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A/FD Markings Lighting Surface Ops Traffic Pattern

Maneuvers Collision Special VFR Flight Physiology Aeronautical

Avoidance Decision Making

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 Official FAA airport
information

All public landing

facilities

Communications and
navigation facilities

Regional issued every 56

days

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 When approaching Lincoln Municipal from the west at
noon for the purpose of landing, initial communication
should be with:
A. Lincoln Tower on 118.5 MHz.
B. Minneapolis Center on 128.75 MHz.
C. Lincoln Approach Control on 124.0 MHz.
Arriving aircraft landing at airports within Class C airspace should contact
Approach Control from outside the Class C airspace on the specified
frequency. First, determine which of the two Approach Controls should be
contacted based on the time of day. Next, identify the frequency for the
aircraft’s arrival direction. Notice aircraft approaching from any direction
between 170-349 should make contact on 124.0 MHz.

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 Runway 35 is shown at
this airport
Runways are labeled
based on magnetic
heading.
This runway is aligned
with 3500 magnetic
The last digit is
dropped i.e. 3500 =
runway 35

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 Runway 12 =
Magnetic heading
of 1200

Aircraft will takeoff

on a magnetic
heading of 1200
 Runway 30 =
Magnetic heading
of 3000

Aircraft will takeoff

on a magnetic
heading of 3000
 Only usable
for taxi and
takeoff

Displaced
Threshold
landing beyond
this point only

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 Chevrons are
called a blast
pad

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 Not useable for taxi,
takeoff or landing,
usable only in an
emergency

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 If you see an X,
avoid that
runway, it is
closed

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 “X” means that
runway or
taxiway is
closed.

Oftentimes
more than one
“X” is on the
runway.

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 Solid yellow
centerline

Bordered by blue
lights

or blue reflectors

Direction indicators
and centerline lights

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 Mandatory – red
with white inscription

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 Location – black with
yellow inscription

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 Direction – yellow with
black inscription

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 Information – yellow
with black inscription

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 Distance remaining – black
with white inscription

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 Do not cross without ATC clearance.
At non- towered airports, do not cross
without ensuring adequate separation.

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 Must stop before
Intersecting runways
intersecting runway

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 The numbers 8 and 26 on the approach ends of the
runway indicate that the runway is orientated
approximately:
A. 008 and 026 degrees true.
B. 080 and 260 degrees true.
C. 080 and 260 degrees Magnetic.

The runway number is the whole number nearest one-tenth

the magnetic azimuth of the centerline of the runway,
measured clockwise from magnetic north.

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 When should pilots decline a land and hold short
(LAHSO) clearance?
A. When it will compromise safety.
B. Only when the tower operator concurs.
C. Pilots can not decline clearance.

Pilots are expected to decline a LAHSO clearance if they

determine it will compromise safety.

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 Some airports have
pilot-controlled lighting.

It is done by keying the

microphone push-to-
talk switch.

Lights are on a timer;

typically on for about
15 minute intervals.

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 Key
microphone
7 times
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3

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 VASI is usually found on
the side of a runway.

It helps the pilot by guiding

the descent for landing.

A series of colored lights

may change through your
descent.

Note – the size in the

examples has been
exaggerated.

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 White - tail Green - right
position wing tip

Red - left wing

tip

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 Aircraft on right
Aircraft on left has right of way
must give way

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 During a night flight, you observe a steady red light and a
flashing red light ahead and at the same altitude. What is the
general direction of movement of the other aircraft?
A. The other aircraft is crossing to the left.
B. The other aircraft is crossing to the right.
C. The other aircraft is approaching head-on.
Airplanes have a red light on the left wing tip, a green light on the
right wing tip and a white light on the tail. The flashing red light is
the rotating beacon which can be seen from all directions around
the aircraft. If the only steady light seen is red, then the airplane
is crossing from right to left in relation to the observing pilot.
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 An on glide slope indication from a tri-color VASI
is:
A. A white light signal.
B. A green light signal.
C. An amber light signal.

Below the glide path is red, on the glide path is green, and
above the glide path is amber.

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 Aileron down

Elevator down

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 Elevator neutral

Aileron up

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 Aileron down

Elevator down

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 Elevator up

Aileron up

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 How should the flight controls be held while taxiing a
tricycle-gear equipped airplane into a left quartering
headwind?
A. Left aileron up, elevator neutral.
B. Left aileron down, elevator neutral.
C. Left aileron up, elevator down.
When taxiing a nosewheel aircraft in the presence of
moderate to strong winds, extra caution should be
taken. For a quartering headwind, the elevator should
be held in the neutral position, and the aileron on the
upwind side should be in the up position.
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 Crosswind

Downwind

Takeoff
(Up Wind)

Base
Final

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 Downwind
Base

Crosswind
Wind

Final Takeoff (Upwind)

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 Traffic pattern
indicator

Constructed of
wood, tires, or
concrete

Painted bright color

for easy visibility

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 Segmented circle

Right traffic
Wind

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 Segmented circle
Left traffic

Wind

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 An airport has runways 9,27, 18, and 36. Assuming the wind is
from the south, and the segmented circle indicates all traffic
must be west of the runway, which runway and traffic pattern
should be used?
A. Right-hand traffic on runway 9.
B. Right-hand traffic on runway 18.
C. Left-hand traffic on runway 18.

Remember, aircraft should land into the wind and runways are
oriented according to the magnetic course, so runway 18 is
favored. All traffic must be west of the airport so right hand
traffic is required.
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 Ground reference maneuvers

Basic flying skills

Drifting off course with winds

Properly fly in the traffic pattern

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 You should scan Prior to any Any aircraft that If a target shows
slowly. Focus on maneuver, appears to have no lateral nor
small sections of visually scan the no relative vertical motion,
the sky at a time, entire area for motion is likely to but increases in
no more than 10 collision be on a collision size, take evasive
degree sections. avoidance. course. action.

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 10 deg

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 10 deg

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 When climbing or 81% of incidents At night, avoid
Atmospheric
descending in occurred in clear bright white
haze reduces the
VFR, execute skies and lights for at least
ability to see
gentle banks, unrestricted 30 minutes
traffic or terrain.
right and left. visibility. before the flight.

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 Automated Terminal ATIS is one way to prepare ATIS provides weather
Information Services and plan your traffic information:
(ATIS) is an important pattern. - Ceilings
element of collision - Visibility
avoidance. - Temperature &dew point
- Altimeter setting
- Runway in use

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 Prior to starting each maneuver, pilots should
A. check altitude, airspeed, and heading indications.
B. visually scan the entire area for collision avoidance.
C. announce their intentions on the nearest CTAF.

Scanning the sky for other aircraft is a key factor in collision

avoidance.

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 Automatic Terminal Information Service is the continuous
broadcast of recorded information concerning:
A. Pilots of radar identified aircraft whose aircraft is
dangerous in proximity to terrain or to an obstruction.
B. Non-essential information to reduce frequency congestion.
C. Non-control information in selected high activity terminal
areas.

ATIS provides non-control information in selected high activity

terminal areas.

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 Special VFR is for Special VFR requires an Special VFR is not always
operation below VFR ATC Clearance. available at all airports.
minimums in controlled
airspace.

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 Hypoxia es una falta
parcial de oxigeno en la
sangre

Una condicion que

ocurre a grandes
altitudes

Facilmente remediable
con el uso de oxigeno
suplementario

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 Hypoxia is the reduction in oxygen when
at higher altitudes.

Caused by the body’s inability to absorb

enough oxygen due to the reduced
barometric pressure.

Below 12,500 feet there’s usually no

problem.

Most people don’t always experience

hypoxic symptoms at the same
altitudes,12,500 feet is a guideline.

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 From 12,500’ to 15,000’ pilots may experience
poor judgment, memory loss, coordination
problems, dizziness, or a feeling of euphoria due
to hypoxia.

Pilots and flight crews must use supplemental

oxygen for 30 minutes or more at above 12,500’
up to and including 14,000’

Above 15,000 feet MSL, every occupant of the

aircraft must be provided with supplemental
oxygen.

Hypoxia doesn’t affect everyone at the same time

at the same altitude. The symptoms are gradual
and hard to recognize.

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 Signs are a bluish color on the fingernails or on
the lips. Poor judgment and problems with
memory. Dizziness or a feeling of euphoria.

Bring along a second pilot so the two of you can

help to detect the problem together.

Above 15,000 feet performance can seriously

deteriorate within 15 minutes.

Breathe oxygen through a nasal cannula or a mask

or descend to a lower altitude.

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 Too little carbon Caused by stress, Causes drowsiness, Remedies by slower
dioxide in the body excitement or fright hot and cold tingling breathing, and
sensation in fingers breathing into a
paper bag.

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 Carbon monoxide is a colorless and
odorless, but very deadly gas.

Caused by exhaust gases entering the

cockpit coming through the heater which
may have a leaky heat muff.

Carbon monoxide has 200 times the

attraction to the red blood cells than
oxygen, reducing oxygen saturation levels.

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 Aggravated by high altitude flying

Confused thinking, uneasiness, headache,

blurred vision, dizziness or a tightening
across the forehead.

If you suspect carbon monoxide land as soon

as possible. Turn off the heater and open
fresh air vents.

If you have oxygen use it immediately and

turn it to maximum flow.

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Visual
Visual acuity
acuity

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 Using a cloud deck
as a reference for a
straight and level
horizon could cause
spatial
disorientation.

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 Haze reduces visibility

Creates an illusion of being at

a greater distance from the
runway than you actually are

This can cause you to fly a

lower approach

Makes traffic and terrain

features appear further away
than their actual distance
 Which statement best defines hypoxia?
A. A state of oxygen deficiency in the body.
B. An abnormal increase in the volume of air breathed.
C. A condition of gas bubble formation around the
joints of the muscles.

Oxygen deficiency in the body.

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 Which would most likely result in hyperventilation?
A. Emotional tension, anxiety, or fear.
B. The excessive consumption of alcohol.
C. An extremely slow rate of breathing and insufficient
oxygen.

Excitement, anxiety, and fear causes rapid breathing and an

excess amount of carbon dioxide.

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 Susceptibility to carbon monoxide poisoning
increases as:
A. Altitude increases.
B. Altitude decreases.
C. Air pressure increases.

Altitude increases.

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 The danger of spatial disorientation during flight in
poor visual conditions may be reduced by:
A. Shifting the eyes quickly between the exterior
visual field and the instrument panel.
B. Having faith in the instruments rather than
taking the chance on the sensory organs.
C. Leaning your body in the opposite direction of
the motion of the aircraft.
Having faith in the instruments rather than taking the
chance on the sensory organs.
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 The PIC is responsible Human error causes Aeronautical decision
for flight fitness. many accidents. making is systematic.

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 Attitude Antidote
Follow the rules, they exist
Anti-authoritarian
for a reason

Impulsiveness Not so fast, think first

Invulnerability It could happen to anyone

Macho Taking chances is foolish

You are not helpless and

Resignation
you can do something

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 What is the one common factor which affects
more preventable accidents?
A. Structural failure.
B. Mechanical failure.
C. Human error.

Human error.

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 What is the correct antidote when a pilot has a
hazardous attitude such as invulnerability?
A. It will not happen to me.
B. It cannot be that bad.
C. It could happen to me.

It could happen to me.

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 Who is responsible for determining whether a pilot
is fit to fly for a particular flight even though he,
she holds a current FAA medical certificate?
A. The FAA.
B. The medical examiner.
C. The pilot.

The pilot.

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