COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS, AND LANGUAGE REGISTERS

▪Communication has been derived from the Latin word “communis” which means common or to share.

▪Communication is a process of making connections with people through verbal or nonverbal approach.

▪The goal is to achieve clarity of expression and understanding.

▪Clarity of ideas would lead to a harmonious relationship may it be personal, business aspect, or
international relations.

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION (Nordquist, 2018)

SENDER

-also called the communicator or source.

-the sender has some kind of information: a command, request or idea.

-in order for that message to be received, the sender must first encode the message in a form that can
be understood and then transmit it.

RECEIVER

-also called “interpreter”

-the person to whom a message is directed

-in order to comprehend the information from the sender, the receiver must first be able to receive the
sender’s information and then decode or interpret it.

MESSAGE

▪ The message or content is the information that the sender wants to relay to the receiver.

▪ It is relayed between parties.

▪ The reason behind any interaction.

MEDIUM

-also called the “channel”

-It is the means by which a message is transmitted or where the sender sends his or her message

-It is the responsibility of both the sender and the receiver to choose the best channel for the

interaction.
FEEDBACK

-The communication process reaches its final point when the message has been successfully
transmitted, received, and understood.

-Listener’s response can be verbal, non-verbal or in written form.

NOISE

▪ This can be any sort of interference that affects the message being sent, received, or understood.

KINDS OF INTERFERENCE

1. Psychological Barriers- are thoughts that hamper the message to be interpreted correctly by the
receiver.

2. Physical Barriers- include competing stimulus, weather and climate, health and ignorance of the
medium.

3. Linguistic and Cultural Barriers- pertain to the language and its cultural environment. Words may
mean another in different cultures.

4. Mechanical Barriers- are those raised by the channels employed for the interpersonal, group or mass

communication. These include cellphones, laptop and other gadgets used in communication.

CONTEXT

▪ This is the setting and situation in which communication takes place.

▪ Context involves the expectations of the sender and the receiver and the common or shared
understanding through the environmental signals.

▪ Psychological Context

▪ Relational Context

▪ Situational Context

▪ Environmental Context

▪ Cultural Context

The important feature in the communication process, then, is the feedback cycle.
DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION MODELS
 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

1. Communication is an interaction situation wherein the participants are affected by each one’s
behavior.

2. One does communicate

3. The message received is not necessarily the message sent.

4. Communication occurs simultaneously at more than one level.

FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

1.Interpersonal communication is inescapable. We cannot not communicate. The very attempt not to
communicate communicates something. Through not only words, but through tone of voice and
through gesture, posture, facial expression, etc.,

2.Interpersonal communication is irreversible. You cannot really take back something once it has been
said. The effect must inevitably remain.

3.Interpersonal communication is complicated. No form of communication is simple. Because the

number of variables involved, even simple requests are extremely complex.

4. Interpersonal communication is contextual.

a. Psychological context, which is who you are and what you bring to the interaction.

b. Relational context, which concerns your reactions to the other person.

c. Situational context, which deals with the psycho-social where you are communicating.

d. Environmental context, which deals with the physical where you are communicating.

e. Cultural context, which includes all the learned behaviors and rules that affect the interaction.
 ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION

TEN BASICS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION

Johnson (2015) developed Ten Basics of Ethical Communication using principles learned in Straight Talk
and Nonviolent Communication as well as best practices for small group work in general:

1. Seek to elicit the best in communications and interactions with other group members.

2. Listen when others speak.

3. Speak non-judgmentally.

4. Speak from your own experience and perspective, expressing your own thoughts, needs and feelings.

5. Seek to understand others

6. Avoid speaking for others, for example by characterizing what others have said without checking your
understanding, or by universalizing your opinions, beliefs, values, and conclusions, assuming everyone
shares them.

7. Manage your own personal boundaries of others.

8. Avoid interrupting and side conversations.

9. Respect the personal boundaries of others.

10. Make sure that everyone has time to speak, that all members have relatively equal air time if they
want it.

The National Communication Association has presented the following principles of ethical
communication:

1. Truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication must be
advocated.

2. Freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and

responsible decision making fundamental to a civil society should be recommended.

3. Respect and strive to understand other communicators before evaluating and responding to their
messages.

4. Access to communication resources and opportunities as necessary to fulfill human potential and
contribute to the well-being of families, communities and society should be endorsed.

5. as well as the promotion for communication climates of caring and mutual understanding that respect
the unique needs and characteristics of individual communicators.

6. Communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion,
and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred must be condemned.

7. People needs to be committed to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of

fairness and justice.
8. Advocacy in sharing information, opinions, and feelings when facing significant choices while also
respecting privacy and confidentiality should be implemented;

9. And we should accept responsibility for the short- and long-term consequences for our own
communication and expect the same of others because this can lead to a healthy and lasting
relationship.

LANGUAGE REGISTERS

-Frozen Register describes speech that is so formalized that it is often produced via recitation rather
than spontaneous speech production.

-Formal Register describes speech that is elevated, precise, and often professional, official, or
impersonal in nature.

-Consultative Register formal and acceptable speech often used in professional settings. Some examples
of this register include discussions between accountants and clients, judges and lawyers and doctors and
patients

-Casual Register used among friends and peers, and includes informal language including slang and
colloquialisms.

-Intimate Register describes speech that is about personal topics used between close acquaintances,
such as family members, close friends, or romantic partners, and can employ standard or nonstandard
grammatical forms.

COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE, CONTEXT, PURPOSE AND STYLE

Mode – the medium or channel through which communicative intent is expressed.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Verbal communication involves an exchange of information through face to face, audio and / or video
call or conferencing, lectures, meetings, radio and television.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Involves the use of the following to convey or emphasize a message of information.

KINESICS comes from the root word “kinesis” which means “movement”. Refers to the study of hand,
arm, body, and face movements.

GESTURES are movements with some parts of the body such as the head, shoulders, arms to convey
meaning and emphasis.

POSTURE is the way one holds up himself when standing or sitting.

PARALINGUISTIC (VOCALIC) this non-verbal communication is separated from the actual language

uttered or used and is focused on how a statement is said.

OCULESICS or eye contact is another non-verbal way of communicating. Derived from the Latin word
“oculus” meaning “eye”.

PROXEMICS refers to the space one uses when communicating. It is the inter-related theories and
observations, and theories of man’s use of space.

HAPTICS refers to the non- verbal signal transmitted through touch.

CHRONEMICS refers to time.

OLFACTICS refers to the transmission of message through smell even without being verbally told.

CHROMATICS refers to the communication of message thru colors.

GUSTORICS non-verbal symbol that refers to taste.

VISUAL COMMUNICATION

-Visual communication is the practice of graphically representing information to efficiently, effectively

create meaning

-There are many types of content in the realm of visual communication, with examples including
infographics, interactive content, motion graphics, and more.

-It also involves the use of images, graphs, charts, logos, emojis, presentations,

Context - It is the circumstance or environment in which communication takes place. (SETTING)

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT

1. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION – involves one person; it is often called “self-talk”

2. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION – normally involves two people, and can range from intimate
and very personal to formal and impersonal.

3. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION – deals with communicating between or among people having

different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds.

4. GROUP COMMUNICATION – is a dynamic process where a small number of people engage in a

conversation. Group communication is generally defined as involving 3 to 8 people.

5. PUBLIC/ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION - In public communication, one person speaks to a

group of people; the same is true of public written communication, where one person writes a message
to be read by a small or large group.

FOUR (4) APPROACHES OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION

• DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION – flows from upper to lower position, i.e. PRESIDENT TO MANAGER
OR SUPERVISOR, MANAGER TO ORDINARY STAFF.

• UPWARD COMMUNICATION – subordinates send communication to their superiors/bosses bearing

their views/feedback, etc.(lower to upper)
• HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION – takes place among people belonging to the same level but coming
from different departments or units to facilitate the performance of tasks.

• CROSSWISE APPROACH – employees from different units working at various levels communicate with
each other.

6. MASS COMMUNICATION/EXTENDED COMMUNICATION - Mass communication involves sending a

single message to a group. It allows us to communicate our message to a large number of people, but
we are limited in our ability to tailor our message to specific audiences, groups, or individuals. Involves
the use of electronic media. With the use of electronic media, messages are transmitted quickly.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO PURPOSE AND STYLE

1. FORMAL COMMUNICATION - In formal communication, certain rules, conventions and principles are
followed while communicating message. Formal communication occurs in formal and official style.
Usually professional settings, corporate meetings, conferences undergo in formal pattern. Use of slang
and foul language is avoided and correct pronunciation is required. Authority lines are needed to be
followed in foLrmal communication.

ADVANTAGES

-When you want to finalize policy and want to decide a course to adopt, then formal communication is
more effective.

-Formal communication can help in establishing procedures and ensuring that the steps are followed.

-Any promises or any official plans need to be formally documented so that they can be referred to
later.

2. INFORMAL COMMUNICATION - Informal communication is done using channels that are in contrast

with formal communication channels. It’s just a casual talk. It is established for societal affiliations of
members in an organization and face-to-face discussions. It happens among friends and family. Use of
slang words, foul language is not restricted. Usually, informal communication is done orally and using
gestures. Informal communication helps in building relationships.

ADVANTAGES

-Informal communication helps the “Open door policy” and makes people more confident and
forthcoming with their ideas and creativity.

-Informal communication does not incite fear into people’s mind.

-Informal talks encourage people to share their problems

ONLINE COMMUNICATION TOOLS

Communication tools are apps that act as virtual, online meeting rooms for team members, enabling
remote team collaboration. They help individuals/groups have conversations, exchange vital project
data, update others on progress, and share files, making remote work an option for just about every
company.
Best Online Communication Tools

Video Conferencing

-Video conferencing services have developed to become one of the top types of online communication
tools.

-It enables immediate meetings and short-notice meetings.

-It facilitates collaboration without an individual having to leave their office.

-It facilitates non-verbal communication.

EXAMPLES: Apple Face Time, Skype, Zoom, Google Hangouts, and Microsoft Teams

Chats

-Chats can be described as online text conversations that happen in real-time.

-The 3 ways of conducting a chat are Internet relay chat, Instant messenger, and Web-based chat.

EXAMPLES: WhatsApp, Viber, Facebook Messenger, WeChat, Line

Forums

-They can be described as places where all users are allowed to post either comments or post questions.

-Other users of the forums are permitted to post replies to posts so as to create a kind of online
discussion.

-The posts from the discussion are properly stored to be chronologically sorted out in a bid to form
threads.

EXAMPLES: Vanilla Forums, Countable.com, Insided, Disciple, Honeycomb, PeerBoard

Voice over IP

-Voice over IP also known as VoIP is a term that is used in reference to a voice conversation that is
conducted over an internet connection rather than over the traditional phone line.

-Various large organizations utilize VoIP in place of the conventional phone line. It should be noted that
it is very possible to make Voice over IP calls over a computer but with either handsets or a USB headset.
VoIP calls are purely audio-based.

EXAMPLES: MobileVOIP, CloudTalk, Grasshopper, FreshCaller

Emails

-Electronic mail or email is among the old online communication tools. It allows users to transfer
photographs, send files and receive news from any part of the world.

-This online communication tool is broadly utilized for public communication, particularly in mailing lists.

EXAMPLES: Gmail, Outlook, Apple Mail