MCQ: 20 points: W7-W12 (franchising):

Short answer: 40 points: Bỏ những câu liên quan đến future

Case study: 40 points:
● Summarize (10 points): đoạn văn không quá ½ trang A4
Main problems and issues of case (10 points): list ra and explain
why nó là 1 problem ⁸8
● Đóng vai trò thành 1 someone and what would u do (10
points): list ý
What should we done (recommendations) (10 points)
Nếu explain, how, describe: gạch ý
Nếu list: chỉ list ra
Nếu compare: kẻ bảng

WEEK 7: câu 2,3,6. Def. Of natural attractions, Cultural

attractions
WEEK 8: Def of motivation, 2,3,4,5,7,8,9; 3 models: Plog,
Maslow, Pearce
WEEK 9: Def of cultural exchange, social, psycho, 2,5,7,8,9,11
Extra ques: so sánh mass tourism VS alternative tourism
WEEK 10: Def of demand, supply 2,3,4,6,8
Extra ques: strategies deal with demand fluctuation (Seasonality) :
list and explain
WEEK 11: Def of multipliers, linkage, leakage, direct and
indirect, export and import, balance of payment 2,3,4,5,6
WEEK 12: Def. of sustainability, eco trm, carrying capacity
2,3,4,5,7,9
FRANCHISING: phân biệt franchising và management contract
WEEK 7: ATTRACTION
1. Review key concepts: Natural attractions, Cultural attractions, Recreation,
Entertainment
1.1 Natural attractions
- Associated more closely with the natural environment rather than cultural
environment.
- Subdivided into:
+ Topography
+ Climate
+ Water
+ Wildlife
+ Vegetation
+ Location
1.2 Cultural attractions (anything manmade)
- Cultural sites: known as “build”,“constructed” or “man-made” sites, more diverse
than their natural counterparts
- Core factors that determine the overall attractiveness of a tourism region
- Social and cultural elements contributing to the attractiveness of a tourism
region: (Work, Dress, Architecture, Handicraft, History, Language, Religion,
Education, Tradition, Leisure activity, Art/ music, Gastronomy)
1.3 Recreation
- Refreshment or comfort produced by something affecting the senses or body
- Mostly adventure and outdoor recreation
- Diverse industry representing $300 billion in expenditures each year
- Generate millions of jobs in the manufacturing, sales, and service sector
- Recreation is often participated in by individuals to rejuvenate themselves
outside of work and life’s daily routine9; the benefit of recreational
participation is often positive mental and/or physical well-being.
- Variety of activities to keep fit, have fun, experience nature, and solidarity.
- Type : Sightseeing, Golf, Swimming, Tennis, Hiking, Biking, Snow Sports
1.4 Entertainment
- 1610: 1st appeared, means ‘the action of upholding or maintaining’
- 1612: ‘the action of occupying (a person's) attention agreeably’
- Primary purpose of engaging or captivating an audience through sensory stimulation
and / or emotion
- Mostly indoor activities
- Recreation: you entertain yourself. > < Entertainment: somebody entertains you
- Types: Theme Parks, Amusement, Parks, Casinos, Cinemas, Shopping, Facilities,
Performing, Arts Centers, Sports, Complexes

2. How important are attractions to the tourism industry?

1. Main Motivators for Travel:

Attractions are often the primary motivators for people to travel. Tourists are drawn to
destinations that offer unique and appealing attractions, such as historical sites, natural
wonders, cultural events, and recreational activities. The presence of compelling
attractions can significantly influence the decision to visit a particular destination.
2. Impact on Travel Decision:

The availability and attractiveness of attractions heavily influence tourists' decision-

making processes. When planning a trip, individuals often consider the range and
quality of attractions a destination has to offer. The appeal of these attractions can be a
deciding factor in choosing one destination over another.
3. Image Building:

Attractions contribute significantly to the overall image and identity of a destination.

Iconic landmarks, cultural events, and natural beauty create a unique character for a
place, shaping how it is perceived by potential visitors. Positive impressions of
attractions contribute to the positive branding of a destination, attracting more tourists
over time.
4. Increasing competitiveness of a Destination:

In the highly competitive tourism industry, destinations strive to differentiate

themselves from others. The presence of diverse and appealing attractions enhances a
destination's competitiveness. Tourists often seek destinations that offer a mix of
attractions, ensuring a well-rounded and satisfying travel experience.
5. Comparison with Expenditure:

While attractions are crucial motivators for travel, it's true that they represent only one
component of the overall tourist expenditure. Transportation, lodging, and food and
beverage expenses are also significant factors. However, the economic impact of
attractions should not be underestimated, as they contribute indirectly to the local
economy through increased demand for services, accommodations, and dining.
6. Job and employment: create jobs and increase income for local people
 Diversify range
3. How are attractions classified?
- Cultural attractions: having certain distinguished components: Have existed
around for a long time, they are ancient and also historic. They are protected by
international organizations like UNESCO heritage sites. Representing the culture and
the heritage which are able to show the significant cultural characteristics of the
destination
- Natural attractions: Products of nature, They can be rivers, caves , mountains ,
shores , islands , …. Also protected by an international body like UNESCO which has
the responsibility and its task to protect the natural environment of those attractions.
Natural attractions can be open to the public for every visitor to come in and also
provide available facilities for visitors.
- Local events and festival:
+ a huge attraction that draws many tourists to the destination- can be anything :
food , sport , music , education ,seminar , …..
+ Tourists who have the interested in local festival could gather and absorb the
culture and local activities through joining the local events and festivals
+ Can be fill the void of lacking natural attractions also bigger attractions in that
destination
- Recreation: The availability, maintain the access to the outdoor facilities and
activities such as swimming , skiing , golf , hiking , bowling alley , biking , ….
- Entertainment: The availability and maintain to access to the indoor facilities and
entertainment activities such as amusement park , theme park , casino , theater

6. What are the differences between recreation and entertainment?

Aspect Recreation Entertainment

Setting Mostly takes place outdoors Most entertainment activities happen indoors

Primarily focuses on physical health Primarily affects mental health, stimulating

Health Impact
improvement emotions

Variety of activities for fitness, fun, Individual activities often designed for
Nature of Activities
nature, teamwork amusement

Participation Style Actively join activities, self-driven Passively join activities, entertained by others
 Self-motivated, driven by personal External source provides entertainment, less
Motivation
interest personal motivation

Emphasizes team activities and Often individual-focused, less emphasis on

Social Interaction
solidarity group dynamics

Week 8: 2,3,4,5,7,8,
1. Review key concept: Consumer, Maslow, Motivation, Travel
experience, Plog's psychology model.

● Maslow: needs within the individual that motivate the desire to travel, from bottom of
the hierarchy upwards, the needs are physiological needs (eating, drinking, dress,
relaxation,etc.), safety needs (no anxiety, security), love and relationship needs
(loved, affiliated), self-esteem (status, respect and recognition) and self actualization
(self fulfillment). Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before
individuals can attend to needs higher up-

● Plog’s psychology model: approach to tourist motivation, stressed that travelers

could be categorized on a psychocentric (non adventurous, inward-looking) to
allocentric (adventur- ous, outward-looking) scale.
● The travel-needs model articulated by Pearce and coworkers is more explicitly
concerned with tourists and their motives rather than with leisure, which is the focus
of Iso-Ahola’s work. The travel- needs model argues that people have a career in
their travel behavior that reflects a hierarchy of their travel motives. A travel career is
similar to a work career: People may start at different levels, they are likely to change
their levels during their life cycle, and they can be inhibited in their travel career by
money, health, and other people.

2. What is Motivation? Why is it so important for tourism

people(supplier, TA, TO , hotel manager,..) to have a good understanding
of travel motivation?

Motivation: factor

Tourists’ motivations are the reasons that drive a tourist to make decisions regarding their
travels playing a fundamental part in the mechanics of tourism.
Motivation is what drives the tourist to initiate their vacation and to find a destination that
best fits with their traveling motives. It is to drive, to satisfy needs and wants, both
physiological and psychological through the purchase of goods and services.

- REASONS WHY MOTIVATION IS IMPORTANT for tourism people to have a

good understanding of travel motivation

Therefore, it is so important for tourism planners to understand what motivates them to

travel, choose specific destinations.

+ understanding customer motivation: need and want. and their preference for different
types of accommodation, leisure options and developing specific tourist packages
that could cater effectively to the segment they wish to target.

Motivations change with changing incomes, exposure, life stage etc. it is imperative to
analyze the changes in traveler’s motivations to predict future travel patterns

Customer Satisfaction:
● Hotel Managers and Service Providers: Accommodations and service providers who
comprehend traveler motivations can enhance guest satisfaction by catering to
specific needs and expectations. This can lead to positive reviews, word-of-mouth
recommendations, and improved customer loyalty.

3. Explain the relationship of customer (tourist) satisfaction and travel

motivation.

Tourist motivation studies are useful in developing products, promotions, and marketing
strategies. As tourist destinations become more and more competitive, it would be of utmost
interest to study satisfaction levels with respect to the push of pull motives to know the
area of concerns. The success of a travel destination depends on the three basic factors:
attractions; amenities or facilities and its accessibility. These factors are interrelated with
each other and collectively create satisfaction.

● Destination marketers consider the practical implications of travel motivations as

fundamental factors increasing satisfaction with destination services and enhancing
destination loyalty.
● Motivation relates to the choices of destinations and activities to be pursued.
This in turn, relates to trip satisfaction and recommending the trip.
● It is expected that people with similar motivations will, to a certain degree, choose the
same destinations and pursue similar types of activities. A satisfied tourist is
expected to be more likely to choose to visit the same destination on other occasions
and to become a promoter via positive word-of-mouth than an unsatisfied tourist.
● if satisfy - motivate to travel again
- vòng tròn khi đi du lịch -> satisfaction: happy -> motivation to travel more
 Motivation as Expectation: Travel motivation often represents the expectations and
desires that individuals have when embarking on a trip. Whether it's seeking
relaxation, adventure, cultural experiences, or social interactions, travelers have
specific expectations tied to their motivations.

4. Provide a few examples of how a person's travel needs change over a

lifespan (vòng đời).
Lifespan: New bornKidsTeenagers Young Adult AdultCoupleFamily
with childrenOld coupleWidow

how the need change depend on age.

- New born: following parent

- Kids (3-12): thích nhiều trò chơi, hoạt động và học hỏi qua việc khám phá,
hay làm sai
- Teenagers: more mature, thích đi độc lập, đi cùng bố mẹ nhg k tham gia cùng
bố mẹ, thích mạo hiểm, thích đi cùng bạn bè, thích các hd liên qua đến tụ tập
tăng sự gắn kết
- Young Adult: rẻ, gần, khám phá để trải nghiệm, đi với bạn, tránh k đi cùng gd
- Adult: đi lm kết hợp đi chơi, có lương nên tiêu dùng nhiều hơn, ít quan tâm
đến giá, đi xa hơn, đi với ny hoặc đồng nghiệp. Có sự lựa họn các điểm đến
dựa vào review
- Couple: create good & romantic memories (increasing Kinship), ưu tiên sự
riêng tư
- Family with children: ưu tiên sự gắn kết, du lịch để giảm áp lực, giải trí nghỉ
dưỡng nên chọn resort (cung cấp đầy đủ cơ sở vật chất cho gia đình), tìm
đến thành phố lớn, những nơi có cơ sở vật chất tốt, bệnh viện tốt
- Old couple: nơi yên tĩnh để nghỉ dưỡng, đi vs bạn chung của cả hai, ưa thích
mức độ hoạt động vừa phải, tự sắp xếp phương tiện để đi (điểm đến
reachable) và có thể đi nhiều ngày
- Widow: tham gia vào package tour tìm bạn mới để tránh cô đơn, chọn
mountain resort or beach resort, ưa thích hd ít, có xu hướng đi vs người cùng
độ tuổi để tránh khoảng cách thế hệ.

Older travelers are typically willing to spend more to avoid hassles and
inconvenience. For example, they’ll pay extra for direct flights; pay for a later flight
departure so they don’t have to leave home before sunrise or upgrade to premium
economy seats for more comfort and priority boarding.

● Married couples having small children will have fewer choices of destinations,
they tend to choose family-friendly destinations.
● Early Adulthood (18-30 years):
 ○ Adventure and Exploration: Young adults often seek adventurous and
exploratory experiences. Backpacking trips, cultural exchanges, and
exploration of diverse destinations are common.
● Family Life (30-50 years):
○ Family-Friendly Destinations: Travel needs may shift towards family-friendly
destinations and activities. Theme parks, beach resorts, and destinations with
educational and recreational opportunities for children become more
appealing.
● Midlife (40-60 years):
○ Cultural and Relaxation: As individuals enter midlife, there may be a desire
for a mix of cultural experiences and relaxation. Cultural tours, spa retreats,
and vacations focused on personal interests become more prevalent.
● Empty Nesters (50-70 years):
○ Slow Travel and Exploration: With children grown and independent, some
individuals may engage in slow travel, exploring destinations at a more
leisurely pace. Cultural immersion, culinary experiences, and extended stays
may be priorities.
● Retirement (70+ years):
○ Comfort and Accessibility: Older travelers may prioritize comfort, safety, and
accessibility. Cruises, all-inclusive resorts, and destinations with excellent
healthcare infrastructure become more attractive. Travel experiences may be
more relaxed and less physically demanding.

5. Explain the difference between intrinsically motivated activities and

extrinsically motivated activities? ke bang

● When individuals are intrinsically motivated, their propensity to travel is influenced by

their personality or internal desire. Two types of personality: psychocentric and
allocentric
● When individuals are extrinsically motivated, their behavior is motivated by pressures
and forces from external factors such as social and cultural environment

Criteria Ex In

Characteristic _ being encouraged by _ Driven from within

external factors (aroused from yourself)

_ achievement-oriented _ Personal-oriented
activity ( don’t like but still
do)
 activity (do because like)

Purpose _ Avoid punishment & _ Personal enjoyment &

achieve rewards relaxation

Time _ Definite period of time _ Indefinite period of time

(Short) (Long)

Reward Both financial & non- Non financial reward

financial reward

7. Explain the essential concepts of Pearce's travel needs or

experience ladder? How is this model better than Maslow's model?
Maslow: Hierachy of needs Pearce: Travel need ladders

Self- Self-
actualiz actualiz
ation ation
Self-
Self-
esteem
esteem
(status)
Love & Love &
Relationship Belongings

Safety & Security Safety & Security

Psychological needs Psychological needs

(eating, drinking...) (eating, drinking...)

There are five levels of need: Physiological, Safety/security needs,

Relationship needs, Self-esteem/development needs, Fulfillment needs.

- Travelers can be influenced by one or more factors that determine different

needs and they can completely go from one need to another.

- People have a career in their travel behavior that reflect hierarchy of travel
motives. Travel career is similar to work career where people may start at
different level, they are likely to change their level during their life cycle.
- They can be inhibited in their travel career by money, health and other
people.

- Travelers tend to be more selective in their emphasis on travel motives with

experience.

- Travelers have multiple motives in their pattern of needs even though one
category of needs may be more dominant.

8. Provide an example of a travel motive and a travel product which

provides a good match?
Ppl with for good service & facilities: 4-5* hotel
Recreation purpose: full facilities, privacy,close to natural, tranqility

For those people who like sporting activities and seek thrills and excitements
in these activities, some sporting events such as Olympic games, Soccer
World Cup, etc. are ideal events for these tourists to enjoy these
atmospheres.

9. Explain Push and Pull factors in researching motivation?

Push : day Pull: keo

The origin motivations: why they Attract tourist to choose(destination-

want to go specific attributes)

why choose the day, why choose the destination

Include: Include:

• Technology • Geographical proximity (distance)

• Demographic: it nguoi • Accessibility to the market

• Social • Cultural links

• Politics • Availability of attractions

• Economic
 REVIEW QUESTION 9 2,5,7,8,9,11
REVIEW QUESTION 9
1. Review key concept: Cultural distance, Sociology, Effects of travel experience, social
tourism, Mass tourism and resentment, Doxey’s Irridex model.
- Cultural distance: differences in language, differences in social structure (e.g., monogamy
vs. polygyny), differences in religion, politics, economic conditions, level of literacy, and the
like. Differences in culture
- Sociology:
The science of society, social institutions, and social relationships
Visitors to a community or area create social relationships that typically differ greatly
from the affiliations among the indigenous population
- Effect of travel experience: are profound - on the host society as well as on the traveler,
particularly because travel experiences often are among the most outstanding memories in
the traveler’s life.
- Social tourism:
Social (subsidized) travel
A national system in which some organizations such as national government, a labor
union, trade association, cooperative or similar group subsidizes vacation expenses for
those low incomes.
- Mass tourism and resentment
Mass tourism (The sum of the industrial and commercial activities that produce goods
and services wholly or mainly for tourist consumption): The act of visiting a
destination with large numbers of people at one time
Resentment:
● Conflict of interests between tourists and locals -> increase prices and cause
● bad feeling
● Feeling of inferiority (better paid for people working in service industry)
● Financial dislocations
- Doxey’s Irridex model:
Describe the evolution of local attitudes in response to accelerating tourism
development
+5 steps, including:
● Euphoria
● Apathy
● Annoyance
● Antagonism
● Resignation
2. Explain and give examples of cultural distance? If you should take a trip to another
country, how would you manage this?
- Cultural distance btw local & tourist: not satisfy experiences
- Ex: difference in language : miss understand
Difference in religion: các đạo khác nhau thì thức ăn khác nhau; hình thức ăn
uống: phương tây dùng dao dĩa, phương đông dùng đũa…; cách ăn mặc: phụ nữ Hồi giáo
mặc phải che kín gáy, người phương Tây ăn mặc phóng khoáng hơn, người phương Đông
bảo thủ hơn
- Giảm distance: du khách cần tìm hiểu về văn hóa của điểm đến trc khi đi, follow rule
the guidel line show, do exactly what local ppl do, sau khi đi về note lại những khác
biệt dành cho người chưa đi

- Cultural distance refers to the extent to which the culture of the area from which the tourist
originates differs from the culture of the host region. In general, the greater the cultural
distance, the greater will be the resistance. In some cases, however, the relationship might
be the opposite.
For example, the higher the cultural distance between particular origin and destination areas,
the more an allocentric person may wish to travel to that destination, to experience this
extreme difference.
- Travel forums, guidebooks, newspaper articles, and books are all good places to start, if I
take a trip to another country that very different from mine. Speak with people who have
been there or, better yet, who are native to the area. Before I travel, I will learn as much as I
can about what is considered polite and disrespectful, and be prepared for some of the
changes. And life seeing tourism which is when is a way to look at how people in other
societies live
there life

5. How can local resentments of tourists be mitigating?

Resentment: - situation that local ppl ignore tourist, conflict btw local ppl & tourist
-feeling of inferiority
- financial dislocation

1. Promote cultural understanding between tourists and locals.

2. Encourage responsible tourism practices to minimize negative impacts.
3. Involve the local community in decision-making and planning.
4. Manage tourist numbers to prevent overcrowding.
5. Support local businesses and the local economy.
6. Improve infrastructure and services for both tourists and locals.
7. Educate tourists about local customs and sensitivities.
8. Ensure the local community benefits from tourism.
9. Address over tourism concerns through visitor management.
10. Foster communication and dialogue among all stakeholders.
11. Respect for culture of local ppl: sẵn sàng khen ngợi những điều ý nghĩa mà local ppl
đưa ra cho mk
12. Take responsibilities for action
13. Seek local tour guides
 14. Explore the destination in off the beaten path (lệch khỏi đường chính)
15. Research carefully b4 come to destination
16. Face to face interaction with local ppl

7. Illustrate ways local pride could be increased?

Celebrate local heritage and history

- Event

- Festivals

- Exhibitions

Support local businesses and products

- "Buy local" campaigns
- Local entrepreneurs
- Locally-made products

Beautify public spaces

- Mural painting
- Gardening
- Public art installations

Engage in community service

- Neighborhood clean-ups
- Volunteering
- Supporting local schools

Promote local talent and achievements

- Arts
- Sports
- Academia

Foster community events and gatherings

- Street fairs
- Cultural festivals
- Neighborhood picnics

Preserve and protect natural resources

- Tree planting
- Clean-up campaigns
- Environmental education

Support local arts and culture

- Art galleries
- Theater productions
- Music festivals
 Develop local traditions and rituals
- Annual celebrations
- Parades
- Customs

Improve local amenities and infrastructure

- Parks
- Recreational facilities
- Libraries

8. Discuss the five step of Doxey’s Irridex Model?

Doxey's Irridex Model, is a theoretical framework that describes the stages of tourist/host
interactions and their impact on the host community's attitudes and behaviors. The model
consists of five stages, each representing a different level of tourism development and its
corresponding effects. Here are the five steps of Doxey's Irridex Model

1. Euphoria: In this initial stage, the host community experiences excitement and enthusiasm
about the arrival of tourists. The economic benefits and opportunities associated with tourism
are seen as positive. The local community may embrace tourism development and view it as
a catalyst for growth and prosperity.

2. Apathy: As tourism continues to grow, the host community may start to experience some
negative impacts. Apathy sets in as the community becomes indifferent or complacent
towards tourism. The initial euphoria diminishes as locals become accustomed to the
presence of tourists and may start to take the benefits for granted

3. Annoyance: In this stage, the negative impacts of tourism become more apparent, leading
to annoyance among the local community. Issues such as overcrowding, congestion,
increased prices, environmental degradation, and cultural commodification may arise. The
host community starts to feel the burden of tourism and its negative consequences.

4. Antagonism: As the negative impacts of tourism intensify, the antagonism stage is

reached. The local community's frustration and discontent grow, leading to open hostility
towards tourists and tourism development. The host community may express their
dissatisfaction through protests, activism, or other means to protect their interests and
preserve their way of life.

5. Anticipation: The final stage of the model occurs when the host community anticipates the
decline or transformation of tourism. At this point, the negative impacts have become so
significant that the community desires a change in the tourism development model or a
decrease in tourist numbers. The focus shifts towards sustainable tourism practices that
prioritize the well-being of the community and the preservation of local resources and
culture.
9. How do your travel interests differ from your parents?

Characteristics Mass TR Alternative TR

1.Market
-Segment -Psychographic-Midcentric tourist -Allocentric-Midcentric tourists
-Volume&Mode -High, package tours -Low, individual arrangment
-Seasonality -Distinct High & Low seasons -No distinct seasonality
-Origins -A few donminant markets -No dominant markets

2.Attractions
-Emphasis -Highly commercialized -Moderately commercialized
-Character -Generic “contrived” -Area specific, “authentic”
-Orientation -Tourists only or mainly -Tourists & Locals
3.Accommodation
-Size -Large scale -Small sacle
-Saptial Pattern -Concentrated in “tourist area” -Dispered throughout areas
-Density -High density -Low density
-Architecture -“international style”(ai cũng dùng -Vernacular style;
được); non-sypathetic complementary
-Ownership -Non-local; large corporations
-Local; small biz
4.Economic
status -Dominates local economy -Complements existing activity
-Role of TR -Mainly external -Mainly internal
-Linkage -Extensive -Minimal
-Leakage -Low -High
-Multiplier effect
5.Regulation
-Control -Non-local private sector -Local community
-Amount -Minimal; to facilitates private -Extensive; to minimize local
sector negative impact
-Ideology -Community stability & well-
emphasis -Economic growth; profits; being; integrated; Holistic; Public
sector-specific; free market intervention
-Time-frame forces -Long-term
-Short-term

WEEK 10: TOURISM DEMAND AND SUPPLY (Chị Ngọc)

1. Review key concepts: Seasonality, Price differentials, Peak and Valleys

ofDemand, Multiple-use.

Seasonality: the fluctuations in demand in the short run

Price differentials: employs price differentials as a tool to shift demand away from the
peak-season in favor of the off-season to create new markets and balance high-season
and low-season
.Peak and Valleys of demand: occupancy will result during low demand periods, and
overcrowding will result in peak periods.

Multiple-use: supplement peak-season attractions of a destination with other

attractions to increase demands in off-season

2. In an area just developing tourism, which supply components should be

created first? Last? Why? Are supply components generally expandable?
- We should create spirit of hospitality and cultural resources first as with spirit
of
hospitality, the services and experiences delivered to customers will be better so that
they will be memorable, helps to encourage them to introduce to others and may come
back later
- We should create build environment last because we have to consider
carefully before
decide to create these and analyze customers’ demands before doing it, or else we will
lose money. Moreover, it should be planned with a long-term viewpoint so that they
can accommodate future expansion.
- Supply components are generally expandable
3. How could education help in improving hospitality resources?
_ Help to create and train favorable attitude - behavior toward the people, which lead
to improving hospitality resources
_ Increasing staff value: Training helps staff to feel valued and appreciated. This, in
turn, creates a better work environment and makes the staff more capable of handling
a variety of situations

_ Staying compliant: In hospitality, companies must adhere to several compliance

regulations, including food safety, identity protection, handling customer information,
and laws on services provided. Training all staff on local compliance is important to
success. Continued training can increase compliance and ensure all the staff have the
tools they need to be successful

_ Staying competitive: Because the hospitality industry is extremely competitive,

providing great services is necessary to stay ahead of competitors. Training can give
staff the knowledge and ability to create a customer focused experience. A company
that provides great customer service is more likely to retain consumer and stay
competitive
4. List out and explain all steps of a task analysis?
a) Identification of the present demand
- Research the situations: transportation, forms of tourism, types of visitors, etc.
required
b) A qualitative and qualitative inventory of the existing supply
- What do we have? Are they good enough to use ?
c) The adequacy of present markets and present demand
- Combine between the quantity demanded and the ability of the market
d) Examination of present markets and socio trends
- Research
Geographic market
Demographic market (age, sex, income, etc. and leisure time, work patterns)
Psychographic market (motivation, interests, skills, etc.)
e) Forecast of tourism demand
- Predict the quantity demanded
f) Matching supply with anticipated demand
- Adequate no further actions
- Inadequate planning, development procedures

5. What are vital demand data? Explain each of them?

_Vital demand data is the data related to the amount of demand for travel to a
particular destination, including:
_ Number of visitors
- Research to predict the quantity of supplies will produce and think to increase
in future
_ Means of transportation will arrive at the destination
 - Easy to reach become big tourist attractions
- Decline build more traffic
_ Length of stay and type of accommodation used
- Calculate the tourists meet the demand
- Long term assessment avoid lose money
_ Amount of money spent by visitors
- Invest to build more of these places

6. Explain the formula to forecast hotel room demand. Why is that important to
forecast the future demand?
Formula to forecast hotel room demand
R=
R: room demand / night (at 100% occupancy)
T: number of tourists
P: % stay in hotel
L: average length of stay
S: number of day/ year in business
N: total number of guest nights/ total number of guests

_ It is important to forecast future demand

- Determines infrastructure factors needed
- Allows a business to set correct inventory levels, price their products correctly,
and understand how to expand or contract their future operations
- Have information to assist with planning, goal setting, and budgeting to ensure the
supply matches customers’ demands

7. Evaluate the tourism demand in Vietnam. Describe significant factors that

determine that demand? Please provide your suggestion(s) for increasing this
demand figure. Evaluate the tourism demand in Vietnam

After many multi-dimensional efforts, in 2019, the Vietnamese tourism industry was
ranked 63/140 countries worldwide and had an increase at seventeen steps compared
to 2011 Besides, Vietnam has been continuously put in the list of ten most-improved
countries (UNWTO, 2019). Based on internal strengths, the tourism sector has
developed strongly over the past two decades and has an important role in socio-
economic development strategy in Vietnam. According to the statistics of the General
Statistics Office of Vietnam, there has been a fast growing trend of tourists in Vietnam
for 2000-2019.

For the past twenty years, both foreign tourists and domestic tourists have
increased by a double-digit rate and brought tremendous benefits in improving the
socio-economic indicators of Vietnam. The statistics have clearly demonstrated a
strong increase in the number of foreign and domestic tourists over time and have
been particularly prone to a sharp rise over the past ten years. Besides, the growth
expands in the number of both domestic and foreign tourists. In the detail, in the past
twenty years, Vietnam has totally welcomed 812 million tourists including 683.2
million domestic arrivals (account by 84.1%) and 128.8 million foreign arrivals
(account by 15.9%).

Particularly, the increasing speed was higher and higher, which could be proved by
the number of visitors in the period 2010-2019 (at 618.5 million people) was higher
3.2 times than the number of visitors in the previous ten years from 2000-2009 (at
193.2 million people). In the previous twenty years, the annual average growth rate of
tourists in Vietnam is 10.7% per year, however, the annual growth rate of foreign
arrivals was 11.3% per year and higher than the domestic arrivals (by 10.6% per year)
in the same period.

Although tourism growth is quite high, there is an unbalance in foreign market share
in Vietnam. The increase of income per capita helps expand the domestic tourism
demand, the growth of Vietnam's tourism industry mainly depended on international
tourists from neighboring countries such as China, South Korea, Japan and other
markets including the US, Russia, Australia, and Western Europe. In 2019, the two
largest markets for Vietnam's tourism are China and South Korea, calculated as
55 percent of the foreign visitors. Besides, Asia still accounted for the highest
market share with nearly eighty percent of the total number of foreign visitors to
Vietnam (VNAT, 2020).

Based on the statistics, it can be said that tourists from Asia are very important for
tourism development in Vietnam, however, there has been a rapid increase in the
number of visitors from America and Europe to Vietnam in recent years.
Because of the rapid rise in international visitors, there are more and more tourism
company to adapt the tourist demand. Besides, the number of domestic companies has
risen fast in the tourism industry (especially in 2018 -2019), there are 2656 travel
businesses operating and developing tourism products and ensuring revenue of this
service sector. However, the number of tourism companies in Vietnam is still much
smaller than in other countries in Southeast Asia

Tourism revenue has been increasing fast for previous years. In the year 2019,
Vietnam welcomed 18 million international visitors (raise 16% compared to 2018),
serving 85 million domestic visitors (raise over 6% compared to the previous
year). Related to the number of tourists, the tourism revenue has reached a new
record when estimated at over VND 726 trillion (as nearly USD 31.5 billion),
accounting for 11.5% of the national GDP. According to the statistics of GSO, in
2000, the Vietnamese tourism revenue was only VND 17 trillion (approximately USD
0.8 billion), it increased to VND 68 trillion (approximately USD 2.95 billion) in
2009 and then reached VND 726 trillion (approximately USD 31.5 billion) in 2019.
During the period of 2000-2019 (20 years), the tourism revenue of Vietnam was
42.5 times higher as compared to the 2000 level.

Due to the robust demand of both domestic and foreign tourists, the number of
accommodations have significantly grown in recent years. In detail, by the end of
2018, the country had about 15.6 thousand accommodation establishments with 353.2
thousand standard rooms (an increase of 56.7% of the number of establishments and
61.6% of the number of standard rooms compared to 2013). Besides, many large-scale
accommodation facilities with high standards have been put into operation throughout
the country. There are 965 hotels ranked in three stars and above class with more than
126.7 thousand rooms (an increase of 62.1% in facilities and 97.1% in a number of
rooms compared to 2013). In 2018, the total number of hotel rooms is around 41
times that of 1990, reflecting huge investments channeled into tourism infrastructure
in Vietnam. The tourism sector also provides a huge number of employments for the
Vietnamese economy
As we can see that, the demand tourism in Vietnam has increased significantly in
recent year and this helps a lot in promoting economy
Significant factors that determine that demand service quality, tourism, price, tour
duration, transportation, accommodation
Suggestions
To increase the demand figure in Vietnamese tourism, we should focus on the
following
consideration
- Traveler’s experience beyond accommodation—and ‘redistribute’ tourism
investments toward unconventional and more diverse destinations
Tourism spending is shifting away from accommodation to activities—a trend that
holds tourism

WEEK 11: ECONOMIC IMPACT (2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

1. Review key concepts: Multipliers, Leakage, (In) direct effect, (Ex) imports,
Balance of Payment, GNP, Elasticity, Price (In) elasticity, Tourism Satellite
Account (TSA)
- Multipliers: increased income in an area due to respending of tourist
expenditures
- Leakage: amounts spent for imports by those receiving tourist expenditures
plus savings not loaned to another spender within one year.
- Direct effect: Result from visitors spending money in tourist enterprises and
providing a living for the owners and managers and creating jobs for
employees.
- Indirect effect. This is the multiplier impact. This is where visitor spending
circulates and recirculates.
- Balance of Payments: the difference in the monetary value of a nation's exports
of goods and services and their importation of goods and services
- Tourism Exports: comprised of the total foreign tourist expenditures in one’s
own country
- Tourism Imports: the total of one's own country's travelers' expenditures in
foreign countries.
- GNP: sum of the values of national exports are used when calculating a nation's
balance of payment. A positive balance results when exports exceed imports,
thus increasing a nation's gross national product
- Elasticity: the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in
price. It is based on percentage changes
- Price Elasticity: describes a situation in which a reduction of the price of a
commodity or 'service will result in an increased demand so that the total
revenue at the lower price exceeds that at a higher price
- Price Inelasticity: e.g.if no more tours were sold this season at a lower price
than last year at a higher price.
- Tourism satellite account (TSA):
● A method to measure the economic impact of tourism
● A framework for analyzing tourism expenditures in a systematic and consistent
the way that links tourism to the System of National Accounts
● An international standard endorsed by the U Statistical Commission
2. What are the three (3) major goals of tourism?
 - Maximize the amount of psychological experience for tourists
- Maximize the profits for firms providing goods and services to tourists
- Maximize the direct (primary) and indirect (secondary) impacts of tourist
expenditures on a community or region
→These goals are often compatible but in certain situations, they can be
incompatible.
3. Explain *constraints" and give several examples?
- It is desirable to have unlimited amounts of psychological enjoyment, profits
and local economic impacts. But that is not possible because it always gets in
the way
- Tourism, being extremely broad and diverse, must deal with a large number of
- Constraints
- Example:
● Time constraint
● Technical and environmental constraints
● Indivisibilities
4. Describe the income multiplier. How does leakage affect it? Why?
Multiplier =1/1-MPC
Or simpler
Multiplier =1/MPS
MPC = Marginal Propensity to Consume
MPS - Marginal Propensity to Save
leakage = savings/imports
where:
savings: not loaned to another spender
imports: spending on tourism needs in sources outside the country (state)
5. Describe methods by which a resort community could increase its tourism
income multiplier, its employment multiplier.
- Employment multiplier: county employment multipliers vary directly with the
population or total employment size of the counties: as county populations
grow, so does the multiplier value
- Income multiplier: to get the maximum benefits economically from tourist
expenditures, we should introduce as much of the tourist funds as possible into
the local economy for goods and services then save the proceeds or buy a large
number of imports
6. In what manner do tourism (ex) imports affect a nation's GNP?
The purchase of domestic goods and services increases GDP because it increases
domestic production, but the purchase of imported goods and services has no direct
impact on GDP.
7. How important is the price in determining the demand for travel?
For some products, even a large change in price over a certain range of the demand
curve results in only a small change in quantity demanded. For other products or for
the same products over a different range of prices, a relatively small change in price
elicits a much larger relative change in quantity demanded
8. Why is it important to understand price and income elasticity? Provide some
examples of their application in tourism.
Organizations, travel agents, hotels,… can know whether tourist increase or decrease
depending on the price or seasonality, so they can change to meet the needs
Example: during 1992, when US airlines began offering halt' fares the number of air
travelers increased to record-high levels
9. As a tour operator, what considerations would you give to deciding on the
prices for your tours?
- Costs
- Market demand
- Competition
10.Why is a tourism satellite account considered to be the best way to measure
tourism's impact on the economy?
- Has been fueled by the recognition that its implementations will serve to
increase and improve acknowledgment of tourism's importance relative to
overall economic activity in a given country
- Provide an instrument for designing more efficient policies relating to tourism
and its employment aspect
- Create awareness among the various players, directly and indirectly, involved
with tourism of the economic importance of this activity
- Its role in all the industries involved in the production of goods and services
demanded by visitors
 WEEK 12: Tourism and environment (2,3,4,5,7,9)

1. Review key concepts: Sustainable tourism, carrying capacity, ecotourism, code of

ethics, debt-for-nature swap.

a. Sustainable tourism: Development of tourism that meets the needs of the present
without harming the ability of the future to meet tourism needs.
b. Carrying capacity: The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist
destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic,
socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors'
satisfaction.
c. Ecotourism:
• Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains
the well-being of local people
• Environmentally friendly travel that emphasizes seeing and saving natural
habitats and archeological treasures
• A type of tourism that is based on nature, connected with the local cultural
identity and with the participation of local communities for the sake of sustainable
development
• A tool for conservation
• Ecologically responsible tourism.
=> Ecotourism is ecologically sustainable tourism with a primary focus on
experiencing natural areas that fosters environmental and cultural understanding,
appreciation, and conservation

d. Code of ethics: The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (GCET) is a

comprehensive set of principles whose purpose is to guide stakeholders in tourism
development
central and local governments, local communities, the tourism industry and its
professionals, as well as visitors, both international and domestic.
e. Debt-for-nature swap: A debt-for-nature swap is a financial arrangement in which
a portion of a country's debt is forgiven or restructured in exchange for the recipient
country's commitment to allocate funds toward environmental conservation or
sustainability initiatives. While debt-for-nature swaps are not specific to tourism, they
can indirectly benefit the tourism sector by supporting environmental conservation
efforts in destinations.

2. Enumerate(liệt kê) the four (4) benefits of ecotourism.

● Provides jobs and income for local people.
● Generate revenues for conservation and improve natural areas to attract more
ecotourists in the future.
● Provides environmental education for visitors.
● Encourages heritage and environmental preservation and enhancement.

3. How important do local people play in ecotourism? Explain.

Local people can have an impact on natural attractions’ environment.
Since:
● There is the danger that tourism consumes resources and has the ability to
overconsume.
● If an ecotour operator does not hire local people to perform services needed by
the tour group and use local supplies
-> The financial benefits of ecotourism are not shared with the local
population.
=> The local population and the tourists competing for scarce natural resources,
which is unhealthy for the environment (damage of the natural attractions).

4. Describe how economic leakage at the local level can be minimized.

Monetary leakage and fluctuations in demand which should be alleviated by
purchasing as many goods and services locally as possible and encouraging other
forms of enterprise besides tourism
-> Paraphrase in simpler language: To minimize monetary leakage and fluctuations in
demand, the local areas need to encourage purchasing as many goods and services
locally as possible. It is also helpful to support other types of businesses, not just those
related to tourism.

5. Define “carrying capacity” at a natural destination. How is this determined?

 - Carrying capacity is defined as the maximum amount of development, use,
growth, or change that a site or destination can endure without causing negative
impacts on the environment, infrastructure, local communities, or the visitor
experience.
- Composite early-warning measure of key factors affecting the ability of the site
to support different levels of tourism
7. Give some of the principle reasons why ecotourism has become a fast-growing
component of international tourism?
- Definitions: responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment
and sustains the well-being of local people
A type of tourism that is based on nature, connected with the local cultural
identity and with the participation of local communities -> sake os sustainable
development
- Why? fast growing:
- major contribution for the economies of many countries and local destinations
- Ecotourism involves a special relationship between visitor, the industry, the
environment and local
+ Minimizing industrial impact on the environment,
+ - building environmental and cultural awareness,
+ - empowering local communities,
+ - increasing awareness of the political and the environmental and social
issues of the country concerned
9. Why is climate change important to tourism?
1. Direct:
+ an important resource for tourism as:(pull factor)
- It determines the sustainability of the location and scope of tourism
activities.
- A driver of global seasonality and tourism demand
- It has an important influence on operating costs.
+ Change in the length and quality of climate - dependent tourism season
- considerable implications for competitive relationships between
destinations -> the profitability of tourism enterprises

2. Indirect:
+ changes in water availability, biodiversity loss, reduced landscape
aesthetic, altered agricultural production (e.g.: wine tourism)
+ Increased natural hazards, coastal erosion and inundation, damage to
infrastructure
+ the increasing incidence of vector- borne diseases(diseases that can be
transmitted directly or indirectly between animals and humans.)
-> impact on tourism to varying degrees
FRANCHISING: phân biệt franchising và management contract
Criteria Franchising(nhượng quyền)
Parties -Franchisor: who own the brand
involved -Franchisee: who rent the
brand&run the model that is rented
Mgt & -Franchisee runs & operates the
operation hotel/property
-Franchisee can appoint a third
party operator(TPO) under a
separate mgt contract
Contractual -5-15years(can have 20 years
term terms but not to much)
Fee structure -Initial fee: a fix amount per key
-Royal fee: 3-5% revenue
-Continuing fee/ central fee: sales
& mkt fee; room reservation fees;
loyalty program fees)
Personnel -Franchisee will employ ALL
personnal associated with the
hotel/property
Mgt Contract
-Finacial owner(owner): owner of
the property; responsible for
finacial&control
-Mgt Company(operator): operate
the hotel in daily basis on behalf
of the owner
-Operator runs&operates the
hotel/property fully
-Owner have limited control over
day to day decision making
-15-30 years with renewable term
between 5-10 years
-Base fee: 2-4% gross revenue
-Incentive fee: 7-15% of adjusted
gross profits
-Central fee
-Technical service fee( $1000-
$1500 per key)
-Operator will employ key mgt
employees ( GM or heads of
department) at an expense
-Other positions will be emplyed
by hotel owner.