#26

03/15/24 Zaira Beatrice A.

Cruz
8 SAPPHIRE

HEALTH STUDY GUIDE

Quarter 3 - Module 1: DISEASE PREVENTION and CONTROL

Lesson 1: Discussing the Stages of Infection

In order to prevent the spread and further developing of an infection. A sick person may
isolate him/herself and better to take advice from a doctor or a physician.
Infection - the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms
__________ - bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally within the body
__________ - may cause no symptoms and be subclinical
__________ - may cause symptoms and be clinically apparent.
Stages of Infection __________
1. First Stage - starting from the entry of the pathogen until the appearance of first sign.
2. Second Stage (Prodomal Stage) - starts from the onset of non-specific signs and symptoms
such as fever.
3. Illness Stage – more signs and symptoms appear.
4. Last Stage - when acute symptoms of infection disappear.
Convalescence Stage (Recovery)
__________- depends on the severity of infection and the sick __________
__________ person’s general state of health. __________
__________- may take several days to months

Lesson 2: Analyzing the Leading Causes of Morbidity and Mortality

in the Philippines
Morbidity is the condition of being diseased.
Mortality is the state of being subject to death.
Disease is a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that
produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a
direct result of physical injury.
The leading causes of death are diseases of the heart, diseases of the vascular system,
pneumonias, malignant neoplasm/cancers, and all forms of tuberculosis, accidents, COPD
and allied conditions, diabetes mellitus, nephritis /nephritic syndrome and other diseases of
respiratory system. Among these diseases, six are non-communicable and four are the major
NCDs such as CVD, cancers, COPD and diabetes mellitus.

Lesson 3: Signs and Symptoms Most Common

Communicable Diseases
In order for us to prevent the spread of communicable diseases, everyone must know the
common types of communicable diseases particularly the signs and symptoms in order to
identify the infected individual and will be given proper assistance to prevent the spread of
the disease. Some individual have less obvious signs and symptoms.
The Common Communicable Diseases, Sign and Symptoms and Effect
Pneumonia is an infection in one or both of the lungs.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs.
There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic.
Influenza commonly called the flu is a viral infection that attacks the respiratory system.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs. Dengue
fever is acute viral infections that affect infants, young children, and adults. AIDS
(Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) a chronic, sexually transmitted disease. Acquired
means that the disease is not hereditary but it develops after birth from contact with a disease-
causing agent. Sexually transmitted
infections (STIs) are infections that are spread primarily from person-to-person during sex.

Lesson 4: Misconceptions, Myths and Beliefs

about Common Communicable Diseases
Misconception is a wrong or inaccurate idea or conception.
Myths are a usually traditional story of ostensibly historical events that serves to unfold part
of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon.
Beliefs are conviction of the truth of some statement or the reality of some being or
phenomenon especially when based on examination of evidence.
Explanations and corrections about the misconceptions, myths, and beliefs examples given:
1. By touching alone to someone who has HIV, a person cannot contract. All types of
physical contact will not transmit the virus.
2. Oral contraceptives cannot protect you from having STI’s. Abstinence or not having sex
from the infected person are the only way that can protect you from HIV or STI.
3. HIV cannot be transmitted through sweat and tears. Only certain body fluids, blood,
semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk from a person who has HIV can transmit the disease.
4. There is cure for Tuberculosis. Tb is fully curable, as long as you take your full medication.
5. TB is not a family sickness. TB doesn’t have anything to do with your genes. TB infection
is spread from person to person through the air when people with lung TB cough, sneeze or
spit. When a person develops the disease TB, the symptoms may be mild for many months.
This can lead to delays in seeking care, and results in transmission of the bacteria to others.
An individual with undiagnosed and untreated lung TB disease may infect ten to fifteen other
people through close contact.

Lesson 5: Preventing and Controlling of

Common Communicable Diseases
( Pneumonia and Bronchitis )
Communicable diseases are those diseases that may be transmitted from person to person,
food, water and/or animals and are the most common cause of school absenteeism.
Bronchitis & Influenza
Bronchitis is the inflammation of the mucous membrane in the bronchial tubes. It
typically causes bronchospasm and coughing.
Flu is a contagious sometimes the lungs. It can cause mild to severe illness, and at
times can lead to death. The best way to prevent flu is by getting a flu vaccine each year.
Bacterial pneumonia is an infection of your lungs caused by certain bacteria.

Prevention and control of Bronchitis & Pneumonia

Remind everyone about proper coughing/sneezing behaviors. Children & adults should ideally cough into their
elbows or onto their shoulders so that the germs do not end up on their hands. Get vaccinated. Wash your hands.
Be aware of your general health.

Lesson 6: Analyzing the Nature of Emerging and

Re-emerging Diseases
The Emerging diseases are diseases that are newly discovered, while the re-emerging are
diseases that have been eradicated in the past but recurring in the present.

________ Leptospirosis is caused by the bacteria of the genus leptospira it is spread through
ingestion of body waste of rodents and rats.
________ Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome (SARS) is highly contagious viral illness that
attacks the respiratory tract of the patient.
________ Chikungunya is transmitted to humans through mosquitos similar to dengue fever.
________ Meningococcemia is caused by bacteria, which may infect the brain and the spinal
cord and lead to the development of meningitis.
________ Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease usually infects children below five years old, but
may also occur in adults. It is a viral illness that is highly contagious.
________ Avian Influenza is caused by the infection with bird flu type a virus.
________ AH1N1 is a human respiratory infection caused by specific influenza virus H1N1
strain.
_______ Zika Virus Infection is caused by a virus and is transmitted to people by Aedes
mosquitos.

Lesson 7: Demonstrating Self-Monitoring Skills to Prevent and

Control Communicable Diseases
Three Levels of Preventing the Communicable Diseases
Primary Prevention is activities done to prevent one from having the disease. This includes
getting immunized, eating a healthy diet, taking regular exercise and getting enough sleep.
Secondary Prevention is activities done to prevent further damages when the disease has
already started. This includes prompt diagnosis, screening for high blood pressure and breast
self-examination.
Tertiary Prevention is an activity that focuses on rehabilitating the sick person so as to
prevent long term complications of the disease. At this level health services workers can work
to retrain, re-educate and rehabilitate people who have already developed an impairment or
disability.

Lesson 8: Promoting Programs and Policies to

Prevent and Control Communicable Disease
Choosing effective policies and programs that work in real life will maximize your chances
of success. Not every well-intentioned policy or program is effective. Taking the time to look
 for strategies that have been shown to effectively address particular problems or issues will
be time well spent.
You should explore and select evidence-informed policies and programs to address priority
issues. For example you create the immunization program so that no child will get sick easily.
The multi-sector team of partners that include leaders and stakeholders from business,
healthcare, education, government, public health, funders, and the community sectors are the
different stakeholders that may help on health policies and programs. You should know who
to involve.
We understand our solutions will be better if they have been shown to work or are based on
research. We plan to look for these types of policies and programs. We’ve begun to look at
policies and programs that might work well in our community. We’d like to make sure we’re
selecting the most effective strategies and examples.

Lesson 9: Identifying Agencies Responsible

for Communicable Disease Prevention and Control
The Department of Health (DOH) is a government agency in the Philippines responsible for
preventing and controlling communicable and chronic diseases such as HIV, leptospirosis,
dengue, measles, and influenza. It plays a crucial role in public health programs, capacity
building of health institutions, and administration of specific health services. The DOH's
main office is in Santa Cruz, Manila, and it works with various attached agencies to improve
the country's healthcare system. Municipal/city health centers provide basic health services,
while barangay health centers provide first aid, maternal and child care, and social disease
diagnosis. The National Center for Disease Prevention and Control develops plans, policies,
and strategies for disease prevention and control, while the National Epidemiology Center
develops surveillance and health information systems. The Research Institute for Tropical
Medicine conducts high-quality multidisciplinary research and development for infectious
and tropical diseases.