoming a
• Inter-bank Union
Sino-Russian instrument for New
❖ Challenges Great Game
• Nascent organization •
• Ideological differences with NATO
To contain Iran from Inclusion
• US policies to contain SCO
• Traditional security ventures can curb • Integration strategy to unite CARS
internal turmoil of Kyrgyzstan with South Asia
• Conflict of Interest • Bilateral relation with SCO member
• China wants Economic and political states
influence • Increased communication with SCO
• Russia aims at Influence in CARS • Using NATO and EU to improve
• Indo-Pak conflict cooperation with SCO
• CPEC as an opportunity as well as
threat
• Weak industries of CARS member
states
❖ Expansion of SCO
• Now it has 45 % of global Population,
19% of global GDP, 4 nuclear states, 2
UNSC chairs
• Iran and Afghan aspirations for
inclusion
 SAARC
South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (1985)
21% of global population, 3% world area
Countries
❖ Members
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Maldives.
Nepal, Bhutan. Sri Lanka, Afghanistan
❖ Objective
• Welfare
• Economic, social, cultural
Development
• Collective Self-reliance
• Mutual trust
• Active collaboration at international
level
❖ Achievements
• Track 2 diplomacy
• SAFTA
• SAPTA
• Visa exemptions
• Cultural Exchanges
❖ Failure
• Less than five percent of global trade
• •
No implementation of SAFTA and
SAPTA
• Strained relations among members
• Cancellation of 11 summits
• Poor Populations
❖ Reasons for Failure
• Inter-state disputes
• Fear of Indian domination
• Clash of civilizations
• Unstable financial positions of
members
• Low mutual trade
• Lack of trust among members
• Exclusion of contentious issue
resolution from the charter
• Different political systems
• Lack of people-to-people contact
❖ Suggestions
• CBM
• People to people contact
• Joint Counter terrorism strategy
• Joint media and cultural exchanges
• China should become a member
• Increased relations with CARS
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan ❖ Impact of AGM
• Political Impact
1817 to 1898 • British reaction / relation changed
❖ Introduction. • Muslim rights reserved
• British atrocities, great reformer, 1857 • National unity
Served as panacea for Muslim • Created leaders
• His services are known as Ali Garah • AGM is forerunner of Pakistan
Movement, started in Ali Garah. Movement
❖ Conditions of Muslim • Educational Impacts
• Decline in moral life • Muslim learned English
• Mughal rule ended • Urdu language was protected
• Heavy hand of British on Muslim
• Social Impacts
• Deprive of jobs • Transformed social outlook of Muslim
• Ban on Persia, Arabic by British
• Muslim society was introduced to
• Jumma prayer banned
• British promoted Christianty
West
❖ Role of Sir Syed Iqbal’s concept of Muslim
Emphasis on education, separatism
To educate, educate, and educate, • Introduction
according to his biographers • Separate recognition of the Muslims
❖ Objective of AGM (different religion ad nations in sub-
• AGM was meant to remove continent)
misunderstanding movement b/t British • Condemnation of Western Democratic
and Muslim
Concept (Westminster system)
• To educate Muslim
Concept of Separate Muslim state
• To protect Muslim rights
• Acclamation of idea of single nation
❖ Political services
• Rapprochement between Muslim and • Concept of TNT
British - Causes of revolt (book) • Eradication of racial and regional
• Keep Muslim away from agitational prejudices
politics • Explanation of relation of Islam and
• TNT, 1967 Urdu- Hindi controversy politics
❖ Educational Services • Islam complete code of life
• Madrassah Muradabad 1959 • Islam is a lively power
• Madrassah Ghazipur 1962 • Islam is the way of success
• Ali Garh School 1975 • Opposition to nationalism
Ghazipur scientific society • Foundation of Pakistan
• Translated over 700 books from eng to
urdu
• Muhamaddan Educational Conference
to discuss Muslim issues, it led to
formation of Muslim League.
• Tehzeb ul Ikhlaq (book) Muslim daily
life
• Israr ul sanadeed (book) History of
Dehli
• Anjuman e tahreek e urdu
❖ Religious Services
• Adopted rational approach to religion
William More wrote a book on life
Muhammad , Syed wrote in response
'Khutbat e Ahmadia
• Tried reduce the gap between Shia Sunni
 Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi
1564- 1624
❖ Education
• Holy Quran
• Hadith, Tafsir (commentary) and
Ma‟qual (philosophy).
• Isbat-un-Nabuwwat (affirmation of
prophet hood)
❖ Religious And Social Services
• Opposition of Din-i-Ilahi
• Social Reforms
• Reforms in Tasawaf(Spirituality)
• Tried to purify Muslim society
• True image of Islam.
• Emphasis on (Ittibat-i-Sunnah)
• Emphasized on the concept of Tauheed
• Exposed the fallacy of Din-i-Illahi
• Principles of Islam
• Reformation of Nobles
• Emphasis on Islamic Values
• Strictly adhere to Namaz
• Two Nation Theory
• Firmly believed in Two-Nation Theory
• Differences between Hindus and
Muslims
• Wahdat-ul-Wajud and Wahdat-ul-
Shahud
• Wahdat-ul-Wajud means there is no
living difference between the Man and
his creator
• Every particle of the universe
represented the presence of God and,
therefore, the worship of God’s
creature amounted to the worship of
God
• Negated this philosophy
• Wahdat-ul-Shahud, which meant that
the creator and creatures were two
different and separate, entitles.
• The Influence of Sheikh Ahmad’s
Efforts
• Indelible impact on the history of
Muslim India
• Allama Iqbal considers him as the
spiritual guardian of the Muslims of
India
• Gave new life to the Muslims
• Impact in religious and practical fields.
Islamic Military Alliance
15 December, 2015, Pakistan joined Jan,
2016
• 41 states
• Iran, Syria, Libya, Iraq excluded
❖ Reasons for formation
• US military retrenchment
• Rise of ISIS
• Saudi-Iran relations
• Declining Saudi influence in Middle
East
• Criticism of West for not acting against
terrorism
• Arab Spring
❖ Issues of IMA (Muslim Ummmmah)
❖ Opportunities for Pakistan
• Nuclear leader
• Appreciation of Anti-terrorism resolve
• Strategic relation with Saudi
• Increased influence in Middle East
• Improved space for Pakistani diaspora
• Diplomatic support from GCC
• Leverage to bring Iran on Table
• Bulwark against India efforts to isolate
Pakistan
❖ Challenges for Pakistan
• Impact on Pak-Iran relation
• Backlash of ISIS
• Potential for domestic sectarian divide
❖ Way forward
• Reconciliation of Saudi and Iran
• Pak-Iran relation
Brexit
1975 membership of EU
Britain Concerns regarding EU
membership
National sovereignty
National security (immigrants)
Compromising Economic Security
Increase in European immigrants in
Britain
Loss decrease as compare to benefits
Inefficiency of EU - large bureaucracy
David Cameron concern - 2013
No refugee admission from ME
Separate currency
June 2016 referendum
52 vs 48
Cameron resigned
Theresa may
Article 50 - notice before leaving EU -
Deal Brexits.
Transient period of two years - term and
condition for relation with EU members
after Brexit.
No-deal brexit.
No support from EU. No condition
Brexist a prospect for Britain
Referendum led Boom in
manufacturing sector
No finance to EU from Britain
Political sovereignty
Threats
80 % of Britian economy is on services
sectors
Access to EU countries. No tariff
Financial investment in EU countries -
can lead to unemployment
US-Britain one to one deal
Threat to Britain economy