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Calculus - Keyword Review

Mathematics Engineering (Trường Đại học FPT)

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CALCULUS – KEY TERMS & MAIN RESULTS

Key terms Problems with solutions Exercises - Do yourself
Chapter 1. Functions and limits:
domain and range Find the domain and range of y = √4 − 𝑥 2 Find the domain and range
Solution. of the functions:
• Domain: the set of all x-values such that f(x) is 1/ y = √16 − 𝑥 2
1
defined 2/ y = 4 + 3
𝑥 +1
4 – x2  0  4  x2  2  x  -2
• Range (the set of all y-values): y = √4 − 𝑥 2 
√4  y  0
composite Given f(x) = x3 and g(x) = x + 3, find f(g(x)) and 3/ Find f(g(x)) and g(f(x))
function g(f(x)). if f(x) = 1/(x+1) and g(x) =
(fg)(x) = f(g(x)) Solution. x2.
• f(g(x)) = f(x+3) = (x+3)3 4/ Find (fg)(3), g(f(4))
• g(f(x)) = g(x3) = x3 + 3 from the table
x 1 2 3 4
f 7 1 5 2
g 2 8 1 4
from y = f(x) to y Suppose the graph of y = f(x) is given. Say how the 5/How to obtain the graph
= f(x+c) and y = graphs of a) y=f(x) + 3 b) y = f(x+3) c) y = f(x-3) + 2 of y = f(x - 3) from the
f(x) + c are obtained. graph of y = f(x)?
Solution. 6/ How to obtain the graph
a. The graph of y = f(x) + 3 is obtained by of y = (x – 3)2 + 1 from the
shifting the given graph 3 units UP. graph of y = x2?
b. The graph of y = f(x+3) is obtained by shifting
the given graph 3 units to the LEFT.
c. The graph of y = f(x-3) + 2 is obtained by
shifting the given graph 3 units to the RIGHT,
then 2 units UP.
find limits of 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥 2 −4
Find lim− |𝑥−3| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim |𝑥−3| (if any) 7/ Find lim |𝑥−2| (if any)
functions 𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→2
Solution. 8/ Find lim (√𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 −
𝑥→∞
• 𝑥 → 3− means is near 3 and x < 3  |x – 3| =
𝑥 2 −9 (𝑥−3)(𝑥+3)
𝑥)
-(x-3)  lim− |𝑥−3| = lim− −(𝑥−3)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
= −lim(𝑥 + 3) = −6
𝑥 2 −9
• 𝑥 → 3+ : |x – 3| = x-3 and lim+ |𝑥−3| =
𝑥→3
(𝑥−3)(𝑥+3)
lim+ (𝑥−3)
𝑥→3
= lim(𝑥 + 3) = 6
𝑥 2 −9 𝑥 2 −9
• lim−  lim+
𝑥→3 |𝑥−3| 𝑥→3 |𝑥−3|
𝑥 2 −9
 lim 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡.
𝑥→3 |𝑥−3|
[Trick: try with x near 3, for example, x = 3.01,
x = 2.99 and consider the results.]
test for 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 3 9/ Find all values of a, b
Given the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { .
continuity 𝑥 − 𝑚 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 3 such that

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(at x = a) Find m such that f is continuous at x = 3. 𝑓(𝑥)

Solution. 𝑥2 − 1
• f(3) = 6 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1
= 𝑥−1
• lim−f(x) = 32 – 3 = 6 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑖𝑓 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
𝑥→3
• lim f(x) = 3 – m { 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 2
𝑥→3+ is continuous at x = 1 and
• f is continuous at x = 3  limx3f(x) = f(3) x = 2.
 lim−f(x) = lim+f(x) = f(3)  3 – m = 6  m = -3
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
Chapter 2. Derivatives
differentiable 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 2 10/ Compute dy/dx or y’:
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = { 3
4𝑥 − 4 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2 a/ y = 1− 𝑥
√
Find f’(2) or say it is not differentiable at x = 2. b/ y = ln(3x) – e-2x
Solution. 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(2) 𝑥 2 −4 11/ Compute 𝑑𝑥 2 or y’’
• lim 𝑥−2 = lim− 𝑥−2 = 4 3
𝑥→2− 𝑥→2
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(2) 4𝑥−4−4 a/ y = 1−2𝑥
• lim+ 𝑥−2 = lim+ 𝑥−2 = 4
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 b/ y = e-2x -1/x
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(2)
• f’(2) = lim =4
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
Slope, Tangent Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 12/ Given the curve y = x3
line and √𝑥 2 + 3 at the point (1, 2). – 2x
linearization of Solution. a/ Find the tangent line of
y= f(x) at a: (𝑥 2 + 3)′ 𝑥 the curve at the point (2,
y = f’(a)(x-a) + 𝑦′ = = 4).
2
2√𝑥 + 3 √𝑥 + 3 2
(a) ′ 1 b/ Find the point on the
• 𝑦 (1) = 2 // slope of the tangent line graph of the curve at
• 𝐴𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆: which the tangent line has
𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 )(𝑥−𝑥0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥0 ) slope 1.
1
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1) + 2
2 13/ Find the linearization
1 3 1
of the function f(x) = x4 –
𝑦= 𝑥+ 4
2 2 5x + 3 at x = 2.
1 3
-The tangent line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 called the
2 2
linearization of 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 3 at x = 1 and we can use
this line to approximate the value of f(x) for x near 1.
-For example, to approximate √𝑥 2 + 3 with x = 0.98
1
(near 1), we can use 𝑦= 𝑥+ 2
3 1 3
2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑠 2 0.98 + 2 = 1.99.
Find (fg)’(x) Given f(u) = √𝑢, g(x) = 1 + 3x2, find (fg)’(1). 14/ Given f(u) = u2, g(x) =
By chain rule: Solution. 1 + 2x.
(fg)’(x) = • Let u = g(x), then u’(x) = 6x Find (fg)’(2).
f’(g(x)).g’(x) 1 1
• f’(u) = 2 √𝑢 = 2 √1 + 3𝑥 2 15/ Given F(x) = f(g(x)),
and f(-2) = 8, f’(-2) = 4,
• (fg)’(x) = f’(g(x)).g’(x) = f’(u).u’(x) f’(5) = 3, g(5) = -2, g’(5) =
1
= 6x 2 √1 + 3𝑥 2 = 3√1 + 3𝑥 2 6. Find F’(5).
 (fg)’(1) = 6 16/ Suppose H(x) = (2x +
1)3 – 5 can be expressed as
(fgh)(x), and f(x) = x –
5, h(x) = 2x + 1, what is

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g(x)?

find dy/dt (rate of Example 1. Given x2 + y3 = 12 and dx/dt = -3, find 17/ Given x3 + y3 = 9 and
y) when given dy/dt when x = 2. dx/dt = -3, find dy/dt when
dx/dt (rate of x), Solution. x = 2.
x and y. x2 + y3 = 12  y = 2 if x = 2
𝑑 2 𝑑 18/ A ladder 5m long rests
 𝑑𝑡
(x + y3) = 𝑑𝑡(12)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 against a vertical wall. If
 2x 𝑑𝑡 + 3y2 =0 the bottom of the ladder
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 slides away from the wall
 2.2.(-3) + 3.(2). 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑦 at a rate of ½ m/s, how fast
 𝑑𝑡 = 2 is the top of the ladder
Example 2. Each side of a square is increasing at a rate sliding down the wall
of 6cm/s . At what rate is the area of the square when the bottom of the
increasing when the area of the 16cm2? ladder is 3 m from the
Solution. wall?
• A: area of square, x : length of a side
• Rate of side: x’(t), rate of area A’(t)
• A = x2
And A’(t) = 2x.x’(t) = 2.4.6 = 48 cm2/s
differential The radius of a circular disk is given as 24 cm with a 19/ The edge of a cube
dy = f’(x)dx maximum error in measurement of 0.2 cm. Use was found to be 30 cm
and differentials to estimate the maximum error in the with a possible error
approximation y calculated area of the disk. in measurement of 0.1 cm.
 f’(x)dx Solution. Use differentials to
A: area = r2 estimate the maximum
r: radius = 24cm possible error.
maximum error of r: r = 0.2 cm
maximum error of area = A  A’(r)r = 2rr 
30.15929 cm2
Find dy/dx by Use implicit differentiation to find an equation of the 20/ Find dy/dx by implicit
implicit tangent line to the curve differentiation.
differentiation. x2 + xy + y2 = 3 at the given point (1, 1). x2 + xy - y2 + x = 2.
Solution.
𝑑 𝑑 21/ Use implicit
(x2 + xy + y2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (3)
𝑑𝑥 differentiation to find an
 (x2)’ + (xy)’ + (y2)’ = 0
equation of the tangent
 2x + x’y + xy’ + 2y.y’ = 0
line to the curve
 2x + y + (x+2y).y’ = 0
at the given point.
 y‘ = -(2x+y)/(x+2y)
x2 +2xy - y2 + x = 2,
 y’(1) = -3/3 = -1
(1, 2)
Equation of the tangent line:
y = y’(1)(x – x0) + f(x0)
 y = -(x – 1) + 1
 y = -x
Chapter 3. App. Of differentiation
critical numbers Find the critical numbers of the function. 22/ Find the critical
f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 36x numbers of the function.
Solution. f(x) = f(x) = x4 - 2x2 + 3
f’(x) = 6x2 + 6x – 36

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f’(x) = 0  x = 2, x= - 3
critical numbers: 2 and -3
increasing/decre 1/ The graph of the derivative of a function is shown. 23/ The graph of the
asing derivative of a function is
shown.
local (relative) a/ On what intervals is
min/max: 1st increasing or decreasing?
derivative test b/ At what values of x does
and 2nd derivative have a local maximum or
test a/ On what intervals is f increasing or decreasing? minimum?
b/ At what values of x does f have a local maximum or
concave minimum?
upward/downwa Solution.
rd a/ Based on the graph above, f’(x) < 0 on the intervals
(0, 1) and (5, 6)  f is decreasing on (0, 1) and (5, 6); f
inflection points is increasing on (1, 5) because f’(x) > 0 on (1, 5).
b/ f’ changes sign from (-) to (+) at x = 1  f has local
minimum at x = 1.
f’ changes sign from (+) to (-) at x = 5  f has local 24/ Given f(x) = x4 - 2x2 +
maximum at x = 5. 3
a/ Find the intervals on
2/ Given f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 36x which is f increasing or
a/ Find the intervals on which is f increasing or decreasing.
decreasing. b/ Find the local maximum
b/ Find the local maximum and minimum values of f . and minimum values of f .
c/ On what intervals is f concave upward or concave c/ On what intervals is f
downward? concave upward or
d/ Find all inflection points of f. concave downward?
Solution. d/ Find all inflection points
• f’(x) = 6x2 + 6x – 36 of f.
f’(x) = 0  x = 2, x= - 3
sign of f’
x - -3 2 
f’ + 0 - 0 +
a/ f is increasing on (-, -3), and increasing on (2, )
f is decreasing on (-3, 2).
b/ local max: f(-3) = 81, local min: f(2) = -44
• f’’(x) = 12x + 6
f’’(x) = 0  x = - ½
sign of f’’
x - -½ 
f’’ - 0 +
c/ f is concave downward on (-, - ½) and concave
upward on (- ½, )
d/ at x = - ½, f changes from concave downward to
concave upward  inflection point is (-1/2, f(-1/2))
or (-1/2, 20)
abs. max/min Find two numbers whose difference is 40 and product 25/ Find two numbers
and is minimum. whose difference is 20 and
Optimization Solution. product is minimum.

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problems We find x and y such that x – y = 40 and x.y is

minimum. 26/ Find the absolute
Let f(x) = x.y = x.(x-40) = x2 – 40x maximum and minimum
f’(x) = 2x – 40 1
of the function f(x) = 3x3 –
f’(x) = 0  x = 20 2x2 + 5x – 1 on [0, 3].
and f’’(20) = 2 > 0
 f(20) = -400 is minimum value of f.
So, x = 20 and y = -20
𝐟(𝐛) – 𝐟(𝐚) If f(1) = 10 and f’(x)  5 for all x, how small can f(4) 27/ If f(3) = 7 and f’(x)  4
𝒃−𝒂
= f’(c)
possibly be? for all x, how large can
Solution. f(8) possibly be?
(Mean value
Based on MVT, there exists c in (1, 4) such that
theorem) 𝑓(4)−𝑓(1)
f’(c) =  f(4) – f(1) = 3.f’(c)  3.5
4−1
 f(4)  15 + f(1) = 25
 smallest value of f(4) is 25.
Newton’s Use Newton’s method to find x3 to approximate the 28/ Use Newton’s method
method: solution of the equation x3 – x = 7. Choose x1 = 2 and to find x3, the 3rd
find nth round the result to 2 decimal places. approximation to the
approximation Solution. solution of the equation
to the solution of • x 3 – x = 7  x3 – x – 7 = 0 x3 + 2x = 5. Choose x1 = 1
an equation f(x) • Let f(x) = x3 – x – 7 and round the result to 2
= 0.  f’(x) = 3x2 - 1 decimal places.
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
• Use the formula: xn+1 = xn -
𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 )
x1 = 2
𝑓(𝑥1 )
x2 = x1 -  2.090909091
𝑓′(𝑥1 )
𝑓(𝑥2 )
x3 = x2 - 𝑓′(𝑥2 )
 2.086754310  2.09
position function A particle is moving on a straight line with acceleration 29/ A particle is moving
s(t) a(t) = 12t + 4 (cm/s2). on a straight line with
a/ Find velocity v(t) if v(0) = 0. acceleration a(t) = 12t + 4
velocity v(t) b/ Find position of the particle after 5 seconds if s(0) = (cm/s2).
3. a/ Find velocity v(t) if v(0)
acceleration a(t) c/ Find the total distance traveled by the particle after 5 = 0.
seconds. b/ Find position of the
Solution. particle after 5 seconds if
a/ velocity v(t) = a(t)dt = 6t2 + 4t + C s(0) = 3.
v(0) = 0  C = 0 c/ Find the total distance
So, v(t) = 6t2 + 4t traveled by the particle
b/ position = s(t) = v(t)dt = 2t3 + 2t2 + C after 5 seconds.
s(0) = 3  2.03 + 2.02 + C = 3  C = 3
 s(t) = 2t3 + 2t2 + 3
 position after 5 seconds is: s(5) = 303 (cm)
5
c/ total distance = ∫0 |𝑣(𝑡)|𝑑𝑡 = 300 (cm)
Find Find f(x) if f’’(x) = 6x2 – 4x and f(0) = f(1) = 3. 30/ Find f(x) if f’’(x) =
antiderivatives Solution. 12x2 – 2x + 3 and f(0) =
f’’(x) = 6x2 – 4x  f’(x) = 2x3 – 2x2 + C f’(0) = 2.
1 2
 f(x) = 2x4 - 3x3 + Cx + D
So, f(0) = D = 3

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and f(1) = -1/6 + C + 3 = 3  C = 1/6

1 2
Hence, f(x) = = 2x4 - 3x3 + x/6 + 3
Chapter 4-6: Integrals
Integrals and Given f(x) = 6x2 – 4x 31/ Given f(x) = 3x2 – 2x
areas, a/ Approximate the area under f(x) from x = 1 to x = 4 a/ Approximate the
Riemann sum, using Riemann sum with n = 6 and left endpoints. 8
∫0 𝑓(𝑥)dx by computing
left endpoint, b/ Find the area under f(x) from x =1 to x = 4 by the area under f(x) using
4
right endpoint, computing the integral ∫1 𝑓(𝑥)dx. Riemann sum with n = 4
midpoint Solution. and right endpoints.
4−1
a/ area  6 (f(1) + f(1.5) + f(2) + f(2.5) + f(3) + f(3.5)) b/ Find the area under f(x)
from x = 0 to x = 8.
= 77.25000000

4 4
b/Actual area = ∫1 𝑓(𝑥)dx = ∫1 (6𝑥 2 – 4x)dx = 96.
𝒃 4 𝑏 √2
∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 1/ Given f(1) = 3, f’ is continuous and ∫1 𝑓′(𝑥)dx = 7. 32/ Given ∫0 √𝑥 dx =
6
F(b) – F(a) Find f(4). Find b.
Solution.
4
f is an antiderivative of f’  ∫1 𝑓′(𝑥)dx = f(4) – f(1) 3
33/ Compute ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) dx,
 f(4) – f(1) = 7  f(4) = 7 + 3 = 10 where
2/ Suppose h is a function such that 5 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 2
h(1) = -2, h’(1) = 2, h’’(1) = 3, h(2) = 6, h’(2) = 5, 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2
𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 2
h’’(2) = 13 and h’’ is continuous everywhere. Hint:
2
Evaluate ∫1 ℎ′′(𝑥)dx. 3 2
∫0 𝑓(𝑥) dx = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) dx +
Solution. 3
h’ is an antiderivative of h’’  ∫2 𝑓(𝑥) dx
2
∫1 ℎ′′(𝑥)dx = h’(2) – h’(1) = 5 – 2 = 3.
Trapezoidal rule Given the table of values of f(x) 34/ Use trapezoidal rule
and Simpson’s x 0 2 4 6 8 10 with n = 4 to approximate
rule 4
f(x) 0 5 4 2 -3 2 the integral ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)dx if:
10
Approximate ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) dx using trapezoidal rule with n a/
= 5 and the given data. x f(x)
Solution. 0 2
10 1
∫0 𝑓(𝑥) dx  2(f(0) + 2f(2) + 2f(4) + 2f(6) + 2f(8) + 1 1
1 2 -1
f(10)) = 2(0 + 10 + 8 + 4 + (-6) + 2) = 9. 3 3
4 5
4
b/ f(x) = √𝑥 + 1

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Average value of Find the average value of the function f(x) = 3x2 – 35/ Suppose the average
f(x) over [a, b] 2x over [1, 3]. value of f over [1, 5] is
Solution. 7/2.
3 3 5
∫1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫1 (3𝑥 2 −2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Find ∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
fave = = = 18/2 = 9
3−1 3−1
udv = uv - vdu 1/ Find 4xe dx -2x 36/ Find the integrals:
Solution. a/ 2xe-xdx
−1
Let u = 4x, dv = e-2xdx  du = 4dx, v = 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 b/ 4xln(2x)dx
Hint:
So, 4xe-2xdx = udv = uv - vdu
u = ln(2x), dv = 4xdx
= -2xe-2x + 2e-2xdx = -2xe-2x - e-2x + C
𝑒  du = u’dx
2/ Find ∫1 2xlnxdx (2𝑥)′
= dx = dx/x
Solution. 2𝑥
2𝑥
Let u = lnx, dv = 2xdx  du = dx/x, v = x2 c/ ∫ 𝑥+2dx
√
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
∫1 2xlnxdx = ∫1 udv = uv|1 - ∫1 vdu Hint:
1
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 1 𝑒 u = 2x, dv = dx
= x2lnx | - ∫1 xdx = x2lnx | - 2x2| √𝑥+2
1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2  v = 2√𝑥 + 2
= e - (e – 1) = 2e + ½
2
f(x)dx = g(t)dt 1/ Find ∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3)9 dx 37/ Evaluate the integrals:
2
by substitution t = Solution. a/ ∫0 3𝑥 2 √𝑥 3 + 1 𝑑𝑥
u(x) Let t = 𝑥 2 + 3  dt = 2xdx
𝑡 10 2
So, ∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3)9 dx =  t9dt = 10
+C b/ ∫ (1 + √𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
(𝑥 2 +3)10
= +C Hint:
10
𝑙𝑛𝑥 t = 1 + √𝑥
2/ Find ∫ 𝑥 dx
Solution.
Let t = lnx  dt = dx/x
𝑙𝑛𝑥 1 1
So, ∫ 𝑥 dx =  t dt = 2t2 + C = 2(lnx)2 + C
𝑑 𝑢(𝑥) 1/ Find 38/ Find the following
(∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡)
𝑑𝑥 𝑣(𝑥) 𝑥2 derivatives:
𝑑
= u’(x).f(u(x)) – (∫ √1 + 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 ) a/
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
v’(x).f(v(x)) 𝑥 𝑑
Solution. ( ∫ (1 + 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ √1 + 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡) = (x2)’√1 + 𝑥 4 – (x)’√1 + 𝑥 2 b/ Suppose
𝑥
= 2x√1 + 𝑥 4 – √1 + 𝑥 2 ∫1 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = x√𝑥 – 3, find
2/ Find g’(x) and g’(2) if f(x).
3𝑥
g(x) = ∫𝑥 (1 + 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡) Hint:
𝑥
Solution. If g(x) = ∫1 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, then
3𝑥
g(x) = ∫𝑥 (1 + 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡) g’(x) = f(x)
𝑑 3𝑥
 g’(x) = 𝑑𝑥 [∫𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡]
= 3(1+ 3x) – 2x(1+ x2)
= -2x3 + 7x + 3
Hence, g’(2) = -1
improper 1/ Which of the following integrals are convergent? 39/ Which of the following
integral: Test for ∞ 1 integrals are convergent?
a/ ∫1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥√𝑥 ∞ 1
convergence or a/ ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√

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∞ 𝑥+3
divergence b/ ∫3 𝑥 2 + 𝑥√𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∞ 𝑥+𝑥√𝑥
∞ −𝑥 b/ ∫2 𝑑𝑥
∞ 1
∫𝑎 𝑥 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 c/ ∫0 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥3+ 1
Solution. ∞
∞ 1 ∞ 1 c/ ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
a/ ∫1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 3/2 𝑑𝑥 converges (p = 3/2 > 1)
√ 𝑥
∞ 𝑥+3 ∞ 𝑥 ∞1
b/ ∫3 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥  ∫3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 diverges (p = 1)
√
−𝑥 
∞ −𝑥
c/ ∫0 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = -2𝑒 2 | = -2(𝑒 − − e0) = -2(0 – 1) = 2
0
improper Evaluate the improper integral or say it diverges 40/ Evaluate each of these
integral (type 2) 5 improper integrals or say it
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 diverges
√5 − 𝑥 5 1
a/ ∫1 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
1
√
Solution.
𝑡 1 𝑡 1 𝑡
• ∫1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 (5−𝑥)0.5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 (5 − 𝑥)−0.5 𝑑𝑥 b/ ∫0
4 1
𝑑𝑥
√5−𝑥
𝑥 0.8
(5−𝑥)−0.5+1 𝑡 𝑡
= − −0.5+1 | = -2√5 − 𝑥 |
1 1
= -2√5 − 𝑡 + 2√5 − 1  4 when t  5
5 1
• ∫1 𝑑𝑥 = 4
√5−𝑥
Chapter 8. Sequences and series
Find a1, a2, … 1/ Given an = n + (-1)n, n = 1, 2, 3, … 41/
from an Find a1, a2, a3. a/ Find a1, a2, a3, a4
Solution. (−1)𝑛
if an = 𝑛
a1 = 1 + (-1)1 = 0
a2 = 2 + (-1)2 = 3
a3 = 3 + (-1)3 = 2 b/ Find c1, c2, c3 if
(𝑛) 𝑓(𝑛) (0)
3 𝑓 (1) cn = and f(x) = ex
2/ Given f(x) = x and cn = 𝑛!
, find c1, c2, c3. 𝑛!
Solution.
f(x) = x3  f’(x) = 3x2
𝑓′ (1) 3
c1 = 1! = 1 = 3
f’’(x) = 6x
𝑓′′ (1) 6
c2 = 2! = = 3
2
f’’’(x) = 6
𝑓′′′ (1) 6
c3 = 3! = = 1
6
Find liman or say Find the limit of an or say it diverges. 42/ Find the limit of an or
it diverges a/ an = 3 + (-0.7)n say it diverges.
𝑛2 +1 3𝑛2 +𝑛+1
b/ an = 𝑛+2018 a/ an = 2𝑛2 +2018
𝜋𝑛 1
c/ an = cos(
3𝑛+1
) b/ an = (-1)n.𝑛
Solution.
a/ limn an= 3 because (-0.7)n tends to 0. 1+2𝑛
c/ an = sin( )
𝑛2 +1 1 + 1/𝑛2 1+0 3𝑛
b/ an = 𝑛+2018 = 1/𝑛+ 2018/𝑛2
tends to 0+ 0
 
So, an diverges.
𝜋𝑛 𝜋
c/ Because 3𝑛+1 tends to 3 , then limn an = ½
Geometric series Find the sum of geometric series: 43/ Find the sum of the

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∑ 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑛 : find the a + ar + ar2 + … + arn + … (or ∑∞ 𝑛

𝑛=0 𝑎𝑟 ) series if any:
sum when |r| < 1 a/ 0.9 + 0.09 + 0.009 +
1
= a.1−𝑟 (with |r| < 1) 0.0009 + …
(note that we are showing
Example 1.
1 0.9999… = 1)
1 + 0.4 + 0.16 + 0.064 + … = 1. 1−0.4 = 5/3 1
b/ ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑛 3
Hence, the series converges to 5/3.
Example 2. 1+2𝑛
∑∞
3 ∞ 1 𝑛 1 c/ ∑∞
𝑛=0 2𝑛 = ∑𝑛=0 3. (2) = 3. 1− 1/2 = 6
𝑛=0 3𝑛
Hint:
The series converges to 6. 1+2𝑛 1
Example 3. ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=0 𝑛 = ∑𝑛=0 +
3 3𝑛
3 9 27 81 2𝑛
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + … = 1 + 1.(3/2) + 1.(3/2)2 + ∑∞
𝑛=0 3𝑛
1.(3/2)3 + 1.(3/2)4 … diverges because r = 3/2.
Convergence test Which of the following series are convergent? 44/ Which of the following
1
by comparing a/ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛√𝑛
series are convergent?
1 𝑛+2018
with ∑ 𝑝 𝑛+3 a/ ∑∞𝑛=2
𝑛 b/ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2 + 𝑛√𝑛
3+𝑛√𝑛

Solution. 𝑛+3
1 1 b/ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛3 + 𝑛
a/ ∑∞
𝑛=1 = ∑∞
𝑛=1 converges (p = 3/2 > 1) √𝑛+2018
𝑛√𝑛 𝑛3/2
𝑛+3 𝑛 1
b/ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2 + 𝑛√𝑛  ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2 = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 diverges (p = 1)
Alternating series If bn is decreasing and limbn = 0, then ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) 𝑏𝑛 45/ Determine whether the
test converges. series
∞
For example, 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + 5 - 6 + … = ∑∞ 𝑛−1 1 ∑(−1)𝑛−1
𝑛=1(−1) 𝑛 √𝑛
𝑛=1
where bn = 1/n decreases and tends to 0. Hence, it
converges.
Root test Determine the following series are convergent or 46/ Determine the
𝑛
(𝑢𝑠𝑒 √ ) and divergent. following series are
2𝑛
ratio test (use ) a/ ∑∞𝑛=0
convergent or divergent.
𝑛! 3𝑛
∞ 𝑛 𝑛 a/ ∑∞𝑛=0
b/ ∑𝑛=0 ( ) 𝑛!
2𝑛+3
Solution. 3𝑛 𝑛
2𝑛 b/ ∑∞
𝑛=0 (2𝑛+1)
a/ Consider an =
𝑛!
2𝑛+1
𝑎𝑛+1 (𝑛+1)! 2
= 2𝑛
= 𝑛+1  0, when n goes to 
𝑎𝑛
𝑛!
2𝑛
Hence, by ratio test, ∑∞
𝑛=0 is convergent.
𝑛!
𝑛 𝑛
b/ Consider an = ( )
2𝑛+3
𝑛 𝑛
√|𝑎𝑛 | = 2𝑛+3  ½ when n  
𝑛 𝑛
By root test, ∑∞
𝑛=0 (2𝑛+3) is convergent.

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Find radius and Find the interval of convergence and radius of 47 Find the interval and
(𝑥−2)𝑛
interval of convergence of series ∑∞𝑛=1 3𝑛 𝑛2 .
radius of convergence of
(𝑥−1)𝑛
convergence of a
Solution. series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛
2 𝑛
.
power series: [a,
𝑛 (𝑥−2)𝑛 |𝑥−2| |𝑥−2|
b] or (a, b]? • √|
3𝑛 𝑛 2
|= 𝑛 
3. √𝑛2 3.1
|𝑥−2|
• 3
<1  -3 < x – 2 < 3  -1 < x < 5
(𝑥−2)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
• When x = -1: ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 3𝑛 𝑛2 becomes ∑𝑛=1 𝑛2
and hence converges by alternating series test.
(𝑥−2)𝑛 1
• When x = 5: ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 3𝑛 𝑛2 becomes ∑𝑛=1 𝑛2 and
hence converges (p-series test).
Conclusion:
• Interval of convergence [-1, 5]
5−(−1)
• Radius of convergence: R= 2 = 3.
Maclaurin series Given the Maclaurin series of ex: 48/ Given the Maclaurin
and Taylor series ex = 1 + x + x2/2! + x3/3! + x4/4! + … series of sin(x):
of ex, sinx, cosx a/ Find Maclaurin series of e-x sin(x) = x – x3/3! + x5/5! -
b/ Find the coefficient of x6 in the Maclaurin series of x7/7! …
2
𝑒 −𝑥 . a/ Find Maclaurin series of
Solution. sin(2x).
a/ ex = 1 + x + x2/2! + x3/3! + x4/4! + …
 e-x = 1 + (-x) + (-x)2/2! + (-x)3/3! + (-x)4/4! + b/ Find the coefficient of
… x4 in the Maclaurin series
= 1 – x + x2/2! - x3/3! + x4/4! - … of cos(2x).
2
b/ 𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 + (-x2) + (-x2)2/2! + (-x2)3/3! + (-x2)4/4! + …
So, coefficient of x6 is: -1/6.

END OF PART I – CALCULUS

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