ISSN: 2320 – 3471(Online)

Suruchi Singh et.al. Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology

PLANTS USED IN HEPATOPROTECTIVE REMEDIES IN TRADITIONAL INDIAN
MEDICINE
Suruchi Singh1*, Maryam Bincy Thomas, Sharada Pal Singh, D.Bhowmik 2
1. Sunderdeep Pharmacy College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
2. Nimra Pharmacy College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh
*
Corresponding author: Email-suruchibpharm89@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
There is no plant in this Universe which is non-medicinal and which cannot be made of use for
many purposes and by many modes. This definition rightly suggests that in principle all plants have a
potential medicinal value. Medicinal plants have been considered as important therapeutic aid for
alleviating ailment of humankind. Search for eternal health and longevity and to seek remedy to relieve
pain and discomfort prompted the early man to explore his immediate natural surroundings to develop a
variety of therapeutic agents using natural resources. Herbal plants or botanical medicines have been
used traditionally by herbalist worldwide for the prevention and treatment of liver disease. Medicinal
plants play a key role in human health care. About 80% of the world population relies on the use of
traditional medicine, which is predominantly based on plant material. The present review discusses
different types of medicinal plants containing hepatoprotective activity.
Keywords: Herbal drugs, therapeutic agents, hepatoprotective, medicinal plants, traditional medicine,
1. INTRODUCTION
It is estimated that about 7,500 plants are used in local health traditions in, mostly, rural and tribal villages
of India. Out of these, the real medicinal value of over 4,000 plants is either little known or hitherto unknown to the
mainstream population. The classical systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Amchi, Unani and Tibetan
use about 1,200 plants. A detailed investigation and documentation of plants used in local health traditions and
pharmacological evaluation of these plants and their taxonomical relatives can lead to the development of
invaluable plant drugs for many dreaded diseases. Random screening of plants has not proved economically
effective. Liver is a vital organ play a major role in metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics from the body. Liver
injury or liver dysfunction is a major health problem that challenges not only healthcare professionals but also the
pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory agencies. Liver cell injury caused by various toxic chemicals like
certainanti-biotic, chemotherapeutic agents, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), thioacetamide (TAA) etc, excessive
alcohol consumption and microbes is well studied. The available synthetic drugs to treat liver disorders in this
condition also cause further damage to the liver. Hence, Herbal drugs have become increasingly popular and their
use is widespread. Herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of liver diseases for a long time. A number of
herbal preparations are available in the market. The present review is aimed at compiling data on promising
phytochemicals from medicinal plants that have been tested in hepato toxicity models using modern scientific
system. Medicinal plants play a key role in the human health care. About 80% of the world population relies on the
use of traditional medicine which is predominantly based on plant materials. The traditional medicine refers to a
broad range of ancient natural health care practices including folk/tribal practices as well as Ayurveda, Siddha and
Unani. These medical practices originated from time immemorial and developed gradually, to a large extent, by
relying or based on practical experiences without significant references to modern scientific principles (Bagepalli
Srinivas and Ashok Kumar, 2011).
2. HEPATOPROTECTIVE HERBS
Herbal-based therapeutics for liver disorders has been in use in India for a long time and has been
popularized world over by leading pharmaceuticals. Despite the significant popularity of several herbal medicines
in general, and for liver diseases in particular, they are still unacceptable treatment modalities for liver diseases.
The limiting factors that contribute to this eventuality are
a) Lack of standardization of the herbal drugs
b) Lack of identification of active ingredient(s)/principles(s)
c) Lack of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs)
d) Lack of toxicological evaluation
The use of natural remedies for the treatment of liver diseases has long history, starting with the Ayurvedic
treatment, and extending to the Chinese, European and other systems of traditional medicines. The 21st century has
seen a paradigm shift towards therapeutic evaluation of herbal products in liver disease models by carefully
synergizing the strengths of the traditional systems of medicine with that of the modern concept of evidence based
medicinal evaluation, standardization and randomized placebo controlled clinical trials to support clinical efficacy.
A large number of plants and formulations have been claimed to have hepatoprotective activity. Nearly
160 phytoconstituents from 101 plants have been claimed to possess liver protecting activity. In India, more than87
plants are used in 33 patented and proprietary multi ingredient plant formulations. In spite of the tremendous
advances made, no significant and safe hepatoprotective agents are available in modern therapeutics. Therefore,
due importance has been given globally to develop plant-based hepatoprotective drugs effective against a variety of

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Suruchi Singh et.al. Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology
liver disorders. The present review is aimed at compiling data based on reported works on promising
phytochemicals from medicinal plants that have been tested in hepatotoxicity models. The hepatoprotective activity
is probably due to the presence of flavonoids in all few herbal plants. The results of this study indicate that extracts
of leaves and plants extracts of some medicinal plant have good potentials for use in hepatic disease. The present
review study give evidential explore mechanism of action of medicinal plants against experimentally induced
hepatotoxicity. Hence the review study is concluded that the herbal drug possesses hepatoprotective activity and it
has been proved by different animal models give many links to develop the future trials (Venkatesh P, 2011).
2.1. Grape Seeds: Hepatoprotective effect of Grape Seed extract (GSE) on hypercholesterolemia, where,
Wistar rats fed a cholesterol rich diet (hypercholesterolemic group-HCD) and to see the effect of GSE,
another group fed on cholesterol-rich diet enriched with 0.3% GSEW/W-PG for 8 weeks. Serum lipid
levels, serum antioxidant status, liver and kidney function were analysed in addition to histopathological
examination of the liver. Furthermore, the liver function expressed as glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT)
and albumin serum levels, decreased significantly and reached to normal level in case of oral administration of
GSE. Histological examination of liver sections confirmed the serum analysis where GSE had a protective
effect on animals fed on HCD, the liver of these animals showed mild affection in the form of
microvesicular vacuolation of hepatocytes in the peripheral zone of the hepatic lobule
(<50%) in comparison to the fatty change observed as microvesicular and macrovesicular vacuolation in >50% and
<70% of the liver sections in HCD group.
2.2. Annona squamosa: The hepatoprotective effect of alcoholic and water extract of Annona squamosa
(custard apple) hepatotoxic animals with a view to explore its use for the treatment of hepatotoxicity in
human. These extracts were used to study the Hepatoprotective effect in isoniazid + rifampicin induced
hepatotoxic model. There was a significant decrease in total bilirubin accompanied by significant increase
in the level of total protein and also significant decrease in ALP, AST, ALT and γ-GT in treatment group as
compared to the hepatotoxic group. In the histopathological study the hepatotoxic group showed hepatocytic
necrosis and inflammation in the centrilobular region with portal triaditis. The treatment group showed
minimal inflammation with moderate portal triaditis and their lobular architecture was normal. It should be
concluded that the extracts of Annona squamosa were not able to revert completely hepatic injury induced by
isoniazid + rifampicin, but it could limit the effect of these drugs in liver. The effect of extracts compared
with standard drug silymarin (Fasalu Rahiman and Rupesh Kumar M, 2011).
2.3. Apium graeolens Linn: The hepatoprotective activity of the Apium graeolens Linn (Apiaceae) against CCl4
induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The degree of protection was measured by using biochemical
parameters like serum transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), alkaline phosphatase, total protein and albumin.
The methanolic extracts showed the most significant hepatoprotective activity comparable with standard
drug silymarin. Other extracts namely petroleum ether and acetone also exhibited a potent activity (Patil Prakash,
2011).
2.4. Fumaria indica: Fumaria indica (Fumariceae) were studied for their hepatoprotective activity against
carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol and rifampicin-induced heptatotoxicites in albino rats. The petroleum ether
extract against carbonetrachloride, total aqueous extract against paracetamol and methanolic extract against
rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicities showed similar reductions in the elevated levels of some of the serum
biochemical parameters in a manner similar that of silymarin indicating its potential as a hepatoprotective
agent (Patil Prakash, 2011)
2.5. Wedelia calendulacea (Bhanra): Hepatoprotective activity of the ethanol leaf extract of W.calendulacea
(Asteraceae) (EEWC) was studied by estimating serum enzyme activities of aspartate aminotransferase
(AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), protein and bilirubin. The treatment with
EEWC showed a dose-dependent reduction of CCl induced elevated serum levels of enzyme activities with
parallel increase in total protein and bilirubin, indicating the extract could preserve the normal functional status of
the liver (Oluseyi Adeboye Akinloye and Moshood, 2011).
2.6. Spermacoce hispida: Ethanolic extract of the Spermacoce hispida. Linn (SHE) was used against carbon tetra
chloride (CCl4) inducd hepatotoxicity in rats. Liver functions were assessed by the determination of SGOT, SGPT,
ALP and bilirubin. Histopathological studies were carried out. The serum biochemical analysis results suggest
that the use of Ethanolic extract of Spermacoce hispida. Linn exhibited significant protective effect from
hepatic damage in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity model. Histopathological studies revealed that concurrent
administration of the extract with CCl4 exhibited protective effect on the liver, which further evidenced its
hepatoprotective activity (Suman Pattanayak and Siva Sankar Nayak, 2011).
2.7. Juncus subulatus: The volatile oil, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and total alcoholic extracts of J. subulatus
were evaluated for their hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity in female rats against ethanol–induced
hepatic injury. Serum Liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides,
nitric oxide (NO), malondialdhyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured
colorimetrically. The results showed that all extracts of Juncus subulatus exhibited hepatoprotective activity in the

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Suruchi Singh et.al. Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology
following order: volatile oil extract > ethyl acetate extract > n-butanol extract > total alcoholic extract
(Balakrishanan N and Balasubaramaniam A, 2011).
2.8. Mamordica subangulata and Naragamia alata: The hepatoprotective activity of Mamordica subangulata
(leaf) and Naragamia alata (whole plant) suspension was studied using paracetamol overdose induced liver
damage in rats. The effect of the plant suspensions on bile flow was studied in anaesthetised normal rats by
surgical cannulation of bile duct with polyethylene tubing. The drug was given intraduodenally after 1 hour
bile collection. Mamordica subangulata leaf suspension (500mg/kg,fresh weight;50 mg/kg, dry weight)
protected rats from paracetamol induced liver damage as judged from serum marker enzyme activities. It
also stimulated bile flow in normal rats. Naragamia alata was inactive in protecting rats from paracetamol induced
hepatotoxicity. A suspension of Mamordica subangulata leaf (dry or fresh) can protect rats from paracetamol
induced hepatotoxicity (Kuppan Nithianantham and Murugesan Shyamala, 2011).
2.9. Leucas Aspera: The effect of Leucas aspera leaves fresh juice against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced
liver damage. The evaluation markers used were GOT, GPT, Alkaline phosphate, glucose, bilirubin,
cholesterol and total protein. These biochemical parameters were significantly changed due to single dose of
CCl4, but the treatment of Leucas aspera leaves fresh juice significantly recovers all markers to normal
levels. In this study silymarin was used as a standard for comparison. The observation of markers as well
as Light and electron microscope photographs supports the regeneration of liver parenchyma. This proves
overall promising effect against liver disorders (Kalpana Patila and Shaikh Mohammed Imtiaza, 2011).
2.10. Plumbago zeylanica: Petroleum ether extract of root of Plumbago zeylanica was investigated for
hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol induced liver damage to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of
ethanolic extract. In serum total bilirubin, total protein, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline
phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, γ-Glutamyl transferase, Total Cholesterol and serum triglycerides were
determined to assess the effect of the extract on the paracetamol induced hepatic damage. The study was also
supported by histopathology of liver sections. Results of this study revealed that the markers in the animals
treated with paracetamol recorded elevated concentration indicating severe hepatic damage by paracetamol,
whereas the blood samples from the animals treated with petroleum ether extract of roots showed
significant reduction in the serum markers indicating the effect of the plant extract in restoring the normal
functional ability of the hepatocytes. The dosage of extract of plant roots used was 300 mg/kg bodyweight of
rat. The present study reveals that the petroleum ether root extract of Plumbago zeylanica could afford a
significant protection against paracetamol-induced hepatocellular injury (Kavita Suryawanshi and Sanjay
Khakre,2011).
2.11. Leucas ciliata leaves: Hepatoprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of Leucas ciliata leaves extract
was evaluated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage model in rats. The extract demonstrated a
significant dose dependent antioxidant activity comparable with ascorbic acid. In hepatoprotective activity study,
CCl4 significantly increased the levels of serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate
oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin. Pretreatment of the rats
with ethanolic extract of L.ciliata (100, 200 and 400mg/kg po) inhibited the increase in serum levels of
SGPT, SGOT, ALP and total bilirubin and the inhibition was comparable with silymarin (100mg/kg po). The
present study revealed that L. ciliata leaves have significant hepatoprotective activity (Amol Bhalchandra Deore,
Vinayak D, 2011).
2.12. Coptidis Rhizoma (Huanglian): Berberine is an active compound in Coptidis Rhizoma (Huanglian) with
multiple pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti- inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering
and anticancer effects. The hepatoprotective effects of berberine on serum and tissue superoxide dismutase
(SOD) levels, the histology in tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Sprague-Dawley rats aged seven
weeks were injected intraperitoneally with 50% CCl4 in olive oil. Berberine was orally administered before
or after CCl4 treatment in various groups. Twenty-four hours after CCl4 injection, serum alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, serum and liver superoxide dismutase
(SOD) activities were measured. Histological changes of liver were examined with microscopy. The present
study demonstrates that berberine possesses hepatoprotective effects (Merlin NJ and Parthasarathy V, 2011).
2.13. Careya arborea: The methanol extract of Careya arborea bark, (myrtaceae) was tested for antioxidant
and hepatoprotective activity in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor-bearing mice. Tumor control animals
inoculated with EAC showed a significant alteration in the levels of antioxidant and hepatoprotectiven
parameters8. The extract treatment at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight doses given orally caused a
significant reversal of these biochemical changes towards the normal in serum. Liver and kidney when
compared to tumor control animals indicating the potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective nature of the
standardized extract (Babalola O, 2011).
2.14. Cassia fistula (Amaltas): Hepatoprotective activity of the n-heptane extract of Cassia fistula (Fabaceae)
leaves was investigated by inducing hepatotoxicity with paracetamol in rats. The extract at a dose of 400
mg/kg body wt. exhibited orally, significant protective effect by lowering the serum levels of

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Suruchi Singh et.al. Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology
transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The effects produced were
comparable to that of a standard hepatoprotective agent (Mohammad N, 2010).
2.15. Cleome viscose Linn (Tickweed): The hepatoprotective activity of the Cleome viscosa Linn
(Capparidaceae) extract was assessed in CCI4 induced hepatotoxic rats. The test material was found effective as
hepatoprotective, through in vivo and histopathological studies. The extract was found to be effective in shortening
the thiopental induced sleep in mice poisoned with CCl4. The hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract was
comparable to that of silymarin, a standard hepatoprotective agent (Rajeswari H and Vasuki R, 2011).
2.16. Morinda citrifolia (noni): The hepatoprotective effects of Noni juice (NJ) (Rubiaceae) against CCl(4)-
induced chronic liver damage in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Histopathological examination revealed
that liver sections from the NJ + CCl(4) appeared similar to controls, whereas typical hepatic steatosis was
observedmin the placebo + CCl(4) group. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase
(AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein
(LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels were increased in the placebo group compared
with the NJ group. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased in the NJ group and decreased in the
placebo group. Thus, NJ juice appears to protect the liver from chronic exogenous CCl(4) exposures
(Shivananda Nayak B and Julien R.Marshall, 2011).
2.17. Phyllanthus amarus (Bhuiamala): Ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus (euphorbiaceae), at (0.3g kg (-1)
BW 0.2 ml (-1) day (-1) was given to all groups except control groups (gp. I and gp. V), after 30min of aflatoxin
administration. The entire study was carried out for 3 months and animals were sacrificed after an interval of
30 days till the completion of study. Phyllanthus amarus extract was found to show hepatoprotective
effect by lowering down the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and enhancing the
reduced glutathione level and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx),
glutathione- transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). (Samy M. Mohamed and
Emad M. Hassan, 2011)
2.18. Sargassum polycystum: The protective effect of ethanol extract of Sargassum polycystum was
evaluated in D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats. Prior oral administration of S.polycystum extract
[125mg/kg bodyweight/day for 15 days] significantly attenuated (P<0.05) the D-galactosamine-induced
increases in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) in plasma of rats. It has also
demonstrated antioxidant activity against D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis by inhibiting the activation of
lipid peroxidation and by preserving the hepatic enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system at
near normal. The antihepatotoxic potential of S. polycystum might possibly due to its antioxidant property
and membrane stabilizing action (Rupesh Kumar M and Pasumarthi Phaneendra, 2011).
2.19. Prostechea michuacana: Methanol, hexane and chloroform extracts of Prostechea michuacana (PM)
were studied against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in albino rats. Pre-treatment with methanolic extract
reduced biochemical markers of hepatic injury levels demonstrated dose-dependent reduction in the in vivo
peroxidation induced by CCl4. Likewise, pretreatment with extracts of PM on paracetamol-induced
hepatotoxicity and the possible mechanism involved in this protection were also investigated in rats after
administering the extracts of PM at 200, 400 and 600mg/kg. The degree of protection was measured by
monitoring the blood biochemical profiles. The methanolic extract of orchid produced significant
hepatoprotective effect as reflected by reduction in the increased activity of serum enzymes, and bilirubin.
These results suggested that methanolic extract of PM could protect paracetamol-induced lipid peroxidation
thereby eliminating the deleterious effects of toxic metabolites of paracetamol. This hepato-protective
activity was comparable with sylmarin. Hexane and chloroform extracts did not show any apparent effect. The
findings indicated that the methanolic extract of PM can be a potential source of natural hepatoprotective
agent (Subash KR and Ramesh KS, 2011).
3. CONCLUSION
A phytotherapeutic approach to modern drug development can provide many invaluable drugs from
traditional medicinal plants. Search for pure phytochemicals as drugs is time consuming and expensive. Numerous
plants and polyherbal formulations are used for the treatment of liver diseases. However, in most of the severe
cases, the treatments are not satisfactory. Although experimental evaluations were carried out on a good number of
these plants and formulations, the studies were mostly incomplete and insufficient. The therapeutic values were
tested against a few chemicals-induced subclinical levels of liver damages in rodents. Development of such
medicines with standards of safety and efficacy can revitalise treatment of liver disorders and hepatoprotective
activity.

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Table 1: List of Hepatoprotective plants
Botanical name Family Parts Solvent Chemical Screening method Reference
used used constituents
Amaranthus Amaranthaceae Whole Methanol Flavonoids, saponins, Carbon tetra Venkatesh P, 2011
caudatus Linn plant glycosides chloride induced
Anisochilus Lamiaceae Stems Ethanol Alkaloids,flavonoids, Carbon tetra Venkatesh P, 2011
carnosus Linn glycosides chloride induced
Asparagus Asparagaceae Roots Ethanol Phenols, coumarins Paracetamol Fasalu
racemosus Linn induced Rahimom, 2011
Azima tetracantha Salvadoracaeae Leaves Ethanol Flavonoids, Paracetamol Arthika, 2011
triterpenoids induced
Calotropis procera Asclepediaceae Root Methanol Terpinoidsglycosides, Carbon tetra Patiprakash, 2011
R.Br bark flavonoids chloride induced
Cajanus cajan Leguminosae Pigeon ethanol Flavonoids, stibenes D-galactosamine Oluseye Ade Boye
Linn pea leaf Akinloye, 2011
Cajanus Fabaeceae Whole n-butanol, Flavonoids Paracetamol Suman
scarabaeoides Linn plant ethanol induced Pattanayak, 2011
Carissa carindas Apocyanaceae Root Ethanol Alkaloids, Carbon tetra Balkrishnan, 2011
Linn tannins, steroids chloride induced
Clitoria ternatea Fabaceae Leaves Methanol Phenolic Paracetamol Yengchen, 2011
Linn flavonoids induced
Cucumis trigonus Cucurbitaceae Fruit Pet ether, Flavonoids Carbon tetra Mohammad Imtiaz,
Roxb chloroform, chloride induced 2010
alcohol,
aqueous
Ficus religiosa Moraceae Stem Methanol Glycosides, steroids, Paracetamol Kavitha
Linn bark tannins induced Suryawanshi, 2011
Garcinia indica Clusiaceae Fruit rind Ethanol Benzophenones, Carbon tetra Amol Bhalchandra,
Linn garcinol chloride induced 2011
Gmelina asiatica Verbenaceae Aerial Ethanol, Flavonoids Carbon tetra Parthasarathy, 2011
Linn parts chloroform chloride
Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae leaves Aqueous Flavonoids Acetaminophen Babalola, 2011
linn induced
Leucas cilita Linn Lamiaceae Whole Ethanol Flavonoids Carbon Qureshi, 2010
plant tetrachloride
induced
Melia azhadirecta Piperaceae leaves ethanol Spectro photo Carbon tetra H Rajeswary, 2011
Linn metric method chloride, silymarin
Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae Fruit Aqueous Saponins, triterpins, Streptozotocin Shivananda
Linn steroids induced Nayak, 2011
Myoporum lactum Myoporaceae Leaves Methanol, n- Flavonoids Profenofos induced Mohammad, 2011
Linn butanol
Myrtus communis Myrtaceae Leaves Silymarin Flavonoids, Paracetamol Pasumarthi
Linn terpenoids, induced Phaneendra, 2011
steroids
Solanum nigram Solanaceae Fruits Ethanol Flavonoids, Carbon tetra Subash, 2011.
Linn terpenoids chloride
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