University of Bahrain

College of Engineering
Department of Architecture and Interior Design
Graduation Project I
ARCG511

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH CENTER

FINAL REPORT

Fatima Jawaid AlMiran

20186822

1
 STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE & RESPONSIBILITY
ON ADHERENCE TO PLAGIARISM REGULATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

Student’s Name: Fatima AlMiran ID: 20186822

Course Code: ARCG511 Section: 09

Course Name: Graduation Project

Assignment Title Oceanographic Research Assignment Type Final Graduation

Institute Project Report –
ARCG511

I …Fatima Almiran, 20186822……… (Name & ID) hereby declare that all the material submitted
in this assignment is my own work except where there is a clear acknowledgement or reference
to the work of others according to academic standards. I have generally complied with the
international conventions and regulations related to plagiarism in Universities and specifically
with the Rules and Regulations on Plagiarism and Academic Integrity of the University of
Bahrain. I understand that if the University of Bahrain suspects that I have violated any of the
conditions therein, I will be subject to an inquiry and if found guilty, will be penalized according
to university regulations.

Signature……… ……………………

Date …14/12/2023…………

Supervisors name: Wafa AlGhatam Signature & Date

Observations by the examiner:

Examiner’s name Signature & Date

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I want to sincerely thank everyone who supported this study, whether directly or indirectly. I want to
thank Allah, the creator of all beings, first and foremost for all the power he gave me to complete this
endeavor. I am incredibly appreciative of my parents and friends for their unwavering support and for
being there for me no matter what. They gave me all the help I needed to achieve everything I have
accomplished in life. Additionally, in assisting me in gathering the necessary data. Additionally, I want
to express my gratitude to Mrs. Wafaa, my supervisor, for her patience and hard work in overseeing my
graduation project.

3
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..8

1.2 Definition of Project…………………………………………………………………………………………..…9
1.3 Contextual Background………………………………………………………………………………………….9
1.4 Project Justification…………………………………………………………………………………………….10
1.5 Goals and Objectives………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
1.6 Users and Owners……………………………………………………………………………………………...11
1.7 Structure of Report…………………………………………………………………………………………..…12
1.8 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12

CHAPTER 2 - THEORETICAL ISSUES

2.1 Oceanography………………………………………………………………………………………………….13
2.2 Ocean Health and Threats to its Marine Ecosystem……………………………………………...……………13
2.3 Significance of Oceanography and Marine Protected Areas…………………………………………………..14
2.4 Marine Life in Bahrain…………………………………………………………………………………………15
2.5 Architecture and Marine Life…………………………………………………………………………………. 16
2.6 Oceanarium and Research Center Design…………………………………………………...…………………16
2.7 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………17

CHAPTER 3 - POTENTIAL CASE STUDIES

3.1 Introduction………………………………………………….………….…………………….………………..18
3.2 Case Study 1……………………………………………….…….….….………………………………………18
3.2 Case Study 2……………………………………………….…….….………………………….………………21
3.3 Case Study 3………………………………………………………..………………………………………….24

CHAPTER 4 - PROJECT PROGRAM

4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….……27
4.2 Number of Users………………………………………………………………………………………….……27
4.3 Main Components………………………………………………………………………………….…….…….27
4.4 Program Spaces and Areas……………………………………………………………………………………..28
4.5 Functional Diagrams………………………………………………………………………………...…………34
4.6 Built and Unbuilt Areas………………………………………………………………………………..………34
4.7 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………..……35

CHAPTER 5 - SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

4
5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….………………………………36
5.2 Site selection Criteria…………………………………………………………..………………………………36
5.3 Potential Sites…………………………………………………………………..………………………………36
5.4 Site A…………………………………………………………………………...………………………………36
5.5 Site B………………………………………………………………………….…..……………………………38
5.6 Site C………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………38
5.7 Site Analysis……………………………………………………………….…………..………………………39
5.8 SWOT Analysis………………………………………………………………………..………………………42
5.9 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…42

CHAPTER 6 - PASSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND

SUSTAINABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………43
6.2 Passive Techniques……………………………………………………..………………………………….…..43
6.3 Active Techniques………………………………………………………..……………………………………44
6.4 Materials………………………………………………………………………………………………….……45
6.5 Sustainable Renewable Energy Systems………………………………………………………………………46

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………47
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………………….…49

5
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 – List of Legends…………………………………………………………………….……..…28
Table 4.2 – Architectural Program……………………………………………………….………………29
Table 4.3 – Built and Unbuilt Areas according to zones………………………………….…….….……34
Table 4.4 – Built and unbuilt area………………………………………………………….….…………35
Table 5.1 – Site selection Criteria………………………………………………………….….…………36
Table 5.2 - Site selection Criteria for Site A……………………………………………….…………….38
Table 5.3 - Site selection Criteria for Site B……………………………………………………………..38
Table 5.4 - Site selection Criteria for Site C……………………………………………….….…………39
Table 5.5 – Site Selection Comparison……………………………………………………..……………39
Table 5.6 – SWOT Analysis…………………………………………………………………..…………42

6
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1.1 Underwater Ocean…………………………………………………………………………..……8
Fig 1.2 Bahrain Coastal Map………………………………………………………………………..……9
Fig 1.3 Bahrain’s Marin Life……………………………………………………………………….……10
Fig 1.4 SDG 14……………………………………………………………………………………..……11
Fig 1.5 Percentage of Bahrainis and Non-Bahrainis……………………………………………….……11
Fig 1.6 Ministry of works…………………………………………………………………………..……11
Fig 3.1 Cortez Sea Research Center conceptual model……………………………………………….…18
Fig 3.2 Cortez Sea Research Center………………………………………………………………..……18
Fig 3.3 Conceptual elevation of Cortez Sea Research………………………………………………...…19
Fig 3.4 Conceptual representation of Cortez Sea Research Center………………………………..…….19
Fig 3.5 Conceptual representation of Cortez Sea Research Center…………………………………...…19
Fig 3.6 Interior perspective render of Cortez Sea Research Center………………………………..……19
Fig 3.7 Planned layout of the exhibitions of Cortez Sea Research Center…………………………...….20
Fig 3.8 Plans of three levels of the building………………………………………………………..……20
Fig 3.9 Arial view of Blue Planet Aquarium…………………………………………………….………21
Fig 3.10 Exterior perspective of Blue Planet…………………………………………………….………21
Fig 3.11 Exterior perspective of Blue Planet…………………………………………………….………21
Fig 3.12 Site layout of the Blue Planet Aquarium……………………………………………….………22
Fig 3.13 Interior perspectives of Blue Planet Aquarium………………………………………...………22
Fig 3.14 Form development of the project…………………………………………………….…………23
Fig 3.15 Architectural layout of the project………………………………………………...……………23
Fig 3.16 Exterior perspective of Blue Planet…………………………………………………………….23
Fig 3.17 Philip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science…………………………………………………..24
Fig 3.18 Perspectives images of the façade…………………………………………………………..….24
Fig 3.19 Façade design details……………………………………………………………………….…..25
Fig 3.20 Conceptual representation of natural lighting and ventilation through the courtyard………….25
Fig 3.21 Site Plan………………………………………………………………………………………...26
Fig 4.1. Bubble diagram………………………………………………………………………………… 34
Fig 4.2. Bubble diagram………………………………………………………………………………….35
Fig 5.1. Site Map…………………………………………………………………………………………37
Fig 5.2. Site Map…………………………………………………………………………………………38
Fig 5.3. Site Map…………………………………………………………………………………………39
Fig 5.5 Site Map………………………………………………………………………………………….40
Fig 6.1. Sandwich wall detail……………………………………………………………………….……43
Fig 6.2 Passive cooling techniques shading……………………………………………………….……..44
Fig 6.3 Passive cooling techniques through vegetation………………………………………….………44
Fig 6.4 Radiant ceiling heating and cooling……………………………………………………………..45
Fig 6.5. Rooftop Solar panels…..…………………………………………………………….……….…46

7
 CHAPTER 1
PROJECT INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The oceans make up the majority of Earth's biosphere. The ocean is known to be the lungs of the planet.
It has an enormous range of flora and fauna which is a key aspect of the ecological cycles of the Earth
and a significant source of food and medicines. Many marine species have evolved under stable
conditions while many species have been discovered in areas that remained unexplored. The ocean is not
only a source of life but also a massive absorbent for greenhouse gasses, storing carbon and regulating
the climate.

For a long period of time, the sea was thought to be

Fig 1.1 – Underwater ocean
an infinite source of productivity and waste
absorption capacity. It is inhabited by a wide variety
of species, each having specific functions within the
ecosystem. Because they offer channels for the
movement of energy systems, stability is ensured.
The country's development will be adversely
affected by any decline in marine biodiversity,
endangering their primary supply of protein.
Humans have overindulged the sea's resources,
significantly harming the ecosystems in the process.

Over hundreds of years’ worth of research, humans have so far only explored about 5% of the ocean.
This study and research of the ocean in its physical, chemical, biological and geographical aspect is
called Oceanography. Oceanography as a field has proved to be of great significance due to the ocean
being the planet’s largest ecosystem. In the present times, with climate change and pollution, eroding
coastlines and marine life at risk of extinction, oceanography has a major role in making decisions that
affect the way humans use the sea.

Bahrain being an island, is surrounded by water. The marine environment represents about 90.5% of the
total land and sea area of the Kingdom of Bahrain. Approximately 90% of the population of the country
live on the coasts. Bahrain has a rich diversity in its coastal and marine ecosystems that need to be
protected and preserved from rising marine and environmental threats.

The Kingdom is also famous for its deep-rooted history in maritime culture. Fisheries and Pearl diving
are one of the prime sources for food security and trade in the nation.

8
1.2 Definition of the Project

Oceanographic Research Institute is a center that facilitates in-depth research and study of the ocean.
The research center helps create awareness in terms of the significance of the gulf marine life, enhance
and preserve the natural resources of the sea while providing a learning experience and promoting
economic development. This center also provides its users with educational facilities, recreational
activities and historical and cultural background that connects the sea to the Kingdom.

The project is divided into three main categories -

a) The Research Centre

This zone mainly consists of scientific research and study areas as well as educational spaces for users to
gain in-depth knowledge of the ocean.

b) The Aquarium
This zone consists of the aquarium that displays the preserved marine biodiversity in the waters as well
as recreational activities such as scuba diving and snorkeling.

c) The Heritage Museum

This zone consists of a museum that links the sea to the kingdom's culture and heritage which mainly
focuses on its fishing and trading practices and modern approaches to these age-old traditions.

1.3 Contextual Background of the Project

The project will be located at the coastal line of the

land that is rich in marine life and can use the water
body for water sport and leisure activities as well as for
the preservation of marine habitats. Bahrain is most
famous for its sea activities which include pearl diving,
fishing as well as water sports activities. This project
adds value to the entertainment sector of the country
while playing a significant role in achieving the goals
set by Bahrain Marine Action Plan for preserving
marine species.

Fig 1.2 – Bahrain Coastal Map

9
1.4 Project Justification

The ocean surrounds the island of Bahrain from all sides and is a major part of the country’s tradition
and cultural practices. The marine environment represents about 90.5% of the total land and sea area of
Bahrain. This environment includes most of the vital resources for the Kingdom and is crucial for the
community. Some of these resources such as pearls hold great cultural and heritage value as they have
historical roots that date back to 4000 years ago. These resources were the main source of trading and
livelihood in the past and are now part of the traditional practices of the country.

According to Bahrain’s Marine Action Plan, the universal target to be achieved from this program is the
successful conservation of existing and potential marine and coastal protected areas of outstanding
universal value. The objectives of this plan include:

i) Support governmental bodies that serve an important role in the development of the World Heritage
List in a geographical and ecological manner for the marine ecosystems.
ii) Management of the sites with the help of financial aids,leaderships and partnerships in the program.
iii) Creating awareness about the significance of the World Heritage Convention that plays a significant
role in the conservation of marine ecosystems on a global scale.

Therefore, providing a center that carries out the process of preserving the marine environment while
finding solutions to the current threats to the ocean is significant to its role and is key to the marine
biodiversity of the Kingdom. The project also highlights the significance of the sea resources that are of
high cultural and economic value to the Kingdom.

Fig 1.3 – Bahrain’s Marine life

10
1.5 Goals and Objectives

Goals
To educate and create awareness about how human lifestyle affects ocean
health
To preserve the marine and coastal ecosystems of the country
To enhance the lifestyle and biodiversity of the ocean in terms of its physical ,
chemical and biological aspects.
Fig 1.4 – SGD 14
Project Objectives
To create a space for scientific research and study of Oceanography
To create a cultural link between the users and the sea.
To create an oceanarium to attract users and create a tourist destination spot.

1.6 Users and Owners

Users
Oceanographers
Scientific Researchers
Students
Tourists
General Public

The statistical record shows that in 2021 the

percentage of Bahraini population is 47.8%
and Non-Bahraini population is 52.2% which
indicates that the higher percentage of users
visiting the project is highly likely to be Non
Bahraini users.

Fig 1.5 – Percentage of Bahrainis and non Bahraini

Owners/ Sponsors

Since this project is dealing with the environmental issues of the Kingdom, the
major sponsor of the project will be government bodies such as The Supreme
Council for Environment for the Kingdom of Bahrain in collaboration with other
sponsors such as Ministry of Works, Bahrain Authority for Culture and
Antiquities as well as Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture.

Fig 1.6 – Ministry of Works

11
1.7 Structure of report

The report will be divided into the following categories for ease of understanding of the project.

Chapter 1: The first chapter in the report introduces the project with a clear description explaining the
significance of such a project while listing out the goals and objectives, main users and potential
sponsors for the center.
Chapter 2: This chapter includes the basic research on the topics relevant to the project and plays a key
role in forming the foundation of the report.
Chapter 3: This chapter showcases examples from around the globe in which potential projects provide
information related to the functions and facilities of the project.
Chapter 4: This chapter calculates the architectural program of the project functions and the spatial
organization of the project features.
Chapter 5: This chapter focuses on the analysis of the site selected for the project based on the site
selection criteria for the most suitable site.
Chapter 6: This chapter includes different passive environmental control techniques and sustainable
renewable energy systems that could be beneficial for this project and can be applied during the design
process.

1.8 Conclusion

To conclude, the basic information on this project denotes that the project is of great significance to the
country because it contributes as a key function in the enhancement of the economic development,
marine development, tourism as well as the country’s cultural and education system. It is important to
create awareness about the environment through architecture by creating spaces for the research of the
main elements of the planet.

12
 CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL LITERATURE

2.1 Oceanography

Oceanography deals with the in-depth research of all physical and biological aspects of the ocean. It is
the scientific study of the ocean. This field is known to cover a wide list of topics that include marine
life and ecosystems, currents and waves, sedimentation, and the geology of the seafloor. Oceanography
can be divided into many more categories that deal with different elements of the ocean which can be
classified as physical oceanography, chemical oceanography, marine geology, and marine ecology.

One of the most significant areas of oceanography that exists is known to be biological oceanography.
This field of oceanography studies how marine life interacts with the surrounding environment.

2.2 Ocean health and threats to its marine ecosystem

Transportation and food production are just two of the many human activities that depend on the marine
environment. These actions endanger the ecosystems, resulting in instability that affects their health and
biodiversity. Several human endeavors, which include heavy maritime traffic, urban pollution, and oil
and gas exploration, pose a threat to these species.

The activities that occur on land that affect the ocean is one type of threat such as sewage, heavy metals,
land degradation. On the other hand, threats originating from the ocean encompass the following: the
effects of overfishing and fishing, bacteria that are found in the water generated due to the ballast from
large cargo ships, the pollution caused by antifouling and related activities, deep sea mining as well as
the consequences of waste chemical thrown in to water bodies.

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO)'s most recent climate change report states that ice
sheets' accelerating melting caused global mean sea levels to rise an average of 4.5 mm annually
between 2013 and 2021.

In recent years, there has been much concern and recognition of the deteriorating situation of marine
ecosystems that produce the world’s living resources. Marine ecosystems are subjected to increasing
stress or threats from pollution such as waste disposal, excessive nutrients from agricultural lands
(eutrophication), habitat destruction, degradation and loss, overfishing, introduction of invasive or
harmful organisms. The main factor that is responsible for the numerous threats is an increase in the
inhibition of human population in coastal areas also known as coastal urbanization that is leading to over
utilization of coastal resources.

13
2.3 Significance of Oceanography and Marine Protected Areas

Protected areas are known to exist as the most effective solution to the global extinction crisis and
consist of 12% of the Earth’s land surface. These protected areas are known as Marine Protected Areas,
MPAs and are challenged by many threats that range from misuse of the resources by the human
population, inaction from government bodies, climate change effects as well as deficiency of sustainable
funding. However, ocean water controls the Earth’s climate to a substantial extent. The vast range of the
world's biodiversity is found in the oceans, which has a major role in the natural cycle of water. They
provide food as well as minerals. They are a vital means of national defense as well as a low-cost mode
of transportation. The idea of coastal and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) has been introduced as a
solution to the conservation and sustainability of marine ecosystems and biodiversity. In the case of
terrestrial degradation, the establishment of protected areas, where human activities were restricted,
restored the habitat and species diversity.

MPAs are managed for various objectives. These management objectives in practice include the
following: scientific research, wilderness protection, 31 preserves of species and genetic diversity,
maintenance of environmental services, protection of specific natural and cultural features, tourism and
recreation, education, sustainable use of resources from natural ecosystems and finally the maintenance
of cultural and traditional attributes. MPAs have been established by many national governments to
conserve and protect their marine resources for future generations.

The goals include:

- Designation of representative areas for protection like flora and fauna refuges and scientific research
sites.
- Preservation of endangered habitats and species from destructive threats such as eliminating trawling
from coral reef fishing.
- The ocean becomes a safe and protected home to most of the world's biodiversity and plays a crucial
role in the water cycle in nature.

2.4 Marine life in Bahrain

There are ocean bodies all around us. Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's surface, and if estimated
habitable space by volume, that number rises to almost 95%. The majority of the water on Earth is found
in our oceans, which also process vital gasses, eliminate carbon dioxide, and create oxygen that sustains
life. These seas are the lifeblood of our planet. These include the least visited regions on the planet and
environments found nowhere else, such as the colonies surrounding deep-sea thermal vents that derive
their energy from chemical reactions rather than solar radiation or the underwater sulfur volcanoes in the
Pacific.

14
The Bahrain Action Plan for Marine World Heritage has now been established, which is a significant
step toward the focused implementation of the Convention. The Bahrain Action Plan has three
objectives:
- Enhancing the capability of the global WCPA maritime organization to offer technical help related to
World Heritage.
- Creating guidelines for an international conceptual evaluation of maritime World Heritage.
- Conducting a scrutiny concerning the Arab Region's marine World Heritage.

The plan contains five initiatives, including strengthening capacity, delivering new maritime protected
areas with potential World Heritage values, enhancing networking, enhancing data and visibility for
marine protected areas, and creating an IUCN Thematic research on marine World Heritage.

The current strategic objectives also known as the 5 C’s are as follows:

1. Boost the credibility of the World Heritage List by bridging the gap in maritime regions and figuring
out how to address the 50 percent of high seas.

2. Assure successful preservation of World Heritage Properties through efficient oversight, adequate
safeguarding, and no-take areas.

3. Promote efficient capacity-building in States Parties; Collaboration between States Parties and site
managers.

4. Raise public knowledge, participation, and support for World Heritage through communication,
utilizing existing channels.

5. Strengthen the involvement of communities in World Heritage Convention implementation:

recognizing Outstanding Universal Value, development and oversight of MPAs

This plan aims to play a key role in achieving the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)
target on establishment of representative networks of MPAs by 2012 for the conservation of biodiversity
in our oceans and ensure the preservation of natural marine heritage for future generations.

2.5 Architecture and marine life

The study of buildings that can be built in and on water is known as architecture in water. An analysis of
historical fortifications built in the middle of water and underwater tunnels leads one to the conclusion
that these concepts have always enticed humans to investigate the concept of habitat. Nowadays,
building on and around water is highly popular, allowing for the application of innovative technology in
the construction industry.

There are two types of Architecture in Water:

15
a) On Water – Floating Architecture and Structures with habitable spaces above water
b) In water – Semi Submerged and Fully Submerged

The idea of underwater building is not unique. It has changed over time. It is now a better location to
live thanks to the new methods. Humans are always exploring and developing new horizons in which to
live. There have been occasional instances of evolution, and it continues to evolve. In the contemporary
context, the area of architecture has a lot of potential. People now demand spaces between bodies of
water because they are seeking out new experiences and frontiers to explore, and this leads to a much
more tranquil and serene environment. The need of the future will be living and leisure areas in and
under water. The loss of life and property as well as the floods present challenges for the general public.
In this instance, the idea of building floating homes—structures that rise during floods and fall during
hot, dry weather—should be implemented. As a result, fewer people and property will be lost. Thus, it is
necessary to do research and develop innovative design and construction procedures. These methods can
be used to build structures in flood-prone areas. These buildings should be self-sufficient and will
continue to operate even in the absence of flooding. Techniques for sustainable design ought to be
applied. These constructions are going to become more and more common in coastal areas and on
islands. Floating architecture also plays a role in raising the tourism level in the region.

As architecture in water will flourish, a habitat will materialize for the first time worldwide which will
set completely new standards of living. Man’s farfetched imagination and curiosity to experience life in
a completely new frontier have enabled him to establish landmarks in the field of architecture. Structures
such as dwellings, cities, and aquariums, recreational facilities have been established under and over
water which offers a unique environment for living and a whole new experience for people to enliven.

2.6 Oceanarium and research center design

Marine Architecture has two types of water tanks - Oceanarium and Aquarium. The difference between
the two types is that an oceanarium is a marine park which can also be considered as a large-scale
aquarium. Oceanarium consists of the ocean habitat with marine animals. Most oceanariums are located
in coastal areas. It is more difficult to maintain compared to an aquarium due to its salinity conditions
and oxygen levels that are required to keep the animals in a healthy state. However, an oceanarium has
many advantages such as the capacity to nurture a wide range of biodiverse species.

The ultimate goal of the oceanarium and research center design is to foster innovation, support science
and keep scientists safe while creating a unique learning and entertaining experience for the general
public. The primary criteria in research center design according to the users’ opinion is functionality. An
appropriate layout respecting the center’s needs can allow for a smooth work-flow dynamic between
users, ensuring at the same time an efficient use of space and an adequate level of safety.

16
2.7 Conclusion

To understand the ocean and its elements it is important to study in depth its physical and biological
nature for which the research center plays a significant role. The preservation and use of Marine
protected areas needs to be considered while designing the institute. Since the project is heavily water
based, there should be a balance of the usage of land and water in the project design.

17
 CHAPTER 3
POTENTIAL CASE STUDIES

3.1 Introduction

To have a better understanding of the concepts and spatial functionality of a marine research center it is
important to study several examples around the world that showcase innovative designs and use of
technology in designing these research centers.

List of Case Studies

- Cortez Sea Research Center
- The Blue Planet
- Philip and Patricia Frost Museum

3.2 Case Study 1

CORTEZ SEA RESEARCH CENTER

Fig 3.1 – Cortez Sea Research Center conceptual model Fig 3.2 Cortez Sea Research Center

Introduction

This project is a research center that is a part of the regeneration program for the Mazatlán Central Park
in Mexico .The main goal of this center is to create a project that is in harmony with the social
surroundings and create a natural and cultural connection to the project. The project provides a unique
experience to the users of the center in addition to the display and preservation of the marine ecosystems
of the Sea of Cortez, as well as the terrestrial ecosystems of its shores.

18
 Fig3.3 –Conceptual elevation of Cortez Sea Research
Context Center

The pacific coastline of surroundings in the city of Mazatlán in

Mexico is the most eye-catching feature of the country. The
architecture of this project allows land and sea life to come together
and be witnessed by the users. The project is designed in such a way
that as the users move around the space they witness nature all around
and within the building which gives the place a sense of belonging
and identity making the whole journey unique to its users. The
proposed structure includes an orthogonal layout that is flexible to
integrate the surrounding irregularities in the landscaping environment
as well as increasing the structural stability of the project. The concept
of the project includes connection between the interior and the
Fig3.4 –Conceptual representation of
exterior by erasing physical boundaries between the external and Cortez Sea Research Center
internal spaces for a better spatial configuration and greater user experience.

The main goal of the project includes indulging the users into the natural journey created within the
space that acts as an extension of the surroundings and continues until the top of the building. The users
start their journey from the central plaza that has access to all the exhibitions, educational area, the
auditorium and the public laboratory.

Fig 3.5 Conceptual representation of Cortez Sea Fig 3.6 Interior perspective render of Cortez Sea
Research Center Research Center

19
Analysis

The exhibitions are placed in a sequence where the

visitors can move around flexibly and in a flow that
connects them to the natural environment with a blur
between the internal and external boundaries. There are
three levels in the building, the first level is the ground
floor with the administration area, educational area,
general public facilities as well as a large portion of
marine life conservation is on this level. The second
level is the first floor that includes the central plaza, the
ecosystem exhibitions and other public services. The last
level, which is the second floor, consists of the
maintenance area for the tanks and is the access for
diving into the tanks for the general public. This floor
also consists of service facilities and equipment rooms Fig 3.7 Planned layout of the exhibitions of Cortez
for the entire building that are required for marine life support. Sea Research Center

Fig 3.8 Plans of three levels of the building

20
Conclusion

Located in Mazatlán’s Central Park, the Sea of Cortez Research Center offers an experience of the sea's
marine and coastal ecosystems through didactic programs and exhibitions. The building also contains
laboratories, auditoriums, public plazas, offices, and conservation areas. The interaction between interior
and exterior blurs public and private space. This case study is a great example that imitates the
biodiversity of the ocean in architectural terms.

3.3 Case Study 2

THE BLUE PLANET

Fig 3.9 Arial view of Blue Planet Aquarium

Introduction

The Blue Planet is located in Oresund, Copenhagen and is the largest aquarium in all of Europe. It is one
of the major tourist spots in Denmark. The project was also nominated for an award due to its innovative
uniqueness and influence on the development in architecture. The project was awarded with the Best
Building award at the World Architecture Festival.

Fig 3.10 Exterior perspective render of Blue Planet Fig 3.11 Exterior perspective of Blue Planet

21
Context

Due to World War II, access to the preservation of exotic

animals was close to impossible. Post war had a significant
impact on the aquarium leaving it in an appalling condition and
hence the civil engineer Knud Hojgaard decided to initiate
renovation of the project due to which there were multiple
modifications and developments done to the building in the past
decades. The project is located on the shore of Copenhagen city
to create a sense of visual connection and integration of the
Fig 3.12 Site layout of the Blue Planet Aquarium
building with the sea.

Analysis

In order to provide future generations of tourists with extraordinary and unique experiences, a new site
and new framings were necessary. Jesper Horsted developed a concept for a new aquarium design,
enriched with unique concepts that was encouraged by trips to some of the most intriguing aquariums in
the world with concepts that would eventually serve as the cornerstone of The Blue Planet's global
competition.

Fig 3.13 Interior perspectives of Blue Planet Aquarium

The conceptual approach to the building involves curved wings that imitate the shape of water in a swirl
along with the cladding that aims to mimic the scales of the fishes. The Blue Planet aquarium holds
about 7 million liters of water and has about 53 aquariums in the project. It is a large-scale aquarium
with more than 450 varieties of species from the marine ecosystem that are rare as well as commonly
found. The spaces are flexibly arranged throughout the building reducing the need for crowded places
and implementing crowd control. From the main access of the building, the users are led into the central
space that has a glass ceiling at the top that creates a unique natural lighting experience.

22
 Fig 3.14 Form development of the project

Fig 3.15 Architectural layout of the project

Conclusion

The Blue Planet is a great example as Denmark’s Aquarium is at the international forefront with world
class architecture, thousands of animals from all over the world and advanced presentation technologies.
The project has an immersive user experience as well as the site context reliability is extremely high for
this project.

Fig 3.16 Exterior perspective of Blue Planet

23
3.4 Case Study 3

PHILIP AND PATRICIA FROST MUSEUM OF SCIENCE

Fig 3.17 Philip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science

Introduction

The Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of

Science located in Miami, Florida, USA and it
includes an aquarium, planetarium, and science
museum on a single site in central Miami's
Museum Park. Making use of the city's
abundant natural lighting and ventilation from
adjacent Biscayne Bay, and visual access to a
developing city skyline, the museum's
innovative architecture expands Miami-Dade
County's cultural attractions in a smart,
contemporary design.
Fig 3.18 Perspectives images of the facade

Context

The project guidelines that were designed by Grimshaw led to the structure that consists of four
buildings that are placed in an engaging manner attracting pedestrian users to visit the building. The
structure aims to connect the structure to its surroundings and to connect the world with science with the
help of displaying the natural habitats of these species.

24
Analysis

Out of the four clusters, every single building is

designed to be flexible and unique in its layout
and to incorporate maximum lighting and
ventilation through the building façade. The
entire structure is brought together by a calming
white color palette that can be seen in a variety
of materials and creates various patterns and
shades on the building envelope. The buildings
of both the North and West sectors are covered
in a multifaceted, perforated geometric surface
that allows the sun's passage to bring life to
Fig 3.19 Façade design details these buildings during the day. The aquarium is
in a more dynamic shape and is placed between the wings. It resembles a drop of water from above, and
a ship's prow from below. The planetarium has a unique structure and acts as a landmark in the area
while contrasting the linearity of the remaining building and with the surroundings. The Museums aims
to create an urban space with room for mobility and dynamism in a spontaneous manner which is
achieved by connecting four different open-ended structures rather than just one. The central courtyard
includes balconies all around for visual access and ease to the users creating multiple viewpoints into the
building.

The museum consists of a courtyard that is one of the defining features of the project due to its
connection to the marine environments of Biscayne Bay and to the skyline of Miami City. This helps to
give the users a sense of connection with the exhibitions inside the museum. The building has
contrasting features in its form and layout, but it is united with the façade design and overall colors of
the building. The façade of the building also incorporates scientific meaning through mimicking
different features of DNA, computer codes and plant cells.

Fig 3.20 Conceptual representation of natural lighting and ventilation through the courtyard

25
The Aquarium, the site's main attraction, is where many visitors begin their scientific journey.
Grimshaw built a vertical experience where users go below the waterline into a more secluded and
immersive interior space after initially experiencing exquisite aquatic ecosystems at the outdoor surface
level. This enhances the sense of knowledge and participation. The primary attraction is the 500,000-
gallon, three-story, cone-like Gulf Stream Aquarium, which allows fish from the surrounding water to
make their way in the project boundaries without any difficulties. The top of the Baptist Health South
Florida Gallery has been shaped like the base of a cone, preserving the incredible biodiversity of the
Gulf Stream above while also providing an intriguing zone below for exhibitions and events.

Fig 3.21 Site Plan

Conclusion

Visitors move from the ocean to the Everglades and from the human cell to space by this unusual
campus-style environment. It looks into life as we know it and the ways that science and innovation are
created. The building's architecture at Frost Science seeks to foster an indoor/outdoor synergy for its
users and to link the science within to the outside world. The planetarium, the project's central focus, is
one of the museum's most important architectural elements.

26
 CHAPTER 4
PROJECT PROGRAM
4.1 Introduction

To design an oceanographic research center, it is important to determine the key functions of the project
through architectural programming. This project program determines the type of spaces and the area of
spaces required for each department and its respective activity zones for the project depending on the
number of users for each space.

4.2 Number of Users

Bahrain’s population consists of 1,485,509 people which includes 71 % adults from the age group 19-65
and 26% of the population are below the 18-age group which are also students.

According to the survey and statistics conducted by the Ministry of Information, Bahrain has an
enormous number of visitors with increasing percentages every year which therefore makes the project
one of the major tourist destinations in the country.

The project targets a wide range of users that includes the following user types:
Oceanographers
Marine Biologists
Scientific researchers
Teachers
Students
General Public
Tourists

The Oceanographers, marine biologists and scientific researchers are the staff and admin users of the
project that will solely be part of the research center, the teachers and students are targeted for the
educational center while the general public and tourists are the main target for the aquarium which is the
recreational space in the project.

4.3 Main Components

The project consists of three main components - The Research center, The Aquarium and The Heritage
Educational Center.

27
The Research Center
This is the research zone of the project. This sector takes up 50% of the spatial organization of the
project as the key focus for the center is research on marine life and solutions to threats involving water
bodies. It accommodates facilities to carry out studies on the current marine environment of the
Kingdom while trying to create a preservatory space and innovative solutions on the conservation of the
ocean’s biodiversity.

The Aquarium
All recreational activities take place in the aquarium which accommodates 10% of the project. This
facility of the project creates a sense of invitation for the general public and tourists for sightseeing of
the various marine species while also in turn educating them to enroll in gaining more information from
the educational center of the project.

The Heritage Educational Center

This component of the facility is part museum and part learning center that links the research done in the
center to the heritage of the country that is displayed in the museum and taught in the learning center to
the students. The museum and education center comprises 10% of the spatial organization of the project.

The remaining 10% of the project includes other sectors such as the Administration, Building
Maintenance and Services, Staff facilities and Public facilities.

4.4 Program Spaces and Areas

The main feature of this project is highlighted by how the spatial programming for the facility is carried
out, from which many functions of the project are defined.

Table 4.1 Program Legend

28
 Table 4.2 Architectural Program

Spaces No of Area/P Area Inside No of Total Outside Total References

Users erson (m2) Circulation Units Area Circulation Gross
% % Area

THE RESEARCH CENTER

Entrance Lobby

Reception 3 5 15 Included 1 15 Included 15 NV-NL

Lobby 5 1 5 Included 1 5 Included 5 NV-NL

Waiting area 10 1 10 Included 1 10 Included 10 GF

Security Room 2 1 2 Included 1 2 Included 2 GF

Administration and Offices

Secretary Office 1 5 5 Included 1 5 Included 5 NV-NL

Admin office 1 5 5 Included 1 5 Included 5 NV-NL

Staff Office 1 5 5 Included 1 5 Included 5 NV-NL

Meeting Room 5 7 35 Included 1 35 Included 35 NV-NL

Conference Room 15 7 105 Included 1 105 Included 105 NV-NL

Multipurpose Room 25 10 250 Included 1 250 Included 250 NV-NL-A

Staff Toilet (M/F) 2 2.6 5.2 Included 2 10.4 Included 2.5 NL

Staff Prayer Room 5 2.6 13 Included 1 13 Included 13 NL

Research Laboratory

Laboratory 20 10 200 Included 1 200 Included 200 NV-NL-A-

AC

Pharmacy 5 2 10 Included 1 10 Included 10 NV-NL-A-

AC

Meeting Room 25 7 175 Included 1 175 Included 175 NV-NL-A-

AC

Conference Room 45 7 315 Included 1 315 Included 315 NV-NL-A-

AC

Multimedia Library 30 7 210 Included 1 210 Included 210 NV-NL-A-

AC

29
Observatory

Observatory Tunnel 50 7 350 Included 1 350 Included 350 NV-NL-A-

AC

Maintenance Services

Mechanical Room 16 8 128 Included 1 128 Included 128 AC

Electrical Room - 40 40 Included 1 40 Included 40 AC

Pump Room - 40 40 Included 1 40 Included 40 AC

Storage Room - 20 20 Included 1 20 Included 20 AC

Waste disposal room - 40 40 Included 1 40 Included 40 AC

Power Station - 40 40 Included 1 40 Included 40 AC

THE AQUARIUM

Entrance Lobby

Reception 10 8 80 Included 1 80 Included 80 NV-NL

Lobby 20 5 100 Included 1 100 Included 100 NV-NL-A-

AC

Ticketing Area 5 2 10 Included 1 10 Included 10 NV-NL-A-

AC

Waiting Area 25 5 125 Included 1 125 Included 125 NV-NL-A-

AC

Security Room 2 2 4 Included 1 4 Included 4 NV-NL-A-

AC

Public Toilets 5 3 15 Included 1 15 Included 15 NV-NL-A-

AC

Public Prayer Room 15 2 30 Included 1 30 Included 30 NV-NL-A-

AC

Recreational Zone

Walk Through 75 3 225 Included 1 225 Included 225 NV-NL-A-

Aquarium Tunnel AC

Scuba Diving 25 5 125 Included 1 125 Included 125 NV-NL-A-

30
Aquarium AC

Underwater park 100 2 200 Included 1 200 Included 200 NV-NL-A-

AC

Restaurants 25 2 50 Included 1 50 Included 50 NV-NL-A-

AC

Cafes 20 2 40 Included 1 40 Included 40 NV-NL-A-

AC

Food Court 50 11 550 Included 1 550 Included 550 NV-NL-A-

AC

Public Facilities

First Aid Room 5 2 10 Included 1 10 Included 10 NV-NL-A-

AC

Toilet 5 1 5 Included 1 5 Included 5 NV-NL-A-

AC

Prayer Room 20 1 20 Included 1 20 Included 20 NV-NL-A-

AC

Administration and offices

Manager Office 2 1.5 3 Included 1 3 Included 3 NV-NL-A-

AC

Staff Office 1 2 2 Included 1 2 Included 2 NV-NL-A-

AC

Staff Toilets 5 1 5 Included 1 5 Included 5 NV-NL-A-

AC

Storage 2 1 2 Included 1 2 Included 2 NV-NL-A-

AC

Maintenance Services

Aquarium 5 5 25 Included 1 25 Included 25 NV-NL-A-

Technology AC

THE HERITAGE EDUCATIONAL CENTER

Entrance Lobby

Reception 5 2 10 Included 1 10 Included 10 NV-NL-A-

31
 AC

Registration Office 3 2 6 Included 1 6 Included 6 NV-NL-A-

AC

Waiting Area 10 2 20 Included 1 20 Included 20 NV-NL-A-

AC

The Museum

Reception 3 2 6 Included 1 6 Included 6 NV-NL-A-

AC

Lobby 10 5 50 Included 1 50 Included 50 NV-NL-A-

AC

Ticketing Area 5 2 10 Included 1 10 Included 10 NV-NL-A-

AC

Exhibition Area 35 3 105 Included 1 105 Included 105 NV-NL-A-

AC

Multipurpose Room 50 8 400 Included 1 400 Included 400 NV-NL-A-

AC

Cafes 20 10 200 Included 1 200 Included 200 NV-NL-A-

AC

Educational Zone

Classrooms 15 2 30 Included 1 30 Included 30 NV-NL-A-

AC

Library 40 5 200 Included 1 200 Included 200 NV-NL-A-

AC

Multimedia Room 20 2 40 Included 1 40 Included 40 NV-NL-A-

AC

Research Lab 20 2 40 Included 1 40 Included 40 NV-NL-A-

AC

Observatory Room 30 2 60 Included 1 60 Included 60 NV-NL-A-

AC

Toilet 5 1 5 Included 1 5 Included 5 NV-NL-A-

AC

Prayer Room 20 1 20 Included 1 20 Included 20 NV-NL-A-

AC

32
Administration and offices

Staff Office 1 2 2 Included 1 2 Included 2 NV-NL-A-

AC

Admin Office 1 2 2 Included 1 2 Included 2 NV-NL-A-

AC

Storage Room 1 2 2 Included 1 2 Included 2 NV-NL-A-

AC

Staff Toilets 5 2 10 Included 1 10 Included 10 NV-NL-A-

AC

OUTDOOR SPACES AND PARKING

Public Parking 100 12.5 1,25 Included 1 1,250 Included 1,250 NV-NL-A-
0 AC

Staff Parking 50 12.5 625 Included 1 625 Included 625 NV-NL-A-

AC

Landscaping Areas 70 5 350 Included 1 350 Included 350 NV-NL-A-

AC

Outdoor Recreational 50 5 250 Included 1 250 Included 250 NV-NL-A-

Facilities AC

TOTAL BUILT UP AREA 4,600.5

33
4.5 Functional Diagrams

EDUCATIONAL
CENTER

RESEARCH CENTER

AQUARIUM

Fig 4.1. Bubble diagram

4.6 Built and Unbuilt Areas

No Zones Area (m2)

1 The Research Center 2,120.5

2 The Aquarium 1,262

3 The Heritage Educational Center 1,218

Table 4.3 Built and Unbuilt Areas according to Zones

34
4.7 Conclusion

No Space Area (m2)

1 Total Built Up Area 4,600.5

2 Total Unbuilt Area 2,475

Table 4.4 Built and Unbuilt Areas

Fig 4.2. Built and Unbuilt Area Percentage

35
 CHAPTER 5
SITE SELECTION AND CRITERIA

5.1 Introduction

After understanding the spatial requirements and organization of the project, site selection is a major
step forward for the success of such a research center. The site selection criteria is based on the
requirements and relatability of the project with its surroundings and how the environment can be used
as part of the project features.

5.2 Site selection Criteria

Since the project is a research center and aquarium for marine life, the prime location for such a facility
would be along the coastal shores of the Kingdom with diverse marine environments.

No Criteria Justification Significance

Percentage

1 Context Suitability Must be located near the coastal shore and have access to the sea 40%

2 Accessibility Must be accessible by road 30%

3 Visibility Must stand out and have visual access from all around 10%

4 Surrounding Facilities Proximity to urban landmarks and public facilities to attract 20%
general public and tourists

Table 5.1 Site Selection Criteria

5.3 Potential Sites

Site A - Tubli Bay

Tubli Bay is located on the east side of Bahrain with diverse soil properties and is a natural reserve in
itself. This area is accustomed to regular fishing and agricultural activities and is home to an exotic
mangrove forest. There are many alarming threats at this location that involve land reclamation and
intense environmental pollution of the land and the waterbody.

Tubli Bay is one of the five marine protected areas according to the Supreme council of Environment for
the Kingdom of Bahrain. It would be an ideal location due to its marine biodiversity at the coastal area
of Tubli such as the mangrove forest as well as the diverse physical and chemical properties of the Tubli

36
Bay that is a key factor for research in oceanography. This location has major sewage issues that has led
to decline of marine life in the Tubli water bodies. Hence this project aims to restore the balance in the
marine life ecosystem of this area.

Location

Fig 5.1. Site Map with Location

37
Site Selection Criteria

Site Context Suitability Accessibility Visibility Surrounding Facilities

Tubli Bay 35% 15% 8% 15%

Table 5.2 Site Selection Criteria for Site A

Site B - Arad

Muharraq is the hub for fishing, pearl diving and trading which are cultural and traditional practices of
Bahrain and hold great heritage value. Arad was originally an independent island which was later joined
to Muharraq island through reclaimed land that was formed in the 20th century. However this town
homes a mangrove forest in its bay as well as consists of diverse species in its waterbody. This location
would be ideal due to its cultural aspects as well as abundance in its marine life biodiversity. Arad is
also one of the five marine protected areas according to the Supreme Council of Environment for the
Kingdom of Bahrain.

Fig 5.2. Site Map with location

Site Context Suitability Accessibility Visibility Surrounding Facilities

Arad 23% 10% 7% 18%

Table 5.3 Site Selection Criteria for Site B

Site C - Budaiya

Budaiya is a town located on the northwestern side of the kingdom and is in close proximity to the Saudi
Causeway. Budaiya is also known to be a coastal region for fishing and water sports activity. In addition
to being a site for entertainment it also involves fishing and pearl diving activities due to its marine

38
abundance and fisheries. This location would be ideal to attract users to the entertainment and
educational aspect of the project due to it largely being a residential city while initiating research in the
marine environment of Budaiya coast.

Fig 5.3. Site Map with location

Site Context Suitability Accessibility Visibility Surrounding Facilities

Budaiya 18% 6% 5% 12%

Table 5.4 Site Selection Criteria for Site B

5.4 Site Analysis

Site selection cross comparison

Site Context Accessibility Visibility Surrounding

Suitability Facilities

Site A- Tubli Bay 35% 15% 8% 15%

Site B- Arad 23% 10% 7% 18%

Site C- Budaiya 18% 6% 5% 12%

Table 5.5 Site Selection Criteria comparison
Since Site A - Tubli Bay has the highest percentage match it is the ideal location and will be considered
as the potential site for the project.

39
Site Location

Fig 5.4. Site Map with location and area

Tubli Bay is located on the eastern coast of Bahrain. This side has access to the ocean body and is
located close to the mangrove forest. This area is rich in its marine and agricultural biodiversity.

Context and Zoning

Fig 5.5 Site Zoning

40
Street Network and Accessibility

Fig 5.6 Street Access

Physical Factors

Fig 5.7 Physical Factors

41
5.5 SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weakness

Access to the sea Low Accessibility

Good Views Lack of public facilities
Natural Ventilation

Opportunities Threats

Mangrove Forest in close vicinity The project may cause movement in the area and
Marine biodiversity in the waterbody create noise and traffic

Table 5.6 SWOT Analysis

5.6 Conclusion

The chosen site for this project is Tubli Bay as it has the highest percentage of the site selection criteria.
Conducted surveys and research shows that Tubli has much higher levels of marine biodiversity and
corals in its water bodies as compared to the Muharraq and Budaiya. However, this site is under
environmental threats and requires preservation actions immediately. This site is the ideal location for
the project as it aims to solve the alarming threats to the ocean as well as work towards restoration and
preservation of the ocean health and biodiversity.

42
 CHAPTER 6
PASSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND
SUSTAINABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

6.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the integration of environmental strategies and building design solutions that take
local environmental elements into consideration to enhance energy efficiency and minimize expenses.
There are two types of environmental approaches: passive and active. Passive techniques are those used
in a building's construction that engage with the environment in a passive manner. The direction and
placement of structures on their sites, building layouts, window designs, insulation (including window
insulation), thermal mass, shading, and ventilation are all essential components of passive architecture,
according to Jadhav Y.N (2016). Together, these components provide a comfortable space with
excellent indoor air quality and energy efficiency.

6.2 Passive techniques

Passive technologies use the environment as a resource to heat or cool an area so that humans can feel
comfortable there. The passive design uses conduction, convection, and radiation to reduce heat gain
and remove excess heat from the structure without using any energy. (Jadhav,2016)

6.2.1. Insulation– sandwich wall

The insulation of the external walls must be considered

before the architectural design process even begins.
The sandwich wall is one high-performance insulation
method. It is made of two aluminum skins and a core
substance, mineral wool, which has great insulation
qualities despite being lightweight and allowing air to
pass through. In addition to offering external insulation
to the structure, the sandwich wall shields the outside
skin from sunlight, rain, and extreme heat when it is
opaque.

Fig 6.1 Sandwich wall detail

43
6.2.2 Passive cooling – Shading

One of the most important aspects of passive cooling is shading, which applies physical features to the
building's exterior façade to maximize the cooling impact on the growing plant. These physical
characteristics are divided into two categories: vertical fins, which are used to block low-angle sunlight,
and horizontal overhangs, which are primarily used to limit sun exposure overhead. Most often used fins
are vertical ones. These days, shading devices may be made from a wide variety of materials, such as
glass, acrylic, cloth, metal, and wood. The selection of materials depends on how the building's
architectural design considers the surrounding conditions and solar angles.

Fig 6.2 Passive cooling techniques shading Fig 6.3 Passive cooling techniques through vegetation

6.2.3 High Performance Glazing: Adaptive Glazing

Using adaptive glazing may significantly increase a building's

energy efficiency since it allows users to control how its
windows' U-value and SHGC change in response to outside
influences. They are suitable for all weather conditions and
may be tailored to fulfill individual user demands, such as heat
management, light control, and electrical control. Coatings and
materials placed in between the glass panes can help adaptive
glazing achieve its goal.

44
6.3 Active Techniques

As was previously mentioned, passive technologies are built-up and ought to be planned and chosen
during the early phases of design prior to construction. While they don't use energy, they do have an
impact on the building's sustainability and effectiveness. In contrast, active technologies use energy and
are dependent on human technologies like artificial lighting, mechanical ventilation, and electricity.
Since there are many options that are energy-efficient and safe for the environment, the following active
technologies have been chosen:

6.3.1. Radiant heating and cooling

The dehumidification system and the radiant system can be combined to maximize energy efficiency
and user comfort in the proposed project. Radiant cooling and heating technologies are utilized to
provide heating and cooling effects via the surfaces of the ceiling, walls, and floor. The radiant system
uses significantly less energy than other systems since it does not require the power of air movement,
which might replace traditional air conditioning systems.

Fig 6.4 Radiant ceiling heating and cooling

6.3.2. Renewable energy system

A building may become more economical and ecologically friendly by utilizing a variety of renewable
energy sources, such as biomass, geothermal, wind, hydropower, and solar energy. Bahrain receives a
lot of sunlight; therefore solar energy can lower the amount of power required in our buildings. This is
especially true in Bahrain because air conditioning is used all year round, using a lot of power and

45
energy. Bahrain may thus make use of a wide range of modern solar energy technology, such as the ones
mentioned below:

6.3.3. Rooftop solar system

Solar photovoltaics is one technique that uses solar radiation to create electricity; it works by utilizing
PV particles within a cell. There are two possible locations for PV panel installations in buildings: on the
roof or incorporated into the structure itself. Bahrain's flat roofs make it easier to install solar panels
without distributions, therefore rooftops are the ideal location for them rather than integrated into
structures. The solar photovoltaic panels must have a specific degree on the title and must face south.

Fig 6.5. Rooftop Solar panels

46
REFERENCES

● 1-Jadhav. Y.N, (2016) “Green Energy and Technology” 1st edn. Singapore: Business Media Singapore,
pp- 75

● 2- Desai, Aditi, (2021), “Building for better health”, The GIST. Last viewed 27 August 2021,

● <Building for Better Health: How Architecture & Design Can Address the Mental Health Crisis

● Ibrahim, Naser Nader. “Ocean Gate Observatory by ANTIREALITY.” AmazingArchitecture, 15 Sept.

2020, amazingarchitecture.com/futuristic/ocean-gate-observatory-by-antireality. Accessed 29 Nov. 2023.

● “Building Wonder: Global Aquariums Capture a Blue World.” ArchDaily, 10 June 2021,
www.archdaily.com/941776/building-wonder-global-aquariums-capture-a-blue-world. Accessed 29 Nov.
2023.

● Oceanography | science. (2019). In: Encyclopædia Britannica. [online] Available at:

https://www.britannica.com/science/oceanography.

● Amawi, R. (2010). Marine Science Research Park: Sail The Oceans of knowledge. www.academia.edu.
[online] Available at:
https://www.academia.edu/1195855/Marine_Science_Research_Park_Sail_The_Oceans_of_knowledge
[Accessed 13 Dec. 2023].

● ArchDaily. (2013). The Blue Planet / 3XN. [online] Available at:

https://www.archdaily.com/348532/the-blue-planet-3xn.

● Zainal, K. (2012). Marine Scientific Research in the Kingdom of Bahrain, SWOT Analysis.

● Anon, (n.d.). Ecosystem Diversity – bnature. [online] Available at: https://bnature.info/ecosystem-

diversity

● RTF | Rethinking The Future. (2021). Water Architecture- How architects construct around water.
[online] Available at: https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/designing-for-typologies/a4566-water-
architecture-how-architects-construct-around-water/.

● www.frostscience.org. (n.d.). Architecture - Frost Science. [online] Available at:

https://www.frostscience.org/about-the-

47
 building/architecture/#:~:text=The%20Story%20Behind%20The%20Building&text=In%202007%2C%2
0after%20a%20worldwide [Accessed 4 Nov. 2023].

● The Importance of Marine Research Infrastructures in Capturing Processes and Impacts of Extreme
Events. (2021).

● ArchDaily. (n.d.). Gallery of Cortés Sea Research Center / Tatiana Bilbao - 12. [online] Available at:
https://www.archdaily.com/1001935/cortes-sea-research-center-tatiana-
bilbao/64790b8543e45a2ed8586e13-cortes-sea-research-center-tatiana-bilbao-croquis-
planta?next_project=no [Accessed 4 Nov. 2023].

● Greater Miami & Miami Beach. (n.d.). Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science. [online] Available
at: https://www.miamiandbeaches.com/l/attractions/phillip-and-patricia-frost-museum-of-science/3004
[Accessed 4 Nov. 2023].

48
APPENDICES

49
50
51
52
53
54
55