Since

ISSN: 0454-6962
1967

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY
RESEARCH JOURNAL
(ARTS & HUMANITIES)
(Refereed, Multidisciplinary, Multilingual, Biannual)

Volume 55, Issue 1

(2021)

Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dinesh K. Gupta

Special Issue on Bhagavad Gita

Guest Editors
Prof. Manjula Chaudhary
Prof. S. S. Boora
Prof. Mohinder Chand
Prof. Vibha Aggawal

Kurukshetra University
Kurukshetra (Haryana)
(Established by the State Legislature Act XII of 1956)
('A+' Grade, NAAC Accredited)
Patron
Prof. Som Nath Sachdeva
Vice-Chancellor

Editor-in-Chief Editorial Board

Prof. Dinesh K. Gupta
Dept. of Lib. & Inf. Sc.
Associate Editor
Prof. Manoj K. Joshi
Dept. of Lib. & Inf. Sc.
Guest Editors
Prof. Manjula Chaudhary
Dept. of Tourism & Hotel Mgt.
Prof. S. S. Boora
Dept. of Tourism & Hotel Mgt.
Prof. Mohinder Chand
Dept. of Tourism & Hotel Mgt.
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Editor-in-Chief
Kurukshetra University Research
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Dept. of Sanskrit, Pali & Prakrit
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Since
ISSN: 0454-6962
1967

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY
RESEARCH JOURNAL
(ARTS & HUMANITIES)
(Refereed, Multidisciplinary, Multilingual, Biannual)

Volume 55, Issue 1

(2021)

Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dinesh K. Gupta

Special Issue on Bhagavad Gita

Guest Editors
Prof. Manjula Chaudhary
Prof. S. S. Boora
Prof. Mohinder Chand
Prof. Vibha Aggawal

Kurukshetra University
Kurukshetra (Haryana)
(Established by the State Legislature Act XII of 1956)
('A+' Grade, NAAC Accredited)
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« « « « «
 Kurukshetra University Research Journal
(Arts & Humanities)
Special Issue on Bhagavad Gita
Volume 55, Issue 1 (2021)
Contents
Sr. Title Page
No. Author No.
1 Applying Bhagwad Geeta for enhancing Psychological Well 1 – 19
Being Vidhu Mohan
2. The Supreme Word and its Existence: In the light of 20 – 25
Praṇavapremapīyūṣa, the commentary on the Gitā
Sebika Nag
3. Resilience and Coping Strategy of Bhagavad-Gῑtā Readers on 26 – 33
the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bali
Ni Kadek Surpi, Ni Luh Arick Istriyanti and Ni Nyoman Ayu
Nikki Avalokitesvari
4. Srimad-Bhagavad Gita and Matthew Arnold: A Study in 34 – 46
Influence Jimmy Sharma
5. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Maia in the light of Bhagavad Gita 47 – 52
Ankush Mahajan
6. Japanese “Gou” Is the Same as “Karma” of Bhagavad Gita 53 – 59
Reiko Watabe
7. Manifestation of the Finer Spirit of Srimada Bhagwadgita in 60 – 64
Nayantara Sahgal’s Prison and Chocolate Cake
Isha Parashar
8. Echoes of the Bhagawadgita in T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land 65 – 71
Usha Rani
9. Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk ls vkfRed mRFkku% ,d v/;;u 72 – 78
ftrsaæ flag vkSj e/kq nhi flag
10. Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk esa izd`fr dk LFkkbZ vfLrRo 79 – 90
ftrsaæ flag vkSj e/kq nhi flag

Guidelines for Contributors

Declaration of Originality
Subscription Form
FORM – I
Kurukshetra University Research Journal ISSN: 0454 – 6962
Volume 55, 1 (2021), 26 – 33
Special Issue on Bhagvad Gita

Resilience and Coping Strategy of Bhagavad-Gῑtā Readers on

the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bali
Ni Kadek Surpi
Ni Luh Arick Istriyanti
Ni Nyoman Ayu Nikki Avalokitesvari
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has a significant impact on the mental health of the community,
including the Balinese. The effect of the Covid pandemic has also hit the Bali economy,
which relies on tourism. This study measures the resilience and coping strategy of the
readers of Bhagavad-gῑtā in Bali. The results showed that reading Bhagavad-gῑtā's
motives and frequency jointly contribute to the Bhagavad-gῑtā readers' resilience during a
pandemic covid-19. The results showed that the Bhagavad-gῑtā readers' resilience was
influenced by 41.5% by the motive (inner desire to read Bhagavad-gῑtā) and the
frequency of reading Bhagavad-gῑtā. Apart from that, the coping strategy also real value
for readers of Bhagavad-gῑtā. The Resilient and Coping strategies together have a
massive role for individuals to survive and even find a way out during difficulties due to
the Covid-19 pandemic. This notion also proves that literacy has a real impact on its
readers. This research is significant considering that in Indonesia, reading holy books,
including Bhagavad-gῑtā, is not common because of the religious model that emphasizes
more on ritual practices.

Keywords: Resilient, Coping Strategy, Bhagavad-gῑtā, Covid-19 Pandemic

Introduction
The Covid-19 pandemic has dramatically affected the economy of Bali, which
relies on the tourism sector. The data show that this has had a significant impact and
hardship on Balinese society in general. According to the Central Statistics Agency
Report in November, Bali's economic growth in the third quarter of 2020 was recorded as
negative growth of -12.28%, compared to the same period the previous year. This

Associate Professor, Hindu State University of I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa, Denpasar,

dosen.surpiaryadharma@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1121-179X
Lecturer, Hindu State University of I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa, Denpasar. arick.istriyanti@gmail.com
Research Scholar, The Hindu Center of Indonesia, ayunikkia@gmail.com
 Volume 55, 1 (2021)

condition creates significant difficulties as a direct result of the pandemic, in addition to

the psychological effects of fear, anxiety, and significant restriction of activity.

Although the Bhagavad-gῑtā Book is very popular in Bali, the Balinese way of
religion emphasizes ritual practices. Rich religious traditions, customs, cultural arts, and
ritual practices are considered sufficient, leaving only a small space for learning or
reading activities. Besides, the habit of reading the holy book for Hindus has not yet been
developed. Unlike other religions in Indonesia, which always refer to their sacred texts,
Hindus emphasize more practice. Likewise, Holy Scriptures learning has not been carried
out in a structured manner in formal religious learning in schools. Estimates have been
made. Those who take the Bhagavad-gῑtā seriously do not make up 1% of the total Hindu
population. The readership group of the Bhagavad-gῑtā is very diverse, both in age,
education, and occupation.

One of the essential teachings of Bhagavad-gῑtā is resilience, not just physical

strength but resilience, courage, and mental balance. Courage is mentioned by Abhayam;
resilience, balance, and inner strength are synonymous with Sthītaprajña and anasakti.
This research proves that the literacy of Bhagavad-gῑtā has a profound impact on its
readers. Research on the positive impact of reading Bhagavad Gita was conducted by
(Dabas & Singh, 2018), which involved a group of students in India. According to this
study, it statistically found a significant effect on resilience, hope, and optimism. This
finding is linked to the fact that for Indian society, the intervention of mantras and sacred
texts is more comfortable to include because they are strongly connected to a culture that
is already part of people's lives.

This study uses the subject of the Bhagavad-gῑtā reader who has had at least one
year of consistent reading experience, has completed all the Bhagavad-gῑtā chapters, and
is an adult. From the measurements made, it was found that the ability of Bhagavad-gῑtā's
readers to resilience was affected by 41.5% by the motive and frequency of reading
Bhagavad-gῑtā. However, further tests showed that motive had a more significant effect

27
Kurukshetra University Research Journal

than reading frequency. This notion means that the urge to read from within or be done
consciously gives a better contribution, rather than reading because of encouragement
from other parties or merely carrying out religious obligations.
This study reveals the Bhagavadgita's readers' resilience and coping strategies
during the Covid-19 pandemic by involving the independent variables of the Bhagavad-
gῑtā reading motive and frequency. The results showed that the reading experience of
Bhagavad-gῑtā in terms of motives and frequency in reading Bhagavad-gῑtā a played a
role in the ability of resilience and the selection of adaptive coping strategies. As many as
79% of the readers of Bhagavad-gῑtā chose to use problem focus coping when faced with
problems or difficult situations during the Covid-19 pandemic. That is, the reader of
Bhagavad-gῑtā shows high resilience and has an excellent coping strategy. The readers of
the Bhagavad-gῑtā do not regret difficult situations. They did not let alone act
destructively and detrimentally but try to endure and find a way out of the difficulties at
hand. They fill their time during the Covid -19 pandemic with useful things such as
reading, doing learning with family, doing suitable activities even though there is very
limited what to do, and spending time with family and friends and the closest community.

Interestingly, whether there was a suicidal intention, all respondents gave no. This
data also shows that apart from resilience, the readers of Bhagavad-gῑtā are aware of the
importance of life's meaning and endeavor to endure difficult situations and, when
possible, get out of these difficulties. This research is significant to know how the reading
of the religious text, like the Bhagavad-gῑtā has a positive impact on the reader and is
useful during crises. This activity will provide good motivation, where modern humans
who are very materialistic want real benefits from their actions.

Method
The number of participants in this study was 100 subjects who were determined
through the purposive sampling technique. The research subjects' criteria are that they
have had at least one year of experience reading Bhagavad-gῑtā, aged 20-55 years, and

28
 Volume 55, 1 (2021)

have lived in Bali. The data collection process was carried out from June to August 2020
using the help of google form. The method used is quantitative by collecting data in the
form of a questionnaire on a Likert scale. The research instrument used to determine the
subject's resilience ability in this study was the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10
(CD-RISC 10), developed by Connor & Davidson (2003).
This questionnaire consists of 10 items with four answer choices: never, rarely,
often, and always. Based on the questionnaire manual guidelines, it is stated that the total
score for CD-RISC 10 is 40. This scale also has a satisfactory reliability value with
Cronbach alpha 0.87 (Connor & Davidson, 2003). o find out coping strategies,
researchers used a scale based on the problem-focused coping and Emotion-focused
coping aspects with a reliability value of 0.6. Hypothesis testing uses covariance analysis
or ANCOVA. ANCOVA is a statistical analysis technique that combines ANOVA with
regression analysis (Gunawan, 2016). The entire data processing process is carried out
with the help of a data processing application.

Results and Discussion

The number of subjects obtained was 100 people. Based on gender, it is known
that as many as 51 people were male, and the remaining 49 were female. The subjects
who participated in the study were in the age range of 20 to 55 years. The majority of the
subjects were married, namely as much as 61.6%. Judging from the level of education,
75% of the subjects are undergraduate. Based on the subject's experience in reading
Bhagavad-gῑtā, it can be seen that as many as 51.5% of the subjects have read for more
than ten years, 57.6% stated that they read Bhagavad-gῑtā every day, and 71.7% said that
reading Bhagavad-gῑtā is their desire.

This study specifically wants to find out how the experience of reading Bhagavad-
gῑtā affects resilience and in choosing the right coping strategy during the Covid-19
pandemic. The covariance analysis table or ANCOVA shows that the reading motive and
frequency in reading Bhagavad-gῑtā together play a role in resilience during the Covid-19

29
Kurukshetra University Research Journal

pandemic (the significant value in the corrected model is 0,000). The adjusted R squared
value when controlling for the motive variable was 0.415. This value means that the
variable resilience can be described by the motive and frequency variables of 41.5%.
The experience of the readers of Bhagavad-gῑtā also influences the choice of
coping strategies in dealing with problems, where 79% chose to use problem focus
coping, and 21% used emotion-focused coping. Problem-focused coping is said to work
better than emotion-focused coping because problem-focused coping emphasizes how
individuals deal with pressure or problems by finding solutions to improve skills or new
ways to change the situation or the problems at hand ( Santrock, 2010). Resilience also
has a significant relationship with selecting adaptive coping strategies, as indicated by the
sig (2-tailed) value of 0.001 <0.05. The relationship between the two variables also has a
positive value. The higher the resilience value, the more adaptive coping strategies for the
Bhagavad-gῑtā readers will be.
Efforts to increase literacy are one of the things that have been realized by Hindu
figures in Indonesia. Various measures have been made. Even in Bali in 2014, the mass
Bhagavad-gῑtā reading activity (recorded in the Indonesian Record Museum-MURI) was
carried out, attended by 63336 people who were dominated by young people. However,
empirical data shows that Hindus who regularly read Bhagavad-gῑtā do not show
numbers that exceed 1% of the number of Hindus in Indonesia (Surpi A, 2019). This fact
is probably due to several things. Namely, the religious system in Indonesia is more
focused on ritual activities and the absence of the tradition of nyastra (reading and
listening, discussing texts), as in the past, since ancient times, two books, namely
Rāmāyana and Mahābhārata, are very popular in Indonesia, especially in Java and Bali.
However, the learning process for the general public is mostly through play and wayang
media. The habit of reading, listening to the reading, or discussing the sacred literature
became uncommon, which eventually carried over to the Republic of Indonesia's
independence. However, President Sukarno, a Muslim, claims to have read Bhagavad-

30
 Volume 55, 1 (2021)

gῑtā five times to the end and admits that he received inspiration and enthusiasm from this
prevalent text.

Research shows that reading Bhagavad-gῑtā has a strong relationship with the
subject's resilience ability. The motive for reading Bhagavad-gῑtā, which is pure of self-
desire, reveals a better capacity for resilience than other motives such as being ordered by
those closest to you and making reading only a religious obligation. This result is in line
with Lolla's (2020) research that the relevance of Bhagavad-gῑtā for thousands of years is
unquestionable, but understanding its teachings to become a person's need does not come
naturally. Therefore Bhagavad-gῑtā learning assistance for children and youth are needed
so much that the learning process will become necessary until they understand that
Bhagavad-gῑtā has a tremendous impact on life. Apart from motives, the amount of time
spent/devoted to reciting Bhagavad-gῑtā also has an impact on one's resilience Resilience
correlated with Sthītaprajña is an essential goal of Bhagavad-gῑtā (Tilak, 1924). Sankara
defines Sthītaprajña as a pearl of steady wisdom from a person due to practicing yoga
(Sharma, 1997). Śaṅkarācārya describes it as the mental condition that a person has as a
result of the results of his training in his life (Warrier, 1983). Another frequently used
word that is equivalent to this condition is also known as anasakti. Anasakti was found to
represent one facet of human personality, which helped individuals remain well adjusted
and healthy despite exposure to' stressors (Pande & Naidu, 1992).
Both the Sthītaprajña and anasakti doctrines offer excellent ways to deal with the
distress or discomfort that is part of human life. The relevance of the teachings and
fundamental values of Bhagavad-gῑtā has become very relevant in this covid-19
pandemic, where humans need resilience and an excellent ability to make decisions.
Right decisions are especially required at these unpredictable times. This notion is also in
line with the statement. (Kalra et al., 2020), The relevance of Bhagavad-gῑtā is seen
during the Covid-19 pandemic, where the battlefield is authentic, and many limitations
and problems make it disappointing. Therefore, everyone must be guided by profound
dharma to survive and get out of this crisis. Everyone can take Arjuna's role, fighting on

31
Kurukshetra University Research Journal

the battlefield amidst uncertain situations, even like the Mahābhārata, often
overshadowed by defeat and disappointment. In other words, resilience, emotional
maturity, and efforts to get out of crises that can cause stress to the individual are evident
in the individual readers of Bhagavad-gῑtā. They are the subject of this research.

The existence of viruses and pandemics is nothing new in Hindu literature.

Atharvaveda literature, Mahābhārata, and Ayurvedic texts talk about krimi
(microbes/pathogens) and their treatment. This notion means that since more than 500
years ago, the virus's presence has been detected. The Vedic literature has suggested
various ways to treat it, including strengthening the body systems and resilience (Surpi,
2020). Therefore, humans should always be vigilant and have high abilities to deal with
duhka situations (crises, unpleasant) and find solutions. It is possible for people who have
the balance and ability to make the right decisions to survive in a crisis like the current
Covid-19 pandemic.

Conclusion
This research reveals the readers of Bhagavadgita's resilience and coping
strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic by involving the independent variables in the
form of the motive and frequency of reading Bhagavad-gῑtā. The results showed that
Bhagavadgita's reading experience in terms of motives and frequency in reading played a
role in resilience and selecting adaptive coping strategies. The reading motive and the
frequency in reading together contributed to the resilience of the Bhagavad-gῑtā readers
during the Covid-19 pandemic. Resilience variables can be described by the motive and
frequency variables of 41.5%. As many as 79% of Bhagavad-gῑtā readers choose to use
problem-focused coping when dealing with problems or difficult situations during the
Covid-19 pandemic. In other words, the readers of Bhagavad-gῑtā have high resilience,
which is influenced by reading motives and frequency of reading, and emotional maturity
in the form of the ability to find solutions to the crisis at hand. This is proof that Vedic
literacy positively impacts its readers, namely having a high resilience ability and good

32
 Volume 55, 1 (2021)

coping strategy. This is in line with the important purpose of reading Bhagavad-gῑtā,
namely the awakening of Sthītaprajña, namely in the form of resilience and mental
balance.

References
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new Resilience scale: The
Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2).
https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Dabas, P., & Singh, A. (2018). Bhagavad Gita teachings and positive psychology:
Efficacy for semi-urban Indian students of NCR. Cogent Psychology, 5(1).
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1467255
Gunawan, I. (2016). Pengantar statistika inferensial. PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.
Kalra, A., Michos, E. D., & Chinnaiyan, K. M. (2020). COVID-19 and the healthcare
workers Lessons from the Bhagavad Gita (the 'Lord's Song') from India during these
difficult times. European Heart Journal 00, 1–2.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa489
Pande, N., & Naidu, R. K. (1992). Anāsakti and Health: A Study of Non-attachment.
Psychology & Developing Societies, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/097133369200400106
Sharma, A. (1997). Sankara on the Sthitaprajna. Nidan, 49–53.
Surpi A, N. K. (2019). Vedānta & Metode Pemahaman Filsafat Hindu (1st ed.).
Paramita.
Surpi, N. K. (2020). Virus dan Upaya Penganganannya dalam Literatur Veda (Refleksi
Pengetahuan Veda Guna Membangun Resiliensi PadaPandemik Global Covid-19). In I.
A. G. Wulandari (Ed.), COVID-19: Perspektif Susastra dan Filsafat (2nd ed., Vol. 2).
Yayasan Kita Menulis.
Tilak, L. B. G. (1924). Sri Bhagavad Gita Rahasya or Karma Yoga Sastra Volume 1.
Tilak Bros.
Warrier, A. G. K. (1983). Śrīmad Bhagavad Gītā Bhāṣya of Śrī Śaṅkarācārya. Sri
Ramakrishna Math.

33
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& L.C. Howarth (Eds.), New directions in information organization (pp. 61-87). Emerald
Group Publishing.
In-text Citation – Parenthetical Citation – (Park & Kim, 2013)
Narrative Citation – Park and Kim (2021)
 5. Paper in Conference Proceeding
Gupta, S., & Singh, S.P. (2006). Future competencies for LIS professionals in
21st century. In N. Laxman Rao, & S. Sudarshan Rao (Eds.), Quality education
in Library and Information Science. Seminar papers and proceedings XXII
IATLIS National Conference (pp. 121-128). IATLIS.

6. Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis

Singh, N.N. (2020). Religious practices among the Meitei’s of Manipur: An
anthropologicalstudy [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. North Eastern Hill
University.

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INFLIBNET Centre (https://inflibnet.ac.in/)

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as author.
National Informatics Centre. (2021). Emerging technology. India, Ministry of
Electronics andIT, National Informatics Centre. https://www.nic.in/emerging-
technology/
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shraddhāvān labhate jñānam tat-paraḥ sanyatendriyaḥ
jñānaṁ labdhvā parāṁ śhāntimachireṇādhigachchhati
Those whose faith is deep and who have practiced controlling their mind
and senses attain divine knowledge. Through such transcendental
knowledge, they quickly attain everlasting supreme peace.

Kurukshetra University
Kurukshetra (Haryana)
(Established by the State Legislature Act XII of 1956)
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