Earthquake resistance to EN 1998-1

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Design of Building Structure for earthquake resistance to EN 1998-1

Prepared By: Sumedha Mayadunna

Table of Content

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1. Introduction
This report includes the calculations for the parameters and seismic verifications according to the EN 1998-1
for a Building Structure which i have been involved in Structural Design. Since Structural Engineers
everywhere in the world are more conserns about the occurance of seismic events and its possible hazads to
the structures, this report might help anyone understand the steps of calculations.

2. Performance Requirements & Compliance Criteria

2.1. Performance Requirements

2.1.1. No-collapse requirement:

Design seismic action (for local collapse prevention) with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years which
corresponds to a mean return period of 475 years (TR=-TL/ln(1-P).

2.1.2. Damage limitation state (Serviceability seismic action )

Damage limitation seismic action with 10% probability of exceedance in 10 years which corresponds to a
mean return period of 95 years
ν ≔ 50 Mean (annual) rate of occurrence of a seismic event
TL ≔ 50 Reference time period in years
Probability exceedance of hreshold
-TL P ≔ 10%
TR ≔ ――― = 475 Mean return period in years
ln ((1 - P))

2.2. Compliance Criteria

2.2.1. Ultimate Limit States (ULS);

Verification of the individual structural elements (for resistance and ductility)

2.2.2. Damage Limitation States (associated with Serviceability Limit States – SLS).
Limits to the interstorey drift ( α )
α ≔ for buildings having non-structural elements of brittle materials attached to the structure
α = 5 ⋅ 10 -3

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3. Seismic Action
M≔5 4 < M < 7.3 Magnitude
R ≔ 100 3 km < R < 200 km Epicentral distance
⎛ ( )⎞
agR ≔ 10 ⎝-1.48 + 0.27 ⋅ M - 0.92 ⋅ log (R)⎠ ⋅ g = 0.01 g

3.1 Reliability Differentiation

Importance_Class ≔ III

γI = 1.2 Importance factor

agR = 0.01 g Reference peak ground accelereation on ground type A
ag ≔ γI ⋅ agR = 0.01 g Design ground acceleration (on type A ground )

3.2. Structural Regularity

Regularity of the structure (in elevation and in plan) influences the required structural model (planar or
spatial), the required method of analysis and the value of the behaviour factor q (EN 1998-1/4.2.3.1).

y Assuming that the structure is irregular in plan

y Lateral force method of analysis is applied to buildings whose response is not significantly
affected by contributions from modes of vibration higher than the fundamental mode in each
principal direction where fundamental periods of vibration T1 in the two main directions ,T1<=
4Tc, 2s

Hence the allowed simplification is choosen to spatal Modal (Linear static Analysis)

3.3 Horizontal Components of the Seismic Action

horizontal components of the seismic action (see 3.2.2.1(3)) shall be taken as

The maximum value of each action effect on the structure due to the two horizontal components of the
seismic action is then be estimated by the square root of the sum of the squared values of the action effect
due to each horizontal component

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3.3.1. Horizontal Elastic Spectra
Ground_Type ≔ E

Se(T) - elastic response spectrum

T - vibration period of a linear single-degree-of-freedom system
ag - design ground acceleration on type A ground (ag = γI.agR)
TB - lower limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch
TC - upper limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch
TD - value defining the beginning of the constant displacement response range of the spectrum
S - soil factor
η - damping correction factor with a reference value of η = 1 for 5% viscous damping

ε≔5 Damping ration

⎛ ‾‾‾‾‾‾
10 ⎞
η ≔ max ⎜ ――― , 0.55⎟ = 1 The value of the damping correction factor (3.6)
⎝ ((5 + ε)) ⎠

T ≔ 0 ⋅ s , 0.01 ⋅ s ‥ 4 ⋅ s Se ((T)) ≔ ‖
‖
‖ if 0 ⋅ s ≤ T ≤ TB
‖ ‖ ⎛ T ⎞
‖ ‖ ag ⋅ S ⋅ ⎜1 + ―― ⋅ ((η ⋅ 2.5 - 1))⎟
‖ ‖‖ ⎝ TB ⎠
‖ Eq 3.2 to 3.5
‖ else if TB ≤ T ≤ TC
‖ ‖ ag ⋅ S ⋅ η ⋅ 2.5
‖ ‖
‖ else if TC ≤ T ≤ TD
‖ ‖ ⎛ TC ⎞
‖ ‖ a ⋅ S ⋅ η ⋅ 2.5 ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟
‖ ‖ g ⎝ T ⎠
‖ ‖
‖ else if TD ≤ T ≤ 4 ⋅ s
‖ ‖ ⎛ TC ⋅ TD ⎞
‖ ‖ ag ⋅ S ⋅ η ⋅ 2.5 ⋅ ⎜――― ⎟
‖ ‖ ⎝ T
2
⎠
‖ ‖
3.3.2. Desig Spectrum for Elastic Analysis
3.3.2.1 Behaviour factors for Horizontal Seismic Actions (q)
Structural_Type ≔ DCH
Structural_System ≔ Multistorey, multi-bay frames or frame-equivalent dual structures
Regularity_in_Elevation ≔ No

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kw =1,00, for frame and frame equivalent dual systems
(1+αo)/3<=1, but not less than 0,5, for wall, wall -equivalent and torsionally flexible systems
kw - factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural systems with walls

kw ≔ 1 q ≔ ‖ if q0 ⋅ kw ≥ 1.5 = 1.5 The lower bound factor for the horizontal design
‖
β ≔ 0.2 ‖ ‖ q0 ⋅ kw spectrum, Eq 5.1
‖ ‖
‖ else
‖ ‖ 1.5
‖ ‖

T ≔ 0 ⋅ s , 0.01 ⋅ s ‥ 4 ⋅ s Sd ((T)) ≔ ‖
‖
‖ if 0 ⋅ s ≤ T ≤ TB
‖ ‖ ⎛2 T ⎛ 2.5 2 ⎞⎞
‖ ‖ ag ⋅ S ⋅ ⎜―+ ―― ⋅ ⎜―― -― ⎟⎟
‖ ‖‖ ⎝ 3 TB ⎝ q 3 ⎠⎠
‖
‖ else if TB ≤ T ≤ TC
‖ ‖ 2.5
‖ ‖ ag ⋅ S ⋅ ――
‖ ‖‖ q
‖ else if T ≤ T ≤ T
C D
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ ⎛ 2.5 ⎛ TC ⎞ ⎞
‖ ‖ max ⎜ag ⋅ S ⋅ ―― ⋅ ⎜――⎟ , β ⋅ ag⎟
‖ ‖ ⎝ q ⎝ T ⎠ ⎠
‖ else if TD ≤ T ≤ 4 ⋅ s
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ ⎛ 2.5 ⎛ TC ⋅ TD ⎞ ⎞
‖ ‖ max ⎜ag ⋅ S ⋅ ―― ⋅ ⎜―――
q ⎝ T 2
⎟ , β ⋅ ag⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎠
‖‖ ‖

4.05

3.65

3.25

2.85

2.45
Se ((T))
―――
2.05
ag

1.65 Sd ((T))
―――
1.25 ag
0.85

0.45

0.05

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4

T ((s))

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Definition of Horizontal Respons Spectrum Function in Etabs

3.4. Vertical component of the seismic action

If avg is greater than 0,25 g (2,5 m/s2) the vertical component of the seismic action, as defined in 3.2.2.3,
should be taken into account in the cases listed below
− for horizontal or nearly horizontal structural members spanning 20 m or more
− for horizontal or nearly horizontal cantilever components longer than 5 m
− for horizontal or nearly horizontal pre-stressed components
− for beams supporting columns
− in base-isolated structures
3.4.1 Vertical Elastic Spectra

avg ≔ avgIag ⋅ ag = 0.006 g

T ≔ 0 ⋅ s , 0.01 ⋅ s ‥ 4 ⋅ s Sve ((T)) ≔ ‖ if 0 ⋅ s ≤ T ≤ TB
‖
‖ ‖ ⎛ T ⎞
‖ ‖ avg ⋅ ⎜1 + ―― ⋅ ((η ⋅ 3.0 - 1))⎟
‖ ‖‖ ⎝ TB ⎠
‖ else if T ≤ T ≤ T
B C
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ avg ⋅ η ⋅ 3.0
‖
‖ else if TC ≤ T ≤ TD
‖ ‖ ⎛ TC ⎞
‖ ‖ avg ⋅ η ⋅ 3.0 ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟
‖ ‖‖ ⎝ T ⎠
‖ else if T ≤ T ≤ 4 ⋅ s
‖ D
‖ ‖ ⎛ TC ⋅ TD ⎞
‖ ‖ avg ⋅ η ⋅ 3.0 ⋅ ⎜――― ⎟
‖ ‖‖
2
⎝ T ⎠
‖
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‖
3.4.2 Design Verticle Spectrum for Elastic Analysis
For the vertical component of the seismic action the design spectrum is given byexpressions (3.13) to
(3.16), with the design ground acceleration in the vertical direction, avg replacing ag, S taken as being equal
to 1,0 and the other parameters as defined in 3.2.2.3.

For the vertical component of the seismic action a behaviour factor q up to to 1,5 should generally be
adopted for all materials and structural systems
S≔1 q ≔ 1.5
T ≔ 0 ⋅ s , 0.01 ⋅ s ‥ 4 ⋅ s Svd ((T)) ≔ ‖
‖
‖ if 0 ⋅ s ≤ T ≤ TB
‖ ‖ ⎛2 T ⎛ 2.5 2 ⎞⎞
‖ ‖ avg ⋅ S ⋅ ⎜―+ ―― ⋅ ⎜――-― ⎟⎟
‖ ‖‖ ⎝ 3 TB ⎝ q 3 ⎠⎠
‖
‖ else if TB ≤ T ≤ TC
‖ ‖ 2.5
‖ ‖ avg ⋅ S ⋅ ――
‖ ‖‖ q
‖ else if T ≤ T ≤ T
C D
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ ⎛ 2.5 ⎛ TC ⎞ ⎞
‖ ‖ max ⎜avg ⋅ S ⋅ ―― ⎟ , β ⋅ avg⎟
⋅ ⎜――
‖ ‖ ⎝ q ⎝ T ⎠ ⎠
‖ else if TD ≤ T ≤ 4 ⋅ s
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ ⎛ 2.5 ⎛ TC ⋅ TD ⎞ ⎞
‖ ‖ max ⎜avg ⋅ S ⋅ ―― ⋅ ⎜―――
q ⎝ T2 ⎠
⎟ , β ⋅ avg⎟
‖‖ ‖ ⎝ ⎠

1.35

1.2

1.05

0.9
Sve ((T))
0.75
―――
ag
0.6
Svd ((T))
0.45
―――
ag
0.3

0.15

0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4

T ((s))

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Definition of Verticle Respons Spectrum Function in Etabs

3.5. Modal Response Spectrum Analysis

y Modal response spectrum analysis (abbreviation as RSA) was performed independently for the ground
excitation in two horizontal directions.
y The results of the modal analysis in both horizontal directions were combined by the SRSS rule (EN
1998-1/4.3.3.5.1(2a)).
3.5.1 Combinations of the seismic action with other actions
ΣGk, j "+" ΣψE,i ⋅Qk,i
The load combination of gravity and seismic loads according to EN1990/6.4.3.4 (see section 2.5.6)
ψ E,i - combination coefficient for variable action i (see 4.2.4).

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Mass Multipliers in Etabs Model for Load patterns

3.5.2. Effective Modal Masses Paticipation

y sum of the effective modal masses for the modes(mer) at least 90% of the total mass
y all modes with effective modal masses greater than 5% of the total mass are taken into account.
y When using a spatial model, the above conditions should be verified for each relevant direction.
y If the requirements specified in above cannot be satisfied (e.g. in buildings with a significant
contribution from torsional modes), the minimum number k of modes to be taken into account in a
spatial analysis should satisfy both the two following condition

k ≥ 3⋅ n and Tk ≤ 0,20 s
k - number of modes taken into account
n - number of storeys above the foundation or the top of a rigid basement
Tk - period of vibration of mode k

mer ≔ 90% n ≔ 14 k≔6 3 ⋅ ‾‾

n = 11.2 Tk ≔ 0.167

1
―= 0.33
3.

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Hence , the number of modes taken into account is adequate

3.5.3. Combination of Modal Responses

The response in two vibration modes i and j (including both translational and torsional modes) is be taken as
independent of each other. The CQC rule for the combination of different modes was used (EN
1998-1/4.3.3.3.2(3)).

Combinations of Model Responses in Etabs Model

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3.5.4. Accidential torsional Effect
The accidental torsional effects are taken into account by means of torsional moments about the vertical axis
according to EN 1998-1/4.3.3.3.3 (see section 2.5.3).

In order to account for uncertainties in the location of masses and in the spatial variation of the seismic
motion, the calculated centre of mass at each floor i shall be considered as being displaced from its nominal
location in each direction by an accidental eccentricity:

eai = ±0,05⋅ Li
e ai - accidental eccentricity of storey mass i from its nominal location, applied in the same direction at all
floors;
Li is the floor-dimension perpendicular to the direction of the seismic action.

3.6. Structural analysis

In the absence of an accurate evaluation of the stiffness properties, substantiated by rational analysis,
the cracked bending and shear stiffness may be taken as one half of the gross section uncracked elastic
stiffness.

To satisfy the above requirements, stiffness properties of slabs with shell properties, beams, columns,
and walls has to be reduced to 50%.

Beam stiffner modifiers

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Column stiffner modifiers

Slab stiffner Modifiers

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Wall stiffner Modifiers

3.7. Defining Auto Seismic Loads for Equivalent Lateral Force Method
Equivalent Lateral Force Method is used as a reference for verifying checking dynamic seismic analysis results
such as RSA

3.7.1. Second-order effects (P-Δ effects)

Second-order effects (P-Δ effects) is taken into account

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3.8. Response-Spectrum Scale Factor

The dynamic base shear reported is more than 85% of the static base shear, no further action is required.
However, if dynamic base shear is less than 85% of the static base shear, then the scale factor should be
adjusted such that the response-spectrum base shear matches 85% of the static base shear. In this case, the
new scale factor would be (g / R) * (0.85 * static base shear / response-spectrum base shear). Analysis
should then be rerun with this scale factor specified in the response-spectrum case.

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4. Damage Limitation States (associated with Serviceability Limit States – SLS).
4.1. Displacement
According to EN 1998-1 (Equation 4.23) the actual displacements of a point of the structural system (ds)
shall be calculated as a product of the behaviour factor q

77

70.5

64

57.5

51

44.5
dsx ((mm))

38
dsy ((mm))
31.5

25

18.5

12

L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13

ROOF
L14
TERRACE
MCMC
ROOM
LEVEL
WATER
ROOMWATER
ROOF
TANKTANK
LEVELROOF
story

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4.2. Damage Limitation
The damage limitation requirement should be verified in terms of the interstorey drift (dr) (EN 1998- 1/4.4.3.2)
using equation
dr.Q Dh
dr is evaluated as the difference of the average lateral displacements ds in CM at the top and bottom of the
storey (EN 1998-1/4.4.2.2(2))
h - storey height
Q- reduction factor which takes into account the lower return period of the seismic action associated with the
damage limitation requirement.
D - factor which takes into account the type of the non-structural elements and their arrangements
into the structure

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0.1

0.01

αx
0.001

αy
0
α
0

GROUND LEVEL
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13
ROOF
L14
TERRACE
MCMC
ROOM
LEVEL
WATER
ROOMWATER
ROOF
TANK TANK
LEVELROOF

story

5. Seismic Design Situation (Ultimate Limit States (ULS)

For the determination of the design value of the action effects (e.g. internal forces) the load combination of
gravity and seismic loads has to be taken into account due to the seismic design situation (EN 1990/6.4.3.4)

1.0.G+\2i.Q+-Exy(+-Ma)

G-Permanent gravity loads

Q-Live load (variable, imposed load)
\2-(EN 1990/Table A.1.1, office building)
Exy-Combined seismic action for both directions obtained by modal response spectrum analysis with included
torsional effects ( ± Ma, see section 2.5.3).

6. Seismic Detailing
EN 1998 rules for detailing and dimensioning of primary beams, columns and walls shall be followed
according to the relevent design ductility class.

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