Handbooks For FOO

HAND BOOKS
F.O.O
Flight Operations Officer
LESTARI BATCH 48
MERPATI TRINING CENTER –BATCH 48
BASIC WEIGHT & BALANCE AND FLIGHT PLANNING
I. DEFINISI
Basic Weight
Berat Pesawat yang di keluarkan oleh pabrik tanpa equipment (peralatan) atau berat pesawat kosong.
Dry Operating Weight ( DOW )
darmadiputra19@yahoo.co.id
Berat Pesawat yang sudah siap untuk di operasikan dan tidak termasuk Fuel, tetapi sudah termasuk
Cockpit Crew (PIC & SIC) dan Cabin Crew (Flight Attendant).
Maximum Zero Fuel Weight ( MZFW )

Berat yang di izinkan oleh pabrik dengan berat maksimum yang di tentukan sesuai Performance pesawat
dalam kondisi diam di Ground.
Rumus Mencari Zero Fuel Weight ( ZFW )
Zero Fuel Weight = Dry Operating Weight + Pax + Bge + Cgo + Mail ( Total Traffic Load )
Maximum Take – Off Weight ( MTOW )

untuk Run (Rolling) dan Terbang.
Rumus Mencari Take – Off Weight ( TOW )
Take – Off Weight = Zero Fuel Weight + Take – Off Fuel ( Block Fuel )
Maximum Landing Weight ( MLDW )

untuk melakukan Pendaratan ( Landing ) dengan normal.
Rumus Mencari Landing Weight ( LDW )

Landing Weight = Take – Off Weight – Trip Fuel
Rumus Mencari Allowed Traffic Load / Pay Load

Pay Load = Zero Fuel Weight – Dry Operating Weight
Note :
Departure Airport di batasi dengan “MTOW” ( Maximum Take – Off Weight )
Destination Airport di batasi dengan “MZFW” ( Maximum Zero Fuel Weight )
Alternate Airport di batasi dengan “MLDW” ( Maximum Landing Weight )
STRUCTURE AIRCRAFT
MANUFACTURE WEIGHT
1. GELLY
2. WATER LAVATORY
3. FIREX
4. MICROPHONE FOR
STANDART ITEM CABIN CREW
BASIC EMPTY WEIGHT
COCKPIT CREW + BGE 10 KG
CABIN CREW + BGE 10 KG

OPERATIONAL ITEM
DRY OPERATING WEIGHT
Rumus Mencari Take – Off Fuel

Take Off – Fuel = Block Fuel – Taxi Fuel
Rumus Mencari Doble Uplift Fuel

Doble Uplift Fuel = Req. Block Fuel Leg II + Trip Fuel Leg I + Taxi Fuel Leg I
Example :
Leg I Leg II
Route : DPS – SUB Route : SUB – DPS
Trip Fuel : 1.697 Kg Trip Fuel : 1.702 Kg
2,5% RR : 42 Kg 2,5% RR : 44 Kg
Hold : 1.785 Kg Hold : 1.785 Kg
Alternate DPS : 1.717 Kg Alternate DPS : 1.740 Kg
Take-Off : 5.250 Kg Take-Off : 5.271 Kg
Taxi : 250 Kg Taxi : 250 Kg
Req. Block : 5500 Kg Req. Block : 5521 Kg
Fuel Doble Uplift Route : DPS – SUB – DPS = 7.468 Kg.
Rumus Mencari Triple Uplift Fuel

Triple Uplift Fuel =
Req. Block Fuel Leg III + Trip Fuel Leg II + Taxi Fuel Leg II + Trip Fuel Leg I +
Taxi Fuel Leg I
Example :
Leg I Leg II Leg III

Route : DPS – SUB Route : SUB – DPS Route : DPS - CGK
Trip Fuel : 1.697 Kg Trip Fuel : 1.702 Kg Trip Fuel : 3.462 Kg
2,5% RR : 42 Kg 2,5% RR : 44 Kg 2,5% RR : 87 Kg
Hold : 1.785 Kg Hold : 1.785 Kg Hold : 1.785 Kg
Altn DPS : 1.717 Kg Altn SUB : 1.740 Kg Altn SUB : 2.600 Kg
Take-Off : 5.250 Kg Take-Off : 5.271 Kg Take-Off : 7.934 Kg
Taxi : 250 Kg Taxi : 250 Kg Taxi : 250 Kg
Req. Block : 5.500 Kg Req. Block : 5.521 Kg Req. Block : 8.184 Kg
Fuel Triple Uplift Route : DPS – SUB – DPS – CGK = 12.083 Kg.
Note :
Untuk mengisi Doble Uplift Fuel dan Tripe Uplift Fuel harus di Cross Check dengan Tank Capacity.
Rumus in Flight Plan
TAS Distance
Distance = x Time TAS = x 60’
60’ Time
Distance Time
Time = x 60’ Fuel = x FF ( Fuel Flow / Hours )
Ground Speed 60’
Rumus Cepat Mencari Estimate Trip Fuel
Flight Time
Estimate Trip Fuel = x Fuel Consumtion / Hours )
60’
Rumus Mencari Trip Fuel
Trip Fuel = Climb Fuel + Descent Fuel + Cruise Fuel
Rumus Mencari Fuel Alternate 2 Hours Holding

Fuel 45’ Hold
2 Hours Hold = x 120 ( 2 Hours )
45’
Rumus Mencari Endurance ( Minutes )

Block Fuel
Endurance = x 60’
Fuel Consumption / Hours
Rumus Mencari Nautical Air Mile ( NAM )
TAS
NAM = x NM
Ground Speed
Rumus Mencari Speed (Knot) dari Mach Number
Mach Number x 1220

Knot =
1,855
RUMUS CORECTION WIND COMPONENT TERHADAP FUEL DAN FLIGHT TIME

PADA FLIGHT PLAN
Rumus Mencari Ground Speed
Ground Speed = TAS – Wind Component ( W/C )
TAS
x Time Note :
Ground Speed
Time Baru Setelah Corection
TAS
x Fuel Fuel Baru Setelah Corection
Ground Speed
Distance Baru Setelah Corection
TAS
x Distance
Ground Speed
CARA MENGHITUNG TAS ( TRUE AIR SPEED ) BERDASARKAN IAS ( INDICATED

AIR SPEED ) DAN FLIGHT LEVEL
Rumus Mencari TAS ( True Air Speed )
Altitude / Flight Level

TAS = 2 % IAS x + IAS
1000
Example :
IAS = 180 Knot
Flight Level = 17.000 Feet
TAS = …… ?
17.000
TAS = 3,6 x + 180
1.000
= 3,6 x 17 + 180
= 241,2 = 241 Knots
DISTANCE AND HEADING

IN
PLOTING FLIGHT PLANING
Kita dapat menghitung jarak dan distance dengan menggunakan Rumus ABC.
D = ( menit2 A + menit2 B ) dan H = tan = ( x / y )
1o = 60 menit
D = Distance
H = Heading
Contoh Kasus :
Jika data yang kita ketahui hanya koordinatnya saja,
VOR Makasar : S05 02.3 E119 31.6

VOR KEndari : S04 04.6 E122 27.2
Setelah itu kita convert koordinat tersebut ke dalam satuan waktu ( menit ).
VOR Makasar S = 300 + 2,3 = 302,3

VOR Kendari S = 240 + 4,6 = 244,6
57,7 menit
VOR Makasar E = 7140 + 31,6 = 7171,6

VOR Kendari E = 7320 + 27,2 = 7347,2
175,6 menit
Maka D = 57,7 2 + 175,6 2 = ( 57,7 x 57,7 + 175,6 x 175,6 )

= 3329,29 + 30835,36
= 34164,65
= 184,8
= 185 NM. NORTH

360o
0o
Maka H = 57,7 / 175,6 → di bagi

= 0,328
270o 090o
= Shift Tan 0,328 SOUTH EAST
= 18,16
= 90o.00 - 18o.16
= 71o.84
180o
= 072o WEST
SUNRISE – SUNSET
CONTOH KASUS :
DPS / WADD : S08 O 44.98 E115 O 10.2
Hitunglah Sunrise dan Sunset Denpasar Tgl 26 Juli…!!!
Sunrise :
Buka Table Sunrise Tgl 26 Juli ( Jika tidak ada, cari yang mendekati Tgl tersebut )
S0O = 06 : 03
03 ke 17 selisihnya adalah 14
O
S10 = 06 : 17
Setelah menghitung selisih antara S0O = 06 : 03 ke S10O = 06 : 17

Maka Selisihnya 14 di bagi dengan interval dari S0O ke S10O adalah 10
Jadi :
14
= 1,4 x 8 O → karena menggunakan S08 O
10
= 11,2 → di bulatkan menjadi 0 : 11
Interpolasi antara S08 O yaitu S0O = 06 : 03

Setelah itu di tambah dengan hasil selisih yang telah di hitung.
S0O = 06 : 03
0 : 11 +
S08 O = 06 : 14 → inilah hasil S08 O
Setelah menemukan hasil S08 O maka,

Hitunglah E115 O dengan melihat Table ARC To Time
E115 O = 7 : 40
1 Hari = 24 : 00 Jam
Jadi :
= ( 1 Hari + S08 O ) – E115 O
= 24 : 00 + 06 : 14 = 30 : 14
= 30 : 14 - 7 : 40 = ? Jika tidak bisa di kurangi, pinjam 60 menit ke depan
= 29 : 74 - 7 : 40
= 22 : 34 UTC
= 06 : 34 LT
Jadi Sunrise Denpasar adalah jam : 06 : 34 LT
Sunset :
Buka Table Sunset Tgl 26 Juli ( Jika tidak ada, cari yang mendekati Tgl tersebut )
S0O = 18 : 10
56 ke 10 selisihnya adalah 14
S10O = 17 : 56
Setelah menghitung selisih antara S10O = 17 : 56 ke S0O = 18 : 10

Maka Selisihnya 14 di bagi dengan interval dari S0O ke S10O adalah 10
Jadi :
14
= 1,4 x 8 O → karena menggunakan S08 O
10
= 11,2 → di bulatkan menjadi 0 : 11
Interpolasi antara S08 O yaitu S10O = 17 : 56

Setelah itu di tambah dengan hasil selisih yang telah di hitung.
S10O = 17 : 56
0 : 11 +
S08 O = 18 : 07 → inilah hasil S08 O
Setelah menemukan hasil S08 O maka,

Hitunglah E115 O dengan melihat Table ARC To Time
E115 O = 7 : 40
Jadi :
= S08 O – E115 O
= 18 : 07 – 7 : 40 Jika tidak bisa di kurangi, pinjam 60 menit ke depan
= 17 : 67 – 7 : 40
= 10 : 27 UTC
= 18 : 27 LT
Jadi Sunset Denpasar adalah jam: 18 : 27 LT
CARA PLOTING MENGGUNAKAN VFR CHART
0’ 10’ 20’ 30’ 40’ 50’ 60’
Note :
Cara mencari Time S, Lihat garis berwarna merah yang di tarik dari Coordinat S08o menuju ke bawah /
ke arah Point yang ingin di Ploting.
Contoh : S08O 42.8
Cara mencari Time E, Lihat garis berwarna hijau yang di tarik dari Coordinat E116o menuju ke kanan /
ke arah Point yang ingin di Ploting.
Contoh : E116O 17.2
CARA PLOTING MENGGUNAKAN IFR CHART
METEOROLOGY
Rumus Mencari Temperature Di Ketinggian / Altitude
Standart Lapse Rate : Temperatur berkurang 1,98oC ( 2oC ) setiap kenaikan 1000 Feet
Optimum Altitude
Temperature = Actual Air Temperature at MSL - x 2o
1000 Feet
Example :
Actual Air Temperature at Mean Sea Level WADD = 30o C
Optimum Altitude ( Flight Level ) = 30.000 Feet
30.000
Temperature = 30 - x 2
1.000
= 30 - ( 30 x 2 )
= 30 - 60
-
= Minus ( 30oC ) Temperature at FL 30.000 Feet
Rumus Mencari Temperature at Mean Sea Level ( MSL )
Optimum Altitude
Temperature = Actual Air Temperature at Altitude + x 2o
1000 Feet
Example :
Actual Air Temperature at Altitude WADD = Minus ( - 30o C )
30.000
Temperature = - 30 + x 2
1.000
= - 30 + ( 30 x 2 )
= - 30 + 60
= Plus ( 30oC ) Temperature at Mean Se Level
Rumus Mencari Pressure Altitude
International Standar Pressure : 1013.25 Milibars (Mb) / 29.92 in-Hg

Pressure berkurang 1 Mb setiap kenaikan 30 Feet
Optimum Altitude
Pressure = Standar Pressure ( QNE )
- x 1 Mb
30 Feet
Example :
International Standar Pressure = 1013 Mb
33.000
Pressure = 1013 - x 1
30
= 1013 - 1100
= 30 - 60
-
= Minus ( 87 ) Pressure at FL 33.000 Feet
Note :
• Jika Hasilnya Minus ( - ) maka Density ( Kerapatan Udara ) Semakin Renggang
• Jika Hasilnya Plus ( + ) maka Density ( Kerapatan Udara ) Masih Rapat
Rumus Mencari Cloud Base
Temperature - Dewpoint
Cloud Base = x 1.000 Feet
2,5
29 - 19
Cloud Base = x 1.000
2,5
= Cloud Base is 4.000 Feet
RELATIVE WIND
Rumus Mencari Head Wind / Tail Wind dengan ( COS )
Head Wind / Tail Wind = Wind Direction - Heading ( Course )
= COS ( Correction Wind and Heading )

= Hasil COS x Wind Speed
Example :
Aircraft Take - Off to Runway 35
Wind Direction : 210/18Kts
Note:
Head Wind / Tail Wind = 210 - 350 (+) = Head Wind
= COS ( -140 ) ( - ) = Tail Wind
= - 0,766 x 18
= - 13,788 = - 13 Knots
Rumus Mencari Cross Wind dengan ( SIN )
Soal Sama Seperti di Atas
Cross Wind = 210 - 350

= SIN ( -140 )
= - 0,642 x 18
= - 11,556 - 11 Knots
Cross Wind - 11 Knots
IFR HIGHT / LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHART LEGEND

( Instrument Flight Rules High / Low altitude En‐route Chart Legend )
IDENTIFICATION SHEET
IFR H/L Altitude EN-ROUTE Chart, Specially for Flight Navigation covering Indonesia Region,
devided into two sheets, INA1 Chart for the Western, Region whilst INA2 for the Eastern Region.
• The Sheet INA-1 Is West Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore
• The Sheet INA-2 Is East Indonesia, Brunai Darusalam and Timor Leste
CHART LEGEND
The following legend pages briefly explain symbology used on Enroute Charts worldwide. Not all items
apply in all areas. Refer to Chart Glossary for more complete definitions of items.
NAVAID SYMBOLS
NAVAID IDENTIFICATION
VOR / VORDME or VORTAC identification component, with frequency,

identifier, and Morse Code & coordinates. DME capability is indicated by a
small “D” preceding the VOR frequency at frequency paired navaids. VOR and
VORTAC navaid operational ranges are identified (when known). On High/Low
altitude Enroute Charts, geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) are
shown for navaids forming high or all altitude airways and routes.
NDB identification component is give in green color when naviad is airways or

route component, with frequency, identifier, and Morse Code and coordinates
RADIO COMMUNICATION FREQUENCIES

• Call and frequencies of Control Service for use within list location Radio Frequency Aerodrome
• Call sign CONTROL” and / or “RADAR” is omitted in all communication list in several regions
SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE
AIRPORT INFORMATION
Associated city names for public airports are shown above or preceding the airport name. If airport name and city
name are the same, only the airport name is shown. The airport identifier in
ROUTE COMPONENTS AND AIRWAYS INFORMATION
REPORTING FIXES POINT
BOUNDARIES AND LINES
BOUNDARIES IFORMATION
ENROUTE CHART LEGEND IFR HIGH AND LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHART
ICAO AIRSPACE CLASSIFICATIONS
Airspace classification is designated by the letters (A) thru (G). Classification (A) represents the
highest level of control and (G) represents uncontrolled airspace. The definition of each classification
is found in the Glossary portion of this section and the Enroute and Air Traffic Control section of this
manual. The airspace classification letter is displayed in association with the airspace type and vertical
limits.
• Grid shown at the intersection of units of

latitude and longitude or by complete line.
• Shorelines and large inland lakes are
shown.
• Grid Minimum Off-Route Altitude ( Grid
MORA ) in hundreds of feet provides reference
point clearance within the section outlined by
latitude and longitude lines. Grid MORA
values followed by a +/- denote doubtful
accuracy, but are believed to provide sufficient
reference point clearance.
CLASS A Airspace
Class A Airspace is the airspace from FL110 or 11,000 feet to FL130 or 13,000. All pilots flying in Class
A airspace shall file an Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flight plan and receive an appropriate air traffic
control (ATC) clearance. When climbing through 11,000 feet, the pilot will change the altimeter setting
from the local altimeter (30.01 for example) to 29.92. This ensures all aircraft flying in class A airspace
have the same altimeter setting and will have proper altitude separation.
CLASS B Airspace
Class B Airspace is generally the airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet. This airspace is normally
around the busiest airports in terms of aircraft traffic. Class B airspace is individually designed to meet
the needs of the particular airport and consists of a surface area and two more layers. Most Class B
airspace resemble an upside down wedding cake. Pilots must contact air traffic control to receive an air
traffic control clearance to enter Class B airspace. Once a pilot receives an air traffic control clearance,
they receive separation services from other aircraft within the airspace.
CLASS C Airspace
Class C Airspace is the airspace from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation. Class C
airspace will only be found at airports that have an operational control tower, are serviced by a radar
approach control, and that have a certain number of IFR operations. Although Class C airspace is
individually tailored to meet the needs of the airport, the airspace usually consists of a surface area with a
5 nautical mile (NM) radius, an outer circle with a 10 NM radius that extends from 1,200 feet to 4,000
feet above the airport elevation and an outer area. Pilots must establish and maintain two-way radio
communications with the ATC facility providing air traffic control services prior to entering airspace.
Pilots of visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft are separated from pilots of instrument flight rules (IFR)
aircraft only. Anchorage International airport.
CLASS D Airspace
Definition. Generally, that airspace from the surface to 2,500 feet above the airport elevation (charted in
MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower. The configuration of each Class
D airspace area is individually tailored and when instrument procedures are published, the airspace will
normally be designed to contain the procedures.
ORIENTATION
• Geographical Grid lines and Value
• Large inland
• Grid Minimum Off-Route Altitude (Grid MORA)
CRUISING ALTITUDES INDONESIA ONLY MORSE CODE
1. VFR FLIGHTS NOT AUTORIZED

a. Above FL200 in uncontrolled / Advisory airspace
b. Above FL150 in controlled / Advisory airspace
c. Between Sunset and sunrise.
2. FL 200 IS UNUSABLE FOR CRUISING FLIGHT
3. RVSM AIRSPACE AND TRANSITION AREA ( FL290 - FL410 )
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATIONS
ALTIMETER SETTING
Note :
TRANSITION ALTITUDE (TA) tidak boleh lebih rendah dari 3000 Feet
INTERNATIONAL STANDARTS
AND
RECOMMENDED PRECTICE
ANNEXES TO THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
ANNEX 1 Personal Licensing
ANNEX 2 Rules of The Air
ANNEX 3 Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
ANNEX 4 Aeronautical Charts
ANNEX 5 Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operation
ANNEX 6 Operation of Aircraft
ANNEX 7 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Mark
ANNEX 8 Airworthiness of Aircraft
ANNEX 9 Facilitation
ANNEX 10 Aeronautical Telecommunications
ANNEX 11 Air Traffic Services
ANNEX 12 Search and Rescue
ANNEX 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
ANNEX 14 Aerodromes
ANNEX 15 Aeronautical Information Services
ANNEX 16 Environmental Protection
ANNEX 17 Security : Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful

Interference
ANNEX 18 The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
POINT OF NO RETURN ( PNR ) & POINT EQUAL TIME ( PET )
II. DEFINISI
Point of No Return ( PNR )

Suatu Titik atau Point dimana pesawat harus melanjutkan penerbangannya ke Destination atau Kembali
ke Orginal Airport apabila terjadi masalah.
Rumus Mencari Time to PNR
E x H Note :
Time to PNR =
O + H D = Distance
E = Endurance
Rumus Mencari Distance to PNR
H = Ground Speed Home
O
Distance to PNR = x Time to PNR O = Ground Speed Out
60’
Rumus Mencari Endurance
Block Fuel
Endurance = x 60’
Fuel Consumption / Hours
Example :
Distance A to B = 600 NM
Block Fuel From Alpha (A) to Bravo (B) = 7.000 Kg
Fuel Consumtion / Hours = 1.750 Kg
7.000
Endurance = x 60’ = 240 Minutes ( 4 Jam )
1.750
Wind Component (W/C) = - 20 Kts

True Air Speed (TAS) = 420 Kts
Ground Speed Out = 400 Kts
Ground Speed Home = 440 Kts
240 x 440 1760

Time to PNR = = = 126 Minutes ( 2:06 )
400 + 440 840
400
Distance to PNR = x 126 = 840 NM
60’
Point Equal Time ( PET ) / Critical Point ( CP )
Rumus Mencari Distance to PET/CP
D x H Note :
Distance to PNR =
O + H D = Distance
E = Endurance
Rumus Mencari Time to PET/CP
H = Ground Speed Home
Distance to PET/CP
Time to PNR = x 60’ O = Ground Speed Out
O
Example :
Distance Alpha (A) to Bravo (B) = 600 NM Ground Speed Out = 400 Kts
Wind Component (W/C) = - 20 Kts Ground Speed Home = 440 Kts
True Air Speed (TAS) = 420 Kts
Find :
600 x 440 264.000

Distance to PET = = = 314 NM
400 + 440 840
314
Time to PET = x 60’ = 47 Minutes
400
REFERENCE TABLE
WIND DIRECTION

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HAND BOOKS

MERPATI TRINING CENTER –BATCH 48

BASIC WEIGHT & BALANCE AND FLIGHT PLANNING

Dry Operating Weight ( DOW )

Maximum Zero Fuel Weight ( MZFW )

Rumus Mencari Zero Fuel Weight ( ZFW )

Maximum Take – Off Weight ( MTOW )

Rumus Mencari Take – Off Weight ( TOW )

Maximum Landing Weight ( MLDW )

Rumus Mencari Landing Weight ( LDW )

Rumus Mencari Allowed Traffic Load / Pay Load

BASIC EMPTY WEIGHT

COCKPIT CREW + BGE 10 KG

CABIN CREW + BGE 10 KG

DRY OPERATING WEIGHT

Rumus Mencari Take – Off Fuel

Rumus Mencari Doble Uplift Fuel

Fuel Doble Uplift Route : DPS – SUB – DPS = 7.468 Kg.

Rumus Mencari Triple Uplift Fuel

Leg I Leg II Leg III

Rumus in Flight Plan

Rumus Mencari Trip Fuel

Trip Fuel = Climb Fuel + Descent Fuel + Cruise Fuel

Rumus Mencari Fuel Alternate 2 Hours Holding

Rumus Mencari Endurance ( Minutes )

Rumus Mencari Nautical Air Mile ( NAM )

Rumus Mencari Speed (Knot) dari Mach Number

Mach Number x 1220

RUMUS CORECTION WIND COMPONENT TERHADAP FUEL DAN FLIGHT TIME

Rumus Mencari Ground Speed

Ground Speed = TAS – Wind Component ( W/C )

CARA MENGHITUNG TAS ( TRUE AIR SPEED ) BERDASARKAN IAS ( INDICATED

Rumus Mencari TAS ( True Air Speed )

Altitude / Flight Level

= 241,2 = 241 Knots

DISTANCE AND HEADING

VOR Makasar : S05 02.3 E119 31.6

VOR Makasar S = 300 + 2,3 = 302,3

VOR Makasar E = 7140 + 31,6 = 7171,6

Maka D = 57,7 2 + 175,6 2 = ( 57,7 x 57,7 + 175,6 x 175,6 )

= 185 NM. NORTH

Maka H = 57,7 / 175,6 → di bagi

Hitunglah Sunrise dan Sunset Denpasar Tgl 26 Juli…!!!

Setelah menghitung selisih antara S0O = 06 : 03 ke S10O = 06 : 17

Interpolasi antara S08 O yaitu S0O = 06 : 03

Setelah menemukan hasil S08 O maka,

Jadi Sunrise Denpasar adalah jam : 06 : 34 LT

Setelah menghitung selisih antara S10O = 17 : 56 ke S0O = 18 : 10

Interpolasi antara S08 O yaitu S10O = 17 : 56

Setelah menemukan hasil S08 O maka,

Jadi Sunset Denpasar adalah jam: 18 : 27 LT

CARA PLOTING MENGGUNAKAN VFR CHART

0’ 10’ 20’ 30’ 40’ 50’ 60’

Contoh : S08O 42.8

Contoh : E116O 17.2

CARA PLOTING MENGGUNAKAN IFR CHART

Rumus Mencari Temperature Di Ketinggian / Altitude

Rumus Mencari Temperature at Mean Sea Level ( MSL )

Rumus Mencari Pressure Altitude

International Standar Pressure : 1013.25 Milibars (Mb) / 29.92 in-Hg

• Jika Hasilnya Plus ( + ) maka Density ( Kerapatan Udara ) Masih Rapat

Rumus Mencari Cloud Base

= Cloud Base is 4.000 Feet