OVERVIEW

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Increasing Awareness of Occupant Evacuation in Tall Buildingsi n
i
•

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• Traditional Focus has been on Evacuation From
a ll Fire

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Current Practice - Facilitate Broad Variety of Evacuation Scenarios
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•

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Design to Facilitate Full iBuilding
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•
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Evacuation

nBuilding Evacuations
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Considerations for Adjacent a
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• Impact of Mass Disasters in High Density Urban Centers
 High Rise Fire Safety Approach

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Active & Passive Fire Safety Features to Control Fire and iit’s Effects
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•
– Fire Resistant Structure & Fire Barriers

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– Fire Suppression Systems
–
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Fire Detection, Alarm & Communication Systems

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n Evacuation a and Defend in Place
Smoke Management Systems
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–
•
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Means of Egress to Facilitate Occupant
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– Exit Stairs
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– Refuge Floors
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FeaturesC b
– Evacuation Elevators
that SupportrFire
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– Fire Command Center
Fighting Operations Internally in The Building

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– Fire Fighter’s Elevators & Vestibules
– Fire Fighting Water Supply
 Shanghai – A Tale of Three Towers

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• Jin Mao Tower
i ldin
– 1999

B u
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– 421M

Shanghai World
Ta t
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•
Financial Center
l o b i t
– 2008
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– 492M
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•
C rbo
Shanghai Tower a
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– 2015

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– 632M
 Jin Mao Tower

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• Early Mixed-Use Design
i ldin
– Office & Hotel

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Atrium Design
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•

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Local Code & International Best
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•
Practices
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Defend in Place

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– Active Fire Systems

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– Means of Egress
 Jin Mao Tower – Fire Safety Features

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• Refuge Floors
i ld in
– Level 15 & 30 in Office

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– Every Floor in Hotel

Ta t
o n i t a
c il ab
n
u an H
o
C rb
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 Jin Mao Tower – Fire Safety Features

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• Stairs Interrupt at Refuge Floors
i ldin 2 Hour Shaft
Separation

– Egress to Refuge Floor

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– Reduces Stack Effect

Ta
– Allows Transfer to Other Stairs

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o n i t a
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Refuge Floors
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•

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Area of

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– 2 hour Enclosure Refuge

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– Mechanical Pressurization
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C rb
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 Shanghai World Financial Center

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• Mixed-Use Design
i ldin
– Office & Hotel

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Atrium Design at Top
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•

n t at
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Local Code & International Best
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a
•
Practices
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•
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Defend in Place

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– Active Fire Systems

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– Means of Egress
 SWFC – Fire Safety Features

Fire Safety Features Protected inside Concrete Core Wallsin

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•

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ll B
T a t
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Critical Life Safety Functions located inside Concrete Core

l o b
Shear Walls

c i a
Exit Stairs

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Fire fighters Elevators

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Evacuation Elevators

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Sprinkler/Standpipe Risers
Fire Detection, Alarm & Communication Risers

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Emergency Power Risers

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 SWFC – Fire Safety Features

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• High Occupancy at Top of Tower
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B u
a ll
n T at
l o b i t
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n
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o
C rb
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 SWFC – Fire Safety Features

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• Elevator Assisted Evacuation
i ld in
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a ll
n T at
l o b i t
c i a
n
u an H
o
C rb
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 SWFC – Fire Safety Features

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• Elevator Assisted Evacuation
i ld in
B u
a ll
T
Total number of occupants in tower against time

n at
20000

o i t
18000

il ab
16000

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Number of occupants in Tower

14000

u an
12000

o
Evacute using
Stairway Only
10000

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Lift-assisted
Evacuation
8000

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6000

4000

an
2000

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Time (minutes)
 Shanghai Tower

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• Mixed-Use Design
i ldin
– Office & Hotel

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Atrium Design in Each Section
a ll
T
•

High Occupancy Use at Top on t at

il b i
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•

n c H
•
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Local Code & International
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Best

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Practices

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 Shanghai Tower – Fire Safety Features

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• Evacuation Elevators
i ld in
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a ll
n T at
o i t
Fire Fighters Elevators

c il ab
n
u an H Evacuation Elevators

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C rb
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 Shanghai Tower – Fire Safety Features

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• “Lifeboat” Evacuation Elevators
i ld in
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• Attendant Controlled
a ll
n T at
• Emergency Power

l o b i t
c i a
•
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Protected From Water
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Effects
H
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Operating Characteristics of Evacuation Elevators
 Shanghai Tower – Fire Safety Features

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Refuge Floor
i ld in
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a ll
T t
Level 117 Refuge Floor

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Fire Fighters Elevators

il o b i
c a
Evacuation Elevator

n
u an H
o
Exit Stairs

C rb Refuge Area

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 Shanghai Tower – Fire Safety Features

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Observation Floor
i ld in
B u
a ll
T
Level 118 Observation Floor

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Fire Fighters Elevators

c il ab Primary Exit Stairs

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Supplemental Exit Stairs

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C rb
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 Shanghai Tower – Fire Safety Features

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• Evacuation Modeling
i ldin
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• Benchmarking for 2 Hour Evacuation
a ll
Using Stairs & Evacuation ElevatorsT t
•
o n i t a
c il ab
n
u an H
C rb o
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 Emergency Planning & Response Considerations

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• Emergency management in Dense Urban Areas
i ldin
B u
•
a l l
Siting Buildings to Reduce Impacts on Adjacent Structures

n T at
• Emergency Vehicle Access within Adjacent

l o b i t
Properties

Flexible Command & c i a

•
n
u an H
Control Locations

o
CPoints for Building
b
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• Assembly Occupants – inside and outside building

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• Shelter, Sustenance & Transportation
 Contact Information

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i in
ld
B u
ll
Fang Li, FSFPE; Executive Vice President,
a
RJA China

T
fli@rjagroup.com

n Vice President,
t t
a RJA International
i l o b i
a
James Antell, AIA, PE; Executive

n c H
jantell@rjagroup.com

o u
Martin Reiss, PE,a
n
C rbmreiss@rjagroup.com
FSFPE; President, RJA International
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