SCIENCE 10

CONTROL ME AND I WILL

FOLLOW MY DARK SIDE
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Learner’s Module
First Edition 2019

Republic Act 8293 Section 176 states: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency
or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work
for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the
payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e. songs, stories, poems, photos, brand names,

trademarks, etc) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright
holders. Proper citation shall be implemented in accordance to copyright laws.

Published by the Department of Education Schools Division of Davao City

Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Ma. Ines C. Asuncion, CESO V
Asst. Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Basilio, Jr. P. Mana-ay, CESE
Asst. Schools Division Superintendent: Emma A. Camporedondo, CESE
CID Chief: Alma C. Cifra, EdD

Development Team of the Learner’s Module

Consultants and Editors:

Faye Genevieve P. Pasamonte

Writer:
Felix Robert P. Valenzuela

Illustrator:
Felix Robert P. Valenzuela
Philip John P. Valenzuela

Department of Education Schools Division of Davao City – LRMDC

Office Address: Elpidio Quirino Avenue, Davao City
Philippines, 8000
Telephone No.: (082) 227 4726
Email Address: info@deped.davaocity.gov.ph

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CONTROL ME AND I WILL FOLLOW MY DARK SIDE

Hello Grade 10 learners!

You already know that light is a form of energy that can be reflected or bounce
and even refracted or bend. Light has duality in nature, it can be a particle or a wave.
When you were in Grade 7, you learned that light is a form of electromagnetic wave
which means it can propagate through a vacuum or it doesn’t need a medium like
solid, liquid or even gas. In addition, it is a transverse type of wave which is the
combination of the electric and magnetic field. You also know that color and intensity
of light is related to frequency and wavelength. It was proven during your Grade 8
when you conducted an experiment of dispersion wherein a beam of light strikes the
prism, it bends inside, and dispersed the rainbow colors namely red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo and violet. It was found out during the experiment, colors vary in
wavelength that resulted in red color is the least bend or having the longest wavelength
while violet color is the most bend or having the shortest wavelength. Moreover, the
wavelength and frequency of these deviated colors are different, they deviate
differently at different angles due to the velocity difference of the prism.

In addition, light is part only of the forms of electromagnetic spectrum. Aside

from light there are other forms of EM spectrum namely; radio wave, microwave,
infrared ray, ultraviolet ray, X-ray, and Gamma ray. These forms vary in terms of
wavelength, frequency, and even in energy.

In this module, you will learn about the various practical applications of
electromagnetic waves, which is the use of infrared as remote control in controlling the
WeeeMake robot and as line-following sensor to trace the black line of a race track
through fun and exciting learning activities.

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I. Objectives: The learners demonstrate an

A. Content Standards: understanding of the different regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum
B. Learning Competencies / 1. Cite examples of practical
Objectives: applications of the different regions of
EM waves, such as the use of radio
waves in telecommunications
(S10FE-IIcd-48);

Specifically, this will help you:

1. Discuss what is infrared;
2. Describe how Infrared used as remote
control and as line-following sensor in
the toy robot; and
3. Program the toy robot to move using
the IR remote control and follow the line
using line-following sensor.
II. Content / Topic: Electromagnetic Spectrum

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer

1. Infrared signals can be used for

A. long-range communication C. both
B. short-range communication D. none

2. Infrared waves that can be used for short range communication have frequencies
between
A. 300 GHz to 700 THz
B. 300 GHz to 800 THz
C. 300 GHz to 100 THz
D. 300 GHz to 400 THz

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3. What type of waves are used on a TV remote control?

A. Radio waves C. Infrared rays
B. Microwaves D. Visible light

4. Where is the location of the IR Receiver Module in the given picture of WeeeMake
ELF Mainboard?

5. How many line-following sensor/s is/are given in the picture?

A. 1 sensor C. 3 sensors
B. 2 sensors D. 4 sensors

Interpretation of Score:
Points Description
5 Outstanding
4 Very Satisfactory
3 Satisfactory
2 Fairly Satisfactory
1 Did Not Meet Expectations

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I. ALL ABOUT INFRARED

INFRARED

FIGURE 1

Infrared band of the electromagnet corresponds to 430THz to 300GHz and a

wavelength of 980nm. The propagation of light waves in this band can be used for a
communication system (for transmission and reception) of data in a short range. This
communication can be between two portable devices or between a portable device
and a fixed device.

There are two types of Infrared communication.

Point to Point: It requires a line of sight between the transmitter and a receiver.
In other words the transmitter and the receiver should be pointed to each other and
there shouldn’t be any obstacles between them. Example is the remote control
communication.

Diffuse Point: It doesn’t require any line of sight and the link between the
transmitter and the receiver is maintained by reflecting or bouncing of the transmitted
signal by surfaces like ceilings, roof, etc. Example is the wireless LAN communication
system

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The following are Infrared-IR advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages
• It is secure way of communication as
communication is point to point or line of
sight. It is not feasible for intruder to
come in between and hack the data.
• IR devices have low power
consumption and hence battery will last
for longer period.
• IR devices are less costly.
Disadvantages
• As it is line of sight, it is difficult to
control things not in line of sight of
transmitting IR control device.
• It can control one device at a time.
• Maximum data transfer rate is about 4
Mbps
• The device should be kept stable during
the data transfer mode.
• Hard obstacles (such as doors, walls),
bright sunlight, smoke, dust and fog
affects Infrared communication.
• Even though we cannot see Infrared
waves, it can damage eyes if transmitted
with more signal power.

https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Tutorials/Infrared-Communication-IrDA-tutorial.html

II. GENERAL CONCEPTS ON HOW INFRARED USED IN TOY ROBOT

A. IR Communication using IR Photodiode Receiver

FIGURE 2

IR transmission
The transmitter of an IR LED inside its circuit, which emits infrared light for every
electric pulse given to it. This pulse is generated as a button on the remote is pressed,
thus completing the circuit, providing flow of direct current to the LED.

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IR Reception
The receiver consists of a photodetector which develops an output electrical
signal as light is incident on it. The output of the detector is filtered using a narrow
band filter that discards all the frequencies below or above the carrier frequency (38
KHz in this case). The filtered output is then given to the suitable device like a
Microcontroller or a Microprocessor which controls devices like robot.

B. IR Communication using Modulation

In modulation type of IR
communication, IR light is modulated with 38 kHz

carrier frequencies to get better distance

available. Also, it provides better immunity to
surrounding IR interferences.

IR transmission
IR LED of wavelength 940 nm to 950
nm are commonly used. When we transmit
the data to the IR receiver, at the same time
the IR receiver also receives IR rays from the FIGURE 3
surroundings. These IR rays from the
surroundings can distort the transmitted data. To avoid such surrounding
interferences, IR signal can be modulated with carrier frequencies. The commonly
used carrier frequencies are 30kHz, 36kHz, 38kHz, 56kHz etc.

IR Reception
At receiver end, IR receiver receives data at 38 kHz of carrier frequency. For
IR filter, epoxy package is designed. This module is designed in such a way that any
unexpected output pulses due to noise or disturbance signal are avoided. Generally,
TSOP series Receiver are used which support reception of various transmitted code.

III. KNOW ABOUT THE WEEEMAKE IR REMOTE CONTROL MODULE

IR remote control module is divided into two parts: infrared emission module
and infrared receiver module. Infrared emission module is mainly used to transmit the
infrared signal, namely remote control, and the infrared signal from different buttons
of the remote control. The infrared receiver module is mainly used to receive the
infrared signal.

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Infrared Receiver Module

FIGURE 4

How to Use the Module

Find the control blocks of the IR remote control module in the “Robot” category
as shown in FIGURE 5.
Check if the button on the remote controller
has been pressed. If you want to respond to
the “ ↑ ” button, then this option shall be
modified to “ ↑ ”.

Select the port of the infrared receiver module.

The default port is port 2. If the wiring position
has been changed the port shall also be
modified accordingly.

FIGURE 5

Practice:
Select the "M-Elephant" role and write the program as shown in FIGURE 6 in
online mode and run it, then you can use the “→” key of the remote control to control
the role to move to the right.

FIGURE 6

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IV. KNOW ABOUT THE WEEEMAKE IR REMOTE CONTROL MODULE

The line-following sensor of the WeeeMake robot is consists of two line-

following sensors- s1 and s2. A line-following sensor is an infrared sensor. You can
see in FIGURE 7 that the s1 and s2 sensor have two small lights respectively, one to
transmit infrared ray and the other to receive infrared ray. So, the position of the sensor
can be determined by the received quantity of the reflected infrared ray of the reflective
surface.

S1

Transmitter and
Receiver
S2
FIGURE 7
Note: The infrared detection of the line-following sensor is different from that of IR remote control. The
former can only be used to detect the quantity of the infrared ray, but the latter can be used to detect
infrared signals.

According to the nature of the line-following sensor, most of the line-following sensors
patrol along the black line. It is because the black color can absorb a lot of infrared
rays. If the line-following sensor is on the black line, it will receive less infrared rays; If
the line-following sensor is not on the black line, it will receive more infrared rays.
Branch structure can be used to judge the situation and make the robot walk along the
line.

How to Use the Module

The control block pf the line-following sensor can be found in the “Robot”
category, as shown in FIG. 12-2.

Select sensor S1 or S2.

Select the port of the line-following

sensor. The default port is port A. If the
wiring position has been changed, the
This block will show the reflected port shall also be modified accordingly.
IR value received by a specific
line-following sensor.
FIGURE 8

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Practice:
Select “M-Elephant” role, write the program in the role as shown in FIGURE 9
and run it in the online mode. Observe the value changes of the line-following sensor
on the different reflective surface.

FIGURE 9

Note:
a. If there is no reading, at first, please check whether it has entered online mode. If yes, please check
whether the line-following sensor has to be connected to port A.
b. You can use a camera to observe whether the line-following sensor can work. Open the camera and
view the line-following sensor. If you see that the little light under the line-following sensor emits purple-
red light, the line-following sensor can work.

Run the program as shown in FIGURE 9, face the line-following sensor to the
black line (electrical tape) and the white line (ordinary reflective surface), as shown in
FIGURE 10 and FIGURE 11 respectively, and observe the changes in the reading.

FIGURE 10 FIGURE 11

Example Program effect: The reading on the black line is 70. The closer to
the black line, the smaller the reading will be. The reading on the white line is 700. The
closer to the white line, the larger the reading will be.

Note: The above reading may fluctuate in a specific range based on different environment.

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Part A: My Obedient Robot

Objectives:
1. Understand the principle of IR remote control
2. Write the program of the IR remote-controlled robot

Materials:
 WeeeMake Wall-E Robot
 IR Remote Control
 Computer with WeeeCode
 USB download cables

Procedures:
1. Open the Weee Code to your computer.
2. Write the program based on the picture given.

3. Get the Wall-E Robot, connect the USB cable B-1.3m from USB-B port of the
WeeeMake ELF mainboard to your computer, and upload the codes.

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4. Switch on the power switch and try controlling your robot using the IR remote
control.

Note:
1. If the robot does not respond after you press the remote control, please detect two places:
a) Check whether the infrared receiver module is connected to the mainboard port 2. b) Check
whether the infrared emission module can transmit the signal smoothly: press the button of
the remote control, turn on the camera function of the phone, and watch the transmitter of
remote control through the camera. Press the button, and if the remote control can transmit
infrared signals, you can see there is purple- red light in the emission mouth. (Photosensitive
device in a camera can receive a broader spectral range than the human eye, and so it can
take the photos of the infrared ray.)

2. Because infrared ray is propagated along straight lines, the remote control shall be faced
to the robot directly as much as possible in the remote control process.

3. The transmitting distance of the remote control signal is about 10 meters, and try not to
remote control under the intense sun because too strong sunlight will cause interference to
the infrared remote signal.

4. If there is no preset paring ID between the robot and remote control, the situation that one
remote control can control several robots simultaneously will appear. Please pay attention to
avoiding the situation of signal interference of remote controls with your classmates during
testing or practice.

Part B: My Line-Tracer Robot

Objectives:
1. Understand the working principle of the line-following sensor.
2. Program to make the robot walk along the line

Materials:
 WeeeMake Wall-E Robot
 Electrical Tape or WeeeMake Line Following Map
 Computer with WeeeCode
 USB download cables

Procedures:
1. Master the two kinds of line-following algorithms in the succeeding procedures and
write the program according to the line-following algorithms. There are two line-
following methods in the line-following sensor namely; the black line clamps the line-
following sensor and the line-following clamps the black line. Let’s start.

2. Open the Weee Code to your computer.

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3. Write the program for the black line clamps the line-following sensor based on the
picture given.

4. Get the Wall-E Robot, connect the USB cable B-1.3m from USB-B port of the
WeeeMake ELF mainboard to your computer, and upload the codes. Turn on the
power switch and test your robot. Note: You need to adjust the speed of moving
forward and turning according to the actual line-following situations.

5. Let’s try the second algorithm, the line-following sensor clamps black line. Write
the program on the picture given.

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6. Upload the codes. Turn on the power switch and test your robot. Note: The line-
following algorithm of the double-way line-following sensor cannot be used to pass 90°
intersection, such as L shape, T shape, or cross intersection. When in mode 1: two
sensors both leave the black line simultaneously; or mode 2: two sensors both enter
the black line simultaneously, the robot does not know which direction it shall turn to.
If it is not 90° intersection, when the swerving angle is bigger, the proceeding speed
shall be slower. Otherwise, the robot will rush out of the black line easily. In the process
of program test, you can stick the electrical tapes to the white surface table to design
the walking route or use the line following map, and observe whether the robot can
walk along the route.

This is how to rate your work in the activity

POOR FAIR GOOD

EXCELLENT SUPERIOR
CRITERIA
1 2 3 4 5
Completeness Was not able Was able to Was able to
Was able to Was able to
to produce produce produce
produce 75% produce a
anything. 25% of the 50% of the
of the robot. complete
robot. robot. robot.
Codes Codes are Only three There are
There is one All programs
not working codes is few errors in
error in the are working
at all. correct. the
program. properly and
program. used
correctly.
Instruction Did not Followed Followed Followed Followed all
Compliance follow given minimal only some most of the of the given
instructions instructions of the given given instructions
or or instructions instructions or
requirements requirement. or or requirement.
at all. requirement. requirements.
Creativity Has no Has minimal Has Has a lot of The output
initiative in initiative in initiative in initiative in shows
enhancing enhancing enhancing enhancing excellent
the output. the output. the output. the output. creativity
and
uniqueness.

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Write the program to allow the "1 - 7" buttons of the remote control to control
the different color transformation of RGB LED and 8 - 9 buttons to control the start and
stop the line-following sensor and its reference program. The robot must follow the line
as shown in the figure below. To rate your work, please follow the rubric in the previous
activity.

Key Concepts:
 The propagation of infrared can be used for a communication system (for
transmission and reception) of data.
 There are two types of Infrared communication the Point to Point which requires
a line of sight between the transmitter and a receiver and Diffuse Point which
doesn’t require any line of sight between the transmitter and a receiver and
maintained by reflecting or bouncing of the transmitted signal by surfaces like
ceilings, roof, etc.
 IR Communication system uses through IR Photodiode Receiver or through
modulation.
 WeeeMake robot uses infrared ray such as the IR remote control and the line-
following sensor.

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 There are two line-following methods in the line-following sensor namely; the
black line clamps the line-following sensor and the line-following clamps the
black line.

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I. Multiple Choice Test

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer

1. Infrared signals can be used for

A. long-range communication C. both
B. short-range communication D. none

2. Infrared waves that can be used for short range communication have frequencies
between
A. 300 GHz to 700 THz C. 300 GHz to 100 THz
B. 300 GHz to 800 THz D. 300 GHz to 400 THz

3. In our robot, what is used to sense black line on a white surface?

A. An ultrasonic emitter and receiver pair
B. A red LED and LDR
C. An IR emitter and receiver pair
D. VGA CMOS camera

4. Where is the location of the IR Receiver Module in the given picture of WeeeMake
ELF Mainboard?

D
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5. How many line-following sensor/s is/are given in the picture?

A. 1 sensor C. 3 sensors
B. 2 sensors D. 4 sensors

II. Enumeration
1. List down the two items used in the robot that applies infrared ray. (2 pts)

2. Explain the functions of infrared ray in the WeeeMake Robot. (3 pts)

Let’s Try This Let’s Test Ourselves

1. B II. Enumeration
2. D 1. IR Remote Control (IR transmitter) and IR
3. C receiver module
4. B 2. Infrared ray is used as remote control to control
5. B the movements of a robot. It is used also as a
sensor to follow the black line in a track.
Let’s Test Ourselves
I. Multiple Choice
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. B

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References:

“Communication Using Infrared Technology,” EL-PRO-CUS, accessed November 21,

2019, www.elprocus.com/communication-using-infrared-technology/

“Sensors & Modules,” ElectronicWings, accessed November 21, 2019,

www.electronicwings.com/sensors-modules/ir-communication

“Wireless InfraRed (IR) TSOP Design Tutorial 1,” Vortex Electrica, accessed
November 22, 2019, http://vortexelectricaz.blogspot.com/2011/10/wireless-
infraredir-design-tutorial-1.html

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