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Individual Assignemnet 4 Seifeslassie
Individual Assignemnet 4 Seifeslassie
Individual Assignemnet 4 Seifeslassie
EPIDEMIOLOGY
INDIVIDUAL AASIGNEMENT
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1. Researchers in Papua New Guinea compared the history of meat consumption in people who
had enteritis necroticans, with people who did not have the disease. Proportionately more
people who had the disease (50 of 61 cases) reported prior meat consumption than those who
were not affected (16 of 57).
1.1. Show 2x2 table
1.2. What is the OR and RR?
1.3. Interpretation
Solution:
Exposed 50 16
Not Exposed 11 41
61 57
50× 41
= 11×16 =11.6
Interpretation: Those people with Enteritis Necroticans are 11.6 times more likely to have
consumed meat than those who are not diseased.
2.3 Interpretation
2
Solution:
32 262
Solution:
28
Incidence amongexposed 157
RR=
Incidence among non Exposed
= 4 =6.1
137
Interpretation=those who reside in the East side are 6.1 more likely to be infected by Tuberclosis
than those who reside in the Westside
3.3 Interpretation
Solution
3
Diseased Non Diseased
Not Vaccinated 3 4 7
21 138
18
Incidence amongexposed 152
RR= RR=
Incidence among non Exposed
= 3 = 0.276
7
Interpretation= Those who are vaccinated are 0.276 less likely to be diagnosed with Varicella
than those who are not vaccinated.
4. A case control study has found that the Odds of developing lung cancer are 10 and 1 among
smokers and non-smokers, respectively.
Solution:
Interpretation=those individuals who have lung cancer are 10 times more likely to be smokers
than those who don’t smoke.
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5. A Case Control study found that the Odds of having acute cardiac events in those engaging in
regular physical activity is 1. The corresponding odds for those not regularly engaging in
physical activity is 3.
Solution:
Interpretation=Those who are engaged in a regular exercise are 33.3% chance of being less likely
of having Acute Cardiac Events than those who don’t. It’s a protective factor.
6. The odds of developing cardiovascular disease among those who smoke is 5. The odds of
developing cardiovascular disease among those who use smokeless tobacco is 5.
Solution:
NO ASSOCIATION
Exposure to Smoking cigarette doesn’t seem to cause or protect individuals from Cardiovascular
disease.
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7. Based on the following table, calculate the requested measures. Also provide the definition for
each measure in one sentence. a) The risk ratio comparing the exposed and the unexposed study
participants b) The risk difference between the exposed and the unexposed study participants c)
The prevalence of the disease among the entire study sample, assuming the disease is a long-
term, chronic disease with no cure and assuming no study participants have died.
Solution
651
Incidence amongexposed 1101
a) RR= Incidence among non Exposed = 367 =0.82
512
Interpretation=
651 367
b) RD=Ie-Io= 1101 - 512 =-0.13
Interpretation=
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Total No . of people who are diseased 1018
c) Prevalence= Total population under the study = 1613 =0.63