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ZADANIE 1
Nagranie 1
- The Nigerian President, Muhammadu Buhari,
has replaced all four of his military chiefs. He
hasn’t explained why, but Nigeria has suffered
mounting security problems across the
country. I’ve been speaking to a regional
editor, Graham Ferret.
- Mr Buhari has given nothing away about why
he’s sacked these people. There were two
tweets and he said that he’d accepted their
immediate resignations, thanked them for
what he called their overwhelming
achievements and then simply named their
replacements. The question many Nigerians
will have is: "Why didn’t Mr Buhari act
before?" He’s been under pressure for months
if not years to replace the top military chiefs.
He took office in 2015; and in that time
Nigeria’s many security problems have just got
worse and worse. There was an expectation
that, as a former general himself, he’d be the
man to tackle these problems but so far that
simply hasn’t proved to be the case.
- When it comes to security in Nigeria or
insecurity in Nigeria, Boco Haram is obviously
the most well known, the most high-profile
threat, but the country really is a mosaic of
instability.
- Boco Haram have continued to launch attacks
mainly in Borno, up in the north-east of
Nigeria, despite Mr Bahari’s insistence years
ago that they’d been technically defeated. If
anything I think the army in the region has
withdrawn into its bases and that’s made
villagers and other residents in the area more
exposed to Boco Haram’s attacks. But if you
look more widely, there are security problems
in every corner of Nigeria now. Kidnappings
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have long been a problem down in the south of
Nigeria. Kidnapping by criminal gangs is now
much more of a problem up in the north-west.
And many people will remember the
kidnapping of those 300 schoolboys up in
Katsina, that’s Mr’s Buhari’s home state. There
was a kidnapping at the weekend in Abuja - the
capital, or just outside, from an orphanage.
And there’s another more long running
security challenge which has caused huge
disruption across Nigeria’s middle belt, across
the centre of the country, and that’s over land
and grazing rights, between cattle herders and
farmers. That problem’s never been resolved in
Nigeria, and if anything that one too is getting
worse. These new Armed Forces chiefs have
got a huge task ahead of them.
Nagranie 2
- Let’s begin in the Lebanese capital Beirut. The
families of the victims of last year’s massive
explosion were demonstrating in support of
the judge carrying out the investigation into
the blast which happened on the 4th of August
2020. The enquiry was suspended after
allegations of bias made against the judge. Our
correspondent in Beirut, Anna Foster, spoke to
us from the spot overlooking the port which
was devastated. So why has the investigation
been delayed?
- It depends who you talk to about this, but the
real reason is probably that powerful people
are trying to frustrate it. And that’s what’s
happening at the moment. So, back in
February, the first judge, who was tasked with
this investigation, was removed when he tried
to call politicians, when he tried to hold people
to account. So a new judge was appointed and
the same thing has happened again. Now what
is interesting right now is the timing because,
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 as you now, Lebanon has a new government –
and we’re in this brief period of time where
MPs don’t enjoy the immunity that they
normally have. The judge, Tarek Bitar, decided
to capitalize on that. He called all kinds of
people, who’d normally be protected, and right
now aren’t, and that has backfired, because
people don’t want to give evidence, frankly, to
this investigation. There is a feeling that people
don’t really want to be accountable. What has
happened now is that a former interior
minister, who was called, has put a complaint
in; when there is a complaint, things can’t
continue. Everything has to be frozen while
that complaint is investigated, so the
investigation has stopped.
- This judge has the support of the victims’
families. Is it likely that he too might be
replaced, or is he likely to still be in situ when
this thing gets going again?
- The feeling, I think, is that this is more a stalling
tactic, to get them past the window where
their immunity kicks back in again. Frankly, if
they do remove the judge, I’m not sure he
would step in and undo it next, because, you
know, he has shown himself to be tenacious.
He’s called these people who he knows don’t
want to appear, people like prime minister at
the time of the blast, Hassan Diab. Now the
families, like you say have faith in the judge,
they don’t have faith in the system. They feel
like justice is a long way away.
- Anna Foster in Beirut.
Nagranie 3
- The consultancy firm, McKinsey, has agreed to
pay about $570 million to settle claims by US
states over its role in the country’s opioid crisis
and in particular the advice it gave to
pharmaceutical companies. James Cracknell
found out more from journalist Chris McGreal
who’s written a book “American Overdose: The
Opioid Tragedy in Three Acts”.
- Over the past two decades about 600 000
Americans have been killed by opioids, because
the drug companies were pushing out very
powerful painkillers, narcotic drugs, opioids, as
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a kind of easy pill to solve all kinds of pain
problems. It created a demand in America that
you really didn’t see in any other country.
- Where then does a consultancy firm,
McKinsey, come into this?
- So they came in as advisors to some of the
biggest drug manufacturers, principally Purdue
Pharma, which really began the whole opioid
wave with a drug called OxyContin – a very,
very powerful narcotic that was mis-sold to the
public as a very safe drug and more effective
than other opioids. And back in 2007, Purdue
Pharma paid a six hundred million dollar fine
for mis-selling that drug. As the painkiller
industry took hold and as the alarm bells began
to ring about it, Purdue Pharma and another
big drug-maker Johnson & Johnson turned to
McKinsey for advice on how to target the sales
without getting into trouble, and actually how
to compete with each other. This company,
McKinsey, was in effect advising two rivals. And
that’s where it steps in. McKinsey promised to
turbo-charge the sales of OxyContin, which it
duly did.
- The company hasn’t admitted responsibility,
but it has agreed to pay close to six hundred
million dollars. Is it a huge amount of money
for a company like McKinsey?
- No, I think it isn’t. I think lots of people will
regard it as the cost of doing business. We’ve
seen very large payouts by all kinds of
companies involved in this epidemic and
there’s gonna be a lot more. I think they will
regard this as a way of putting the matter to
rest and moving on. But it is a lot of money for
the states involved. They're dealing with the
consequences of overdose addiction. When
you have a crisis like this, the consequences
aren’t just dead bodies; they are abandoned
children. The pressure on social services is
enormous. And this costs states a lot of money
and they're desperate for the money.
ZADANIE 2
Good morning. My name is Gen. Dennis Carl and
today I’ll be talking about JADC2 – a project that
might completely revolutionize the military’s
approach to commanding forces.
Well, let me start with explaining, for those of
you who are unfamiliar with the concept, what
JADC2 is. JADC2 stands for Joint All-Domain
Command and Control. It is an idea to connect
sensors from all of the military services into
a single network. Traditionally, each of the
military services—Air Force, Army, Marine Corps,
Navy, and Space Force—developed its own
tactical network. This, however, generated
communication problems between services. So,
for example: Army networks were unable to
interface with Navy or Air Force networks. We
are all aware that future conflicts may require
decisions to be made within hours, minutes, or
potentially seconds, but the maze of
incompatible networks makes it impossible.
Currently, the system of analyzing data and
issuing commands can take days. JADC2 is
a solution to the problem. It provides a cloud-
like environment for the Joint Force to share
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance.
But JADC2 does not only collect data from
numerous sensors. It processes the data using
artificial intelligence and finally recommends the
best weapon.
So is JADC2 the Holy Grail of the Joint Force?
Some analysts remain skeptical. First of all, they
raise questions about its technical maturity.
They wonder whether it is even possible to
manage a network that can reliably connect
sensors to shooters and support command and
control in an electronic warfare environment.
Analysts also ask who would have decision
making authority across all the domains in the
new C2 structure. Traditionally, command
authority has been delegated separately in each
domain. Obviously, it would change with the
arrival of JADC2. However, experts’ biggest
concern is of an ethical nature. They worry that
the implementation of JADC2 would reduce the
amount of human involvement. The question
whether it is appropriate or not—remains
unanswered.
So, if there are so many concerns, why change
current command and control structures?
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Frankly speaking, I don’t think we have any other
option. The National Defense Strategy
Commission, and other sources reveal that
potential U.S. adversaries have created
sophisticated anti-access capabilities. These
capabilities include electronic warfare, cyber
weapons, long-range missiles, and advanced air
defenses. U.S. competitors have developed anti-
access systems as a way of countering U.S.
military advantages. This means that the ability
to project power or improving the ability to win
quick, decisive engagements will no longer be
enough on modern battlefield. So, to challenge
potential peer adversaries, a multidomain
approach offered by JADC2 is simply a must.
Current command and control programs, like the
Air and Space Operation Centers or the Joint
Surveillance and Target Attack Radar System, are
not optimized for the speed and complexity of
future conflict. The decades-old platforms
cannot adequately leverage new technology.
What’s more, the supporting structures to
enable future C2 either do not exist or require
upgrading. So it became clear that to modernize
the system we would have to, first of all,
prioritize the changes. Without it, we would be
getting nowhere.
That’s why efforts are being made to develop
the multidomain approach. So far, two major
JADC2 exercises have been organized. The first,
held in Florida in December 2019, focused on
a simulated cruise missile threat. The second
test of JADC2 was performed in July 2020.
During this exercise, Air Force aircraft
cooperated with navy vessels positioned in the
Black Sea, along with special operations forces
and eight other NATO nations. What was the aim
of this cooperation? Well, it primarily focused on
countering the Russian threat. Further JADC2
tests are planned this year. So as you see, we
find ourselves now in the first phase of the
implementation process. This is where it
becomes very real.
I’ll now hand you over to Captain Smith, who
will be talking about JADC2 legislation and
funding. Thank you for your attention.
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ZADANIE 3

13. The first convoy of trucks carrying Iranian
fuel has entered Lebanon from Syria in an
initiative organised by the Hezbollah
movement to ease Lebanon’s desperate
fuel crisis. The fuel was delivered to the
18. China has swiftly condemned a new Indo-
Syrian port of Beniyas by an Iranian ship.
Hezbollah says further vessels are due to
make the same trip in the coming days.
14. A former home in Mexico of the notorious
drug trafficker Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman
has been given away as a prize in a raffle
run by the government. The identity of the
winner hasn’t been revealed. Guzman
tunnelled out of the house in Culiacan in
2014 to evade arrest. He was detained days
later and is now serving a life sentence in
19. A hospital in the southern French city of
the US..
15. The president of El Salvador Nayib Bukele
has accused foreign countries of financing
the opposition. A day after anti-government
protests in which he was denounced as
a dictator, Mr. Bukele spoke in front of
ambassadors during an event to mark the
20. The emitters on North Korean state media
200th anniversary of his country’s
independence. The demonstrators also
angrily condemned the recent introduction
of Bitcoin as legal tender in El Salvador.
16. The Philippines says that it will not
cooperate with the International Criminal
Court probe into what president Rodrigo
Duterte calls a war on drugs. A senior legal
advisor to the president said the court's
investigators would not be allowed into the
country. He said the Philippines withdrew
two years ago from the Rome Statute that
established the ICC.
requirement as discriminatory. The UN
Secretary General Antonio Guterres
stressed that he could not bar a head of
state.
Pacific security deal between the United
States, Britain and Australia. The Chinese
embassy in Washington complained of
ideological prejudice and what it called
"a cold war mentality." Under the deal the
US will share sensitive military technology
to help Australia build a fleet of nuclear-
powered submarines. The Prime Minister
Scott Morrison described it as a very special
agreement.
Nice says it's suspended around 450 staff
including doctors and nurses on Wednesday
as a nationwide coronavirus vaccine
mandate for health care workers came into
force. The hospital said 95 percent of its
staff had received at least one jab.
show what appear to be two different
missiles being fired from a railway carriage
along tracks surrounded by thick forest. The
report said the drill was carried out by
a railway-borne missile regiment that
transported weapon systems through the
country’s mountains. This is a new type of
launch system for North Korea. Leader Kim
Jong-un vowed in January to further
develop his nuclear deterrent despite
US-led sanctions.

17. A row has broken out at the United Nations

headquarters in New York over a demand
by the city authorities that leaders and
diplomats attending next week’s general
assembly show proof of Covid vaccination.
Russia’s UN envoy condemned the

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