• It lead to the virtual disappearance of

• The USSR came into being after the Socialist

entire industries.
Revolution in Russia in 1917.
• The value of the 'Ruble' the Russian
• The Soviet political system centred around the
currency declined dramatically
Communist Party and no other party or opposition
• The old system of social welfare was
was allowed.
systematically destroyed. • The Soviet Union become a great power after the
Second World War.
Co
nse • State ownership was the dominant form of
qu e nc ownership : land and productive assets were owned
es of and controlled by the Soviet State.
Shock Therapy
Stock Therapy • The Soviet System became very bureaucratic and
in Post-Communist What was the authoritarian.
Regimes Soviet System ?

The model of transition in Russia, Central

Asia and East Europe that was influenced Gorbachev and Disintegration
by the World Bank and the IMF came to be of Soviet Union
known as 'Shock Therapy'. The End of
Bipolarity
• A coup took place in 1991, that was encouraged by Communist
Consequences of Party ’s hardliners.
Disintegration • Boris Yeltsin emerged as a national hero in opposing this coup
• In 1991, under the leadership of Yeltsin Russia, Ukraine and
• The end of Cold War. Belarus, declared that the Soviet Union was disbanded.
Why did the
• The power relations in world politics changed. • Russia was now accepted as the successor state of the Soviet Union.
Soviet Union
• The Emergence of new countries • Russia accepted all the international treaties and commitments
Disintegrate? of the Soviet Union.
• 1991, December 25 Gorbachev resigns as the President of the
Soviet Union.
• Gorbachev introduced two reforms to keep abreast with the West.
1. Perestroika-Restructuring of the economy.
2. Glasnost-Openness and democracy.

• India has maintained good relationship with • Internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economic institutions,
all post-communist countries. which failed to meet the aspirations of the people, were Trace the Mind Map
• More than 80 bilateral agreements have been




responsible for the collapse of the system. First Level Second Level Third Level
signed between India and Russia as part of the • The Soviet Union had become stagnant in an administrative and
Indo-Russian Strategic Agreement of 2001. political sense as well.
 2

• European integration after 1945 was aided by the

Cold War.
• The collapse of the Soviet Bloc put Europe on a fast
track and resulted in the establishment of the
European Union in 1992.
• The EU is the world's biggest economy with a GDP of
more than 17 trillion dollars in 2016.
• EU's combined armed forces are the second largest in
the world.
European
Union

New Centres
India-China of Power
Relations Association of South East
Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII

The main objective and aim of ASEAN is to :

• Accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural
• Soon after Independence, both states development in the region through joint endeavors in the
were included in differences arising from spirit of equality and partnership.
the Chinese take over of Tibet in 1950. • To promote regional peace and stability through abiding
• China and India were involved in a respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship
border conflict in 1962. among countries in the region and adherence to the principles
• Rajiv Gandhi's visit to China in December of the United Nations Charter.
1988 produced the impetus for an
improvement in Indo-China relations.

Trace the Mind Map





First Level Second Level Third Level

Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII 3
4 Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII

Security relates only to extremely dangerous
threats– threats that could so endanger core
values that those values would be damaged
beyond repair if we did not do something to
deal with the situation.
Strengthening its military
capabilities.
To strengthen international
norms and international
institutions to protect its
security interests.
Geared towards meeting
security challenges within
the country.
To develop its economy in a way
that the vast mass of citizens are
lifted out of poverty and misery
and huge economic inequalities
are not allowed to exist.
Terrorism refers to political
violence that targets civilians
deliberately & indiscriminately.
In the traditional conception of security,
the greatest danger to a country is from
military threats.
tions
l No Most threats to a country's security come
ona
t
i from outside its borders.
di
Within the country, the threat of violence
Tra
is regulated by an acknowledged central
authority – the government.
Traditional security must also concern
Elements of In itself with internal security.
dia'
s Most of the European countries,
Security Stra particularly the powerful western
tegy
European countries, faced no serious
Security in the threats from groups/communities
living within those boundaries.
Contemporary
World
Global Security (Global nature of threats)
Example:- Global warming, international
Human Security (Protection of people) terrorism, health epidemics like AIDS and
Example:- hunger, disease and natural bird flu.
disasters.
Health Epidemics Such as HIV-AIDS, bird flu and severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) have rapidly spread across countries
through migration, business, tourism and military operations.
Trace the Mind Map
Global poverty is another First Level Second Level Third Level
source of insecurity.
Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII
5
 6

Environmental Movements :
One or Many ? 'Commons' are those resources which are not
(The environmental movements owned by anyone but shared by a community
are amongst the most vibrant, They are located outside the sovereign jurisdiction
diverse and powerful social of any one state and therefore require common
as
movements across the globe

ed
ons governance by the international community.
mm

riz
today). C o

o
al
lob
fG

Categ
o

n
io
ct
ote
r
• Forest movement

eP
• Movements against mining

Th
and mineral industries
• Anti-dam, pro-river
movements litics
Environment
eopo &
sG
rce Natural Resources
sou
e

R
Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII

• Resource Geopolitics is all about who gets what, when

where and how.
• The critical importance of ensuring uninterrupted supply
of strategic resource, in particular oil, during the Second
World War. The 1992 United Nations Framework Convection
• Oil : the immense wealth associated with oil generates on Climate Change (UNFCCC) also provides that
political struggles to control it. the parties should act to protect the climate system
• Water : Water is another crucial resource that is relevant 'on the basis of equity and in accordance with their
to global states objection to pollution, excessive irrigation Trace the Mind Map common but differentiated responsibilities and
or by the construction of dams to an unstream state.





First Level Second Level Third Level respective capabilities.

 In 1991, responding to a financial crisis and to the Development of communication technology
Ind
desire for higher rates of economic growth, India ia a such as internet, email & smart phones have
embarked on a programme of economic reforms nd
been vital in the growth of globalization.
Gl
that has sought increasingly to de–regulate various o b

a
sectors including trade and foreign investment.

liz
a
tio
Development of refrigerated &

n
container transport, bulk shipping
& improved air transport has
rt
Globalization is a multi-dimensional po allowed the easy movement of

a ns
concept. It has political, economic & goods across the trade.

Tr
cultural manifestations and these must

ed
Globalization

ov
be adequately distinguished.

mpr
I
ade Ag reements
Free Tr
Causes of
Globalization International Organizations such
as the WTO and the IMF also
promote free trade.

ces
u en Co n s
eq equ
e Vast capital flow freely and
ns nc
es instantly throughout the world.

Co
• Fusion of powers of the state Emerges and enlarges our choices and
• Does not always reduce state modifies our culture without over whelming
capacity. the traditional norms. The rapid growth of big MNCs such as
microsoft, etc., is also a cause of globalization.

Consequences
• It usually involves greater economic flow
among different countries of the world.
Trace the Mind Map
• Generates greater economic and well-being




First Level Second Level Third Level

for larger sections of the population.
Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII
7
 8
· Circumstances changed after independence and partition.
· One of the most important concerns in the early
years was that demands for separate states would
endanger the unity of the country. To share a nation that was
· It was hoped that if we accept the regional and st ge united by getting accommodative
1 Challen
linguistic claims of all regions, the threat of division Re of the diversity in our society.
or
and separatism would be reduced. ga

ni
s a ti
Challenges for

o n
After independence there was a very rare the New Nation To establish democracy.

of S
possibility that India would get further

r
d

3
divided into a number of small countries. Ch

tates
all
en To ensure the development & well being
ge of the entire society and not only of some
sections.

Challenges of
Nation Building
Conseq
Partition : Displacement uenc
1. More autonomy to princely Integration of es o
f
states & Rehabilitation Partitio
n
Princely States
2. Accomodate plurality
f

3. Integration and consolidation

Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII

Amritsar & Kolkata-Larore were divided

on

ss o

of territorial boundaries of into 'Communal zones'.

titi

Indian Union. People underwent immense sufferings.

Par
Proce

• Partition created religious conflict.

'British India' would be

The Nizam wanted an independent divided into two countries :
state for Hyderabad. On Sept, 1948, India' and Pakistan
Indian Army moved in to control the Not all Muslim
Nizam's forces. majority areas
wanted to be
There was no single belt of in Pakistan.
Partition of Punjab
The Government of India succeeded in and Bengal caved Muslim majority areas in
pressuring the Maharaja into signing deepest trauma. British India.
a 'Merger Agreement' in Sept 1949.
Trace the Mind Map




First Level Second Level Third Level

 • Election Commission was set up in 1950
to hold democratic elections.
• The Election Commission trained over
3 lakh officers.
• Compromise and includiveness are the • Names of many women were included in
hallmarks of a coalition. the first draft of rolls.
• Congress party had all the shade of
people.
Tolerance &
• It has various factions in its party. Challenges of
Mangement
of Factions building democracy

Era of One Party

Dominance

Reasons for
congress dominance
Role of
Opposition
• Congress Party won 364 of the 489 seats
Congress as Social in the first elections.
& • First of the blocks advantage
ideological coalition • Organization network
• Inclusive character
• Token representation • Charismatic personality of Nehru
• Principled criticism of the ruling party. • Legacy of national movement
• Balance of Power
• Maintained democratic character
• Congress has people from various social Trace the Mind Map
strata of society - Rainbow like coalition.




First Level Second Level Third Level

• Various ideologies were accomodated
Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII

right a left, liberal & pacific + extremist etc.

9
 10

An assessment of the outcomes of this early phase of Before independence, India had
planned development must began by acknowledging before it, two models of modern
The most significant and successful was the
the fact that in this period the foundation of India's development:– The liberal – capitalist
abolition of the colonial system of zamindari.
future economic growth was laid. model (Europe and the US) and the
socialist model (USSR).

The period from 1967 onwards witnessed

many new restrictions on private industries. • Planning for development was the most
obvious choice for the country after
Foundation independence.
Land Reforms
• Soon after India became independent
• The National Development Council (NDC) or
the Planning Commission came into
Rashtriya Vikas Parishad is the apex body for decision Ideas of
Later Developments being: the Prime Minister was its chairperson
creating and deliberations on development matters in Development
India, presided over by the Prime Minister.
Major
• The Council comprises the Prime Minister, the Union Outcomes
Cabinet Ministers, Chief Ministers of all States or their • 1951-1956.
Planning
substitutes, representatives of the Union Territories National Development • Sought to get the country's economy out of
and the members of the NITI Aayog (erstwhile Council the cycle of poverty.
Planning Commission). The First-Five
Year Plan • It addressed the Agrarian sector including
investment in dams & irrigation.
Planned and • One of the basic aims was to raise the level
Development The Early of national income.
Initiatives
NITI Aayog The Second Five
• NITI Aayog is additionally creating itself as a State of
the Art Resource Center, with the essential resources, Year Plan
Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII

knowledge, and skills that will empower it to act with

speed, advance research and innovation, bestow • The second FYP stressed out on heavy industries.
crucial policy vision to the government and manage Five Year Plan • The government imposed substantial tariffs on imports
unforeseen issues. in order to protect domestic industries.
Key Controversies
• The reason for setting up the NITI Aayog is that •India has to spend precautions foreign exchange to buy
people had expectations for growth and development technology from the global market.
in the administration through their participation. This
required institutional changes in administration and Agriculture v/s Industry Public v/s Private Sector
active strategy shifts that could seed and foster ( A five year plan has the advantage of pursuing the
substantial scale change. government to focus on the large picture and price
long-term intervention in the economy)
1st five year plan in 1951
2nd five year plan in 1956
• Many thought that the second FYP lacked 3rd five year plan in 1961
Poverty did not decline
an agrarian strategy for development, and
substantially during this 4th five year plan in 1966
the emphasis on industry caused agriculture
period.
and rural India to suffer.
• Others thought that without a drastic increase
in industrial production, there could be no esc- Trace the Mind Map


ape from the cycle of poverty. First Level Second Level Third Level
Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII 11

Indira Gandhi restored the
C ongres s by changing
the nature of the Congress
system itself.
Parties and the Party
Systems in India to
be loaded against
Congress (R)
·The Congress (R)– CPI alliance
won more seats and votes than
the Congress had ever won in
the first four general elections
·The Congress was not in power
in almost all the states.
The period was fraught
with grave economic crisis
resulting from successive
failure of monsoons, wide-
spread droughts, decline
in agricultural production,
serious food shortage, dep-
letion of foreign exchange
reserves, drop in industrial
production and exports,
combined with a sharp rise
in military expenditure and
diversion of resources from
planning and economic
development.
Chellenges and
Restorations of
the Congress
Fourth General
Elections, 1967
Opposition parties In 1967, the fourth general
were in the forefront elections to the Lok Sabha &
of organizing public State assemblies were held.
protests & pressurizing The results jolted the Congress
the government. at both the national & state
levels.
12
After Nehru's death, Shastri
was the country's Prime
Minister from 1964 to 1966.
After Shastri’s death, Indira
Gandhi was the country's
Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII
Prime minister from 1966 to
1977 and 1980-84
After 1967-, general elections,
the breakaway-, legislations
played an important role in
installing non-congress
government in 3 states .
Since no single party
Trace the Mind Map
had got majority, various
First Level Second Level Third Level
non-congress parties
came together to form
joint legislative parties.
 In March 1977, elections were held. Political The Janata party government came
developments took place very rapidly. For to power after the 1977 elections.
the first time since independence, the Congress
party was defeated in the Lok Sabha elections.
Critics of emergency argue that there
was no need to suspend democratic Lo
The Congress Party now identified itself with

El
ec kS
functioning and use the draconian tio abh
a a particular ideology claiming to be the only
ns
measures like the emergency. ,1 socialist & pro-poor party.
97
7 Emergency
Politics after
The social and economic condition in
the country did not improve much
after 1971-72. Industrial growth was
low & unemployment was very high.

ng Controversies
ed duri
a p pen Regarding
th ncy ? Emergency Democratic
ha erge
W Em Gujarat & Biha
r Mo
Resurgence Background to vem
Arrest of political workers, Emergency en
ts
restrictions on the mess,
to a house and custodial
deaths occurred during In March 1974 students came together in Bihar
the emergency. to protest against rising prices, food grains,
unemployment & corruption. In January 1974,-
students in Gujarat started an agitation against
• It is extremely difficult to do away with Declaration of rising prices of food grains, etc.
democracy in Indian.
Emergency Con
• It brought out some ambiguities regarding seq
u en
that have been rectified since. ce This was also the period when the
s
• It made everyone more aware of the value government and the ruling party
of civil liberties. had many differences with the judiciary.

• The stage was not set for a big political confrontation. Trace the Mind Map
• This brought the agitation to an abrupt stop; strikes




were banned; many opposition leader were put in fail. • The political mood of the country had turned against First Level Second Level Third Level
• Under the provision of emergency the various fundamental the congress, more than ever before.
Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII

rights of citizens stood suspended.

13

•Jammu and Kashmir is divided into
three political regions - Jammu,
Kashmir and Ladakh.
•With the withdrawal of Article 370 of
the Constitution, the special status of
the state of J&K has been withdrawn
and it has been presently divided into
Union Territories of Ladakh and J&K.
Punjab
• Social composition of the state
changed first with partition. It
was divided into Haryana &
Himachal Pradesh.
• In 1970s , group of Akalis
marked devaluing a separate
state for Sikhs.
14
• The approach states that the Indian nation shall not
deny the rights of different regions and linguistic
groups to retain their own culture.
• India adopted democratic approach to the question of
diversity.
Regional Some groups from the Dravidian
movement briefly toyed with the
Aspirations idea of a seperate country.
h
ut
So
Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII
Areas of Tension
after Independence
• The region witnessed a lot of changes since 1947.
• First retaliation was faced in Assam by Non-Assamese when Trace the Mind Map
Assamese Language was declared as the official language of the state.
First Level Second Level Third Level
• There have always been demands for independence from insurgent
groups like Bodos, Karbis, Dimasas, etc.
• Three issues dominate the politics of North-East : demands for
autonomy, movements for secession and opposition to 'outsiders'.

• Parties that are in coalition with the Congress.
• Parties that are in alliance with the BJP.
• Left front parties
• Other parties who are not part of any of these
three.
Changing Electoral performance
of Congress and the BJP
• Agreement on new economic policies.
• Acceptance of the political and social claims of
the backward castes • Took place through an incident at a station called Godhra in 2002.
• Acceptance of the role of State level parties in
• Large scale violence against Muslims began in many parts of
governance of the country.
• Emphasis on pragmatic considerations rather Gujarat from the next day.
than ideological positions and political alliances • The National Human Rights commission criticised the Gujarat
Em government's role in failing to control violence, provide relief to
erg the victims and prosecute the perpetrators of this violence.
en
ce
of
Br
o

ad
• It started with the demolition of the Babri

ly
Jobs in Central Government Communalism e Masjid in Ayodhya in 1992.
Th Emergence of New t
should be reserved for other eM Secularism, Democracy
Ayodhya Dispu • Lead to rise of BJP & Politics of 'Hindutva'
backward classes leading an Consensus
d

al
to violent protest across the
country.
Context o
Political Rise of Other Indian Politics: f the
199
Backward Classes (OBC) 0 s
Recent Trends and
(Communities other
than SC and ST)
Developments
• Defeat of the Congress party in the elections held in
ts 1989.
al l ou • The rise of the 'Mandal issue' in national politics.
lF • The economics policy followed by the various
t ica
Poli governments took a radically different turn. This is
• In 1978, the backward and minority communities known as the initiation of the structural adjustment
employees federation (BAMCEF) was formed. Era of programme or the new economic reforms.
• It took a strong position in favour of political power to • A number of events culminated in the demolition o f
Coalitions
the 'bahujan' –the SC, ST, OBC and minorities. ss the disputed structure at Ayodhya (known as Babri
gre
• The subsequent Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti f con Masjid) in December 1992.
and later the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) emerged under eo • The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991 led
lin
the leadership of Kanshi Ram. ec to a change in leadership of the Congress party.
D

• Era of multiparty system begins.
• Several Parties emerged after 1989 and no single party secured a clear majority
of seats in any Lok sabha election held since 1989 till 2014.
• An era of coalition governments at the centre in which regional parties played
a crucial role in forming ruling alliances
• With the elections of 1989, a long phase of coalition politics began in India.
• Since than, there have been 11 govt. at the centre all of which have either been coalition
governments or minority governments supported by other parties which did not seen
the government.

Trace the Mind Map

Oswaal CBSE Mind Maps, POLITICAL SCIENCE, Class-XII





First Level Second Level Third Level

15