346 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis
Problems
Section 9.1
9.1 A sinusoidal current is given by the expression
i = 125 cos (800 t + 36.87°) mA.
Find (a) f in hertz; (b) T in milliseconds; (c) Im;
(d) i(0); (e) f in degrees and radians; (f) the smallest
positive value of t at which i = 0; and (g) the small-
est positive value of t at which di>dt = 0.
9.2 In a single graph, sketch v = 100 cos (vt + f) ver-
sus vt for f = 90 ⴰ , 45 ⴰ , 0 ⴰ , -45 ⴰ , and -90 ⴰ .
a) State whether the voltage function is shifting
to the right or left as f becomes more
negative.
b) What is the direction of shift if f changes from
0 to 45 ⴰ ?
9.3 Consider the sinusoidal voltage
v(t) = 25 cos (400pt + 60 ⴰ ) V.
a) What is the maximum amplitude of the voltage?
b) What is the frequency in hertz?
c) What is the frequency in radians per second?
d) What is the phase angle in radians?
e) What is the phase angle in degrees?
f) What is the period in milliseconds?
g) What is the first time after t = 0 that v = 0 V?
h) The sinusoidal function is shifted 5>6 ms to the
right along the time axis. What is the expression
for v(t)?
i) What is the minimum number of milliseconds
that the function must be shifted to the left if the
expression for v(t) is 25 sin 400pt V?
9.4 A sinusoidal voltage is zero at t = (40>3) ms and
increasing at a rate of 750p V> s. The maximum
amplitude of the voltage is 50 V.
a) What is the frequency of v in radians per second?
b) What is the expression for v?
9.5 At t = 5 ms, a sinusoidal current is known to be
zero and going negative. The current is next zero at
t = 25 ms. It is also known that the current is 50 mA
at t = 0 .
a) What is the frequency of i in hertz?
b) What is the expression for i?
9.6 The rms value of the sinusoidal voltage supplied to
the convenience outlet of a home in Scotland is
240 V. What is the maximum value of the voltage
at the outlet?
9.7 Find the rms value of the half-wave rectified sinu-
soidal voltage shown in Fig. P9.7.
Figure P9.7
2p
v v  Vm sin t, 0  t  T/2
Vm T
t
0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T
9.8 Show that
t0 + T
V2mT
V2m cos2(vt + f)dt =
Lt0 2
Section 9.2
9.9 The voltage applied to the circuit shown in Fig. 9.5
at t = 0 is 75 cos (4000t - 60 ⴰ ) V. The circuit resist-
ance is 400 Æ and the initial current in the 75 mH
inductor is zero.
a) Find i(t) for t Ú 0.
b) Write the expressions for the transient and
steady-state components of i(t).
c) Find the numerical value of i after the switch has
been closed for 750 ms.
d) What are the maximum amplitude, frequency
(in radians per second), and phase angle of the
steady-state current?
e) By how many degrees are the voltage and the
steady-state current out of phase?
9.10 a) Verify that Eq. 9.9 is the solution of Eq. 9.8. This
can be done by substituting Eq. 9.9 into the left-
hand side of Eq. 9.8 and then noting that it
equals the right-hand side for all values of t 7 0.
At t = 0, Eq. 9.9 should reduce to the initial
value of the current.
b) Because the transient component vanishes as
time elapses and because our solution must sat-
isfy the differential equation for all values of t,
the steady-state component, by itself, must also
satisfy the differential equation. Verify this
observation by showing that the steady-state
component of Eq. 9.9 satisfies Eq. 9.8.
Sections 9.3–9.4
9.11 Use the concept of the phasor to combine the fol-
lowing sinusoidal functions into a single trigono-
metric expression:
a) y = 30 cos(200t - 160°) + 15 cos(200t + 70°),
b) y = 90 sin(50t - 20°) + 60 cos(200t - 70°),

c) y = 50 cos(5000t - 60°) + 25 sin(5000t + 110°)
- 75 cos(5000t - 30°),
d) y = 10 cos (vt + 30°) + 10 sin vt
+ 10 cos(vt + 150°).
9.12 A 400 Hz sinusoidal voltage with a maximum
amplitude of 100 V at t = 0 is applied across the
terminals of an inductor. The maximum amplitude
of the steady-state current in the inductor is 20 A.
a) What is the frequency of the inductor current?
b) If the phase angle of the voltage is zero, what is
the phase angle of the current?
c) What is the inductive reactance of the inductor?
d) What is the inductance of the inductor in
millihenrys?
e) What is the impedance of the inductor?
9.13 A 80 kHz sinusoidal voltage has zero phase angle
and a maximum amplitude of 25 mV. When this
voltage is applied across the terminals of a capaci-
tor, the resulting steady-state current has a maxi-
mum amplitude of 628.32 mA.
a) What is the frequency of the current in radians
per second?
b) What is the phase angle of the current?
c) What is the capacitive reactance of the capacitor?
d) What is the capacitance of the capacitor in
microfarads?
e) What is the impedance of the capacitor?
9.14 The expressions for the steady-state voltage and
current at the terminals of the circuit seen in
Fig. P9.14 are
vg = 300 cos (5000pt + 78 ⴰ ) V,
ig = 6 sin (5000pt + 123 ⴰ ) A
a) What is the impedance seen by the source?
b) By how many microseconds is the current out of
phase with the voltage?
Figure P9.14
ig

vg Circuit

Sections 9.5 and 9.6
9.15 A 25 Æ resistor, a 50 mH inductor, and a 32 mF
PSPICE
capacitor are connected in series.The series-connected
MULTISIM
Problems 347
elements are energized by a sinusoidal voltage source
whose voltage is 25 cos (500t - 60 ⴰ )V.
a) Draw the frequency-domain equivalent circuit.
b) Reference the current in the direction of the
voltage rise across the source, and find the pha-
sor current.
c) Find the steady-state expression for i(t).
9.16 A 25 Æ resistor and a 10 mH inductor are con-
PSPICE nected in parallel. This parallel combination is also
MULTISIM
in parallel with the series combination of a 30 Æ
resistor and a 10 mF capacitor. These three parallel
branches are driven by a sinusoidal current source
whose current is 125 sin(2500t + 60 ⴰ ) A.
a) Draw the frequency-domain equivalent circuit.
b) Reference the voltage across the current source
as a rise in the direction of the source current,
and find the phasor voltage.
c) Find the steady-state expression for v(t).
9.17 Three branches having impedances of 3 + j 4 Æ,
16 - j12 Æ, and -j4 Æ, respectively, are connected
in parallel. What are the equivalent (a) admittance,
(b) conductance, and (c) susceptance of the parallel
connection in millisiemens? (d) If the parallel
branches are excited from a sinusoidal current source
where i = 8 cos vt A, what is the maximum ampli-
tude of the current in the purely capacitive branch?
9.18 a) Show that, at a given frequency v, the circuits in
Fig. P9.18(a) and (b) will have the same imped-
ance between the terminals a,b if
v2L22R2 R22L2
R1 = , L1 = .
R22 + v2L2 2
R22 + v2L22
b) Find the values of resistance and inductance that
when connected in series will have the same
impedance at 4 krad/s as that of a 5 kÆ resistor
connected in parallel with a 1.25 H inductor.
Figure P9.18
a a
R1
R2 L2
L1
b b
(a) (b)
9.19 a) Show that at a given frequency v, the circuits in
Fig. P9.19(a) and (b) will have the same imped-
ance between the terminals a,b if
R21 + v2L21 R21 + v2L21
R2 = , L2 = .
R1 v2L1
348 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

(Hint: The two circuits will have the same Figure P9.22
impedance if they have the same admittance.) j8 
5
b) Find the values of resistance and inductance that a
when connected in parallel will have the same j20 
10 
impedance at 1 krad/s as an 8 kÆ resistor con-
nected in series with a 4 H inductor.
Zab
j16  40 
9.20 a) Show that at a given frequency v, the circuits in
Fig. P9.20(a) and (b) will have the same imped- j80 
ance between the terminals a,b if 8
b
R2 9.23 Find the admittance Yab in the circuit seen in
R1 = ,
1 + v2R22C 22 Fig. P9.23. Express Yab in both polar and rectangu-
lar form. Give the value of Yab in millisiemens.
1 + v2R22C 22
C1 = .
v2R 22C2 Figure P9.23
j12.8 
b) Find the values of resistance and capacitance a
that when connected in series will have the
same impedance at 40 krad>s as that of a 6 j12 
1000 Æ resistor connected in parallel with a Yab 5 j10 
50 nF capacitor. j2  4

Figure P9.20 b
13.6 
a a
9.24 a) For the circuit shown in Fig. P9.24, find the fre-
R1 PSPICE quency (in radians per second) at which the
MULTISIM
R2 C2 impedance Zab is purely resistive.
C1 b) Find the value of Zab at the frequency of (a).

b b Figure P9.24
(a) (b) 20 mF
a
9.21 a) Show that at a given frequency v, the circuits in
Fig 9.20(a) and (b) will have the same imped-
ance between the terminals a,b if 200  400 mH

b
1 + v2R21C 21
R2 = ,
v2R1C 21 9.25 a) Using component values from Appendix H,
combine at least one resistor, inductor, and
C1 capacitor in series to create an impedance of
C2 = . 300 - j400 Æ at a frequency of 10,000 rad> s.
1 + v2R21C 21
b) At what frequency does the circuit from part (a)
(Hint: The two circuits will have the same have an impedance that is purely resistive?
impedance if they have the same admittance.)
9.26 a) Using component values from Appendix H,
b) Find the values of resistance and capacitance combine at least one resistor and one inductor
that when connected in parallel will give the in parallel to create an impedance of
same impedance at 50 krad/s as that of a 1 kÆ 40 + j20 Æ at a frequency of 5000 rad> s. (Hint:
resistor connected in series with a capacitance of Use the results of Problem 9.19.)
40 nF.
b) Using component values from Appendix H,
combine at least one resistor and one capacitor
9.22 Find the impedance Zab in the circuit seen in
in parallel to create an impedance of
Fig. P9.22. Express Zab in both polar and rectangular
40 - j20 Æ at a frequency of 5000 rad> s. (Hint:
form.
Use the result of Problem 9.21.)
 Problems 349

9.27 a) Using component values from Appendix H, find 9.31 a) For the circuit shown in Fig. P9.31, find the steady-
a single capacitor or a network of capacitors PSPICE state expression for vo if ig = 25 cos 50,000t mA.
MULTISIM
that, when combined in parallel with the RL cir- b) By how many microseconds does vo lead ig?
cuit from Problem 9.26(a), gives an equivalent
impedance that is purely resistive at a frequency
Figure P9.31
of 5000 rad/s.
100 
b) Using component values from Appendix H, find
a single inductor or a network of inductors 
that, when combined in parallel with the RC cir- ig 4 mH 80 nF 500  vo
cuit from Problem 9.26(b), gives an equivalent
impedance that is purely resistive at a frequency 
of 5000 rad/s.
9.32 Find I b and Z in the circuit shown in Fig. P9.32 if
9.28 Find the steady-state expression for io(t) in the circuit Vg = 25 l 0 ⴰ V and I a = 5 l 90 ⴰ A.
PSPICE in Fig. P9.28 if vs = 80 cos 2000t V.
MULTISIM
Figure P9.32
Figure P9.28
100 nF Ia
3 k j3 
j 2 
io(t) 
Vg 1 j5 
 
vs 500 mH

Z Ib j 3 
4

9.29 The circuit in Fig. P9.29 is operating in the sinusoidal

9.33 Find the value of Z in the circuit seen in Fig. P9.33
PSPICE steady state. Find the steady-state expression for vo(t)
if Vg = 100 - j50 V, I g = 30 + j 20 A, and
MULTISIM
if vg = 60 sin 8000t V.
V1 = 140 + j 30 V.

Figure P9.29
Figure P9.33
3.125 mH

 Z

vg vo 50  20  12  j16 
 5 mF


Vg  j5  V1 j10  Ig


9.30 The circuit in Fig. P9.30 is operating in the sinusoidal
PSPICE steady state. Find io(t) if vs(t) = 25 sin 4000t V.
MULTISIM
9.34 Find the steady-state expression for vo in the circuit
Figure P9.30 of Fig. P9.34 if ig = 60 cos 10,000t mA.
5 10 
Figure P9.34
io
vs 2.5 mH 20  12.5 mF 50  2 mF
ig 
10 mH 100  vo

350 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

9.35 The circuit shown in Fig. P9.35 is operating in the Figure P9.38
sinusoidal steady state. Find the value of v if 100 mH
ⴰ
io = 40 sin (vt + 21.87 ) mA, 
vg(t) 3.125 mF 200 
vg = 40 cos (vt - 15 ⴰ ) V. ig 480 

Figure P9.35
600  3.2 H
9.39 The frequency of the sinusoidal voltage source in
io PSPICE the circuit in Fig. P9.39 is adjusted until ig is in
 MULTISIM
vg 2.5 mF phase with vg.

a) What is the value of v in radians per second?
b) If vg = 15 cos vt V (where v is the frequency
found in [a]), what is the steady-state expression
9.36 The phasor current Ib in the circuit shown in
for ig?
PSPICE Fig. P9.36 is 25l 0 ⴰ mA.
MULTISIM
a) Find Ia, I c, and Ig. Figure P9.39
b) If v = 1500 rad>s, write expressions for ia(t), 1 k
ic(t), and ig(t).
ig
Figure P9.36 240 

1000  vg 62.5 nF
10 mH
j 250  j 1000  Ιc

Ιg Ιa Ιb j50 V

500  2000  9.40 a) The source voltage in the circuit in Fig. P9.40 is
PSPICE vg = 40 cos 1000t V. Find the values of L such
MULTISIM
that ig is in phase with vg when the circuit is
9.37 The frequency of the sinusoidal voltage source in operating in the steady state.
PSPICE the circuit in Fig. P9.37 is adjusted until the current b) For the values of L found in (a), find the steady-
MULTISIM
io is in phase with vg. state expressions for ig.
a) Find the frequency in hertz.
Figure P9.40
b) Find the steady-state expression for ig (at the
frequency found in [a]) if vg = 90 cos vt V. 1 mF
500 

Figure P9.37 ig
500  200  vg 2500  L

io
vg 200 mH 1 mF
9.41 The circuit shown in Fig. P9.41 is operating in the
PSPICE sinusoidal steady state. The capacitor is adjusted
MULTISIM
until the current ig is in phase with the sinusoidal
9.38 a) The frequency of the source voltage in the circuit voltage vg.
PSPICE in Fig. P9.38 is adjusted until vg is in phase with
MULTISIM
ig. What is the value of v in radians per second? a) Specify the capacitance in microfarads if
vg = 80 cos 5000t V.
b) If ig = 60 cos vt mA (where v is the frequency
found in [a]), what is the steady-state expression b) Give the steady-state expression for ig when C
for vg? has the value found in (a).
 Problems 351

Figure P9.41 9.45 Use source transformations to find the Thévenin

C equivalent circuit with respect to the terminals a,b
ig for the circuit shown in Fig. P9.45.
800 mH
10 k Figure P9.45
 j400 
vg

a

120 0° mA 250  500 

9.42 Find Zab for the circuit shown in Fig P9.42.
j150 
Figure P9.42 b

9.46 Find the Norton equivalent circuit with respect to

1 j1  the terminals a,b for the circuit shown in Fig. P9.46.
j1 
1
Figure P9.46
1 1 a
j1  j1 
j20  40 
20 
a j1  b
j1 

0.4  j0.2 A j16 

Section 9.7
9.43 The sinusoidal voltage source in the circuit b
in Fig. P9.43 is developing a voltage equal to
50 sin 400t V. 9.47 The device in Fig. P9.47 is represented in the frequency
a) Find the Thévenin voltage with respect to the domain by a Thévenin equivalent.When a resistor hav-
terminals a,b. ing an impedance of 200 Æ is connected across the
device, the value of I0 is (-150 + j150) mA. When an
b) Find the Thévenin impedance with respect to
inductor having an impedance of j200 Æ is connected
the terminals a,b.
across the device, the value of V0 is (-40 - j40) V.
c) Draw the Thévenin equivalent. Find the Thévenin volatge VTh and the Thévenin
impedance ZTh.
Figure P9.43
320  Figure P9.47
a

I0

vg 31.25 mF 400 mH
 Device V0

b
9.44 Use source transformations to find the Norton
equivalent circuit with respect to the terminals a,b
for the circuit shown in Fig. P9.44.

9.48 Find the Norton equivalent with respect to termi-
nals a,b in the circuit of Fig. P9.48.

Figure P9.44 Figure P9.48

j30  j30  5Vx
10 
a   a
 Vx 
 
180 90° V 15  (40  j40) V 1 j10 
 

b b
352 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

9.49 Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit with respect to Figure P9.52
the terminals a,b of the circuit shown in Fig. P9.49. 5 i
400 nF
a  
Figure P9.49

20  j10  50  600 H i 30 
a

 b
250 0 V 0.03Vo j100  Vo

 9.53 Find the Thévenin impedance seen looking into the
b
terminals a,b of the circuit in Fig. P9.53 if the fre-
quency of operation is (25>p) kHz.
9.50 Find the Norton equivalent circuit with respect to
the terminals a,b for the circuit shown in Fig. P9.50 Figure P9.53
when Vs = 5l 0 ⴰ V.
2.5 nF 39 i 5 nF
2.4 k
Figure P9.50 a
i
j50 
200 
a 3.3 k
 90 
If
 
Vs V2 88If 10  V2
  b
5 
b

Section 9.8
9.51 The circuit shown in Fig. P9.51 is operating at a fre-
quency of 10 rad/s. Assume a is real and lies 9.54 Use the node-voltage method to find Vo in the cir-
between -10 and + 10, that is, -10 … a … 10. cuit in Fig. P9.54.
a) Find the value of a so that the Thévenin imped-
ance looking into the terminals a,b is purely Figure P9.54
resistive. j10  j10 
b) What is the value of the Thévenin impedance for 
the a found in (a)? 
240 0 V 50  Vo 30 
c) Can a be adjusted so that the Thévenin 
impedance equals 500 - j500 Æ ? If so, what is 
the value of a?
d) For what values of a will the Thévenin imped- 9.55 Use the node-voltage method to find the phasor
ance be inductive? voltage Vg in the circuit shown in Fig. P9.55.
Figure P9.51 Figure P9.55
100 mF
j4 
a

  Vg 
v 1 k av j8 
 12 

b

5 0 A j4  Ig 20 90 V

9.52 Find Zab in the circuit shown in Fig. P9.52 when the
circuit is operating at a frequency of 100 krad>s.
 Problems 353

9.56 Use the node voltage method to find the steady-state
PSPICE
expression for io, in the circuit seen in Fig. P9.56 if
MULTISIM
ig = 5 cos 2500t A and vg = 20 cos (2500t + 90°) V.
Section 9.9
9.60 Use the mesh-current method to find the phasor
current I g in the circuit in Fig. P9.55.

Figure P9.56 9.61 Use the mesh-current method to find the steady-
100 mF state expression for vo(t) in the circuit in Fig. P9.57.

9.62 Use the mesh-current method to find the branch

50 mF currents I a, I b, I c, and I d in the circuit shown in
12  Fig. P9.62.

ig io  Figure P9.62
1.6 mH vg
 1 0 A

9.57 Use the node-voltage method to find the steady- Ia 5

PSPICEstate expression for vo(t) in the circuit in Fig. P9.57 if
MULTISIM
j1  j1 
vg1 = 25 sin (400t + 143.13 ⴰ ) V,
Ib Ic
vg2 = 18.03 cos (400t + 33.69°) V.  Id 
10 0 V 1 5 0 V
 
Figure P9.57
50 mF 50 mH

 9.63 Use the mesh-current method to find the

steady-state expression for vo(t) in the circuit in
 
vg1 vo 150  vg2 Fig. P9.63 if
 
va = 18 sin 4000t V,

vb = 12 cos 4000t V.
9.58 Use the node-voltage method to find the phasor Figure P9.63
voltage Vo in the circuit shown in Fig. P9.58.
625 nF
Express the voltage in both polar and rectangular 400 
form. 

Figure P9.58  vo 
va 25 mH vb
 


j4 
I j8  V0 5 10j10
 9.64 Use the mesh-current method to find the steady-
2.4 I state expression for vo in the circuit seen in
PSPICE
 MULTISIM
 Fig. P9.64 if vg equals 75 cos 5000t V.

Figure P9.64
9.59 Use the node-voltage method to find Vo and I o in 4 mF
iΔ 4 mH
the circuit seen in Fig. P9.59.

Figure P9.59
110 mH 
j 25 
Vo  vg 10  vo
Io
 10 
100 iΔ 
6j13 mA 50  20 Io 50  Vo j25  


354 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

Sections 9.5–9.9 a) What circuit analysis technique must be used to

find the steady-state expression for io(t)?
9.65 Use the concept of voltage division to find the
PSPICE steady-state expression for vo(t) in the circuit in b) Find the steady-state expression for io(t).
MULTISIM
Fig. P9.65 if vg = 120 cos 100,000t V.
9.69 The sinusoidal voltage source in the circuit shown
Figure P9.65 PSPICEin Fig. P9.69 is generating the voltage
MULTISIM
vg = 20 cos 5000t V. If the op amp is ideal, what is
1.2 k 3.125 nF 80 mH
the steady-state expression for vo(t)?

vg  vo 2.4 k
Figure P9.69

 200 

400  400  6V
9.66 Use the concept of current division to find the 
PSPICE steady-state expression for io in the circuit in
 
MULTISIM
Fig. P9.66 if ig = 60 cos 250t mA.
6 V
vg 
0.5 mF 27 k
Figure P9.66  vo

io 
100 mF 100 

ig 9.70 The 0.5 mF capacitor in the circuit seen in Fig. P9.69

20 
9.67 For the circuit in Fig. P9.67. Suppose
v1 = 20 cos(2000t - 36.87°) V
v2 = 10 cos(5000t + 16.26°) V
PSPICEis replaced with a variable capacitor. The capacitor
800 mH MULTISIM
is adjusted until the output voltage leads the input
voltage by 135 ⴰ .
a) Find the value of C in microfarads.
b) Write the steady-state expression for vo(t) when
C has the value found in (a).
9.71 The op amp in the circuit in Fig. P9.71 is ideal.
PSPICE
a) Find the steady-state expression for vo(t).
MULTISIM

a) What circuit analysis technique must be used to b) How large can the amplitude of vg be before the
find the steady-state expression for vo(t)? amplifier saturates?
b) Find the steady-state expression for vo(t). Figure P9.71

Figure P9.67
100 F 250 pF 40 k
1 mH 80 k 10 V


   
v1 vo 10  v2 80 k 10 V
   vo
 vg

20 k

vg  25 cos 50,000t V 
9.68 For the circuit in Fig. P9.63, suppose

va = 10 cos 16,000t V 9.72 The op amp in the circuit seen in Fig. P9.72 is ideal.
PSPICEFind the steady-state expression for vo(t) when
vb = 20 cos 4000t V. MULTISIM
vg = 2 cos 106t V.
 Problems 355

Figure P9.72 Figure P9.75

100 k 5 j20  45 
c
10 pF

425 0 j5  j125 
V (rms) 
5 k 20 k 5V d

 
9.76 a) Find the steady-state expressions for the cur-
 5 V
vg 100 pF PSPICE rents ig and iL in the circuit in Fig. P9.76 when
 vo 40 k MULTISIM
vg = 168 cos 800t V.
 b) Find the coefficient of coupling.
c) Find the energy stored in the magnetically cou-
pled coils at t = 625p ms and t = 1250p ms.
9.73 The operational amplifier in the circuit shown in
PSPICE Fig. P9.73 is ideal. The voltage of the ideal sinu- Figure P9.76
MULTISIM
soidal source is vg = 30 cos 106t V.
80 
a) How small can Co be before the steady-state 100 mH
output voltage no longer has a pure sinusoidal ig iL
waveform? vg 100 mH 400 mH 240 
b) For the value of Co found in (a), write the
steady-state expression for vo.

Figure P9.73 9.77 The sinusoidal voltage source in the circuit seen in
PSPICE Fig. P9.77 is operating at a frequency of 200 krad/s.
10 nF MULTISIM
The coefficient of coupling is adjusted until the
peak amplitude of i1 is maximum.
100 
a) What is the value of k?
6V
 b) What is the peak amplitude of i1 if
25  vg = 560 cos(2 * 105t) V ?
 
6 V
 Figure P9.77
vg Co vo 100 
 150  50  100  200 
k
 i1

vg 1 mH 4 mH 12.5 nF

Section 9.10
9.74 The value of k in the circuit in Fig. P9.74 is adjusted
so that Zab is purely resistive when v = 4 krad>s. 9.78 A series combination of a 60 Æ resistor and a
Find Zab. 50 mH inductor is connected to a sinusoidal voltage
source by a linear transformer. The source is oper-
ating at a frequency of 400 rad>s. At this frequency,
Figure P9.74
the internal impedance of the source is
20  5 (10 + j12.75) Æ. The rms voltage at the terminals of
a k the source is 75 V when it is not loaded. The param-
eters of the linear transformer are R1 = 8.34 Æ,
12.5 mH 8 mH 12.5 mF
L1 = 90 mH, R2 = 100 Æ, L2 = 250 mH, and
M = 135 mH.
b
a) What is the value of the impedance reflected
into the primary?
9.75 For the circuit in Fig. P9.75, find the Thévenin b) What is the value of the impedance seen from
equivalent with respect to the terminals c,d. the terminals of the practical source?
356 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

Section 9.11 Figure P9.82

9.79 At first glance, it may appear from Eq. 9.69 that an a

50:1 1:20
inductive load could make the reactance seen looking
into the primary terminals (i.e., Xab) look capacitive. Zab ZL
Intuitively, we know this is impossible. Show that Xab
can never be negative if XL is an inductive reactance. Ideal Ideal
b

9.80 a) Show that the impedance seen looking into the

terminals a,b in the circuit in Fig. P9.80 is given Section 9.12
by the expression
9.83 Show by using a phasor diagram what happens to
N1 2 PSPICE the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage vo in
Zab = a1 + b ZL. MULTISIM
N2 the circuit in Fig. P9.83 as Rx is varied from zero to
infinity. The amplitude and phase angle of the
b) Show that if the polarity terminals of either one source voltage are held constant as Rx varies.
of the coils is reversed,
Figure P9.83
N1 2
Zab = a1 - b ZL. R1
N2
 R1 
Figure P9.80
vs  Vm cos t C vo
a
 
N1
I Rx
d
Zab e
a 9.84 The parameters in the circuit shown in Fig. 9.53 are
l R1 = 0.1 Æ, vL1 = 0.8 Æ, R2 = 24 Æ, vL2 = 32 Æ,
N2 ZL
and VL = 240 + j0 V.
b a) Calculate the phasor voltage Vs.
b) Connect a capacitor in parallel with the inductor,
9.81 a) Show that the impedance seen looking into the
hold VL constant, and adjust the capacitor until
terminals a,b in the circuit in Fig. P9.81 is given
the magnitude of I is a minimum. What is the
by the expression
capacitive reactance? What is the value of Vs?
ZL c) Find the value of the capacitive reactance that
Zab = .
N1 2 keeps the magnitude of I as small as possible
a1 + b
N2 and that at the same time makes

b) Show that if the polarity terminal of either one |Vs| = |VL| = 240 V.
of the coils is reversed that
ZL 9.85 a) For the circuit shown in Fig. P9.85, compute Vs
Zab = . and Vl.
N1 2
a1 - b b) Construct a phasor diagram showing the rela-
N2
tionship between Vs, Vl, and the load voltage of
Figure P9.81 240l 0 ⴰ V.
c) Repeat parts (a) and (b), given that the load
voltage remains constant at 240 l 0 ⴰ V, when a
N1
I capacitive reactance of -5 Æ is connected
d across the load terminals.
a e ZL
a
l Figure P9.85
Zab N2
 Vl 
b  0.1  j0.8  
Vs 240 0 V 8 j6  j 5 
9.82 Find the impedance Zab in the circuit in Fig. P9.82 if
 
ZL = 200 l -45 ⴰ Æ.
 Problems 357

Sections 9.1–9.12 circuit if the motor current becomes excessive.

Would you expect the thermal cutout to oper-
9.86 You may have the opportunity as an engineering
ate? Explain.
graduate to serve as an expert witness in lawsuits
involving either personal injury or property damage. e) Explain why fuse B is not interrupted when the
As an example of the type of problem on which you fan motor stalls.
may be asked to give an opinion, consider the follow- 9.87 a) Calculate the branch currents I 1 -I 6 in the cir-
ing event. At the end of a day of fieldwork, a farmer PRACTICALcuit in Fig. 9.58.
PERSPECTIVE
returns to his farmstead, checks his hog confinement
b) Find the primary current I p.
building, and finds to his dismay that the hogs are
dead. The problem is traced to a blown fuse that 9.88 Suppose the 40 Æ resistance in the distribution cir-
caused a 240 V fan motor to stop. The loss of ventila- cuit in Fig. 9.58 is replaced by a 20 Æ resistance.
PRACTICAL
PERSPECTIVE
tion led to the suffocation of the livestock. The inter- a) Recalculate the branch current in the 2 Æ
rupted fuse is located in the main switch that resistor, I 2.
connects the farmstead to the electrical service.
b) Recalculate the primary current, I p.
Before the insurance company settles the claim, it
wants to know if the electric circuit supplying the c) On the basis of your answers, is it desirable
farmstead functioned properly. The lawyers for the to have the resistance of the two 120 V loads
insurance company are puzzled because the farmer’s be equal?
wife, who was in the house on the day of the accident 9.89 A residential wiring circuit is shown in Fig. P9.89. In
convalescing from minor surgery, was able to watch this model, the resistor R3 is used to model a 250 V
PRACTICAL
PERSPECTIVE
TV during the afternoon. Furthermore, when she appliance (such as an electric range), and the resis-
went to the kitchen to start preparing the evening tors R1 and R2 are used to model 125 V appliances
meal, the electric clock indicated the correct time.The (such as a lamp, toaster, and iron). The branches
lawyers have hired you to explain (1) why the electric carrying I 1 and I 2 are modeling what electricians
clock in the kitchen and the television set in the living refer to as the hot conductors in the circuit, and the
room continued to operate after the fuse in the main branch carrying I n is modeling the neutral conduc-
switch blew and (2) why the second fuse in the main tor. Our purpose in analyzing the circuit is to show
switch didn’t blow after the fan motor stalled. After the importance of the neutral conductor in the sat-
ascertaining the loads on the three-wire distribu- isfactory operation of the circuit. You are to choose
tion circuit prior to the interruption of fuse A, you the method for analyzing the circuit.
are able to construct the circuit model shown in
a) Show that I n is zero if R1 = R2.
Fig. P9.86. The impedances of the line conductors
and the neutral conductor are assumed negligible. b) Show that V1 = V2 if R1 = R2.
a) Calculate the branch currents I 1, I 2, I 3, I 4, I 5, c) Open the neutral branch and calculate V1 and V2
and I 6 prior to the interruption of fuse A. if R1 = 40 Æ, R2 = 400 Æ, and R3 = 8 Æ.
b) Calculate the branch currents after the interrup- d) Close the neutral branch and repeat (c).
tion of fuse A. Assume the stalled fan motor e) On the basis of your calculations, explain why
behaves as a short circuit. the neutral conductor is never fused in such a
c) Explain why the clock and television set were manner that it could open while the hot conduc-
not affected by the momentary short circuit that tors are energized.
interrupted fuse A. Figure P9.89
d) Assume the fan motor is equipped with a ther- IP I1
mal cutout designed to interrupt the motor
  0.02  j0.02   
Figure P9.86 125 0 V V1 R1
Fuse A (100 A) 30 A j0.03 
  R3 V3
Momentary 14 0 kV
I1
24  I6  0.03  In 
short
120 0  circuit I4 Ideal 125 0 V
V2 R2
V  interrupts 15 A 8.4 
I2
  0.02  j0.02 
fuse A  
I2
12  j6.30 
120 0  I5 9.90 a) Find the primary current I p for (c) and (d) in
V  15 A PRACTICALProblem 9.89.
I3 Fan motor PERSPECTIVE
b) Do your answers make sense in terms of known
Fuse B (100 A) circuit behavior?