Baiagad Bahac`b`h _`basarah Gahcutah

‗_dysmeag @vmj`he`‒
@vmj`he`‒

Jmsusuh Kg`d3

1. Nmryag @ia _utrm Udanmra (14?41?6?11>=)

6. Bkd. Vmnqm Agnahm (14?41?6?11<5)
5. Ahllmta Aujy Aj`gma (14?41?6?11<:)
:. Agjk
Agjk Nacar
Nacar Uat
Uatrmk
rmkhk
hk (14?41
(14?41?6?
?6?11<
11<4)
4)
0. Vkdaha Bu
Budabbajad Da
Dasah (14?41?6?114?)
>. @gnmra Vabajdahm _utrm (14?41?6?1141)

<. Hmi`h \mhjya Jabayahtm (14?41?6?114=)

4. Adbaj Bu
Bu”Zasdmb Fm
Fmggad Z.
Z. (14?41?6?11=1)

PHM^@VUMZAU C@BF@V

Cg. Iagmbahtah MM/6:, Iabpus Fubm Z`lag Fktk, C`bf`r >4161, Cawa Zmbur
Z`gp. (?551) 55?66:, 55>4<?, 55<:66, 55=?6=
Nax. (?551) 55=?6=, 55<:66
\`fsmt` 3 www.uh`c.ae.mj
 IAZA _@HLAHZAV

_ucm syuiur iabm pahcatiah i`dajmrat Aggad U\Z, yahl t`gad b`bf`rmiah radbat
s`rtaa iaruhm
s`rt iaruhma-Hy
a-Hyaa i`paja
i`paja iabm
iabm s`dmhl
s`dmhlla
la japat
japat b`hy`g
b`hy`g`sam
`samiah
iah baiagad
baiagad mhm t`pat
t`pat paja
paja
waituhya. Baiagad mhm f`rcujug ‗_dysmeag @vmj`he`‒.
@vmj`he`‒.

Iabm b`hyajarm fadwa baiagad mhm basmd caud jarm s`bpurha, kg`d iar`ha mtu irmtmi
ja
jah
h sarah
sarah ja
jarm
rm s`
s`bu
buaa pmda
pmdai
i ya
yahl
hl f`
f`rsm
rsmna
natt b`bf
b`bfah
ahlu
luh,
h, s`gag
s`gagu
u ia
iabm
bm da
dara
rapi
piah
ah j`
j`bm
bm
i`s`bpurhaah baiagad mhm. U`bkla baiagad mhm japat b`bf`rmiah wawasah yahl g`fmd guas
i`paja p`bfaea.

Aidmr iata, iabm sabpamiah t`rmba iasmd i`paja s`bua pmdai yahl t`gad f`rp`rah
s`rta jagab p`hyusuhah gapkrah mhm jarm awag sabpam aidmr. U`bkla Aggad U\Z s`hahtmasa
b`rmjdkm s`laga usada imta. Abmh.

C`bf`r, 1= Bar`t 6?6?

_`hyusuh

_al` | 6
 JANZAV MUM

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FAF M _@HJADPGP
_@HJADPGPAH...
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FAF MM _@BFADAUA
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A. _`hl`rtmah _dysmeag @vmj`he`.....
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F. Zmp` _dysmeag @vmj`he`.....
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E. Eara B`hl`gkga _dysmeag @vmj`he`........................................
@vmj`he`......................................................
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J. Mhjmiatkr _dysmeag @vmj`he`.......................................
@vmj`he`............................................................................
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@. @g`b`h _dysmeag @vmj`he`.......................................

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N. _`rah _dysmeag @vmj`he`.........................................
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L. Utrat`lm ― Utrat`lm _dysmeag @vmj`he`.....
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D. _`hlarud _dysmeag @vmj`he` jagab Iuagmtas
Iuagmtas Casa.......
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_al` | 5
 FAF M
_@HJADPGPAH

A. Gat
Gatar F`ga
F`gai
iahl
ahl
Uuatu p`rusadaah jagab p`gaisahaahhya t`htu tmjai g`pas jarm i`lmatah p`basarah.

Fami mtu p`rusadaah casa baupuh p`rusadaah farahl, i`juahya saba-saba b`bmgmim
tucuah
tucuah uhtui
uhtui b`heap
b`heapam
am i`u
i`uhtu
htuhla
hlah.
h. Phtuhl
Phtuhl b`hjap
b`hjapat
at i`uhtu
i`uhtuhla
hlah
h yahl
yahl baismb
baismbag,
ag,
p`rusadaah darus b`bmgmim strat`lm p`basarah yahl t`pat s`dmhlla prkjuihya fmsa
sabpam paja sasarah yahl jmtucu. Phtui b`hjapatiah strat`lm p`basarah yahl t`pat,
s`krahl bahac`r p`basarah darus b`badabm falambaha strat`lm p`basarahhya j`hlah
b`bp`gacarm t`htahl bari`tmhl bmx.
bmx. Jm jagab bari`tmhl bmx t`rjapat ikbpkh`h f`rupa
_dysmeag @vmj`he` atau fmasa jms`fut fuitm nmsmi.
U`tmap fajah usada f`rusada uhtui b`hemptaiah tabpmgah nmsmi yahl fami jm bata
ikhsub`h iar`ha i`sah ikhsub`h t`rdajap suatu p`rusadaah aiah b`bpuhyam p`hlarud

yahl p`htmhl falm p`rusadaah t`rs`fut. J`hlah ajahya p`habpmggah nmsmi yahl fami baia
p`rusadaah t`rs`fut aiah babpu b`harmi g`fmd fahyai ikhsub`h. Dag t`rs`fut s`suam
j`hlah p`hl`rtmah _dysmeag @vmj`he` yahl aiah jmcafariah g`fmd gahcut.
_dysmeag @vmj`he` atau yahl fmsa jms`fut j`hlah fuitm nmsmi,
nmsmi, b`rupaiah
b`rupaiah sagad satu
`g`b`h p`htmhl jagab p`basarah casa yahl b`bp`hlarudm i`puasah ikhsub`h uhtui
b`bf`gm, b`hlluhaiah, farahl atau casa yahl jmtawariah. Fuitm nmsmi ajagad
a jagad gmhliuhlah
nmsmi p`rusadaah t`bpat casa jmemptaiah jah t`bpat p`hy`jmaah casa s`rta ikhsub`h
f`rmht`raism, jmtabfad `g`b`h tahlmfg` yahl jmluhaiah uhtui b`hlikbuhmiasmiah atau
b`hjuiuhl p`rahah casa mtu. U`bua p`rusadaah pastm mhlmh b`bmgmim gmhliuhlah nmsmi

yahl fami,
yahl fami, falus,
falus, jah b`harmi
b`harmi s`dmhl
s`dmhlla
la babpu
babpu b`harmi
b`harmi para
para ikhsub
ikhsub`h.
`h. Iar`ha
Iar`ha
gmhliuhlah nmsmi yahl fami t`rs`fut b`rupaiah hmgam pgus jmbata ikhsub`h s`dmhlla
b`r`ia bau b`hcatudiah pmgmdahhya paja p`rusadaah t`rs`fut.

F. Vub
Vubusa
sah
h Bas
Basag
aga
ad
1. Apa
Apa p`hl`r
p`hl`rtma
tmah
h _dysmeag @vmj`he`;
@vmj`he`;
6. Apa
Apa saca
saca tmp`-
tmp`-tmp
tmp`` _dysmeag @vmj`he` (fuitm nmsmi);
5. Falamb
Falambaha
aha eara
eara b`hl`gk
b`hl`gkga
ga _dysmeag @vmj`he` (fuitm nmsmi);
:. Apa saca
saca mhjmiat
mhjmiatkr-mhj
kr-mhjmiatk
miatkrr jagab _dysmeag @vmj`he` (fuitm nmsmi);

0. Apa saca `g`b`h-`g`b`h

`g`b`h-`g`b`h jagab _dysmeag @vmj`he` (fuitm nmsmi);
>. Falamb
Falambaha
aha p`rah
p`rah _dysmeag @vmj`he` (fuitm nmsmi);

_al` | :
 <. Apa
Apa saca iad strat
strat`lm
`lm uhtui
uhtui _dysmeag @vmj`he` (fuitm nmsmi);
4. Falamb
Falambaha
aha p`hl
p`hlaru
arud
d _dysmeag @vmj`he` (fuitm nmsmi) jagab iuagmtas casa;

E. Zucuah
Phtu
Phtui
i b`bp
b`bp`g
`gac
acar
armm apa
apa mtu
mtu _dysmeag @vmj`he` jah fal
falam
amb
bah
ahaa _dysmeag @vmj`he`

f`rp`hlarud jagab suatu p`rusadaah casa.

_al` | 0
 FAF MM

_@BFADAUAH

A. _`hl`rtmah _dysmeag @vmj`he`

@vmj`he`
_dysmeag @vmj`he` atau yahl fmsa jms`fut j`hlah fuitm nmsmi, b`rupai
b`rupaiah
ah sagad satu

`g`b`h p`htmhl jagab p`basarah casa yahl b`bp`hlarudm i`puasah ikhsub`h uhtui
b`bf`gm,
b`bf` gm, b`hlluhai
b`hlluhaiah,
ah, farahl
farahl atau casa yahl jmtawariah.
jmtawariah. F`rmiut
F`rmiut ajagad p`hl`rtmah
p`hl`rtmah
fuitm nmsmi b`hurut para adgm3
B`hurut S`mtdabg jah Fmth`r (6?1536<4) b`hj`nmhmsmiah fuitm nmsmi s`falam f`rmiut,
‗_dysmeag `vmj`he` as td` `hvmrkhb`ht mh wdmed td` s`rvme` ms j`gmv`r`j ahj mh wdmed td`
nmrb ahj td` eustkb`r mht`raet, ahj ahy tahlmfg` ekbbkjmtm`s
ekbbkjmtm`s tdat naemgmtat` p`rnkrbahe`
kr ekbbuhmeatmkh kn td` s`rvme`‒. Artmhya fuitm nmsmi ajagad gmhliuhlah jmbaha casa
jmsa
jmsabp
bpam
amia
iah
h ja
jah
h jmba
jmbaha
ha p`
p`ru
rusad
sadah
ah ja
jah
h ik
ikhs
hsub
ub`h
`hhy
hyaa f`
f`rm
rmht
ht`ra
`rais
ism,
m, s`
s`rta
rta s`tma
s`tmap
p
ikbpkh`h f`rwucuj yahl b`hnasmgmtasm imh`rca atau ikbuhmiasm jarm casa.

B`hurut
B`hurut Vabfat
Vabfat Gupmykajm
Gupmykajm (6?153=6)
(6?153=6) b`hj`nmhmsm
b`hj`nmhmsmiah
iah fuitm
fuitm nmsmi s`falam
s`falam f`rmiut,
f`rmiut,
‗Fui
‗Fuitm
tm atau
atau gmhl
gmhliu
iuhl
hlah
ah nm
nmsmi
smi p`
p`ru
rusad
sadaah
aah (pdysmeag `vmj`he`)
`vmj`he`) ajajag
agad
ad t`t`bp
bpat
at ca
casa
sa
jmemptaiah,
jmemptaiah, t`bpat p`hy`jma
p`hy`jma casa jah ikhsub`h
ikhsub`h f`rmht`raism,
f`rmht`raism, jmtabfad
jmtabfad uhsur
uhsur f`rwucuj
f`rwucuj
apapuh
apapuh yahl
yahl jmluha
jmluhaiah
iah uhtui
uhtui b`hli
b`hlikbu
kbuhmi
hmiasmi
asmiah
ah atau
atau b`hjui
b`hjuiuhl
uhl p`raha
p`rahah
h casa
casa
t`rs`fut‒.
B`hurut Iktg`r (6?11) ajagad fuitm yahl jmbmgmim kg`d p`hy`jma casa yahl jmtucuiah
i`paja ikhsub`h s`falam usugah hmgam tabfad ikhsub`h.

B`hurut p`hjapat adgm gamh, Vatmd Hurdayatm (6??03>:) b`hl`buiaiah fadwa fuitm
nmsmi (pdysmeag `vmj`he`) ajagad saraha nmsmi yahl b`rupaiah suatu dag yahl s`eara hyata

turut b`bp`hlarudm i`putusah uhtui b`bf`gm jah b`hlluhaiah farahl baupuh casa.
Cajm, f`rjasariah f`f`rapa t`krm t`rs`fut, p`h`gmtm sabpam paja p`badabah fadwa
fuitm nmsmi atau pdysmeag `vmj`he` ajagad ajagad struitur nmsmi jarm s`fuad p`rusadaah
yahl b`rupaiah ikbpkh`h utaba jagab b`bf`htui i`sah s`fuad p`rusadaah yahl
b`bm
b`bmgmi
gmimm p`
p`ra
raha
hah
h p`
p`ht
htmh
mhl
l uh
uhtu
tui
i b`
b`ha
harmi
rmi bmha
bmhatt ik
ikhs
hsub
ub`h
`h al
alar
ar ja
jata
tahl
hl i` suat
suatu
u
p`rusadaah jah b`gaiuiah p`bf`gmah.

_al` | >
F. Zmp` _dysmeag @vmj`he`
@vmj`he`
Fuitm nmsmi jagab fmshms caja japat jmf`jaiah f`rjasariah c`hmshya. B`hurut Vabfat
Gupmyk
Gupmykajm
ajm (6?153
(6?15316?
16?)) jagab
jagab fmshms
fmshms casa japat
japat jmfalm
jmfalm b`hcaj
b`hcajmm jua tmp`,
tmp`, yamtu
yamtu fuitm
fuitm
p`htmhl jah fuitm tabfadah s`falam f`rmiut3
f`rmiut3
1.) @ss`htmag `vmj`he` (fuitm p`htmhl)

B`bpr`stasmiah i`putusah iuhem yahl jmfuat p`hy`jmaah casa t`htahl j`samh jah tata
g`tai (gaykut) suatu fahluhah. U`p`rtm tmp` p`sawat yahl jmluhaiah s`fuad basiapam
p`h`rfahlah, suasaha rubad baiah, jah s`falamhya. Dag mhm aiah b`habfad
gmhliup prkjuism s`eara smlhmnmiah.
6.) _`rmpd`rag `vmj`he` (fuitm tabfadah)
B`bmgmim hmgam mhj`p`hj`h yahl i`emg tapm b`habfad i`f`rwucujah paja hmgam yahl
jms`j
jms`jma
maia
iah
h pr
prkj
kjui
ui casa
casa p`
p`bf
bf`gm
`gmah
ah.. Fuit
Fuitmm ta
tabf
bfad
adah
ah da
dahy
hyaa f`
f`rnu
rnuhl
hlsm
sm s`fal
s`falam
am
p`g`hliap saca s`dmhlla apafmga dahya f`rjmrm s`hjmrm tmjai aiah f`rartm apa-apa,
s`iagmpuh j`bmimah p`rahahhya sahlat p`htmhl jagab prks`s prkjuism casa. Bmsaghya

s`p`rtm tmi`r
s`p`rtm tmi`r p`sawa
p`sawatt yahl
yahl b`hcaj
b`hcajmm tahja
tahja dai uhtui
uhtui b`bahn
b`bahnaat
aatiah
iah casa
casa jmsuat
jmsuatu
u
waitu, p`rusadaah p`h`rfahlah babacahl gabfahl p`rusadaah paja s`tmap f`hja
jarm tmi`t dmhlla fajah p`sawat.
Fuitm nmsmi (pdmsmeag `vmj`he`) b`rupaiah gmhliuhlah nmsmi t`bpat casa jmemptaiah jah
gahlsuhl
gahlsuhl f`rmht`raism
f`rmht`raism j`hlah ikhsub`h (Gupmykajm,
(Gupmykajm, 6??>3<1)
6??>3<1) aja tmla c`hms fuitm
fuitm nmsmi
s`falam f`rmiut3
1.) Fuit
Fuitmm p`h
p`htm
tmh
hl (`ss`htmag `vmj`he`),
`vmj`he`), b`rupaiah i`putusah ― i`putusah yahl jmfuat
kg`d p`bf`rm casa b`hl`ham j`samh jah tata g`tai (Gaykut) jarm l`juhl, ruahl jah
gamh ― gamh.

6.) Fuit
Fuitmm p`hju
p`hjuiu
iuhl
hl (p`rmpd`rag `vmj`he`),
`vmj`he`), b`rupaiah hmgam tabfadah yahl fmga f`rjmrm
s`hjmrm tmjai aiah f`rartm apa ― apa. Cajm, dahya f`rnuhlsm s`falam p`g`hliap saca,
s`iagmpuh p`rahhya sahlat p`htmhl jagab prks`s prkjuism casa.
5.) I`pu
I`putu
tusah
sah pr
prkj
kjui
ui casa.
casa. _`ru
_`rusa
sada
daah
ah casa
casa ja
japa
patt b`bf
b`bfua
uatt pm
pmgm
gmda
dah
h p`
p`rtu
rtubf
bfud
udah
ah
strat`lms jagab i`putusah strat`lm prkjui casa yahl jmi`hag j`hlah Ahsknn Batrmx.
Batrmis b`bp`rgmdatiah f`f`rapa i`buhlimhah strat`lm casa jmgmdat jarm asp`i casa
mtu s`hjmrm (apaiad aja p`rufadah atau tmjai) jah asp`i pasar yahl jmgayahm (apaiad
pasar / s`lb`h gaba atau faru).

_al` | <
E. Eara
Eara B`hl`
`hl`gk
gkga
ga _dysmeag @vmj`he`
@vmj`he`
Aja tmla eara jagab b`hl`gkga fuitm nmsmi yahl strat`lms (Hulrkdk jah Caparmahtk,
6?15), yamtu 3
1. Ah att`htmkh-er`atmhl b`jmub, p`rusadaah casa b`gaiuiah jmn`r`hsmasm j`hlah
p`samhl jah b`bfuat sarah nmsmi s`b`harmi buhlimh uhtui b`hcarmhl p`gahllah jarm

pasarhya.
6. As a b`ssal`-er`atmhl b`jmub, b`h
b`hllu
lluhai
haiah
ah smbfkg
smbfkg atau
atau msarat
msarat (sgkla
(sgklah)
h) uhtui
uhtui
b`hlikbuhmiasmiah s`eara mht`hsmn i`paja p`gahllah b`hl`ham i`uhllugah iuagmtas
jarm casahya.
5. Ah `nn`et-er`atmhl b`jmub, facu s`ralab yahl f`rekrai, f`rwarha jah j`samh uhtui
b`hemptaiah s`suatu yahl gamh jarm casa yahl jmtawariah.
Japa
Japatt jmra
jmrasa
saia
iah
h s`
s`fa
fala
lamb
mbah
ahaa dagh
daghya
ya fa
fara
rahl
hl,, baia
baia ik
ikhs
hsub
ub`h
`h e`
e`hj
hj`r
`ruh
uhl
l
b`bp`rdatmi
b`bp`rdatmiah
ah naita ― naita tahlmfg` yahl f`riamtah j`hlah casa s`falam fuitm iuagmtas
casa t`rs`fut.

J. Mhjmiatkr _dysmeag @vmj`he`

@vmj`he`
B`hurut Assaurm (6?1?3=4) Mhjmiatkr fuitm nmsmi yahl fami yamtu s`falam f`rmiut3
1.) Gmhliu
Gmhliuhl
hlah,
ah, yamtu
yamtu gmhliu
gmhliuhla
hlah
h j`hlah
j`hlah ikhjms
ikhjmsmm yahl
yahl hyabah
hyabah s`rta
s`rta b`harmi
b`harmi paja
paja
mht`rhag baupuh `ist`rhag gkiasm usada.
6.) Zata g`tai, yamtu f`riamtah
f`riamtah j`hlah p`hataah gkiasm yahl fami jah `hai jmgmdat.
5.) Nasmgmtas
Nasmgmtas tabfadah, yamtu j`hlah
j`hlah b`bf`rmiah
b`bf`rmiah nasmgmtas ― nasmgmtas
nasmgmtas p`hjuiuhl
p`hjuiuhl uhtui
b`bf`rmiah i`hyabahah falm ikhsub`h.

@. @g`b`h _dysmeag @vmj`he`

@vmj`he`
Fuitm nmsmi b`bmgmim
b`bmgmim `g`b`h-`g`b`h
`g`b`h-`g`b`h yahl japat b`bp`hlarudm
b`bp`hlarudm p`hmgamah s`krahl
s`krahl
ikhsub`h t`rdajap suatu p`rusadaah casa. B`hurut S`mtdabg jah Fmth`r (6?1536<4)
fuitm nmsmi t`rfalm b`hcajm jua `g`b`h yamtu s`rvme`seap` (gmhliuhlah gayahah) jah
ktd`r tahlmfg`s (uhsur ikbuhmiasm nmsmi gamhhya), s`falam f`rmiut3
1.) U`rvme`seap
U`rvme`seap``
B`rupaiah s`bua asp`i nasmgmtas suatu krlahmsasm casa yahl b`gmputm atrmfut ―
atrmfut `ist`rmkr (papah mhnkrbasm, t`bpat parimr, p`bahjahlah agab) atrmfut ― atrmfut
mht`rmkr (j`samh, tata g`tai, p`ragatah, j`ikrasm).

Jmb`hsm gmhliuhlah nmsmi yahl b`gatarf`gaiahlm suatu casa japat jmiat`lkrmiah

i`jagab tmla jmb`hsm ikbpksmn s`falam f`rmiut3

_al` | 4
 a. Abfm`h ekhjmtmkh
B`gmpu
B`gmputm
tm gatar
gatar f`gaia
f`gaiahl
hl iarait
iarait`rm
`rmstmi
stmi jarm
jarm gmhliu
gmhliuhl
hlah
ah s`p`rt
s`p`rtmm 3 t`bp`r
t`bp`ratu
atur,
r,
p`h`rahlah, i`fmsmhlah, busmi, fau, warha. U`bua naitkr mhm sahlat
b`bp`hlaru
b`bp`hlarudm
dm falambaha
falambaha krahl b`rasaiah,
b`rasaiah, f`rpmimr jah b`r`spkh
b`r`spkh t`rdajap
t`rdajap
i`f`rajaah suatu casa.

f. Upatmag Gaykut ahj nuhetmkhagmty

Upatma
Upatmagg Gaykut
Gaykut b`hu
b`huhcuii
hcuiiah
ah falamb
falambaha
aha eara
eara b`smh, p`ragatah,
p`ragatah, jah nurhmtur`
nurhmtur`
jmaturr atau jmsusuh, uiurah jah f`htui jarm mt`b t`rs`fut, jah dufuhlah
jmatu dufuhlah sp`smag
jmahta
jmahtara
ra s`buah
s`buahya.
ya. Nuhetmkhagmty b`h
b`huhc
uhcui
ui paja
paja i`babp
i`babpuah
uah jarm
jarm mt`
mt`b
b yahl
yahl
saba uhtui b`bnasmgmtasm p`heapamah tucuah p`gahllah jah p`lawam.
e. Umlh, sybfkg, ahj Artmnaets
Mt`b
Mt`b ― mt`b
mt`b mhm
mhm f`r
`rtm
tmh
hjai
jai s`
s`f
fal
alam
am smhy
smhyag
ag `i
`isp
spgm
gmsm
smtt at
atau
au mbp
mbpgmsm
gmsmtt yah
ahl
l
b`hlikbuhmiasmiah t`bpat paja p`hlluhahya. Zahja p`tuhcui atau i`t`rahlah
s`falam smhyag `ispgmsmt, japat jmluhaiah s`falam gaf`g (ekhtkd3 haba p`rusadaah,

haba j`part`b`h). U`falam i`t`rahlah arad atau tucuah (ekhtkd 3 basui, i`guar),
jah uhtui
uhtui b`hlikbu
b`hlikbuhmiasm
hmiasmiah
iah atau f`rp`rmgaiu
f`rp`rmgaiu (ekhtkd 3 jmgarahl
jmgarahl b`rkiki).
b`rkiki).
Zahj
Zahjaa p`tu
p`tuhc
hcui
ui jah
jah i`t`
i`t`ra
rahl
hlah
ah yahl
yahl eu
euiu
iup
p ai
aiah
ah b`hl
b`hlur
urah
ahlm
lm p`
p`rs
rs`p
`psm
sm
i`
i`sm
smbp
bpah
ahls
lsmu
murah
rah ja
jah
h str
str`s
`ss.
s. Uy
Uybf
bfkg
kg jah artmn
rtmna
aet
etss b`bf`
b`bf`rmiah
rmiah smhyag
ikbuhmiasm mbpgmemt jah b`hemptaiah jaya tarmi `st`tms s`eara i`s`gurudah. Umlh
Umlh,,
sybfkg, ja
j ah art
rtmn
mna
aets
ets sa
sahl
hlat
at p`ht
p`htmh
mhl
l s`
s`fa
fala
lamm f`
f`ht
htui
ui nmrst mbpr`ssmkh jarm
p`gahllah jah uhtui b`hlikbuhmiasmiah
b`hlikbuhmiasmiah ikhs`p faru jagab suatu casa.

Zaf`g 1.1
Jmb`hsm Gmhliuhlah Nmsmi (U`rvme`se
U`rvme`seap`
ap`))

Abfm`ht 3 Upae` / nuhetmkh 3 Umlh, sybfkg, artmnaets 3

Z`bp`ratur` (sudu) Gaykut Umlhal` (p`tuhcui)
Amr quagmty (iuagmtas ujara) @qumpb`ht (p`ragatah) _`rskhag artmnaets (f`hja
Hkms` (suara) Nurhmsdmhl prmfajm)
Busme (busmi) (p`rg`hliapah) Utyg` kn j`ekr (laya
Kjkr (fau) j`ikrasm)
(Uubf`r 3 S`mtdabg ahj Fmth`r 6??>)

6.
6.)) Kt
Ktd`
d`rr tahlm
tahlmfg
fg`s
`s

_al` | =
 B`rupaiah asp`i s`gamh nasmgmtas s`rvme`seap` yahl t`rbasui jagab p`hyabpamah
suat
suatu
u casa
casa (s
(s`p
`p`rt
`rtmm bat`
bat`rm
rmag
ag ik
ikbu
buhm
hmia
iasm
sm ya
yahl
hl jm
jme`
e`ta
tai,
i, pa
paia
iama
mah
h at
atau
au s`
s`ral
ralab
ab ja
jah
h
s`falamhya).
Zaf`g 6.1 @g`b`h Fuitm Nmsmi

U`rvme`seap` Ktd`r tahlmfg`

Nasmgmtas `ist`rmkr 3 Iartu fmshms (iartu haba) Agat tugms
J`samh `ist`rmkr Msyarat/papah V`i`hmhl talmdah Gapkrah
p`tuhcui Z`bpat parimr Fusaha iaryawah U`ralab
_`bahjahlah Gmhliuhlah s`imtar Frksur
Umtus mht`rh`t ^mrtuag s`rvme`seap`
Nasmgmtas mht`rmkr3
J`samh mht`rmkr _`ragatah
Msyarat/papah p`tuhcui Zata ruahl
Iuagmtas ujara/t`bp`ratur
Uuara/busmi/fau/p`headayaah

Ajapuh
Ajapuh Nahjy
Nahjy Zcmptk
Zcmptkhk
hk (6?16
(6?16314
3140)
0) f`rp`hjapat fadwa s`eara larms f`sar,
pdsysmeag `vmj`he` b`gmputm fuitm nmsmi krlahmsasm (s`rvme`eap`
s`rvme`eap`)) jah f`htui ― f`htui
ikbuhmiasm gamhhya, dag mhm jmc`gasiah jagab taf`g 6.6 f`rmiut mhm 3
Zaf`g 6.6
@g`b`h-`g`b`h _dysmeag @vmj`he`
@vmj`he`
U`rvmseap` Ikbuhmiasm Nmsmi Gamhhya
@ist`rmkr nasmgmtas casa Iartu haba
J`samh `ist`rmkr Agat tugms
Z`bpat parimr Gapkrah
Gmhliuhlah s`imtar U`ralab
Mht`rmkr nasmgmtas casa Frksur
_`ragatah Umtus mht`rh`t

Uubf`r 3 Nahjy Zcmptkhk (6?163140)

F`rj
F`rjas
asar
aria
iah
h p`hj
p`hjap
apat
at jmat
jmatas
as japa
japatt jmsm
jmsmbp
bpug
ugia
iah
h fa
fadw
dwaa pdsysmeag `vmj`he`
b`rupaiah fuitm nmsmi jarm suatu p`rusadaah casa yahl b`hjuiuhl uhtui f`rmht`raism
j`hlah para ikhsub`h jah cula uhtui b`bp`rbujad jah b`gaheariah p`rahah casa
jagab b`hl`bfahliah suatu p`rusadah casa.

N. _`rah _dysmeag @vmj`he`

@vmj`he`

_al` | 1?
 _dysmeag `vmj`he` japat b`bamhiah f`rfalam p`rah paja saat f`rsabaah. _`rdatmah
t`rdajap
t`rdajap f`rfalam
f`rfalam baeab p`rah jah falambaha
falambaha b`r`ia
b`r`ia f`rmht`raism
f`rmht`raism aiah b`hcajm
b`hcajm
s`baimh c`gas fadwa p`htmhl jah strat`lms smnathya uhtui babpu b`hy`jmaiah pdysmeag
`v
`vmj
mj`h
`he`
e` falm suatu casa yahl b`bajam. F`f`rapa p`rah pdysmeag `vmj`he` b`hurut
S`mtdabg jah Fmth`r (6??>3566) b`bmgmim p`rah s`falam f`rmiut3

1.) _aeial` (I`basah)

Fuitm
Fuitm nmsmi casa f`rp`r
f`rp`rah
ah s`fala
s`falamm paeial` (i`
(i`basa
basah)
h) jarm
jarm casa yahl
yahl jmtawa
jmtawaria
riah
h
jagab suatu eara yahl f`rf`ja j`hlah eara b`hawariah farahl. _ai`t prkjui jm
j`samh uhtui b`hllabf
b`hllabfariah
ariah mbal` t`rt`htu s`dmhlla babpu b`hy`htud s`hskr
t`rt`htu atau r`aism `bksmkhag ikhsub`h. U`b`htara pai`t casa b`hahabiah mbal`
b`gagum mht`raism f`rfalam stmbugm yahl ikbpg`is. Fuitm casa b`bfuhlius casa jah
b`hyabpami
b`hyabpamiah
ah mbal`
mbal` `ist`rhag
`ist`rhag t`htahl
t`htahl apa
apa yahl aja jm jagab fuhlius
fuhlius iapaja
iapaja
ikhsub
ikhsub`h.
`h. J`hlah
J`hlah j`bmim
j`bmimah
ah pdysmeag `vmj`he` mtu b`rupaiah
b`rupaiah p`habpmgah
p`habpmgah
tahl
tahlmf
mfg`
g` krlah
krlahmsasm
msasm jah iar`hahya
iar`hahya b`hcajm
b`hcajm sahlat
sahlat p`htmhl
p`htmhl jagab b`bf`htui
b`bf`htui

i`sah awag
i`sah awag atau
atau jagab
jagab b`bf`h
b`bf`htui
tui darapa
darapah
h ikhsub
ikhsub`h.
`h. _`rah
_`rah p`hl`p
p`hl`paia
aiah
h mhm
idusushya
idusu shya p`htmhl
p`htmhl jagab b`hemptai
b`hemptaiah
ah darapah jarm
jarm ikhsub`h
ikhsub`h faru jah uhtui
uhtui
p`rusadaah casa yahl faru f`rjmrm yahl s`jahl b`hekfa b`bfahluh
b`bfahluh suatu mbal`.
6.) Naemgmtatkr (_`hy`jma)
Phcui i`rca atau tmhjaiah
tmhjaiah ― tmhjaiah
tmhjaiah mhjmvmjuag
mhjmvmjuag baupuh
baupuh mht`rj`p`hj`h jarm krahl-
krahl yahl f`raja jagab suatu gmhliuhlah, yamtu ikhsub`h jah iaryawah. Nasmgmtas
nuhlsmkhag yahl jm j`samh j`hlah fami aiah babpu b`hyacmiah p`hlagabah yahl
b`hy`hahliah i`paja ikhsub`h jmsabpmhl mtu aiah b`bfuat iaryawah b`rasa
hyabah jagab f`i`rca. U`fagmihya, j`samh yahl c`g`i jah tmjai `nmsm`h fmsa saca

b`bfuat iaryawah atau ikhsub`h prustasm.

5.) Ukemagmz`r (Uksmagmsasm)
J`samh
J`samh pdysmeag `vmj`he` b`bfahtu sksmagmsasm fami ikhsub`h baupuh iaryawah
s`dmhll
s`dmhllaa japat
japat b`bfah
b`bfahlim
limtia
tiah
h jah b`huh
b`huhtuh
tuh ikhsub
ikhsub`h
`h jah iaryaw
iaryawah
ah uhtui
uhtui
b`gaiuiah p`rah-p`rah t`rt`htu yahl jmdarapiah, uhtui f`rp`rmgaiu sksmag t`t`htu,
jah jagab b`bfahluh dufuhlah ahtara jah jmahtara b`r`ia. Ekhtkd, iaryawah
faru jarm p`rusadaah casa prkn`smkhag aiah b`badabm pksmsmhya jagab dm`rarim
s`falma
s`falmah
h b`gagu
b`gagumm p`hlab
p`hlabatah
atahhya
hya t`rdaj
t`rdajap
ap tulas
tulas ― tulas
tulas iahtkr
iahtkr yahl
yahl jmf`rm
jmf`rmiah
iah
i`pajahya.

:.) Jmnn`r`htmatkr (_`bf`ja)

_al` | 11
 J`hlah nasmgmtas nmsmi japat b`bf`jaiah p`rusadaah jarm casa p`samhl s`rta b`hcajm
tahj
tahjaa jarm
jarm s`
s`lb
lb`h
`h pasa
pasarr baha
baha yahl
yahl jm
jmtu
tucu
cu.. Iar`
Iar`ha
ha i`
i`iu
iuat
atah
ahhy
hyaa s`
s`fa
fala
lamm
jmnn`r`
jmnn`r`htm
htmatk
atkrr (p`bf
(p`bf`ja),
`ja), p`rufadah-p
p`rufadah-p`rufad
`rufadah
ah jagab gmhliuhlah
gmhliuhlah nmsmi japat
jmluhaiah uhtui b`bpksmsmiah i`bfagm suatu p`rusadaah jah atau uhtui b`harmi
s`lb`h pasar faru. Ekhtkd, i`tmia f`raja jm suatu bag f`sar, s`s`krahl aiah j`hlah

e`pat b`gmdat p`rf`jaah gmhliuhlah ahtara tkik paiamah yahl b`hlidususiah jmrm
b`hy`jmaiah paiamah uhtui krahl tua.

L. Utra
Utrat`
t`lm
lm ― Utr
Utrat
at`l
`lmm _dysmeag @vmj`he`
@vmj`he`
Iar`ha smnat jarm i`fahyaiah casa r`gatmn mhtahlmfg`
mhtahlmfg`,, strat`lm uhtui p`hl`gkgaah fuitm
casa ajagad sahlat p`htmhl. Ikhsub`h f`r`aism t`rdajap fuitm p`rusadaah apaiad
str
strat`lm fuitm t`r
`rss`f
`fu
ut aj
ajaa atau tmjai aj
ajaa. Fadwa fuitm tahlmfg` casa aiah
b`hlikbuh
b`hlikbuhmiasmi
miasmiah
ah i`paja
i`paja ikhsub`h
ikhsub`h,, apaiad p`rusadaah babpu
babpu b`hl`tadum
b`hl`tadum jah
b`r`heahaiah uhtui b`hcagahiah strat`lm t`rs`fut atau tmjai. F`rmiut ajagad f`f`rapa

strat`lm yahl japat jmgaiuiah p`rusadaah s`dmhlla b`hlahtariah p`rusadaah i`paja mhtm
p`r`heahaah strat`lm fuitm yamtu3
1.) B`badabm
B`badabm Jabpai
Jabpai Utrat`lm
Utrat`lm _dysmeag @vmj`he`
_dysmeag `vmj`he` japat b`bamhiah p`rahah yahl sahlat c`gas jagab b`h`htuiah
iu
iuagm
agmta
tass p`
p`rs`
rs`ps
psmm ya
yahl
hl jmem
jmempt
ptaia
aiah
h jm ja
jaga
gab
b f`
f`ha
hai
i ik
ikhs
hsub
ub`h
`h.. Kg
Kg`d
`d ia
iar`
r`ha
ha mtu
mtu
p`badabah aiah _dysmeag `vmj`he` saca tmjaigad euiup. U`f`gub strat`lm fuitm japat
f`rcagah j`hlah `n`itmn, strat`lm mhm darus s`eara c`gas jmiamtiah j`hlah tucuah jah
vmsmm p`rusa
vms p`rusadaa
daah
h s`eara
s`eara b`hy`g
b`hy`guru
urud.
d. Dag p`rtab
p`rtabaa yahl
yahl darus
darus jmgaiu
jmgaiuiah
iah ajagad
ajagad
b`hl`tadum apa tucuah p`rusadaah jah b`h`htuiah falambaha strat`lm fuitm japat

b`hjuiuhl tucuah ― tucuah p`rusadaah.

6.) B`b`ta
B`b`taiah
iah Fuit
Fuitmm Casa
Gahliad
Gahliad s`gahcu
s`gahcuthya
thya ajagad b`bfuat
b`bfuat p`ta
p`ta casa. U`tmap krahl darus b`hl`tadum
b`hl`tadum
prks`s casa jah `g`b`h-`g`b`h
`g` b`h-`g`b`h fuitm yahl aja. Uagad satu eara yahl `n`itmn jagab
b`hllabfariah fuitm casa ajagad b`gagum p`ta. U`b`htara p`ta casa j`hlah sahlat
c`gas b`bpuhyam s`cubgad baisuj, p`ta ― p`ta t`rs`fut aiah f`rluha idusushya jm
jagab b`hahliap s`eara vmsuag i`s`bpatah ― i`s`bpatah fuitm. Krahl, prks`s, jah
fuitm nmsmi japat jmgmdat jagab p`ta casa. Jarm p`ta mtugad, s`s`krahl japat
b`hl`tadum tmhjaiah ― tmhjaiah yahl t`reaiup jagab p`hyacmah casa, ikbpg`ismtas

prks`s, tmtmi ― tmtmi mht`raism bahusma yahl b`bf`rm i`s`bpatah ― i`s`bpatah fuitm,
jah r`pr`s`htasm tahlmfg` yahl aja paja s`tmap gahliad. _ara iaryawah, ikhsub`h,

_al` | 16
 ja
jah
h pa
para
ra baha
bahac`
c`rr s`
s`bu
buah
ahya
ya ja
japa
patt t`rg
t`rgmf
mfat
at ja
jaga
gab
b p`
p`bf
bfua
uata
tah
h p`
p`ta
ta ca
casa,
sa, ya
yahl
hl
s`gahcuthya
s`gahcuthya aiah b`hcajm jasar jagab b`hlmj`htmnm
b`hlmj`htmnmiasm.
iasm. Alar p`ta t`rs`fu
t`rs`futt g`fmd
c`gas galm, nktk atau vmj`k t`htahl prks`s p`hyacmah casa japat jmtabfadiah uhtui
b`hl`bfahliah e`tai ― fmru nktklranms.
5.) B`bp`r
B`bp`rc`g
c`gas
as _`rah
_`rah U`rvme`seap`

Jarm s`lm pahjahl ikhsub`h, s`rvme`seap` tmjai b`bpuhyam p`rah jagab p`hyacmah
casa. Mhm b`rupaiah basagad pkiki jagab paja casa ikbuhmiasm jah tmtmpah imgat,
jmbaha ikhsub`h carahl b`gmdat nasmgmtas aituag yahl jmluhaiah uhtui b`gayahm
b`r`ia
b`r`ia.. B`simpu
B`simpuh
h j`bmim
j`bmimah
ah jagab
jagab fahyai
fahyai iasus,
iasus, s`p`rtm
s`p`rtm dkt`g
dkt`g jah p`rawa
p`rawatah
tah
i`s`datah, s`rvme`seap` b`bamh
b`bamhiah
iah p`rah lahja fami yahl b`hyahliut
b`hyahliut tmhjaiah ―
tmhjaiah baupuh smiap ― smiap jarm iaryawah jah ikhsub`h.
:.) B`hmgam
B`hmgam jah B`hlmj`htmnmia
B`hlmj`htmnmiasm
sm I`s`bpatah
I`s`bpatah ― I`s`bpatah Fuitm
Fuitm
F`lm
F`lmtu
tu f`
f`ht
htui
ui ― f`
f`ht
htui
ui fu
fuit
itmm ja
jah
h p`
p`ra
rah
h s`rvme`seap` yah
yahl
l aja jmpada
jmpadabm,
bm, paja
paja
gahliad
gahliad f`rmiuthya
f`rmiuthya i`buhlimh
i`buhlimhah
ah p`rufadah
p`rufadah jah p`rfamiahh
p`rfamiahhya
ya japat jmmj`htmnmi
jmmj`htmnmiasm.
asm.

Ekhtkd, p`ta casa asurahsm atau casa utmgmtas buhlimh dahya b`bp`rgmdatiah s`jmimt
fuitm casa s`dmhlla ikhsub`h b`hl`tadum
b`hl`tadum s`eara pastm apa yahl b`r`ia fayar.
0.) F`rs`jma
F`rs`jma uhtui B`bp`rf
B`bp`rfarum
arum jah B`bkj`rh
B`bkj`rhmsmr
msmr Fuitm
U`cubgad
U`cubgad asp`i fuitm, idusushya
idusushya s`rvme`seap`
s`rvme`seap`,, b`b`rg
b`b`rguiah
uiah jmgaiuiahh
jmgaiuiahhya
ya upjatmhl
atau bkj`rhmsasm yahl s`rmhl atau tmjai s`eara p`rmkjmi. B`simpuh
B`simpuh vmsm, tucuah, jah
kfy`itmn p`rusadaah
p`rusadaah tmjai f`rufad, waitu mtu s`hjmrm yahl aiah b`rusai fuitm nmsmi,
s`dmhlla p`rufadah bkj`rhmsasm p`rgu jmgaiuiah.
>.) Nuhlsmkhag
Nuhlsmkhagmtas
mtas Umgahl
Umgahl _`i`rcaah
_`i`rcaah
Jagab
Jagab b`bp
b`bp`ri
`ri`h
`hag
agia
iah
h jmrm
jmrmhy
hyaa i`
i`pa
paja
ja ik
ikhs
hsub
ub`h
`h,, s`fua
s`fuad
d p`
p`ru
rusad
sadaah
aah ca
casa
sa

f`ri`p`htmhlah j`hlah p`hlikbuhmiasmah mb

mbal
al`` yahl jmmhlmhiah, j`hlah eara
b`hlmrmbiah
b`hlm rmbiah p`sah-p`sah
p`sah-p`sah yahl ikhsmst`h jah ikbpatmf`g
ikbpatmf`g b`gagum s`bua f`htui
fuitm. Cula j`hlah eara b`bf`rmiah fuitm casa yahl jmmhlmhiah jah japat jmpadabm
kg`d f`f`rapa tarl`t. Habuh j`bmimah, s`rmhl t`rcajm fadwa i`putusah t`htahl fuitm
jmfuat jagab waitu yahl gaba jah jmgaiuiah kg`d f`rfalam falmah jagab krlahmsasm.
Ekht
Ekhtkd
kd,, i`
i`pu
putu
tusah
sah-i
-i`p
`put
utus
usah
ah t`hta
t`htahl
hl s`
s`ral
ralab
ab ia
iary
ryaw
awah
ah jm
jmfu
fuat
at kg
kg`d
`d fa
falm
lmah
ah
p`rskhagma, j`s
`sml
mlh
h s`r
`rvm
vme`
e`se
seap
ap`` jm
jmfu
fuat
at kg
kg`d
`d i`
i`gk
gkbp
bpki
ki ya
yahl
hl b`bn
b`bnas
asmg
mgmt
mtas
asmm
bahac`b`h, j`samh prks`s s`rmhl jmfuat kg`d bahac`r kp`rasm, jah i`putusah t`htahl
darla jah p`rmigahah jmfuat kg`d falmah p`basarah. Iar`ha mtu tmjai b`hld`rahiah

fuitm nmsmi paja suatu casa fmsa saca sahlat tmjai ikhsmst`h. _`b`taah casa, atau prks`s
p`bfuatah e`tai- fmru aiah sahlat f`rluha jagab prks`s ikbuhmiasm jagab

_al` | 15
 krlahm
krlahmsasm
sasm,, b`hlmj
b`hlmj`ht
`htmnm
mnmiasm
iasm fuitm
fuitm casa yahl
yahl s`iarah
s`iarahl
l aja,
aja, jah p`hlla
p`hllabfa
bfarah
rah
ng`ismfmgmtas p`rufadah atau p`bf`rmah f`htui-f`htui faru fuitm nmsmi.

D. _`hlarud _dysmeag @vmj`he`

@vmj`he` jagab Iuagmtas Casa
1. V`gmafmgmty (r`gmafmgmtas)
(r`gmafmgmtas),, yamtu i`babpuah
i`babpuah p`rusadaah
p`rusadaah uhtui
uhtui b`bf`rmiah
b`bf`rmiah p`gayahah

yahl aiurat s`cai p`rtaba iagm tahpa b`bfuat i`sagadah apapuh jah b`hyabpamiah
casahya s`suam j`hlah waitu yahl jms`paiatm.
6. V`spkhsmv`h`ss (j
(jay
ayaa tahl
tahlla
lap)
p),, ya
yamt
mtu
u r`
r`sp
spkh
kh atau
atau i`
i`sml
smlap
apah
ah ia
iary
ryaw
awah
ah ja
jagab
gab
b`bfahtu
b`bfahtu p`gahllah jah b`bf`rmiah
b`bf`rmiah p`gayahah yahl e`pat jah tahllap,
tahllap, b`gmputm3
b`gmputm3
i`
i`sml
smlap
apah
ah ia
iary
ryaw
awah
ah ja
jaga
gab
b b`ga
b`gaya
yahm
hm p`
p`ga
gahl
hlla
lah,
h, i`
i`e`
e`pa
pata
tah
h ia
iary
ryaw
awah
ah ja
jaga
gab
b
b`hahlahm trahsaism, jah p`hahlahah i`gudah p`gahllah.
5. Assurahe` (Cabmhah), yaihm p`rmgaiu iaryawah babpu b`hubfudiah i`p`reayaah
p`gahllah t`rdajap p`rusadaah jah p`rusadaah fmsa b`hemptaiah rasa abah falm para
p`gahllah t`rdajap p`rusadaah jah p`rusadaah fmsa b`hemptaiah rasa abah falm para

p`gahllahhya. Cabmhah cula f`rartm fadwa para iaryawah s`gagu f`rsmiap skpah jah
b`hl
b` hlua
uasam
sam p`
p`hl
hl`t
`tad
adua
uah
h ja
jah
h i`
i`t`
t`ra
rabp
bpmg
mgah
ah ya
yahl
hl jmjmfu
futu
tudi
diah
ah uh
uhtu
tui
i b`ha
b`hahl
hlah
ahmm
p`gahllah j`hlah fami
Jmb`hsm i`pastmah / cabmhah mhm b`rupaiah lafuhlah jarm jmb`hsm3
1. Ik
Ikbp
bp`t
`t`h
`hsm
sm (Ekbp`t`he`), artmhya i`t`rabpmgah jah p`hl`taduah yahl jmbmgmim kg`d
Ekbp`t`he`),
para iaryawah uhtui b`gaiuiah p`gayahah.
p`gayahah.
6. I`
I`sk
skpa
paha
hah
h (Ekurt`sy
Ekurt`sy),
), yahl b`gmputm i`rabadah, p`rdatmah, jah smiap para iaryawah
5. Ir
Ir`j
`jmf
mfmgm
mgmta
tass ((Er`jmfmgy
Er`jmfmgy),
), b`gmputm dag-dag yahl f`rdufuhlah j`hlah i`p`reayaah
i`paja p`rusadaah, s`p`rtm r`putasm, pr`stasm, jah s`falamhya.

:. @bpatm
patm (@bpatdy
@bpatdy),
), yamtu p`rdatmah mhjmvmjuag yahl jmf`rmiah p`rusadaah i`paja
p`gahllah s`p`rtm i`bujadah uhtui b`hldufuhlm p`rusadaah, i`b i`babpuah
abpuah iaryawah
uhtui f`rikbuhmiasm j`hlah p`gahllah, jah usada p`rusadaah uhtui b`badabm
i`mhlmhah jah i`futudah p`gahllahhya.
Jmb`hsm mhm b`rupaiah p`hllafuhlah jarm jmb`hsm3
1. Ais`s, b`gmputm i`bujadah uhtui b`bahnaatiah
b`bahnaatiah casa yahl jmtawariah p`rusadaah.
6. Ikbuhmiasm, b`rupaiah i`babpuah b`gaiuiah
b`gaiuiah ikbuhmiasm
ikbuhmiasm uhtui
uhtui b`hyabpamiah
b`hyabpamiah
mhnkrbasm i`paja p`gahllah atau b`bp`rkg`d basuiah jarm p`gahllah.
5. _`badabah paj
pajaa p`gahllah, b`gmputm usada p`rusadaah uhtui b`hl`tadum jah

b`badabm i`futudah jah i`mhlmhah p`gahllah.

_al` | 1:
:. Zahlmfg`s (fuitm nmsmi yahl hyata), b`gmputm p`habpmgah nasmgmtas nmsmi s`p`rtm l`juhl
jah ruahlah nrkht knnme`, t`rs`jmahya t`bpat parimr, i`f`rsmdah, i`rapmdah jah
i`hyabahah ruahlah, s`rta i`g`hliapah p`ragatah ikbuhmiasm, jah p`habpmgah
iaryawah.

_al` | 10
 FAF MMM

_@HPZP_

A. I`smbpugah
_dysmeag @vmj`he` (Fuitm
(Fuitm Nmsmi) b`rupaiah
b`rupaiah i`babpuah
i`babpuah suatu p`rusadaah
p`rusadaah jagab

b`huhcuiiah
b`huhcuii ah `ismst`hsmhy
`ismst`hsmhyaa i`paja
i`paja p`gahllah.
p`gahllah. J`hlah p`habpmgah
p`habpmgah jah i`babpuah
i`babpuah
saraha jah prasaraha nmsmi yahl jms`jmaiah kg`d p`rusadaah baia jmdarapiah aiah japat
b`hmhliatiah i`puasah jarm para p`gahllah yahl b`hlluhaiah casa jarm p`rusadaah
t`rs`fu
t`rs`fut.
t. Fuitm
Fuitm nmsmi
nmsmi cula
cula turut
turut b`bfu
b`bfuat
at s`rvme` b`hcajm
b`hcajm b`harmi
b`harmi ikhsub`h jagab
b`gaiuiah i`lmatah trahsaismhya. U`falam ekhtkdhya japat jmgmdat jarm t`bpat jmbaha
casa t`rs`fut
t`rs` fut jmtawariah atau j`hlah iata gamh ikhjmsm nmsmi jmbaha casa jmpasariah yamtu
l`juhl s`rta gkiasm.
_dysmeag @vmj`he` sahlat p`htmhl uhtui pksmsm jah b`bp`riuat p`habpmgah iar`ha
t`rdajap fuitm nmsmi mhm hasafad smap uhtui b`hlmj`htmnmiasm jah b`bfahjmhliahhya

j`hlah casa gam

j`hlah gamhhy
hhya,
a, jah j`hlah
j`hlah p`habp
p`habpmga
mgah
h yahl
yahl falus
falus baia
baia aiah
aiah b`bf`r
b`bf`rmm hmgam
hmgam
tabfad falm p`rusadaah jah cula b`bfuat para hasafad s`hahl jah f`tad fmga ikhjmsm
t`bpat p`rusadaah mtu f`har b`bf`rmiah suasaha yahl hyabah.
_dysmeag @vmj`he` cu
cula
la turut
turut b`bfu
b`bfuat
at s`rvme`s b`hcajm
b`hcajm b`harmi
b`harmi hasafad jagab
b`gaiuiah i`lmatah trahsaismhya, s`falam ekhtkd japat jm gmdat jarm t`bpat jmbaha casa
jm pasariah yamtu l`juhl s`rta gkiasm. Fmga gkiasm t`bpat casa mtu f`raja tmjai b`harmi
atau rusai, iktkr, baia aiah b`hlurahlm hmgam tabfad jarm casa yahl jm tawariah tajm.
I`babpuah gmhliuhlah nmsmi jagab b`bp`hlarudm p`rmgaiu jah jagab b`hemptaiah
p`habpmgah c`gas t`rgmdat paja fmshms casa s`p`rtm dkt`g, r`stauraht, rubad saimt, tkik

r`tamg, iahtkr ― iahtkr prkn`ssmkhag, jah fahi.

_al` | 1>
 JANZAV _PUZAIA

Assaur
Assaurm,
m, Ukncah
Ukncah.. 6?1?.
6?1?. Bahac`b`h _`basarah3 Jasar, Ikhs`p & Utrat`lm.
Utrat`lm . Caiarta3 Vaca
Lranmhjk _`rsaja.

Nahjy Zcmptkhk. 6?16. Utrat`lm _`basarah, `j. 5.]klyaiarta3

5.]klyaiarta3 Ahjm.

Gupmy
Gupmykaj
kajm,
m, Vabfat
Vabfat.. 6?15.
6?15. Bahac`b`h _`basarah Casa F`rfasms Ikbp`t`hsm (@jmsm 5)
5)..
Caiarta3 Uag`bfa @bpat.

Hulrkdk, V.,& Caparmahtk, @. (6?15). _`hlarud _rkjuet, _rkbktmkh, _gae`, _rme`, _`kpg`,
jah _dysmeag @vmj`he` Z`rdajap Zmhliat Iuhcuhlah jm Eknn`` Ekzm`s Uurafaya.
Uurafaya . Curhag
Bahac`b`h _`basarah _`tra, ^kgub` 1, Hk. 6, 1-=.

S`mtdabg,
S`mtdabg, Fmth`r, Lr`bg`r.
Lr`bg`r. 6??>
6??>.. U`rvme`s Bari`tmhl3 Mht`lratmhl Eustkb`r Nkeus Aerkss
Zd` Nmrb.
Nmrb. Umhlapkr`3 Zd` BELraw-Dmgg Ekbpahm`s

_al` | 1<