The study's fundamental concepts are operationally defined as follows:

1. Jeepney Phaseout refers to the ongoing efforts in the Philippines to modernize or replace
traditional jeepneys, popular public vehicles in the Philippines. The goal is to introduce
newer, more environmentally friendly, and safer vehicles to improve transportation. This
initiative addresses issues such as reducing traffic, prohibiting more greenhouse
emissions, and reducing air pollution to provide more efficient and sustainable public
transit.
2. Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) refers to the steps taken by the
government to handle the nation's future transportation needs and the issues that are
becoming worse related to transportation. It typically involves replacing old and
inefficient public utility vehicles with newer, safer, and more environmentally friendly
alternatives. The goal is to enhance public transportation services' general standard,
effectiveness, and sustainability.
3. Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB), an agency under the
supervision and control of the DOTr, is promulgated to administer, enforce, and monitor
compliance with public land transportation services policies, laws, and regulations.
4. Cultural Symbols refer to an object, sign, or image that carries specific meanings within a
particular culture. These symbols often represent shared values, beliefs, traditions, or
aspects of identity. An example of this is the Jeepney, also called Jeep, which is a
traditional and most popular means of vehicle in the Philippines. Because of these, they
became a widespread symbol of Philippine culture and art.
5. Modernization refers to updating or adapting something to meet technological, social, or
economic standards.
6. Social Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of opportunities, resources, and
benefits within a society, resulting in differences in health, wealth, and general well-
being amongst various people or groups. It often results from systemic factors such as
economic structures, discrimination, and societal norms. Regarding the jeepney phaseout,
many individuals or groups argue that the assailed orders and circulars would violate
their rights to gainful employment and livelihood and harm drivers, operators, and
commuters.
7. Power Influence refers to the ability of specific individuals or groups to shape or control
the decision-making process related to the replacement or modernization of traditional
jeepneys. This influence can be wielded through political connections, economic
interests, or advocacy efforts, impacting the direction and implementation of policies
surrounding the phaseout.
8. Groups refer to the collections of people with common interests, characteristics, or
purposes. It may refer to associations or organizations in the public transportation sector,
particularly those representing jeepney drivers, operators, or commuters.