Matrices

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INTRODUCTION Sol. The above information can be put in tabular form as under.
Any rectangular arrangement of numbers (real or complex) (or of Colleges Number of players
real valued or complex valued expressions) is called a matrix. If
T.T. Hockey Badminton Tennis B.Ball
a matrix has m rows and n columns then the order of matrix is
written as M. C. (35) 5 11 5 6 8
m × n and we call it as order m by n N. A. S. (22) 3 13 2 4 0
The general m × n matrix is A = D. N. (31) 2 15 3 5 6
 a11 a12 a13 ...... a1j ..... a1n  The above can be put in rectangular array form as
a a 22 a 23 ...... a2 j ..... a 2n 
 21   5 11 5 6 8 
 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....   3 13 2 4 0 
 a i1 a i2 a i3 ...... a ij ...... a in   2 15 3 5 6 
 .....  
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
  Above is a 3  5 matrix, 3 represents the number of rows
 a m1 a m2 a m3 ..... a mj ..... a mn 
(number of colleges) participating and
where aij denote the element of ith row & jth column. The 5 represents the number of games being played in the
above matrix is usually denoted as [aij]m × n .
meet.
If any matrix A contains ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ columns then m 
n is termed as order of matrix. SPECIAL TYPES OF MATRIX
Order is generally written as suffix of the array. Row matrix
Now any matrix of order m  n will have the notation [aij]mn . A matrix having only one row is called as row matrix (or row
vector).General form of row matrix is
 
i.e. A  a ij  m  n or a ij m n
or || a ij ||m  n A = [a11, a12, a13, ...., a1n]
it is obvious that 1  i  m and 1  j  n This is a matrix of order "1 × n" (or a row matrix of order n)
Notes : (i)Generally Capital letters of English alphabets are Column matrix :
used to denote matrices. A matrix having only one column is called as column matrix (or
(ii) Order of a matrix : If a matrix has m rows and n columns, column vector).
then we say that its order is "m by n", written as "m × n".
 a11 
 a 21 
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN Column matrix is in the form A =  ... 
 a m1 
Example 1:In the inter sports meet of local colleges the games to
be played are T.T., Hockey, Badminton, Tennis, and B. Ball. The This is a matrix of order "m × 1" (or a column matrix of
order m)
three colleges of Meerut sent the following number of players.
Square matrix :
Meerut College (M.C.)  35 players ; 5(T. T.),
A matrix in which number of rows & columns are equal is called
11 (Hockey), 5(Badminton), 6 (Tennis) and 8(B. Ball). a square matrix. The general form of a square matrix is
Nanak Chand College (N. A. S.)  22 players ; 3(T. T), 13
 a11 a12 ....... a1n 
(Hockey), 2 (Badminton), 4 (Tennis) and none for (B. Ball).  a 21 a 22 ........ a 2n 
Dev Nagri College (D. N.)  31 players ; 2(T. T.), A = ....... ....... ....... .......
which we denote as A = [aij]n.
 
15 (Hockey) 3(Bad), 5 (Tennis) and 6 (B. Ball). Put this  n1 a n 2
a ....... a nn 
information in matrix form. This is a matrix of order "n × n" (or a square matrix of order n)

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Leading Element Unit matrix (identity matrix)
The element lying in the first row and first column is called leading Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements
element (or leading entry) of a matrix. are unity. Unit matrix of
Diagonal Elements order 'n' is denoted by n (or ).
An element of a matrix A = [ai j] is said to be diagonal element if i.e.A = [aij]n is a unit matrix when aij = 0 for i  j
i = j. Thus an element whose row suffix equals to the column & aii = 1
suffix is a diagonal element. e.g. a11, a 22 a33... are all diagonal
1 0 0 
element. 1 0
eg.2 = 0 1 , 3 =  0 1 0  .
Principal Diagonal   0 0 1
 
The line along which the diagonal elements lie is called the
principal diagonal or simply the diagonal of the matrix. (i) The elements a11, a22, a33,........ are called as diagonal
elements. Their sum is called as trace of A denoted as
Zero matrix
tr(A)
A = [aij]m × n is called a zero matrix, if aij = 0  i & j.
Comparable matrices
0 0 0 Two matrices A & B are said to be comparable, if they have the
0 0 0
e.g. : (i)  0 0 0  (ii)  0 0 0  same order (i.e., number of rows of A & B are same and also the
  0 0 0 number of columns).
 

Upper triangular matrix 2 3 4

e.g. : (i) A =  3 1 2  &
 
A = [aij]m × n is said to be upper triangular, if aij = 0 for i > j (i.e., all
the elements below the diagonal elements are zero). 3 4 2
B =  0 1 3  are comparable
 
a b c 
 
e.g. : (ii) 0 x y  2 3 4
0 0 z  e.g. : (ii) C =  3 1 2  &
 
Lower triangular matrix
3 0
A = [aij]m × n is said to be a lower triangular matrix, if  
D =  4 1  are not comparable
aij = 0 for i < j. (i.e., all the elements above the diagonal elements  2 3 
are zero.)
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
a 0 0  Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they are comparable
 
e.g. : (i)  b c 0 
and all the corresponding elements are equal.
x y z  LetA = [aij] m × n & B = [bij]p × q
A = B iff (i) m = p, n=q
Diagonal matrix (ii) aij = bij  i & j.
A square matrix [a ij]n is said to be a diagonal matrix if
aij = 0 for i  j. (i.e., all the elements of the square matrix other
than diagonal elements are zero)
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
Note : Diagonal matrix of order n is denoted as Diag
(a11, a22, ......ann).  sin  1 / 2  1/ 2 sin  
   cos  cos   .
Example 2: Let A =  1 / 2 cos   & B =  
 a 0 0 0 
a 0 0  cos  tan    cos  1 
 0 b 0 0   
   
e.g. : (i)  0 b 0  (ii) 
0 0 0 0

 0 0 c  0 0 0 c Find  so that A = B.
 
Sol.By definition A & B are equal if they have the same order
Scalar matrix
and all the corresponding elements are equal.
Scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements
are same. A = [aij]n is a scalar matrix, if (i) aij = 0 for i  j and (ii) 1 1
Thus we have sin  = , cos = – & tan  = –1
aij = k for i = j. 2 2
a 0 0 
a 0  
e.g. : (i)  0 a  (ii)  0 a 0    = (2n + 1) –
4
.
   0 0 a 

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ALGEBRA OF MATRIX p

Multiplication of matrix by scalar

Then AB = [cij]m × n where cij = a
k 1
ik b kj , which is the dot

Let  be a scalar (real or complex number) & product of i th row vector of A and j th
column vector of B.
A = [aij]m × n be a matrix. Thus the product A is defined as
A = [bij]m × n where bij = aij  i & j. 0 1 1 1
1 2 3  
e.g. : A =  2 3 1  , B =  0 0 1 0  ,
 2 1 3 5    1 1 2 0
e.g. : A =  0 2 1 3  &
 0 0 1 2  3 4 9 1
  AB =  1 3 7 2 
 

 6 3 9 15  Notes : (1) The product AB is defined iff the number of columns
of A is equal to the number of rows of B. A is called as premultiplier
– 3A  (–3) A =  0 6 3 9 
 0 0 3 6  & B is called as post multiplier. AB is defined  / BA is defined.
Note : (i) If A is a scalar matrix, then A = , where  is a diagonal (2) In general AB  BA, even when both the products are
entry of A defined.
(ii) Let A = [aij]mn be a matrix. Then the negative of the matrix (3) A (BC) = (AB) C, whenever it is defined.
A is defined as the matrix [aij]mn i.e. each element is Properties of matrix multiplication
multiplied by –1 and is denoted by A Consider all square matrices of order 'n'. Let Mn (F) denote the
set of all square matrices of order n. (where F is Q, R or C). Then
Addition of matrices
(a) A, B  Mn (F)  AB  Mn (F)
Let A and B be two matrices of same order
(b) In general AB  BA
(i.e. comparable matrices). Then A + B is defined to
(c) (AB) C = A(BC)
be.
(d) n, the identity matrix of order n, is the multiplicative identity.
A + B = [aij]m × n + [bij]m × n. An = A = n A  A  Mn (F)
= [cij]m × n where cij = aij + bij  i & j. (e) For every non singular matrix A (i.e., |A|  0) of Mn (F)
there exist a unique (particular) matrix
 1 1   1 2 
   2 3  B  Mn (F) so that AB = n = BA. In this case we say that
e.g. : A =  2 3  , B =  5 7 , A & B are multiplicative inverse of one another. In
1 0    notations, we write B = A–1 or A = B–1.
(f) If  is a scalar (A) B = (AB) = A(B).
0 1
  (g) A(B + C) = AB + AC A, B, C  Mn (F)
A+B=  0 0  (h) (A + B) C = AC + BC A, B, C  Mn (F).
6 7
Notes : (1) Let A = [aij]m × n. Then An = A & m A = A, where
Subtraction of matrices n & m are identity matrices of order n & m respectively.
Let A & B be two matrices of same order. Then A – B is defined (2) For a square matrix A, A2 denotes AA, A3 denotes
as A + (– B) where – B is (– 1) B. AAA etc.
Properties of addition & scalar multiplication: SOME IMPORTANT POINTS
1. A + B = B + A 1. Condition for product AB to exist or to be defined:
2. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C If A and B be two matrices then their product is defined or
3. k(A + B) = kA + kB here k is any scalar. in other words A is conformable to B for multiplication if
4. A + O = O + A = A , here O {null matrix} will be additive the number of columns of A is the same as the number of
identity. rows in B. i.e. If A be m  p and B be p  n, the matrix AB will
be of the type m  n.
5. If A be a given matrix then the matrix  A is the additive
2. Pre-multiplication and post multiplication:
inverse of A for A + (A) = null matrix O.
When we say multiply A by B then it could mean both AB
6. If A, B and C be three matrices of the same type or BA where A and B are any numbers. But when A and B
thenA + B = A + C  B = C (Left Cancellation Law) are matrices then as seen above AB and BA do not
andB + A = C + A  B = C (Right Cancellation Law) necessarily mean the same thing. If AB is defined for matrix
Multiplication of matrices multiplication BA may not be defined. To avoid this when
we say product AB it would mean the matrix A post-
Let A and B be two matrices such that the number of columns of
multiplied by B and when we say product BA it would
A is same as number of rows of B. i.e.,
mean matrix A pre-multiplied by B. In AB, A is called
A = [aij]m × p & B = [bij]p × n. prefactor and B post factor.

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 3. In the case when both A and B are square matrices of the
 a 2 a 1
same type then also both AB and BA are defined and the  b 2 b 1
product matrix is also a matrix of the same type but still AB Example 4: f(x) is a quadratic expression such that  2 
 c c 1
 BA.
4. Again we know that when ab = 0 it means that either a or  f  0   2a  1
b (or both) is zero. But AB = O i.e. a null matrix does not  f 1    2b  1
    for three unequal numbers a, b, c. Find
necessarily imply that either A or B = O as shown above  f  1   2c  1
because neither A nor B is null matrix whereas AB is a null f(x).
matrix. Sol. The given matrix equation implies

 a 2 f (0)  af (1)  f ( 1)   2a  1

TRAIN YOUR BRAIN  b 2 f (0)  bf (1)  f ( 1)   2b  1
 2  =  
 c f (0)  cf (1)  f (1)   2c  1
 1 1 1  1 2 3   x2 f(0) + xf(1) + f(–1) = 2x + 1 for three unequal numbers a,
Example 3: If A   3 2 1 B  2 4 6  compute AB b, c .....(i)
 2 1 0  1 2 3 
     (i) is an identityf(0) = 0, f(1) = 2 & f(– 1) = 1
 f(x) = x (ax + b)
and BA.
2 = a + b & – 1 = – a + b.
Sol. Here A is 3  3 and B is 3  3. Hence both AB and BA are
defined and each will be 3  3 matrix. 1 3
 b= &a=
2 2
 C11 C12 C13  3 2 1
Let AB  C  C 21 C22 C 23   f(x) = x + x.
C C 2 2
 31 32 C33 
Positive Integral Powers of Matrix
where Cij means that take the product of ith row of A with Let A be any square matrix of order n.
jth column of B. Then A2 = A.A
A3 = A.A.A
e.g. C23 = product of 2nd row of A with 3rd column of B.
and Am = A.A.A... m times
 3 All are square matrix of order n.
i.e. [3 2 1]  6  3.3  2.6  1.3  0 (i) Am. An = (A.A.A... m times) (A.A.A...n times)
 3 = A.A.A...(m + n) times
 
= Am+n
Similarly we can find other elements of C. Similarly, (ii) (Am)n = Amn
We can also say that by the product of first row of A with Also, we define A0 = l
the three columns of B ; we shall get the three elements of Note: Matrix multiplication of matrix is not commutative in general
first row of C. i.e. AB  BA.
Example 5: Let f (x) = x2–5x+6. Then the value of f (A), if A
i.e. R1C1, R1C2, R1C3
and similarly take the second row of A and multiply with all 2 0 1
the columns of B and you will get the three elements of 2nd  2 0 3
=  is:
row of C i.e. R2C1, R2C2, R2C3 and elements of 3rd row of C  1 1 0 
will be R3C1, R3C2, R3C3.
 0 1 3  0 0 3
 1.1  1.2  1.1 1.2  1.4  1.2 1.3  1.6  1.3  1 1 10  1 2 10 
 AB =  3.1  2.2  1.1 3.2  2.4  1.2 3.3  2.6  1.3 (a)   (b)  
 2.1  1.2  0.1 2.2  1.4  0.2 2.3  1.6  0.3   5 4 4  6 4 1 
 

 1 1 3   1 2 3
0 0 0  1 1 10   1 1 0 
0 0 0  0 (c)   (d)  
0 0 0 (i.e. , null matrix)  5 4 4   4 5 4 
 

Similarly BA can also be computed.

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Sol. f(x) = x2 – 5x + 6 = x2 – 5x + 6.x0  x 0  1 1 0 0 
 
 0 1 0 
 f (A)  A 2  5A  6A 0 0 0 1 
=A2 – 5A + 6l ...(i)
Now A2 = A.A Comparing
3
2
2 0 1   2 0 1  5 1 2  a i   bi2  ci2 1 and
 2 1 3  2 1 3 9 2 5 
i 1
3

1 1 0 1 1 0  0 1 2  a b   b c  c a

i 1
i i i i i i 0

Note : (i) All the 3 rows & 3 colums of an orthogonal matrix are
5 1 2   2 0 1  pairwise orthogonal triad of 3 unit vectors.
f (A)  9 2 5   2 1 3 (ii)AT = A–1. (Desirable)
0 1 2 1 1 0  SYMMETRIC & SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX
A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A = A
1 0 0  1 1 3  i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is symmetric iff aij = aji  i & j.
6 0 1 0   1 1 10  A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if
0 0 1  5 4 4  A = – A
i.e. Let A = [a ij ] n . A is skew-symmetric iff
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX aij = – aji  i & j.
Let A =[aij]m × n. Then the transpose of A is denoted by A( or AT)
and is defined as a h g
A = [bij]n × m where bij = aji  i & j. e.g. A =  h b f  is a symmetric matrix.
i.e. A is obtained by rewriting all the rows of A as columns g f c 
 
(or by rewriting all the columns of A as rows).
0 x y
 1 2 3 4   1 a x   x 0 z 
 2 b y  B=   is a skew-symmetric matrix.
e.g. : A =  
a b c d , A = 
 x y z w  3 c z    y  z 0 
  
 4 d w 
Notes
Results : (1) The pair of conjugate elements are additive invese of each
(i) For any matrix A = [aij]m × n, (A) = A other.
(ii) Let  be a scalar & A be a matrix. Then (A) = A (2) Max. number of distinct entries in a symmetric matrix of
n(n  1)
(iii) (A + B) = A + B & (A – B) = A – B for two comparable order n is .
matrices A and B. 2
(iv) (A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An) = A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An, where Ai are n(n  1)
comparable. (1  2  3  .....  n) 
2
(3) In a skew-symmetric matrix all the diagonal elements are
(v) Let A = [aij]m × p & B = [bij]p × n , then (AB) = BA
zero but not converse.
(vi) (A1 A2 .......An)= An. An – 1 ...........A2 . A1, provided the ( aij = – aji  aii = 0)
product is defined. (4) For a skew symmetric matrix A of order (2p – 1), |A| = 0.
ORTHOGONAL MATRICES
Since A is skew symmetric hence AT = –A, then |AT| = |–A|
A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix,
= (–1)2p–1|A| = –|A| but |AT| = |A|, hence |A| = –|A|  |A| = O
if AAT = I = ATA
(5) For any square matrix A, A + A is symmetric &
 a1 a2 a3   a1 b1 c1  A – A is skew-symmetric.
Let A   b1 b2 
b3  , then A  a 2
T
b2 c 2 
 (6) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum
 c1 c2 c3   a 3 b3 c3  of two square matrices of which one is symmetric and the
other is skew-symmetric.
 a12  a 22  a 32 a1 b1  a 2 b 2  a 3 b3 a1c1  a 2 c 2  a 3 c3 
 
AA T   b 1a 1  b 2 a 2  b3 a 3 b12  b 22  b 32 b1c1  b 2 c 2  b 3 c3  1 1
 c1a1  c 2 a 2  c 3 a 3 c1 b1  c 2 b 2  c 3 b 3 c12  c 22  c32  A = B + C, where B = (A + A) & C = (A – A).
 2 2

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 (e) adj(KA) = Kn–1adjA, where K is any scalar and n is order,
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN then adj AB = (adj B)(adj A)
Example 6: Show that BAB is symmetric or skew-symmetric (f) If A and B are non singular square matrix of the same oder,
according as A is symmetric or skew-symmetric (where B is any then adjAB = (adj B)(adj A)
square matrix whose order is same as that of A). (g) If A is an invertible square matrix, then
Sol. Case - A is symmetric  A = A adj AT = (adj A)T
(BAB) = (B)AB = BABBAB is symmetric. (h) If A is a are non singular square matrix, then
Case - A is skew-symmetric  A = – A (a) adj(adj A) = |A|n–2A
(BAB) = (B)AB 2
(b) |adj(adjA)| = | A |(n 1)
= B ( – A) B
= – (BAB)
 BAB is skew-symmetric TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
DETERMINANT OF ANY MATRIX Example 7: For a 3×3 skew-symmetric matrix A, show that adj A
If matrix A = [aij] is a square matrix of order ‘n’ then is a symmetric matrix.
determinant of A  c 2  bc ca 
 0 a b
 n   n  Sol. A =  a 0 c  cof A =   bc b2 ab 
=   1k 1k     a 2k C 2k   ......  ....
a C   b c 0   2

k 1 k 1    ca ab a 
 n   n   c 2  bc ca 
=   k1 k1     a k 2 C k 2   .....  .....
a C

k 1 k 1
adj A = (cof A) =   bc b
2
ab 
2

 ca ab a 
here Cik represents cofactor of the element of i th row and k which is symmetric.
th
column of matrix A. INVERSE OF A MATRIX:
for 3  3 order matrix A ; A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there
det A (or |A|) = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 exists a matrix B such that, AB =I = BA.
= a21C21 + a22C22 + a23C23 B is called the inverse of A and is denoted by A–1. Thus
= a31C31 + a32C32 + a33C33 A–1 = B  AB = I = BA
= a11C11 + a21C21 + a31C31 Let A be a non-singular matrix.
= a12C12 + a22C22 + a32C32 1
Then the matrix .adj A is the inverse of A and is denoted
= a13C13 + a23C23 + a33C33 |A|
by A–1.
Singular & non singular matrix : A square matrix A is said to
We have A (adj A) = |A| n = (adj A) A
be singular or non-singular according as |A| is zero or non-zero
respectively.  1   1 
 A  adjA  =  n =  adjA  A, for A is
Cofactor matrix & adjoint matrix : Let A = [aij]n be a square |A|  |A| 
matrix. The matrix obtained by replacing each element of A by non-singular
corresponding cofactor is called as cofactor matrix of A, denoted 1
as cofactor A. The transpose of cofactor matrix of A is called as  A–1 = adj A.
|A|
adjoint of A, denoted as adj A. Remarks :
i.e.if A = [aij]n 1. The necessary and sufficient condition for existence of
then cofactor A = [cij]n when cij is the cofactor of aij  i & j. inverse of A is that A is non-singular.
adj A = [dij]n where dij = cji  i & j. 2. A–1 is always non-singular.
Properties of cofactor A and adj A: 3. If A = dia (a11, a22, ....., ann) where aii  0  i, then
A–1 = diag (a11– 1, a22–1, ...., ann–1).
(a) A . adj A = |A| n = (adj A) A where A = [aij]n.
4. (A–1) = (A)–1 for any non-singular matrix A. Also
(b) |adj A| = |A|n – 1, where n is order of A.
adj (A) = (adj A).
In particular, for 3 × 3 matrix, |adj A| = |A|2 5. (A–1)–1 = A if A is non-singular.
(c) If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A are also symmetric 6. Let k be a non-zero scalar & A be a non-singular matrix.
matrices. 1
Then (kA)–1 = A–1.
(d) If A is singular, then adj A is also singular. k

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 1 Homogeneous system and matrix inverse :
7. |A–1| = for |A|  0. If the above system is homogeneous, n equations in n unknowns,
|A|
8. Let A be a non-singular matrix. then in the matrix form it is AX = O.
Then AB = AC  B = C & BA = CA  B= C. ( in this case b1 = b2 = ....... bn = 0), where A is a square matrix.
9. A is non-singular and symmetric  A–1 is symmetric. Results :
10. (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 if A and B are non- singular. (1) If A is non-singular, the system has only the trivial solution
11. In general AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0. But if A is (zero solution) X = 0
non-singular and AB = 0, then B = 0. Similarly B is non- (2) If A is singular, then the system has infinitely many
singular and AB = 0  A = 0. Therefore,
solutions (including the trivial solution) and hence it has
AB = 0  either both are singular or one of them is 0.
non-trivial solutions.
ELEMENTARY ROW/COLUMN
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
TRANSFORMATION OF MATRIX
Example 8:For two non-singular matrices A & B, show that adj The following operations on a matrix are called as elementary
(AB) = (adj B) (adj A) row transformations.
Sol. We have (AB) (adj (AB)) = |AB| n (a) Interchanging two rows.
= |A| |B| n (b) Multiplications of all the elements of row by a nonzero
A–1 (AB)(adj (AB)) = |A| |B| A–1 scalar.
1 (c) Addition of constant multiple of a row to another row.
 B adj (AB) = |B| adj A ( A–1 = adj A)
|A| Note: Similar to above we have elementary column
 B–1 B adj (AB) = |B| B–1 adj A transformations also.
 adj (AB) = (adjB) (adj A) Remarks:
SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS & MATRICES: 1. Two matrices A & B are said to be equivalent if one is
Consider the system obtained from other using elementary transformations. We
a11 x1 + a12x2 + .......... + a1nxn = b1 write A  B.
a21x1 + a22 x2 + ..........+ a2n xn = b2
................................................. TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
am1x1 + am2x2 + ..........+ amnxn = bn. Example 9:

 b1  1 2 3 
 a11 a12 .......... a1n   x1   b2  1 2 3 
 a 21 a 22 .......... a 2n  x2   ...  Find the inverse of the matrix A =   and hence solve
Let A =  ..... 1 2 3
..... .......... .....  , X =  ....  & B =  .
 ... 
   
a m1 a m2 .......... a mn  xn   bn  the equations :
x  2y  3z  11, x  2y  3z  3, x  2y  3z  1.
Then the above system can be expressed in the matrix form as
AX = B. Sol. We have A  1 6  6   2  3  3  3  2  2  = 24
The system is said to be consistent if it has atleast one solution.
Now as A  0 then it is a non-singular matrix hence A–1
System of linear equations and matrix inverse:
exist and has unique solution:
If the above system consist of n equations in n unknowns, then
we have AX = B where A is a square matrix.  0 12 12 
Results :  
adjA   6 6 0 
Now
(1) If A is non-singular, solution is given by X = A–1B.  4 0 4 
 
(2) If A is singular, (adj A) B = 0 and all the columns of A are
not proportional, then the system has infinitely many
 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 
solutions. 1
1  
A  .adjA  1/ 4 1/ 4 0 
(3) If A is singular and (adj A) B  0, then the system has no A  1/ 6
 0 1/ 6 
solution (we say it is inconsistent).

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The solution of the given equations is X = A–1B Sol. We have the characteristic equation of A.
| A – x| = 0
x  0 1/ 2 1/ 2  11   1 
      
t  1/ 4 1/ 4 0  3    2  1  x 2 0 
i.e.   
 z   1/ 6 0 1/ 6     i.e.  2 1  x 0  =0
    1  2   0
 0 1  x 
Hence x = 1, y = 2 and z = 2 is the required solution.
i.e. x3 + x2 – 5x – 5 = 0.
x yz  6
Example 10: Solve the system x  y  z  2 using matrix Using Cayley - Hamilton theorem.
2x  y  z  1 A3 + A2 – 5A – 5 = 0 5 = A3 + A2 – 5A
inverse. Multiplying by A–1, we get
5A–1 = A2 + A – 5
1 1 1  x 6
2 . Nilpotent matrix
Sol. Let A =  1 1 1  , X =  y & B =
 2 1 1 z 1 A square matrix A is said to be nilpotent ( of order 2) if, A2 = O. A
     
square matrix is said to be nilpotent
Then the system is AX = B.
of order p, if p is the least positive integer such that Ap = O.
|A| = 6. Hence A is non singular.
Idempotent matrix
0 3 3  0 2 2  A square matrix A is said to be idempotent if, A2 = A.
Cofactor A =  2 3 1  adj A =  3 3 0 
 2 0 2  3 1 2  1 0
    e.g.  is an idempotent matrix.
0 1
1 0 2 2 
1 
3 3 0 
Involutory matrix
A–1 = adj A =
|A| 6  3 1 2  A square matrix A is said to be involutory if A2 = , being the
 
identity matrix.
 0 1 / 3 1/ 3 
= 1/ 2 1/ 2 0  1 0
1/ 2 1/ 6 1/ 3 e.g. A =  is an involutory matrix.
  0 1

 0 1 / 3 1/ 3  6 x 1

X = A–1 B = 1/ 2 1/ 2 0   2  i.e.  y  =  2  TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
1/ 2 1/ 6 1/ 3 1 z 3
       
Example 12:Show that a square matrix A is involutory,
 x = 1, y = 2, z = 3. iff ( – A) ( + A) = 0
CHARACTERISTIC POLYNOMIAL &
Sol. Let A be involutory
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION
Let A be a square matrix. Then the polynomial | A – x| is called as Then A2 = 
characteristic polynomial of A & the equation | A – x| = 0 is
( – A) ( + A) =  + A – A – A2
called as characteristic equation of A.
Cayley - Hamilton theorem : Every square matrix A satisfies its =  + A – A – A2
characteristic equation
=  – A2
i.e. a0 xn + a, xn – 1 + ........ + an – 1x + an = 0 is the characteristic
equation of A, then a0An + a1An – 1 + ......... + an – 1 A + an  = 0 =0
Conversly, let ( – A) ( + A) = 0
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
 + A – A – A2 = 0

1 2 0    + A – A – A2 = 0
Example 11: If A =  2 1 0  , show that 5A–1 = A2 + A – 5.   – A2 = 0
 0 0 1
 
 A is involutory

MATRICES 111 P
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Geometric transformation and matrices
 x '" 1 0  y 
(c) If ref. is in y = x, then  y"'  0 1   x 
    

P(x,y)  x 0   1 0   x 
Py(x",y") Pxy(x',y') (d) If ref. is the origin, then      
 y0   0 1  y 

(e) If ref. y = x tan ,

P0  x1   cos 2 sin 2   x 
then      
 y1   sin 2  cos 2   y 
(a) If a point P is ref. in x-axis, to P x (x’.y’), then
(f) If OP is rotated through an angle 
 x '  1 0   x 
 y '  0 1  y  (anticlockwise),
    
 x1   cos   sin    x 
 x "   1 0   x  then      
(b) If ref. is in y-axis, then  y "   0 1   y   y1   sin  cos    y 
    

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 Topicwise Questions
Types of Matrices, Addition, subtraction 6. If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices such that AB = A and
BA = B, then
1 0   1 1 
1. If A  B    and A  2B   , (a) A2  A and B2  B (b) A2  A and B2  B
1 1   0 1
then A= (c) A2  A and B2  B (d) A2  A and B2  B

 1 1 2 / 3 1 / 3 
(a)  2 1 (b)  1 / 3 2 / 3 3 
    7 1 2   4
4  2 
7. 9 2 1     2  is equal to
 1 / 3 1 / 3  1 / 3 2 / 3 5 
(c)  2 / 3 1 / 3 (d)  2 / 3 1 / 3 
   
Multiplication of matrices and Identity matrix.  43   43 
(a)   (b)  45 
 cos   sin   cos   sin    44   
2. If A    and B    , then
 sin  cos    sin  cos  
the correct relation is  45   44 
(c)  44  (d)  45 
(a) A2 = B2 (b) A + B = B – A    
(c) AB = BA (d) AB = 0
Transpose of Matrices and other properties
 4 2
3. If A    and I is the identity matrix of order 2, then
 1 1   0 1 2 
8. If A   1 0 5  , then
(A  2I)(A  3I)   
 2 5 0 
(a) I (b) O

1 0  0 0 (a) A   A (b) A    A
(c)  0 0  (d)  0 1 
    (c) A   2A (d) A  2A

1 2 1 
 1 2 3
4. If A  0 1 1 , then
9. In order that the matrix  4 5 6 be non-singular,,
3 1 1 
 3  5
(a) A3  3A 2  A  9I3  O
 should not be equal to
3 2
(b) A  3A  A  9I3  O (a) 1 (b) 2
3 2
(c) A  3A  A  9I3  O (c) 3 (d) 4

(d) A3  3A 2  A  9I3  O  2 1
 1 2 1    T
0 1
10. If A  
2 1 3  and B   3 2 , then (AB) 
5. If matrix A   16  
 , then A  1 1
1 0 

0 1 0 1
(a) 1 0  (b) 1 0   3 2   3 10 
    (a)   (b)  
10 7   2 7 
 1 0  1 0 
(c)  0 1  (d)  0 1   3 10   3 10 
    (a)  7 2  (d)  2 7 
   

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Symmetric & Skew symmetric Matrices &  0 1 2
determinant of matrices and singular Matrix 1 2 3 ,
17. The inverse matrix of   is
11. If A is a square matrix A  A T is symmetric matrix, then  3 1 1 

A  AT =
1 1 1 1 5
(a) Unit matrix (b) Symmetric matrix  2 2 2 2 4
2
(c) Skew symmetric matrix (d) Zero matrix    
 4 3 1 1 6 3 
(a)  (b) 
12. If A is a symmetric matrix and n  N , then An is 5 3 1 1 2 1
   
(a) Symmetric (b) Skew symmetric 2 2 2  
(c) A Diagonal matrix (d) Zero matrix
13. Out of the following a skew- symmetric matrix is 1 2 3  1 1 1
1 1
3 2 1 8 6 2
0 4 5 1 4 5 (c) 2  (d) 2 
 4 0 6  4 1 6  4 2 3  5 3 1 
(a)   (b)  
 5 6 0   5 6 1 
10 0 
18. For any 2  2 matrix A, if A(adjA)    then | A | is
 0 10 
 1 4 5 i  1 4 5  equal
 4 2 6   4 i 6  (a) 0 (b) 10
(c)   (d)   (c) 20 (d) 100
 5 6 3   5 6 i 
x  y
19. If X   then transpose of adj X is
Adjoint and Inverse of matrix z t 
14. The element in the first row and third column of the inverse
 t z   t y
(a)   y  x  (b)   z  x 
1 2 3    
0 1 2 
of the matrix   is
0 0 1   t z   t z 
(c)  y  x  (d)   y x 
   
(a) – 2 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 7  1 1 1 
15. If a matrix A is such that 3A3 + 2A2 + 5A + I = 0, then its 20. If A   0 2 3 and B  (adjA) , and C  5A, then
inverse is  2 1 0 

(a) (3A 2  2A  5I)

| adjB |
=
(b) 3A 2  2A  5I |C|
(a) 5 (b) 25
(c) 3A 2  2A  5I
(c) –1 (d) 1
(d) 3A 2  2A  5I
1 2 3 
0 1 0  21. If A  1 4 9  , then the value of | adj A | is
16. The inverse of matrix A  1 0 0  is 1 8 27 
0 0 1 

(a) A (b) AT (a) 36 (b) 72

(c) 144 (d) 6
1 0 0 1 0 0 22. If A is a matrix of order 3 and |A| = 8, then | adj A | =
0 1 0 1 0 0
(c)   (d)   (a) 1 (b) 2
0 0 1  0 1 0 (c) 2 3 (d) 26

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Special case of matrices and System of equation
1 2 2
1
 1 3 4 24. The matrix A   2 1 2 is
  3
23. The matrix A   1 3 4  is nilpotent of index  2 2 1
 1 3 4
(a) Orthogonal (b) Involutory
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) Idempotent (d) Nilpotent
(c) 4 (d) 6

Learning Plus
1. The number of different possible orders of matrices hav- 6. If A = diag (2, 1, 3), B = diag (1, 3, 2), then A2B =
ing 12 identical elements is (a) diag (5, 4, 11) (b) diag ( 4, 3, 18)
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) diag (3, 1, 8) (d) B
(c) 6 (d) 2
x 2  x x  0  0 1  31
 1 0  2 7. A =  8 6 4 2
2.  3 2 +  x  1 x  = 5 1  then x is equal  and (A + A + A + A + ) V = 62 .
 2 0
to - (Where  is the (2 × 2) identity matrix), then the product of
all elements of matrix V is
(a) – 1 (b) 2
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 1 (d) No value of x
(c) 3 (d) –2
 1  5 4 0
    1 3 1   1 
3. If A = 2 and B = 0 2  1 , then
8. The equation [1 x y] 0 2  1  x  = [0] has
3  1  3 2  0 0 1   y 
  
 5 8 0 
  (i) for y = 0 (p) rational roots
0 4  2
(a) AB =  (b) AB = [– 2 – 1 4] (ii) for y = –1 (q) irrational roots
 3  9 6 
(r) integral roots
Then
 1
  (i) (ii)
(c) AB =  1  (d) AB does not exist (a) (p) (r)
 1 
(b) (q) (p)
 1 0  0 1  cos  sin   (c) (p) (q)
4. If  =  , J =  and B =  ,
 0 1    1 0   sin  cos  (d) (r) (p)
then B = a b
(a) cos + Jsin (b) cos – Jsin 9. If A = 0 a  is nth root of I2, then choose the correct
 
(c) sin + Jcos (d) – cos + Jsin
statement :
3x 2 
  (i) if n is odd, a = 1, b = 0
5. Let A =  1  , B = [a b c] and C
 6x  (ii) if n is odd, a = –1, b = 0
 
(iii) if n is even, a = 1, b = 0
( x  2)2 5x2 2x  (iv) if n is even, a = –1, b = 0
 2  (a) (i), (ii), (iii) (b) (ii), (iii), (iv)
= 5 x 2 x ( x  1)2 
 2x ( x  2) 2 5x 2  (c) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (d) (i), (iii), (iv)
 
10. If A is a square matrix such that A 2 = A, then
Where a, b, c and x  R, Given that tr (AB) = tr(C), then the
value of (a + b + c). (I + A)3 – 7A is
(a) 7 (b) 2 (a) 3I (b) O
(c) 1 (d) 4 (c) I (d) 2I

MATRICES 115 P
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     a11 a12 a13  
11. If    
    is to be the square root of two-rowed unit 19. Let S =  a 21 a 22 a 23  : a ij  {1, 0, 1}
 a 31 a 32 a 33  
matrix, then ,  and  should staisfy the relation
(a) 1 – 2 +  = 0 (b) 2 +  –1 = 0 then the number of symmetric matrices with trace equals
2 zero, is
(c) 1 +  +  = 0 (d) 1 – 2 –  = 0
(a) 729 (b) 189
12. Find number of all possible ordered sets of two (n × n) (c) 162 (d) 27
matrices A and B for which AB – BA =  20. If A is a skew - symmetric matrix and n is an even positive
(a) infinite (b) n2 integer, then An is
(c) n! (d) zero (a) a symmetric matrix
13. If B, C are square matrices of order n and if A = B + C, BC (b) a skew-symmetric matrix
= CB, C2 = 0, then which of following is true for any posi- (c) a diagonal matrix
(d) zero matrix
tive integer N.
(a) AN + 1 = BN (B + (N + 1) C)  0 1 2 
(b) AN = BN (B + (N + 1) C) 21. For what value of x, is the matrix A   1 0 3  a
 
(c) AN + 1 = B (B + (N + 1) C)  x 3 0 
(d) AN + 1 = BN (B + (N + 2) C) skew-symmetric matrix ?
14. Matrix A is such that A2 = 2A – , where  is the identity (a) 1 (b) 2
matrix. Then for n  2, An = (c) 3 (d) 4
(a) nA – (n – 1) (b) nA – 
n–1
(c) 2 A – (n – 1) (d) 2n – 1 A –  1  1 1  4 2 2

22. Let A =  2 1  3 and kB =  5 0 
15. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and
1 1  
BA = A, then A2 + B2 =  1   1  2 3
(a) 2AB (b) 2BA where k,  N. If B is the inverse of the matrix A, then the
(c) A + B (d) AB value of k +  equals
16. Let A, B be two matrices such that they commute, then for (a) 10 (b) 15
any positive integer n, (c) 5 (d) 20
(i) ABn = BnA 23. A skew - symmetric matrix A satisfies the relation
A2 + I = 0, where I is a unit matrix. Then A is
(ii) (AB)n = AnBn
(a) Idempotent matrix (b) Orthogonal matrix
(a) only (i) is correct (c) Nilpotent matrix (d) Periodic matrix
(b) Both (i) and (ii) are correct
(c) only (ii) is correct 1 2 2
1
(d) none of (i) and (ii) is correct 24. If A = 2 1  2 is a orthogonal matrix, then the
17. In an upper triangular matrix A = [aij]n × n the elements aij = 3 a 2 b
0 for
value of (a + b) is equal to
(a) i < j (b) i = j (a) 0 (b) ± 1
(c) i > j (d) i  j (c) 3 (d) – 3
18. If A is a skew- symmetric matrix, then trace of A is 25. If A is idempotent matrix and I is identity matrix such that
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (I + A)n = I + (2n + k)A. Then the value of k is
(c) 0 (d) 2 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) –1 (d) 2

Advanced Level Multiconcept Questions

MCQ/COMPREHENSION/COLUMN/ (a) |A| = 2
NUMERICAL (b) A is non-singular

LM1 1 0 OP LM1 / 2 1 / 2 0 OP
(c) Adj. A = M
0 1 1/ 2 P
= M0 1 P , then MN 0 1 / 2PQ
1. If A–1 2
MN0 0 1PQ
0
(d) A is skew symmetric matrix

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 2. Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT? 7. Let A and B be two 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. If AB = O
(a) Every skew-symmetric matrix is non-invertible. and tr(A) = tr(B) = 0 then
(b) If A and B are two 3 × 3 matrices such that AB = O then (a) A and B are comutative w.r.t. operation of multiplication.
alteast one of A and B must be null matrix. (b) A and B are not commutative w.r.t. operation of multi
(c) If the minimum number of cyphers in an upper triangular plication.
matrix of order n is 5050, then the order of matrix is 101. (c) A and B are both null matrices.
(d) If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 such that (d) BA = 0
det. A = 5 and det. B = 2, then det. (10AB) equals 104
 a b (a  b) 
a b 8. Matrix  b c ( b  c) is non invertible if
3. If A =   (where bc  0) satisfies the equations  
c d  2 1 0 
x2 + k = 0, then
(a) a + d = 0 (b) k = – |A| (a)  = 1/2 (b) a, b, c are in A.P.
(c) a, b, c are in G.P. (d) a, b, c are in H.P.
(c) k = |A| (d) a + d  0
9. Let M be a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix with det
 1  1 (M) = 4. If M– 1 adj(adj M) = k2, then the value of 'k' may be:
4. Which of the following is true for matrix A =  
2 3  (a) +2 (b) 4
(a) A + 4I is a symmetric matrix
(c) –2 (d) –4
(b) A2  4A + 5I2 = 0
10. If A and B are square matrices of order 3, then the true
(c) A  B is a diagonal matrix for any value of  if
statement is/are (where I is unit matrix).
  1 (a) det ( A) =  det A
B= 
2 5  (b) If AB is singular then atleast one of A or B is singular
(d) A  4I is a skew symmetric matrix (c) det (A + I) = 1 + det A
5. Which of the following is(are) correct? (d) det (2A) = 23 det A
(a) If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 and A is Comprehension – 1 (Q. No. 11 to 13)
a non-singular matrix such that AB = O, then B must Let A be the set of all 3×3 symmetric matrices whose en-
be a null matrix. tries are 1,1,1,0,0,0,–1, –1, –1. B is one of the matrix in set A
(b) If A, B, C are three square matrices of order 2 and det. and
(A) = 2, det.(B) = 3, det. (C) = 4, then the value of det.
(3ABC) is 216. x 0  1
1  
y
 
0
 
(c) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and det. (A) = , then X=   ; U =   ; V= 0 .
–1
2  z  0 0
det. (adj. A ) is 8.
(d) Every skew symmetric matrix is singular.
11. Number of such matrices B in set A is , then  lies in the
6. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true
interval
4x  5y  2z  2 (a) (30, 40) (b) (38, 40)
(a) Th e system of equa tion s 5 x  4 y  2 z  3 i s (c) (34, 38) (d) (25, 35)
2x  2y  8z  1
12. Number of matrices B such that equation BX = U has
Inconsistent. infinite solutions
(b) A matrix ‘A’ has 6 elements. The number of possible (a) is at least 6 (b) is not more than 10
orders of A is 6. (c) lie between 8 to 16 (c) is zero.
13. The equation BX = V
10 0
(c) For any2 × 2 matrixA, ifA (adjA) =  0 10  , then |A| = 10. (a) is inconsistent for atleast 3 matrices B.
  (b) is inconsistent for all matrices B.
(d) If A is skew symmetric, then BAB is also skew (c) is inconsistent for at most 12 matrices B.
symmetric. (d) has infinite number of solutions for at least 3 matrices B.

MATRICES 117 P
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 Comprehension – 2 (Q. No. 14 to 16) 14. If A and B are two square matrices such that AB = A & BA
Some special square matrices are defined as follows : = B, then A & B are
Nilpotent matrix : A square matrix A is said to be nilpo- (a) Idempotent matrices (b) Involutory matrices
tent ( of order 2) if, A2 = O. A square matrix is said to be (c) Orthogonal matrices (d) Nilpotent matrices
nilpotent of order p, if p is the least positive integer  0 2  
such that Ap = O.  
15. If the matrix      is orthogonal, then
Idempotent matrix : A square matrix A is said to be     
idempotent if, A2 = A.
1 1
(a)  = ± (b)  = ±
 1 0 2 6
e.g.   is an idempotent matrix.
0 1 1
(c)  = ± (c) all of these
Involutory matrix : A square matrix A is said to be 3
involutory if A2 = , being the identity matrix.
 1 1 3
 1 0  
e.g. A =  16. The matrix A =  5 2 6  is
 is an involutory matrix.
 0 1  2  1  3
Orthogonal matrix : A square matrix A is said to be an (a) idempotent matrix (b) involutory matrix
orthogonal matrix if A A =  = AA. (c) nilpotent matrix (c) none of these

17. Match the column:

Column –  Column – 
(a) If A and B are square matrices of order 3 × 3, where (p) 7
|A| = 2 and |B| = 1, then |(A–1) . adj (B–1) . adj (2A–1)| =
(b) If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A and (q) 8
(I + A)3 = I + kA, then k is equal to
(c) If A and B are two invertible matrices such that (r) 0
AB = C and |A| = 2, |C| = – 2,then det(B) is
(d) If A = [aij]3×3 is a scalar matrix with a11 = a22 = a33 (s) – 1
= 2 and A(adjA) = k then k is
18. Match the column:
Column  Column 

1 2 3 1
   
(a) 1 x 1 4 5 6  2  = 0 then x = (p) 2
 3 2 5   3 

 1  1
(b) If square matrix A =   and A2 – 2xA + 52 = 0, then find x (q) – 2
2 3 

2    7
(c) If A =  2  and B =   here (A – B) is upper triangular (r) 1
 3 49  
matrix then number of possible values of  are

(b  c ) 2 a2 a2
9
(d) If b2 (c  a ) 2 b2 = k abc (a + b + c)3 (s) –
8
c2 c2 (a  b ) 2

then the value of k is

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NUMERICAL VALUE BASED 24. Let A is a 3 × 3 matrix and A  a ij  . If for every column
33
0 2y z 1
19. Let A   x y  z  such that A T A  1 . Find the value matrix X, if X .A.X  0 and a 23  2009 then a32 = .......
 x  y z 
25. If A   3 x  1  is a symmetric matrix, then x =
of x 2  y 2  z 2  2x  3 x  2
3 2
20. If Y= 1 4  and 2X  Y   1 0  , then absolute value  1 1 1 
   3 2  1  4 2 2
26. Let A   2 1 3 and b   5 0 k  If B is the
of the sum of element of X is equal to  1 1 1  10  1 2 3 
3 0
21. If X  Y  7 0  and X  Y  0 3 then the sum of inverse of a, then k =
 2 5   
27. If A square matrix of order 2 × 2 and |A| = 5, then
the elements of the matrix 3X – 4Y is equal to
|A(adj A)| =
22. If A   1 0  and I  1 0  , then absolute value of k
 1 7  0 1    
so that A2 = 8A + kI .  sin 2 cos 
3
28. If    is a singular matrix then k =
1 2
23. If A   1 3  and if A6 = KA – 205I, then K equals  2 tan k 
   4 

JEE Mains & Advanced Past Years Questions

JEE-MAIN
cos   sin  
PREVIOUS YEAR’S 4. If A   sin  cos   , then the matrix A –50 when
 
 5 a b 
1. If A =   and A adjA = A AT, then 5a + b is equal 
3 2  , is equal to
12
to: [JEE Main-2016] [JEE Main-2019 (January)]
(a) –1 (b) 5
(c) 4 (d) 13  3 1
 1 3   
    2 2
 2 3 2 2 
2. If A =  4 1  , then adj (3A2 + 12A) is equal to : (a)  (b)  1 3
   3 1   
   2 2 
[JEE Main-2017]
 2 2 

 72 63  72 84   3
(a)  84 51  (b)  63 51  1   1 3
       
 2 2   2 2 
(c)  1 3 (d)  3 1 
 51 63   51 84     
(c)   (d)    2 2   2 2 
84 72   63 72 
5. Let A and B be two invertible matrices of order 3×3. If det
x  4 2x 2x (ABAT) = 8 and det (AB–1) = 8, then det (BA–1 BT) is equal
3. If 2x x  4 2x =(A+Bx) (x–A)2, then the ordered to: [JEE Main-2019 (January)]
2x 2x x  4
1
(a) (b) 1
pair (A, B) is equal to : [JEE Main-2018] 4
(a) (– 4, 3) (b) (– 4, 5)
1
(c) (4, 5) (d) (– 4, – 5) (c) (d) 16
16

MATRICES 119 P
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 1 0 0  11. If a is A symmetric matrix and B is a skew-symmetrix matrix
6. Let P   3 1 0  and Q = [qij] be two 3 × 3 matrices such
9 3 1  2 3 
such that A+B    , then AB is equal to :
q 21  q31  5 1
that Q – P5 = I3. Then q32 is equal to : [JEE Main -2019 (April)]
[JEE Main - 2019 (January)]
(a) 10 (b) 135  4 2   4 2 
(c) 15 (d) 9 (a)   (b)  
 1 4  1 4 
 0 2q r 
 p q r  4 2   4 2 
7. Let A =   . If AAT = I3, |P| then |p| is :- (c)   (d)  
 p q r   1 4   1 4 
[JEE Main - 2019 (January)] 12. Let  be a root of equation x2 + x + 1 = 0 and the matrix A =
1 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) 1 
5 3 1   2  , then the matrix A31 is equal to
3
1  2  4 
1 1
(c) (d)
2 6 [JEE Main-2020 (January)]
(a) A3 (b) A2
 cos   sin   (c) I3 (d) A
8. Let A =  sin  cos   , (a  R) such that A32 =
  13. The number of all 3 × 3 matrices A, with entries from the
set {– 1, 0, 1} such that the sum of the diagonal elements
 0 1
 1 0  . Then a value of  is. of AAT is 3, is ____________.
[JEE Main-2020 (January)]
[JEE Main -2019 (April)]
 2 2 1 0
 14. If A =  9 4  and I =  0 1  , then 10A–1 is equal to:
(a) (b) 0    
16
[JEE Main-2020 (January)]
  (a) A – 4I (b) A – 6I
(c) (d) (c) 4I – A (d) 6I – A
32 64

1 1 1 2  1 3 1 n  1 1 78  , 1 1 2 
9. If  0 1  0 1  0 1 .......  0 1  = 0 1  then 15. If the matrices A = 1 3 4  , B = adj A and C = 3A,
       
1 1 3 
1 n 
the inverse of  0 1  is | adjB |
  then is equal to
|C|
[JEE Main -2019 (April)]
[JEE Main-2020 (January)]
1 13  1 0 (a) 72 (b) 8
(a)  0 1  (b) 12 1 
    (c) 16 (d) 2
16. Let a, b, c  R be all non- zero and satisfy a3 + b3 + c3 = 2.
1 12  1 0 If the matrix
(c)  0 1  (d) 13 1 
   
a b c
A =  b c a 
 0 2y 1   c a b
10. The total number of matrices A =  2x y 1 , (x, y 
 2x  y 1  satisfies ATA = I, then a value of abc can be :
[JEE Main-2020 (September)]

R, x  y) for which ATA = 3I3 is :- 1

[JEE Main -2019 (April)]
(a) 3 (b)
3
(a) 6 (b) 2
1 2
(c) 3 (d) 4 (c)  (d)
3 3

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 17. Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix with entries from {0, 1} and |A| 
  cos  sin  
0. Consider the following two statements : 22. Let   and A =   sin  cos   . If B = A + A4,
(P) If A  I2, then |A| = –1 5  
(Q) If |A| = 1, then tr(1) = 2, then det (2) :
where I2 denotes 2 × 2 identity matrix and tr(1) denotes the [JEE Main-2020 (September)]
sum of the diagonal entries of A. (a) lies in (2, 3). (b) is zero.
Then : [JEE Main-2020 (September)] (c) is one. (d) lies in (1, 2)
(a) (P) is true and (Q) is false
 0 sin    2 1 
(b) Both (P) and (Q) are false 23. If A   sin   and det  A  I   0 , then a
(c) Both (P) and (Q) are true  0   2 
(d) (P) is false and (Q) is true possible value of  is :
18. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that
[JEE Main-2021 (March)]
 2 1 1 
   
adj A =  1 0 2  and B = adj(adjA) (a) (b)
6
 1 2 1 4

If |A| =  and |(B–1)T| = µ, then the ordered pair, (||, µ) is  

(c) (d)
equal to [JEE Main-2020 (September)] 2 3

 1 24. NCQ (Single Correct Answer)

(a) (3, 81) (b)  9, 
 9 The system of equations k  y  z  1, x  ky  z  k

 1  1 and x  y  zk  k 2 has no solution if k is equal to :

(c)  3,  (d)  9, 
 81   81  [JEE Main-2021 (March)]

 x 1 (a) 0 (b) 1
19. Let A =  1 0  , x  R and A4 = [aij]. if a111 = 109, then a22 is (c) 2 (d) 1
 
equal to ______. [JEE Main-2020 (September)] 25. Consider the following system of equations:
x  2 y  3z  a
20. Suppose the vectors x1, x2 and x3 are the solutions of the
system of linear equations, Ax = b when the vector b on 2 x  6 y  11z  b
the right side is equal to b1, b2 and b3 respectively. If x  2 y  7z  c

1 0  0 1  0 where a, b and c are real constants. Then the system of
x1 = 1 , x2 =  2  , x3 =  0  , b1 =  0  , b2 =  2  and b3 equations: [JEE Main-2021 (February)]
1 1  1   0   0 
(c) has no solution for all a, b and c
0 (b) has a unique solution when 5a  2b  c
=  0  , then the determinant of A is equal to : (c) has infinite number of solutions when 5a  2b  c
 2 
[JEE Main-2020 (September)]
(d) has a unique solution for all a, b and c
26. Consider the three planes
1
(a) 4 (b) P1 : 3x  15 y  21z  9
2
3 P2 : x  3 y  z  5 , and
(c) 2 (d)
2 P3 : 2 x  10 y  14 z  5

 cos  isin    a b Then, which one of the following is true?

21. If A = isin  cos   ,     and A5 =  c d 
   24    [JEE Main-2021 (February)]

where i = 1 , then which one of the following is not (a) P1 and P2 are parallel.
true? [JEE Main-2020 (September)] (b) P1 , P2 and P3 all are parallel.
2 2 2 2
(a) a – b = 1 (b) a – c = 1
(c) P1 and P3 are parallel.
2 2 2 2
(c) a – d = 0 (d) 0  a  b  1 (d) P2 and P3 are parallel.

MATRICES 121 P
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(a  1)(a  2) a  2 1
(a  2)(a  3) a  3 1
27. The value of
(a  3)(a  4) a  4 1
6. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew-
symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 × 3, non-
zero, symmetric matrix. Then which of the following
is :
matrices is (are) skew symmetric ?

[JEE Main-2021 (February)] [JEE Advanced-2015]

3 4 4 3
(a) 2 (b) 0 (a) Y Z – Z Y (b) X + Y44
44

(c) (a  2)(a  3)(a  4) (d) (a  1)(a  2)(a  3) (c) X4Z3 – Z3X4 (d) X23 + Y23

JEE-ADVANCED
 3 1 2 
PREVIOUS YEAR'S  
1. Let P = [aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij], where 7. Let P = 2 0  , where    . Suppose
 
bij = 2i+jaij for 1  i, j  3. If the determinant of P is 2, then the  3 5 0 
determinant of the matrix Q is [IIT JEE-2012]
(a) 2 10
(b) 2 11 Q = [qij] is a matrix such that PQ = kI, where k   , k  0
(c) 212 (d) 213 and I is the identity matrix of order 3. If
2. If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the
transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix, then there k k2
q23 =  and det(Q) = , then [JEE Advanced-2016]
8 2
 x  0
    (a) α = 0, k = 8 (b) 4α – k + 8 = 0
exists a column matrix X =  y   0 such that
 z  0 (c) det(P adj(Q)) = 20 (d) det(Q adj(P)) = 213
 
[IIT JEE-2012]
 1 0 0
0 8. Let P =  4 1 0  and I be the identity matrix of order 3.
 
0 16 4 1 
(a) PX =   (b) PX = X
0
(c) PX = 2X (d) PX = – X If Q =  qij  is a matrix such that P 50  Q  I ,

 1 4 4 q31  q32

3. If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is 2 1 7  , then the then q21 equals [JEE Advanced-2016]

 1 1 3 
(a) 52 (b) 103
possible value(s) of the determinant of P is (are)
(c) 201 (d) 205
[IIT JEE-2012]
(a) –2 (b) –1 9. Which of the following is (are)NOT the square of a
3 × 3 matrix with real entries? [JEE Advanced-2017]
(c) 1 (d) 2
4. For 3×3 matrices M and N, which of the following 1 0 0  1 0 0 
statement(s) is (are) NOT correct ? [JEE Advanced-2013] (a) 0 1 0  (b)  0 1 0 
(a) NT M N is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as 0 0 1  0 0 1
M is symmetric or skew symmetric
(b) M N – N M is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices  1 0 0  1 0 0 
M and N (c)  0 1 0  (d)  0 1 0 
 0 0 1  0 0 1 
(c) M N is symetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(d) (adj M) (adj N) = adj(MN) for all invertible matrices M 10. For a real number , if the system
and N
 1   2   x  1 
5. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries.   1    y   1
Then M is invertible if [JEE Advanced-2014]  2  1   z  1 
    
(a) the first column of M is the transpose of the second
of linear equations, has infinitely many solutions, the
row of M
(b) the second row of M is the transpose of first column 1 +  + 2 = [JEE Advanced-2017]

of M 11. How many 3 × 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are

(c) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the there, for which the sum of the diagonal entries of MT M is
main diagonal 5? [JEE Advanced-2017]
(d) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is (a) 198 (b) 162
not the square of an integer (c) 126 (d) 135

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  b1  where PKT denotes the transpose of the matrix PK. Then
b 
12. Let S be the of all column metrices  2  such that which of the following options is/are correct ?
 b3  (a) X – 30I is an invertible matrix
b1 , b2 , b3   and the system of equations (in real (b) The sum of diagonal entries of X is 18
variables)
1 1
x  2y  5z  b1 1   1
(c) If X   1 , then  = 30
2x  4y  3z  b 2 1  
x  2y  2z  b3
(d) X is a symmetric matrix
has at least one solution. Then which of the folowing
system (s) (in real variables) has (have) at least one solution
 b1  1 1 1 2 x x
0 2 2 0 0
of each  b2   S ? [JEE Advanced-2018] 16. Let x  R and lat P =   ,Q=
4
 and R
 b3   0 0 3   x x 6 
(a) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
(b) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and – 2x – y – 3z = b3 = POQ –1.
(c) – x + 2y – 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3 Then which of the following options is/are correct ?
(d) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3
[JEE Advanced -2019]
 sin 4  1  sin 2  
13. Let M = 1  cos 2   I   M –1 (a) For x = 1, there exists a unit vector  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ for
 cos4  
where  = () and  = () are real number, and I is the 2
× 2 identity matrix. If
* is the minimum of the set {() :  [0, 2)} and   0
* is the minimum of the set {() :  [0, 2)},    0
then the value of * + * is [JEE Advanced-2019] which R   =  
37 29     0 
(a) – (b) –
16 16
31 17 (b) There exists a real number x such that PQ = QP
(c) – (d) –
16 16
0 1 a   1 1 1 2 x x
1 2 3   0 4 0
14. Let M =   and adjM =  8 6 2  where a (c) det R = det   + 8, for all x  R
3 b 1  5 3 1  x x 5 
and b are real numbers. Which of the following options is
/are correct ? [JEE Advanced -2019]
(a) a + b = 3
(b) det(adjM2) = 81
(c) (adjM)–1 + adjM–1 = – M 1  1 
a  a 
  1  (d) For x = 0, if R   = 6   , then a + b = 5
     b   b 
(d) if M     2  , then  –  +  = 3
   3 
1 0 0  1 0 0  17. Let M be a 3 × 3 invertible matrix with real entries and let I
15. Let P1 = 1 =  0 1 0  , P2 = 0 0 1 , denote the 3 × 3 identity matrix. If M–1 = adj (adj M), then
0 0 1 0 1 0
    which of the following statement is/are ALWAYS TRUE ?
[JEE(Advanced) - 2020]
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
  0 0 1 1 0 0  (a) M = I (b) det M = 1
P3 = 1 0 0  , P4 = 1 0 0  , P5 = 0 1 0 ,
0 0 1
2
    (c) M = I (d) (adj M)2 = I
18. The trace of a square matrix is defined to be the sum of its
0 0 1 6
2 1 3
   1 0 2  PKT diagonal entries. If A is a 2 ×2 matrix such that the trace of
P6 =  0 1 0  and X =  PK
3 2 1 
1 0 0  k 1
  A is 3 and the trace of A3 is –18, then the value of the
[JEE Advanced -2019] determinant of A is _____ [JEE(Advanced) - 2020]

MATRICES 123 P
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 ANSWER KEY
Topicwise Questions

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (a)

Learning Plus
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (c)

Advanced Level Multiconcept Questions

MCQ/COMPREHENSION/MATCHING/NUMERICAL
1. (b,c) 2. (c,d) 3. (a,c) 4. (b,c) 5. (a,b) 6. (a,c,d) 7. (a,d) 8. (a,c) 9. (a,c) 10. (a,b,d)
11. (a,c) 12. (a,c) 13. (a,c) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (a)  (q); (b)  (p); (c)  (s); (d)  (q)
18. (a)  (s); (b)  (p); (c)  (p); (d)  (p) 19. [0001] 20. [0001] 21. [0014] 22. [0007] 23. [0044] 24. [2009]
25. [–4] 26. [5] 27. [25] 28. [0.5]

JEE Mains & Advanced Past Years Questions

JEE-MAIN
PREVIOUS YEAR'S
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. [672] 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. [10] 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (a)

JEE-ADVANCED
PREVIOUS YEAR'S
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a,d) 4. (c,d) 5. (c,d) 6. (c,d) 7. (b,c) 8. (b) 9. (a,c) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (a,c,d) 13. (b) 14. (a,c,d) 15. (b,c,d) 16. (c,d) 17. (b,c,d) 18. (5)

P 124 FULL COURSE STUDY MATERIAL JEE-XII

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 Matrices
12
Topicwise Questions

2 0   1 1  0 1
1. (c) 2A  2B  2 2  , A  2B   0 1 5. (d) Given, Matrix A  1 0 
     
We know that
1 1  0 1 0 1  1 0 
On adding, we get 3A   2 1 A 2  A.A     .
  1 0  1 0   0 1
Therefore
 1 / 3 1 / 3
A    8
 2 / 3 1 / 3  1 0  (1)8 0 
A16  (A 2 )8     
 0 1  0 ( 1)8 
cos   sin    cos   sin  
2. (d) Clearly, AB   sin  cos    sin  cos   1 0 
    
0 1 
cos(  )  sin(  )  6. (c) Given AB  A ,  B  I  BA  B,  A = I.
   BA (verify).
 sin(  ) cos(  )  Hence, A2 = A and B2 = B.
3 
 2 2   1 2  0 0  7 1 2    35
3. (b) (A  2I) (A  3I)  1 1 1 2   0 0   O 4 
7. (a) 9 2 1     40 ;
    
5 
1 2 1   35  8   43 
A  0 1 1   40    4    44 
4. (d)        
3 1 1 
 0 1 2 
A    1 0 5   A
1 2 1  1 2 1  8. (b)  
 2 5 0 
A  A.A  0 1 1 0 1 1
2
  
 3 1 1   3 1 1   1 2 3
4 5 6
9. (d) Matrix   be non singular,,
4 3 0  3  5 
   3 2 2 
 
1 2 3
 6 4 5 
4 5 6 0
only if
3  5
1 2 1   4 3 0   4 11 1 
A.A  0 1 1  3 2 2   9 2 7 
2
 1(25  6 )  2(20  18)  3(4  15)  0
    
3 1 1   6 4 5   21 11 7   25  6  4  12  45  0
 6  24  0    4
 A 3  3A 2  A  9I 3  0
 2 1  1 adj(A) 1
1 2 1   17. (a) A   .adj(A)
10. (b) AB    3 2 |A| |A|
 2 1 3 
1 1  1 1 1
   1 ; | A | 0 –1(1 – 9)  2(1  6)  8  10
 3 2   3 10 a b c
AB     (AB)T   
10 7   2 7  | A | 2  0
11. (c) = (A  A T ) T  A T  (A T ) T  A11 A 21 A 31 
= A  A [ (A )  A] =  (A  A )
T T T T
Adj A  A12 A 22 A 32 
So, A  A T is a skew symmetric matrix  A13 A 23 A33 
12. (a) Since A is symmetric, therefore A T  A .
A11  ( 1)11[(2) (1)  (3)(1)]  1
Now (A n ) T  (A T ) n  (A) n
A12  8, A13 = –5, A21 = 1, A22 = –6
 A n is also a symmetric matrix.
A23 = 3, A31 = –1, A32 = 2, A33 = –1,
13. (a) In a skew-symmetrix matrix a ij   a ji  i, j  1, 2, 3
 1 1 1 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 
for j  i, a ii = a ji  a ii  0 1  
 A  1
8 6 2    4 3 1 
 each . 2   
 5 3 1 5 / 2 3 / 2 1/ 2 
0 4 5
 4 0 6
Hence the matrix   is skew-symmetric. 10 0 
18. (b) We have, A(adjA)   
 5 6 0   0 10 
 1 2 3  1 0
14. (d) Let A   0 1 2   |A| = 1 or A(adjA)  10    10I …..(i)
  0 1 
 0 0 1 
1
T and A 1  (adjA)
 1 2 1  |A|
adj(A)   2 1 1  .
A(adjA) | A |I …..(ii)
 7 2 1 
From equation (i) and (ii), we get | A | 10 .
 1 2 7 
adj(A)
Hence, A 1   A 1   2 1 2 . x  y
19. (c) X  
 t
; adj X  
y
|A|    
 1 1 1  z t   z  x 

15. (a) 3A3  2A 2  5A  I  0  I  3A3  2A2  5A  t z 

 Transpose of (adj (X)) =  y  x 
 IA1  3A 2  2A  5I  
 A 1   (3A 2  2A  5I)
1 1 1
0 1 0 | A | 0 2 3
20. (d)  1[3]  1[6]  1[4] = 5
16. (a) A  1 0 0  | A | 1(1  0)  1 2 1 0
 
0 0 1 

 A11 A 21 A31   3 1 1
adj(A)   A12 A 22 A32  B = adj A   6 2 3
 A13 A 23 A 33   4 3 2

 A11  0, A12  1, A13  0

 5 5 5 
A 21  1, A 22  0, A 23  0
adj B   0 10 15  5A and C  5A
A31  0 , A32  0, A33  1 10 5 0 
0 1 0
adj(A) 
 A 
1
 1 0 0A C =adj B; | C | = |adj B|;
| adj B |
=1.
|A|   |C|
 0 0 1 

P 226 FULL COURSE STUDY MATERIAL JEE-XII

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 |A| 0 0
1 2 3 
22. (d) We know Aadj(A )  0 |A| 0
21. (c) A  1 4 9 
  0 0 |A|
 1 8 27 

Let cij be co-factor of aij in A. |A| 0 0

Then co-factor of elements of A are given by  | A | . | adj(A) |  0 |A| 0
4 9 2 3 0 0 |A|
C11   36, C 21   30,
8 27 8 27
 |A| . adj|A| = |A|3
2 3 Now question gives |A|= 8
C31  6
4 9  8.adj|A|= 83 or adj | A | 82  (23 ) 2  26
1 9 1 3 13
C12   –18, C 22   24, C 32   –6 23. (a) Since A2  O (Zero matrix) and 2 is the least +ve
1 27 1 27 19
integer for which A2  O . Thus, A is nilpotent of
1 4 12 12
C13   4, C 23   6, C33  2 index 2.
1 8 18 14

2  4 1 2 2 
1
24. (a) Since for given A  2 1 2 
 | A |  1 3 4  3 
 2 2 1 
1 2 3
| Adj(A) | 36(48  36)  30(–36  24)  6(108  96)
 AA T  A T A  I(33) . Thus A is orthogonal.
 | Adj(A) | 144

Learning Plus
1. (c) It is a 12 elements matrices. Possible orders are 1 × 12,
 1 0  0 1
12 × 1, 2 × 6, 6 × 2, 3 × 4 and 4 × 3. 4. (a) I =  , J=  
 0 1  – 1 0
 Number of possible orders is 6.

cos  0 
x2  x x  0 – 1 0 – 2 I cos + J sin =   +
2. (a)   +   =   0 cos 
 3 2  – x  1 x  5 1 

 0 sin  
 
2
 x  x x – 1 0 – 2   sin  0 
   =  
 – x  4 x  2 5 1 
 cos  sin  
= 
 – sin  cos 
 x 2  x x – 1 0 – 2
   = 5 1 
 – x  4 x  2   3ax 2 3bx 2 3cx 2 
 
On comparing 5. (a) AB =  a b c 
 6ax 6bx 6cx 
x2 + x = 0  x = 0, –1x – 1 = – 2  x = – 1  
– x + 4 = 5  x = – 1x + 2 = 1  x = – 1
Now , tr (AB) = tr (C)
Hence the value of x is – 1.
 3ax2 + b + 6cx = (x + 2)2 + 2x + 5x2
3. (d) Matrix A has order (3 × 1) and Matrix B has order
3ax2 + 6c + b = 6x2 + 6x + 4
(3 × 3).
 a = 2, b = 4, c = 1
So multiplication AB is not possible.  a + b + c = 7.

MATRICES 227 P
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6. (b) A = diag (2, –1, 3), B = diag (–1, 3, 2) then A2 B = ? 9. (d) If A is nth root of I2, then An = I2. Now,
2 0 0  1 0 0 a b  a b  a 2 2ab 
A = 0  1 0 ; B =
  A2   
 0 3 0 0 a  0 a   0 a 2  ;
0 0 3  0 0 2
 2 2ab  a b   a 3 3ab 
4 0 0 A 3  A 2 A a
  0 a 2  0 a   0 a 3 
0 1 0
A2 =  ;
0 0 9
a n nab
Thus, An = 
0 a n 
 4 0 0 
 
0 3 0 a n nab 1 0
A 2B =  = diag (–4, 3, 18)
 0 0 18 Now An = I  0 a n  = 0 1 

an = 1, b = 0
2 0 10. (c) Given A2 = A.
7. (a) A2 =   Now
0 2 
(I + A)3 – 7A
= I3 + 3I2A + 3IA2 + A3 – 7A
4 0  22 0 23 0
A4 = A2 · A2 = 0 4 =   , A6 =  , = I + 3A + 3A + A – 7A = I + O = I
   0 22   0 23 
11. (b) We have,

2 4       1 0
0            0 1
A8 =  
 0 24 

 2   0   1 0
 31     2 + – 1 = 0
 (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + ) V=    0     0 1
2
62
12. (d) No such ordered pair is possible.
31 0   x   31 Assume C = AB – BA
     =   If C=
 0 31  y  62
then trace (C) = 1 + 1 + ........ + 1 = n
 x = 1, y = 2 But trace (C) = 0 ( trace (AB) = trace (.BA) )
 xy = 2. Which is a contradiction
Hence no such ordered pair is possible.
1 3 1   1  13. (a) AN + 1 = (B + C)N +1
8. (c) [1 x y] 0 2  1  x  = [0]
0 0 1   y  We can expand (B + C)N +1 like binomial expansion as
   BC = CB.
 (B + C)N + 1 = N + 1C0 BN + 1 + N + 1C1 BNC + N + 1C2 BN – 1 C2
1  + ........... + CN +1.
 [1 3 + 2x 1 – x + y]  x  = [0] = BN + 1 + (N + 1) BN C + 0 + 0 ....... + 0 = BN (B + (N +1)
 y C).
 
14. (a) A2 – 2A +  = 0
 [1 + 3x + 2x2 + y – xy + y2] = [0]  (A – )2 = 0
 2x2 + y2 + y + 3x – xy + 1 = 0 A n= (A –  + )n = nC0 (A – )n + ....... + nCn – 2 (A – )2 · n
If y = 0, 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 –2
+ nCn – 1(A – ) · n – 1 + nCn n
= 0 + 0 + .......... + 0 + n(A – ) +  = nA – (n – 1)
1
 (2x – 1) (x + 1) = 0  x = – , –1 (rational roots) 15. (c) AB = B
2 Premultiply both sides by B
If y = –1, 2x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 BAB = B2  AB = B2  B = B2
Similarly
 4  12  2  3 BA = A  ABA = A2  BA = A2 A = A2
 x= = (irrational roots)
4 2

P 228 FULL COURSE STUDY MATERIAL JEE-XII

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 16. (b) ABn = A B B B B B …… B A = –A2
= (AB) B B B .…… B
= BB (AB) B B …… B  0 1 2   0 1 x 
  1 0 3 = -  1 0 3
 
   
= Bn A  x 3 0   2 3 0 
(AB)n = (AB) (AB) (AB) …… (AB)
= A(BA) (BA) (BA) …… (BA) B  0 1 2   0 1  x 
= A(AB) (AB) (AB) …… (AB)B   1 0 3  1 0 3
   
= A2 (BA) (BA) (BA) …… (BA)B2  x 3 0   2 3 0 
= A2 (AB) (AB) (AB) …… (AB) B2 On equating the corresponding element, we get
= A3 (BA) (BA) (BA) …… (BA) B3 x= 2

= AnBn 1  1 1   4 2 2  k 0 0 
 
22. (b) 2 1  3  5 0  =  0 k 0 
17. (c) For upper triangle matrix, elements below diagonal 1 1
 1   1  2 3   0 0 k 
 
are zero
 aij = 0, where i > j Comparing a11 and a13
18. (c) Trace of A = a11 + a22 + a33 4 + 5 + 1 = k  k = 10 and 2 –  + 3 = 0
For skew symmetric matrix a11 = a22 = a33 = 0  =5
Trace of A = 0   + k = 15
19. (b) For symmetric matrix, conjugate pair elements must 23. (b) A is a skew symmetric matrix  AT = –A
be same. Also, for trace equals zero, the sum of diagonal Now, A2 = – I
elements must be zero. AAAT = –AT
 a11 + a22 + a33 = 0 AAAT = A
(I) (ii) A–1 AAAT = A–1 A
AAT = I A is orthogonal matrix.
0 , 0, 0 or 1 , –1, 0
Numberof symmetric Numberof symmetric 1 2 2 1 2 a
1
matrices matrices 24. (d) AAT = 2 1 2 2 1 2
9 a 2 b 2 2 b
= (1) × 3 × 3× 3 = 33 = 6 × 3 × 3× 3 = 6 × 33
Total = 33 + 6 × 33 = 33 (1 + 6) = 27 × 7 = 189 Ans.
20. (a) AT = – A
9 0 a  4  2b
 (An)T = (AAA ------- A)T = (AT AT AT ------- AT) = (AT)n 1
= 0 9 2a  2  2 b = I
for all n N 9 a  4  2 b 2a  2  2 b a 2  4  b 2
(–A)n = (–1)n An

 A n if n is even  a + 4 +2b = 0, 2a + 2 – 2b = 0, a2 + b2 + 4 = 0
 (A ) =  n
n T  a = – 2, b = – 1  (a + b) = – 3.
 –A if n is odd
25. (c) A2 = A, I2 = I
21. (b) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then A = -AT. where AT A = A2 = A3 = …… = An
is transpose of matrix A. Same I = I2 = I3 = …… = In
(I + A)n = In + nC1 In–1 ·A + nC2 In–2 ·A2 +…… + nCnAn
 0 1 2  = I + nC1 A + nC2 A + …… + nCnA
Given, A =  1 0 3
  = I + (nC1 + nC2 + …… + nCn)A
 x 3 0  = I + (2n – 1) A
We know that, if A is a skew-symmetrix matrix, (I + A)n = I + (2n – 1)A = I + (2n + k)A
then  K = –1

MATRICES 229 P
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 Advanced Level Multiconcept Questions
1 1 0 5. (ab) (a)Given that AB = O, where det. (A)  0 ......(1)
2 1 = 2, So, A–1 exists.
1. (bc) We have |A–1| = 0
Now, pre-mutiplying equation (1) with A–1, we get
0 0 1 (A–1A) B = A–1O  B = Onull matrix.
Therefore, |A| = 1/2 (b) Given, det. (A) = 2, det. (B) = 3, det. (C) = 4
So, det. (3ABC) = 32 det. (A) det. (B) det. (C) = 9(2) (3)
1
Since A–1 = (Adj. A) we get (4) = 216. Ans.
| A| (As, A, B, C are square matrices of order 2.)

LM1 / 2 1 / 2 0 OP (c) Given, det. (A) =

1
(order of matrix A is 3)
= M
0 1 1/ 2 P 2

NM 0 1 / 2 QP
Adj. A = |A|A–1 As, det. (adj. A) = (det. A)n – 1 ......(1)
0 place A by A–1 in equation (1) and take n = 3, we get
A cannot be skew symmetric as |A| = 0 for all skew
symmteric matrices of order (2n + 1) x (2n + 1) 2 1 1
det (adj. A–1) = A 1 = 2
 2
 4 . Ans.
2. (cd) (a)Skew-symmetric matrix of even order can be A 1
invertible also.  
2
0 2
e.g.   (d) We know that skew symmetric matrix of odd order is
 2 0 singular. But , if order of skew symmetric matrix is even,
(b) If AB = O 
 that one of the matrices is zero. then it need not be singular. For example,
0  1 5 5 0  4
e.g. A = 0 2  , B = 0 0  AB = O. A = 4
     0  and det. A = 16 (non - singular).
(c) Minimum number of cyphers in an upper triangular
n ( n  1) 4 5 2
matrix of order n is = 5050  n = 101.
2 5 4 2
6. (acd) (A) =
(d) We have | 10 AB | = 103 |A| |B| = (103)(5)(2) = 104. 2 2 8
a b A = 0, singular
3. (ac) A = bc  0 And (adj A) B = 0 system is inconsistent
c d
(b) Obviously the possible orders are 1 × 6, 2 × 3, 3 × 2 and
Characteristic equation is A – x = 0 6 × 1.
No. of possible orders is 4
a–x b
=0 10 0  1 0 
c d– x (c) A (adj A) =   A (adj A) = 10  
 0 10  1 10 
(a – x) (d – x) – bc = 0
x2 – x (a + d) + ad – bc = 0 A (adj A) = A n  A = 10
On comparing with the given equation x2 + k = 0 (d) if C = BAB
C = (B AB) = BA (B) = BAB = – BAB here
a + d = 0, k = ad – bc = A
A= – A
 1 – 1 a1 b1  a 2 b2 
4. (bc) (A =   7. (ad ) Let A =   and B =  
2 3  c 1 – a1  c 2 – a2 
A2  4A + 5I2
 a1a2  b1c 2 a1b2  b1a2  0 0
 – 1 – 4  4 –4  5 0 0 0  AB = c a – a c 
c1b2  a1a2  = 0 0
   –   +  =   =0  1 2 1 2
 
8 7  8 12  0 5 0 0
 a1a2 + b1c2 = a1b2 – b1a2 = c1a2 – a1c2 = c1b2 + a1a2 = 0
1 –  0  a 2 a1  b 2 c1 a 2b1 – b 2a1  0 0
C = A– B =   is diagonal matrix,   R BA =  = 
 0 – 2 c 2a1 – a 2 c1 c 2b1  a 2a1  0 0

P 230 FULL COURSE STUDY MATERIAL JEE-XII

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 8. (ac) Taking C3  C3 – (C1 – C2) 15. (d) For orthogonal matrix AA = 
we get
0 2  0   1 0 0
a b 0     2   = 0 1 0
|A| = b c 0 = (1 – 2) (ac – b2)       0 0 1
2 1  2  1
4 2   2 22   2  22   2
1 2 2   2 2  2   2  2  2   2
 non-invertible if  = or if a, b, c are in G.P.. 
2
 2 2   2 2  2   2  2  2   2
–1 2
9. (ac) M adj(adj M) = k 
Pre-multiplying by M
adj(adj M) = k2M 1 0 0
det(adj(adj M)) = det(k2M) 0 1 0
=
(3–1) 2 6
0 0 1
(det M) = k det (M)
(det M)4 = k6 (det M)  42 + 2 = 1, 22 – 2 = 0, – 22 + 2 = 0, 2 – 2 – 2 = 0,
(det M)3 = k6 2 + 2 + 2 = 1
det M = k2  k2 =  k2 = 4 1 1 1
10. (abc) (Det (–A) = (–1)n det (A) where n is order of square  =± , =± ,=±
2 6 3
matrix.
 1 1 3  0 0 0
a x y    
  5 2 6  0 0 0
x b z 16. (c) A =   A2 =
11. (ac) Let any symmetric matrix B =   – 2 – 1 – 3  0 0 0
 y z c 
 A2 is nilpotent
so total matrices possible = 3 ! × 3 ! = 36. 17. (a)  (q); (b)  (p); (c)  (s); (d)  (q)
12. (ac) For homogeneous system infinite solution are (a) |(A–1) adj (B–1) . adj(2A–1)|
possible if |B| = 0
1
|B| = abc + 2xyz – by2 – cx2 – az2. = |A–1| . |adj B–1| . |adj . 2A–1| = . | B –1 |2 | 2A –1 |2
|A|
abc = xyz = 0 (one of a,b,c and one of x, y, z is zero)
if a = 0 z=0 26
 |B| = 0 - 4 cases = =8
8
b= 0 y= 0 (b) 3 + 32A + 3A2 + A3 = I + 3A + 3A + A =  + 7A
 B| = 0 - 4 cases k=7
c= 0 x= 0 (c) AB = C  det (A) det(B) = det (C)  det(B) = –1
 |B| = 0 - 4 cases
(d) A Adj A = A 3 = k3  k = A = 8
so total cases are 12.
18. (a)  (s); (b)  (p); (c)  (p); (d)  (p)
13. (ac) BX = V is always inconsistent. when |B| = 0
so 12 cases  1 2 3  1
14. (a) AB = A    
4 5 6 2
(a) 1 x 1  =0
Premultiplying by B 3 2 5 3
BAB = BA
BB = B  1
B2 = B  
2 0
 B is idempotent  [1 + 4x + 3 2 + 5x + 2 3 + 6x + 5]  
3
similarly on post mutliplying by A
ABA = A2
 1
 AB = A2  
A = A2  4  4x 5 x  4 6 x  8 2  0
3
 A is idempotent

MATRICES 231 P
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  4 + 4x + 10x + 8 + 18x + 24 = 0
 1 0 3 2 
 32x + 36 = 0 20. (0001) 2X   2X  Y   Y   3 2  1 4 
   
 x = –9/8
(b) 2 = 49  2 = ± 7
  1  3 0  2   2 2
(c) (A – ) = 0  3  1 2  4  4 2
 2 – 4 + 5 = 0
 A2 – 4A + 5 = 0 1  2 2   1 1
X 
2  4 2   2 1
4 1 1
1 4 1 21. (0014) X + Y + X – Y = 2X
(d) Let a = b = c = 1  = k . 27
1 1 4  2X = (X + Y) + (X – Y)

54 = 27 k  k = 2
 7 0    3 0
 2 5  0 3
(b  c ) 2 a2 a2
b2 (c  a ) 2 b2
Alter :   7  3 0  0  10 0
c2 c2 (a  b )2  2  0 5  3  2 8 
Applying C1  C2 – C3 , C2  C2 – C3 1 10 0  5 0 
 X  
bc a 0 a 2 2  2 8  1 4
0 c  a b b2 Again,
(a + b + c)2 2
c  b  a c  a  b (a  b ) 2Y = (X + Y) + (X – Y)
Applying R3  R3 – (R1 + R2)
 7 0    3 0 
 2 5   0 3 
bca 0 a2
(a + b + c)2 0 c ab b2
  7  3 0  0   4 0 
 2b  2a 2ab  2  0 5  3  2 2

a(b  c  a) 0 a2 1  4 0  2 0
 Y  
(a  b  c ) 2 0 b(c  a  b) b2 2  2 2   1 1 
=
ab  2ab  2ab 2ab
3x  4y  3 5 0   4  2 0    7 0
1 4 1 1   1 8 
(b  c  a ) 0 a
0 (c  a  b ) b Sum of element of 3x  4y  7  0  1  8  14
2ab (a + b + c)2
1 1 1
 1 0
= 2abc (a + b + c) 3 22. (0007) Given , A =  1 7 
 
 0 x x
19. (0001) A T   2y y  y   A 2  AA   1 0   1 0    1 0 
 z  z z   1 7   1 7   8 49 
2
0 x x   0 2y z   2x 0 0 
A A   2y y  y   x y z    0
T
6y 2 0  Again, 8A+ kI  8  11 07   k 10 10   88 56
0    k 0   8 k
       0 k   8 5
 z z z   x  y z   0 0 3z 2 


A T A  I  2x 2  1  x 2 
1   1 0    1 0    8 0    k 0   8  k 0 
 1 7  0 1   8 56   0 k   8 56  k 
2
1
3z 2  1  z 2   A 2  8A  kI   1 0   8  k 0 
3  8 49  8 56  k 
1
6y2  1  y2   1 = 8 + k and 56 + k = 49  k = – 7
6
23. (0044) A2 = 4A – 5I
1 1 1 1 1 A3 = 11A – 20I
x 2  y2  z2      1
2 3 6 2 2 A6 = A3.A3 = 44A – 205I

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  X1  4 2 2
24. (2009) Let X   X 2  26. (5) 10A 1  5 0 k 
 X3   1 2 3 

 X1.A.X  0  4 2 2   1 1 1 
 10A 1.A   5 0 k  2 1 3
 a11X12  a 22 X 22  a 33 X32   a12  a 21  X1X 2  1 2 3  1 1 1 

 –5 + k = 0
  a13  a 31  X1X 3   a 23  a 32  X 2 X3  0
 k = 5 ( comparing a21 element on both sides)
This is true Xi 27. (25) |A(adj A)| = |A|2(order is 2)
a11  a 22  a 33  0 |A(adj A)| = 52
|A(adj A| = 25
a12  a 21  0 28. (0.5) Def(matrix) = 0
a13  a 31  0      
 sin 2  (2k)   cos 3  2 tan 4   0
    
a 23  a 32  0
25. (4) A is symmetric AT = A 1
2k  (2)  0
2
 3 2x  3   3 x 1 
2k = 1
 x  1 x  2   2x  3 x  2 
1
 x  1  2x  3  x  4 k
2

JEE Mains & Advanced Past Years Questions

JEE-MAIN
PREVIOUS YEAR’S x  4 2x 2x
3. (b) 2x x  4 2x = (A + Bx) (x – A)2
2x 2x x  4
2 b  5a 3
1. (b)  adjA  A  
T
 2 
 3 5a   b –4 0 0
Put x = 0  0 –4 0 = A3  A = 4
 5a  2, b  3 0 0 –4

 2 3 x– 4 2x 2x
2. (c) Given A =  4 1  2x x– 4 2x = (Bx – 4) (x + 4)2
 
2x 2x x– 4

 16 9 
3A2 =  12 13  4
  x– 2 2
x
4 2
 24 36  2 1– 2  4  4 
x =  B  1  
12A =  48 12  4  x  x 
  2 2 1–
x
 72 63
 3A2 + 12A =  84 51  1 2 2
 
Put x   2 1 2 = B  B = 5
2 2 1
 51 63 
adj(3A2 + 12A) = 84 72  Ordered pair (A, B) is (–4, 5)
 

MATRICES 233 P
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  cos   sin  
cos   sin   8. (d) A =  sin  cos  
4. (c) A   sin  cos    
 
 cos   sin    cos   sin  
A2 =  sin  cos    sin  cos  
   
cos   sin   cos   sin  
A2    
 sin  cos    sin  cos   cos 2  sin 2 
=  sin 2 cos 2 
 
cos 2  sin 2 
A2    cos 2  sin 2   cos   sin  
 sin 2 cos 2  A3 =  sin 2 cos 2   sin  cos  
  
By using symmetry
 cos3  sin 3 
cos  50  sin  50   =  sin 3 cos3 
 
A 50  
 sin  50 cos  50   cos 32  sin 32  0 1
Similarly A32 =  sin 32 cos 32  = 1 0 
   

At    cos 32 = 0 & sin 32 = 1
12

 25 25   32 = (4n + 1) , n I
2
 cos 6 sin
6 
A 50   
  sin 25 cos
25   = (4n + 1) , n I
64
 6 6 

= for n = 0
   3 1  64

 cos 6 sin 
6  2

2  1 1 1 2  1 2  1 3 1 n  1
  9. (a)  0 1  0 1   0 1  0 1 ........ 0
  sin    3         1 
cos   1 
 6 6   2 2  1 78
= 0 1 
T
5. (c) |ABA | = |A| . |B| . |A | = |A | |B| T 2  
|AB–1| = 8  |A| = 8|B| 1 1  2  3  ......  n  1 1 78
  
2 2  0 1  0 1 
| B| |B| |B| 1
|BA–1 B| =   
| A | 8| B| 8 16 n  n  2
  78 n =13, –12reject
1 0 0 1 0 0  1 0 0  2
6. (a) P2   6 1 0  P3   9 1 0  .  P5   15 1 0 
 27 6 1  54 9 1  135 15 1  1 13
 We have to find inverse of  0 1 
 
 1 0 0  1 0 0   2 0 0 
Q   15 1 0   0 1 0    15 2 0  1 13
135 15 1  0 0 1  135 15 2   0 1 
 
10. (d) ATA = 3I3
q 21  q 31 15  135
So   10  0 2x 2x   0 2y 1   3 0 0 
q32 15  2y y  y   2x y 1  0 3 0 
7. (c) A is orthogonal matrix  1 1 1   2x  y 1  =  0 0 3 
    
 4q 2  r 2  p 2  q 2  r 2  1 ....(1)
2 2 2
 8x 2 0 0   3 0 0 
p  q  r  0 ....(2)  0 6y 2 0   
 = 0 3 0
and 2q 2  r 2  0 .....(3)  0 0 3   0 0 3 
 
Solving (1), (2) and (3) 8x2 = 3
1 6y2 = 3
p2  x2 = 3/8
2
y2 = 1/2
1
p 3 1
2 x=± ; y= ±
8 2

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 11. (c) A = A', B = – B' 16. (b) AAT = I  |A| = ±1

2 3  |A| = 3abc – (a3 + b2 +c3) =  1 { a3 + b3 + c3 = 2}

A+B    3abc = 3 or 1
 5 1
1
2 5   abc = or 1
3
A' B'   
 3 1 * For the data given in the question, there exist no real
numbers a, b and c; because
2 5  AAT = I  a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 and ab + bc + ca = 0
AB  
 3 1 also a3 + b3 + c3 = 2 leads to no solutions.
After adding Eq. (1) & (2) a b
17. (d) Let  c d  , where a, b, c, d  {0,1}
 
2 4  0 1
AB    ,B     |A| = ad – bc
 4 1 1 0   ad = 0 or 1 and bc = 0 or 1
So possible values of |A| are 1, 0 or – 1
 4 2 
AB   (P) If A  I2, then |A| is either 0 or –1
 1 4  (Q) If |A| = 1, then ad = 1 and bc = 0
 a = d = 1  Tr (1) = 2
1 1 1  1 1 1  1 0 0
1   18. (c) Here |adj A| = 2(4) + 1(1–2) + 1(2)
12. (a) A2 = 1  2  1  2  = 0 0 1 
3 |adj A| = 9
1 2   1 2   0 1 0 and |adj A| = |A|n–1 = 9
 A4 = I  A31 = A28 × A3 = A3.  2 = 9    3 | A | 
13. (672) Let A = [aii]3×3
Now,
tr(AAT) = 3
2
|B| = |adj (adj A) | = | A |(n 1) = 4 = 34 = 81
2 2 2 2 2
a11  a12  a13  a 21  .  a 33 =3
Possible cases Now,

0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1  1 1 1
µ = |(B–1)T| = |(BT)–1| = |(BT)|–1 = |B|–1 = 
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  1,  1,  1  1  9 | B | 81
  C6 × 8 = 84 × 8 = 672.
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,  1  3
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  1, 1,  1  3  1
So (||, µ) =  3, 
 81 
14. (b) Characteristics equation of matrix 'A' is
 x 1  x 1   x   1 x 
2x 2 19. [10]A2 =  1 0   1 0    x
 x2 – 6x – 10 = 0     1 
9 4x
 A2 – 6A – 10 I = 0
 x2  1 x  x   1 x 
 10A–1 = A – 6I A2 =  x 
 1   x 1 
1 1 2
15. (b) |A| = 1 3 4 = ((9 + 4) – 1(3 + 4) + 2(–1 –3))  (x 2  1)2  x 2 x(x 2  1)  x 
1 1 3 = 2 
 x(x  1)  x x2 1 
= 13 + 1 – 8 = 6
Given (x2 + 1)2 + x2 = 109
(n 1) 2 4 2
|adj B| = |adj adj A| = | A |  | A |  (36) Let x2 + 1 = t
|C| = |BA| = 33 × 6 t2 + t – 1 = 109
 (t – 10) (t + 11) = 00
| adjB | 36  36
 3 8  t = 10 = x2 + 1 = a22
|C| 3 6

MATRICES 235 P
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20. (c) A x = b has solutions x1, x2, x3
2  0 sin    0 sin   sin 2  0 
 x1 + y1 + z1 = 1 23. (a) A  sin  0  sin 

0   0

 sin 2  
2y1 + z1 = 2
z1 = 2 1   1 
sin 2   2 0  sin 2   0 
Above system equation has solution 2 1 0 2
A  I    
2  0 sin 2    0 1 
0
1
sin 2   
1 1 1  2   2 
Here |A| = 0 2 1 = 2
0 0 1 2 1
Given, A  I  0
2
 cos  isin 
21. (a)  A = isin  cos   1
  sin 2   0
2
 0
 cos n isonn 2 1
 An = i sin n cos n  , n  N 0 sin  
  2
2
 cos 5 ison5  a b   1
 A5 = i sin 5 cos 5    c d    sin 2     0
     2
 a = cos5, b = isin5, d = cos5 1 1 1
 sin 2    sin   ,
 a2 – b2 = cos2 5 + sin25 = 1 2 2 2
a2 – b2 = cos2 5 + sin25 = 1

a2 – b2 = cos2 5 – cos25 = 1  
4
10 
a2 + b2 = cos2 5 – sin25 = cos 10 = cos k 1 1
24
D 1 k 1 0
24. (c)
5 1 1 k
and 0 < cos  1  0  a 2  b2  1
12
 Option (a) is not true  
 k k 2  1  (k  1)  (1  k )  0

 cos  sin   
 (k  1) k 2  k  1  1  0 
22. (d)  A=   sin  cos  
 
 (k  1)  k 2
k 2  0 
 cos n sin n   (k  1)(k  1)(k  2)  0
An =   ,n ÎN
  sin n cos n   k  1, k  2
for k  1 equation identical so k  2 for no solution.
 cos  sin    cos 4 sin 4 

4
 B = A+ A =   1 2 3
  sin  cos    sin 4 cos 4 
D 2 6 11
25. (c)
1 2 7
  4  4 
 cos 5  cos 5 sin  sin
5 5   20  2(25)  3(10)
 B =  
  sin   sin 4  4
cos  cos   20  50  30  0
 5 5 5 5 
a 2 3
D1  b 6 11
 0 1
det (2) = 2sin   . c 2 7
 5  1 0
 20a  2(7b  11c)  3(2b  6c)
10  2 5 2.35
=   1.175  20a  14b  22c  6b  18c
2 2
 20a  8b  4c
det B Î (1, 2)
 4(5a  2b  c)

P 236 FULL COURSE STUDY MATERIAL JEE-XII

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 JEE-ADVANCED
1 a 3 PREVIOUS YEAR’S
D2  2 b 11 1. (d) Given
P = [aij]3×3 bij = 2i+j aij Q = [bij]3×3
1 c 7
a11 a12 a13 
 
 7b  11c  a(25)  3(2c  b) a a a 23 
P =  21 22 |P| = 2 ;
a31 a32 a33 
 7b  11c  25a  6c  3b
 25a  10b  5c b11 b12 b13   4a11 8 a12 16 a13 
 5(5a  2b  c)    
b b b23   8a 21 16 a22 32 a23 
Q =  21 22 =
b31 b32 b33  16a31 32 a32 64 a33 
1 2 a
D3  2 6 b 4a11 8 a12 16 a13
1 2 c 8a 21 16 a22 32 a 23
Determinant of Q = =4
16a31 32 a32 64 a33
 6c  2b  2(2c  b)  10a

 10a  4b  2c a11 a12 a13

2a 21 2 a22 2 a23
 2(5a  2b  c ) ×8 × 16
4a31 4 a32 4 a33
for infinite solution
D  D1  D2  D3  0 a11 a12 a13
a 21 a22 a 23
 5a  2 b  c = 4 × 8 × 16 × 2 × 4 = 22 . 23 . 24 . 21 .
a31 a32 a33
26. (c) P1 : 3x  15 y  21z  9 ,
22 . 21 = 213
P2 : x  3 y  z  5
2. (d) PT = 2P + I
P3 : x  5 y  7 z  5 / 2  (PT)T = (2P + I)T  P = 2PT + I
 P = 2(2P + I) + I  3P = – 3I
 P1 and P3 are parallel.
P=–I
(a  1)(a  2) a  2 1  PX = – IX = – X
  (a  2)(a  3) a  3 1
27. (a) Given,
(a  3)(a  4) a  4 1  1 4 4
 
2 1 7
3. (ad) Let A = [aij]3×3 ;adj A = 
R 2  R 2  R1 and R 3  R 3  R1  1 1 3 

(a  1)(a  2) a2 1 |adj A| = 1(3 – 7) – 4(6 – 7) + 4(2 – 1) = 4

 (a  2)(a  3  a  1) 1 0  |A|3–1 = 4  |A|2 = 4  |A| = ±2
a 2  7a  12  a 2  3a  2 2 0 4. (c,d) (a) (NTMN)T = NT MT N is symmetric if M is
symmetric and skew-symmetric if M is skew-symmetric.
(b) (MN – NM)T = (MN)T – (NM)T = NM – MN =
a 2  3a  2 a  2 1
– (MN – NM)
 2(a  2) 1 0
skew symmetric
4a  10 2 0
(c) (MN)T = NT MT = NM  MN hence NOT correct

 4(a  2)  4a  10 (d) standard result is

adj(MN) = (adjN) (adj M)]  (adjM) (adjN)
 4a  8  4a  10  2

MATRICES 237 P
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  1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0
a b  8. (b) P   4 1 0  P 2   2 4 1 0  P 3   3 4 1 0
5. (cd) M = b c  16 4 1 (1  2)16 2  4 1   (1 2  3) 3 4 1
 
 1 0 0  1 0 0
a  P 50   50  4 1 0   P15   200 1 0 
(a)   & [b c] are transpose.  (1 2  3  ....  50)16 50  4 1   20400 200 1 
b 
Now,P50 – Q = I
 a  b 
So b  = c  is given  a = b = c  1 0 0   q11 q12 q13  1 0 0 
    
  200 1 0    q21 q22 q23    0 1 0 
 20400 200 1   q31 q32 q33   0 0 1 
a a 
M=   |M|=0 A is wrong.
a a  20400  q31  0  q31  20400, 200  q32  0  q32  200, 200  q21  0  q21  200

a  q31  q32 20600

(b) [b c] &   are transpose.   103
b  q21 200

So a = b = c B is wrong 9. (a,c) A = B2 |A| = |B| = + ve

a 0 
(c) M =    | M | = ac  0 C is correct 1 0 0 
0 c  0 1 0 
(a)   = 1 (–1) = negative
 0 0 1
a b 
(d) M =   given ac  2. D is correct
b c  Matrix B can not be possible
(c, d) are correct.
6. (c,d) (C) (x4 Z3 – Z3 X4)T = (X4Z3)T (Z3 X4)T 1 0 0 
 0 1 0 
= (ZT)3(XT)4 – (XT)4(ZT)3 (b)  
= Z3X4 – X4Z3  0 0 1
= –(X4Z3 – Z3X4)
(D) (X23 + Y23)T = –X23 – Y23 X23 + Y23 is Matrix B can be possible
skew–symmetric
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
7. (b, c) P  12  20
Ex.
0 1 1 0 1 1  0 1 0
0 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 1
5 10  
3 6   3  4  
adj P = 
 10 12 2 
 1 0 0 
 0 1 0 
(c)   = – 1 = negative
Q adj P k
   Q adj P  0 0 1
k P P
Matrix B can not be possible
 q23  
k

 3  4  k  k    1
8 12  20  8 1 0 0
0 1 0
k3 (d)   = 1 = possible
Also |Q| = P  k  4  0 0 1 

Matrix B can be I

P 238 FULL COURSE STUDY MATERIAL JEE-XII

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 10. (a) D = 0 14. (a, c, d) (adjM)11 = 2 – 3b = – 1  b = 1
Also, (adjM)22 = –3a = –6  a = 2
1  2
0 1 2
 1  0 1 2 3  2
Now, det M =
2  1 3 1 1
 det(adjM2) = (detM2)2
1       2  1 
2 2

  1 = (detM)4 = 16
adjM
 1  0 Also M–1 =
det M
2  1  adjM = – 2M–1
1
 (adjM)–1 M =
1       2  1
2
0
–1 –1 –1
2
And, (adjM) = (M ) det(M–1)
2
 1 0  0  (1 –  ) 1 –M
2  1  2 = M=
det M 2
(1 + +2 – 22 – ) = 0  (1 – 2) = 0 Hence, (adjM)–1 + adj(M–1) = –M
= – 1 or 1 Further, MX = b
for = 1, system of linear equations has no solution –adjM
  = – 1 so 1 + + 2 = 1  X = M–1b = b
2
 a b c  a d g 
d e f  b e h   1 1 1  1 
11. (a)  1  8 6 2   2 
   =–
 g h i   c f i  2  5 3 1  3 
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + e2 + f2 + g2 + h2 + i2 = 5
Case-I : Five (1’s) and four (0,s)  2   1 
1    
9
C5 = 126 = 2  2    1
Case-II : One (2) and one (1)  2   1 
9
C5 × 2! = 72  (,,) = (1, – 1, 1)
 Total = 198
12. (a,c,d) We find D = 0 & since no pair of planes are 2 1 3
 
parallel, so there are infinite number of solutions. 15. (b,c,d) Let Q =  1 0 2 
 3 2 1 
Let P1  P2  P3
6
 P1  7P2  13P3 X=   P QP 
k 1
k
T
K

 b1  7b 2  13b3
6
(a) D unique solution of any b1, b2, b3 T T

(b) D = 0 but P1+7P2  13P3

X = T
  P QP 
k 1
k K X.

(c) D = 0 Also b2 = –2b1, b3 = –b1 X is symmetric

Satisfies b1 + 7b2= 13b3 (Actually all three planes
are co-incident) 1

(d) D  0 Let R = 1
13. (b) Given M = l + M–1 1
 M2 – M– I = O 6
T
By putting values of M and M2, we get XR =  P QP R .
k 1
k K  PK T R  R 
sin 2 2 1
() = 1 – 2sin2 cos2 = 1–  6 6
2 2  
Also, () = – (sin4 cos4 + (1 + cos2)(1+ sin2)) =  P QR. =   P
K 1
k
k 1
K  QR

= – (sin4 cos4 + 1 + cos2 + sin2+ sin2cos2)
sin 2 2  1   2 2 2 6
= – (t2 – t + 2), t =  0,  6    3
4  4
 PK =  2 2 2 QR =  
37 k 1  2 2 2  6 
 ()  –
16

MATRICES 239 P
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  2 2 2  6  6  1 
 2 2 2   3   3 a 
 XR =       = 30R (R – 61)   = O
 2 2 2  6  6   b 
  = 30.
 6 T
4b
Trace X = Trace   PK QPK   –4+a+
3
=0
 k 1 
6
 a= 2 b= 3
a+b=5
=  Trace (P QP
k 1
K K
T
) = 6 (Trace Q) = 18
17. (b,c,d) det (M)  0
M–1 = adj(adj M)
1 1 M–1 = det(M).M
1  30 1 M–1M=det(M).M2
X   I=det(M).M2 ....(i)
1 1 det(I)=(det(M)) 5

I=det(M) ....(ii)
1 From (i) I=M2
1 (adj M2) =adj (M2) = adj I = I
 ( X – 30 I)   = O  |X – 30 I| = 0 18. (5) M-I
1 2
a b  2 a  bc ab  bc 
 X – 30 I is non-invertible LetA    A   2
c d   ac  dc bc  d 
 1 
16. (c,d) det(R) = det(PQP–1) = (det P) (det Q)    a 3  2abc  bdc a 2 b  abd  b 2 c  bd 2 
 det P  A3   2 2 2 
a c  adc  bc  d c abc  2bcd  d 3 
= det Q
= 48 – 4x2 Given trace (A) =a+d=3
Option - 1 : and trace (A3) =a3+d3+3abc+3bcd = –18
for x = 1 det (R) = 44  0  a3+d3+3bc(a+d)=–18
 a3+d3+9bc=–18
   0   (a+d)((a+d)2–3ad)+9bc = –18
    0 
 3(9–3ad)+9bc=–18
 for equation R    
   0   ad–bc=5=determinant of A
M-II
We will have trivial solution
== =0 a b 
A  ; =ad–bc
Option - 2 : c d 
PQ = QP
PQP–1 = Q |A–I| = (a–)(d–)–bc
R= Q =2–(a+d)+ad–bc
No value of x. =2–3+
Option - 3 :  O=A2–3A+I
 A2=3A–I
2 x x  –
0 4 0  8 ––
det   =(9–)A–3I
 x x 5 
a b  1 0
= (40 – 4x2) + 8 = 48 – 4x2 = det R  x  R  9       3  0 1 
 c d   
Option - 4 :
 trace A3=(9–)(a+d)–6
 2 1 2 / 3  ––
 0 4 4 / 3 = 27–9
R=    
 0 0 6   

P 240 FULL COURSE STUDY MATERIAL JEE-XII

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