2023.09.15 Chapter 4 Belt Drive

Chapter 4 Belt Drives
https://funreactor.ru/en/chto-takoe-remennaya-klinoremennaya-
peredacha-rasch-t-diametrov-shkivov.html
Contents
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Belt materials and pulleys
4.3 Geometry of belt drives
4.4 Kinematics of belt drives
4.5 Tensions and stresses in belts
4.6 Elastic creep, slip and efficiency
4.7 Design of belt drives
4.8 Using of CAD software
4.9 Exercises (4 types)
PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

Learning Outcomes
- Select the materials for belts (LO3.1)

- Compute the tensions and stresses in belts
(LO1.2)
- Predict a belt service life (LO2.1)
- Design and Select the belts drive and use the
CAD softwares (LO5.1)

4.1 Introduction

4.1 Introduction
Convert reciprocating motion to5

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc rotational motion
4.1 Introduction
1- Flat belt drive; 2- V-belt drive; 3- chain drive; 4- gear drive
Dimensions of drives when

driving at the same power
6
4.1 Introduction
Power transmission belting
has been used for more than
200 years. The first belts were
flat and ran on flat pulleys.
Later, cotton or hemp rope
was used with V-groove
pulleys to reduce belt tension.
This led to the development of
the vulcanized rubber V-belt in
1917.
The need to eliminate speed

variations led to the
development of synchronous
or toothed belts (timing) about
1950 and the later
development of fabric-
reinforced elastomer
materials.
4.1 Introduction
All power transmission belts are Advantages:

either friction drive or positive - Can drive between shafts that are
drive. Friction drive belts rely on far apart
the friction between the belt and - Working quietly and without noise
pulley to transmit power. They
require tension to maintain the - Avoid the structures without large
right amount of friction. Flat belts fluctuations
are the purest form of friction drive - Prevent motor overload
while V-belts have a friction - Simple structure and operation
multiplying effect because of
wedging action on the pulley. Disadvantages:
Positive drive or synchronous - Large transmitter size
belts (timing belt) rely on the -Transmission ratio when working
engagement of teeth on the belt changes
with grooves on the pulley. There - Loads acting on shafts and
is no slip with this belt except for bearings are large
ratcheting or tooth jumping. - Low service life
4.1 Introduction
Working principle :
Friction
(Except timing belt))
Classification:
- According to the
cross-section of the
belt: Flat, Vbelts,
Multiple Vbelts.
Round belts, Timing
belts
- According to transmission type: Parallel shafts, Crossed-belt and

Quarter turn belt
https://www.tec-science.com/mechanical-power-transmission/belt-drive/belt-types/
4.1 Introduction
Parallel shafts Crossed-belt
Transmission type of belt drive

Truyền động giữa các trục
Quarter turn belt Quarter turn belt

4.1 Introduction

4.1 Introduction
Parallel shafts

4.1 Introduction
Crossed-belt

4.1 Introduction
V belts

4.1 Introduction
Round belts

4.2 Belt Materials used in Belt:
Parts of belt drive: Belts, Pulleys
For choosing belt material, the material should follow some
properties which are:
● It should be flexible
● It should be reliable and durable.
● The material can withstand high tensile stress.
● More temperature can be resisted.
● Low weight per unit length.
● High coefficient of friction between belt and pulley.
● It should have excellent resistance to wear and fatigue.
There are 5 different types of material we use for belt:
Leather belt
Rubber belt
Cotton or Fabric belt
Plastic belt
Balata belt
https://learnmechanical.com/belt-drive/
4.2 Belt Materials used in Belt:
Balata belting is a highly durable, robust belt made from

heavyweight cotton fabric, impregnated with a high quality
rubber compound. That has a rubber friction surface on both
sides. It is constructed from premium quality high tensile
cotton and natural rubber.

4.2 Belt material and pulleys
Parts of belt drive: Belts, Pulleys
V-belt drive – Đai thang
A V-belt drive on an air

compressor

Flat belts – Đai

dẹt
Flat belt drive in the
machine shop at the
Hagley Museum Poly V-Belt Drives – Đai nhiều chiêm
The drive belt: used to transfer power from the engine's flywheel.
1981 Harley Davidson Fhl

Custom Motorcycle Belt Drive
Timing Belt – Đai răng
Timing Belt Drive

(Synchronous-belt drive)
Custom Billet Aluminum Cog Belt

Pulley Kit with Billet Brackets
Belt-drive cog on a belt-

driven bicycle

Belt joints for plat belt - Nối đai dẹt

Belt Speed Variator
Motorbike (V belt)
Engine
24
Round Belt Pulleys

Timing belt Pulleys

V-Belt Pulleys
PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc V-Belt Pulley Single Groove

V-Belt Pulley Multiple Groove

4.2 Belt material and pulleys Flat Belt Pulleys
Cast Iron Belt Pulley
PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc Sell Flat Belt Pulley

Belt tension adjusters:
- Periodically adjust the tensiond a, b)
- Automatic tension adjustment c)
- Adjust the tension according to the load d)
2
1
2
1
3
b)
a)
2Fo 2 3
c) d)
Loose
CW (Slack) side • Belt Length L
rotation
• Distance
between axis
(center
Tight Pitch diameter
distance) a
side of driven pulley
Center distance
• Contact angle
Pitch diameter 1 2
of driving pulley
Contact angle (arc of contact) of small pulley:

– In Degree:   180  57 (d 2  d1 )  180  57 d1 (u  1)
1
a a
(d  d1 ) d1 (u  1)
– In Radian: 1    2  
a a
– The length of the belt: L  2a   (d1  d 2 ) (d 2  d1 ) 2
 , mm
2 4a
Exercise type 1
Determination of belt length L and choose

L according to the standard value (mm):
400, 450, 500, 560, 630, 710, 800, 900,
1000, 1120, 1250, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000,
2240, 2500, 2800, 3150, 3550, 4000, 5000,
5600, 6300, 7100, 8000, 9000, 10000,
11200, 12500, 14000, 16000, 18000 (belt
length determined by neutral class of belt).
Accurate calculation of axis distance a
according to standard L
Hình 3.4
Determine the angle of contact and the length of the belt

- For flat belts, we cut the belt according to the calculated

belt length L and add a distance of 30...40mm to joint
(connect) the belt.
- The length of the V belt L is selected according to the

standard. Then we have to recalculate the center distance
a, mm:
ưhere k  k 2  8 2
a
4
 (d1  d 2 )
k  L
2
d 2 d1

2
4.4 Velocity and velocity (speed) ratio
Velocity and velocity (speed) ratio

 d1n1
• Peripheral velocity of driving pulley: v1 
v(m/s), d(mm), n (rpm) 60000
 d 2 n2
Peripheral velocity of driven pulley v2 
• Belt drive ratio: 60000
– Taking into account the relative creep factor (true speed
ratio): n1 v1d 2 d2
u  
n2 v2 d1 [d1 (1   )]
d2
u
– Almost right: d1
The relative creep factor: Rubber and Synthetic 0,01, Fabric
core V belt 0,02, Cord core V belt 0,01,
4.4 Velocity and velocity (speed) ratio
Exercise type 2 Rotational speed n?
Periphera
l velocity 0,85 0,95 0,75 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,10 1,20 1,30 0,95
v, m/s
Diameter
of
conveyor 250 225 275 200 200 250 275 250 225 200
drum, D
mm
- Before reducer
- Rotational speed n, rpm:
60000v
n 
D

4.5.1 Tension in belt

4.5.2 Stress in belts
4.5.3 Losses and efficiency
• According to the condition of force balance (equilibrium) of the center

pulley, we have:
T1  0,5d1 ( F1  F2 )
or: F1  F2  Ft
• Under the effect of tension when under load, if the tight side (driving)
expands as much, the loose side also shrinks. Since tension is
proportional to elongation, so: F  F  2F
1 2 0
infer
PGS.TS fromHữu
Nguyễn here:
Lộc F1  F0  F ; F2  F0  F
 Ft
 F1  Fo  2
• Infer from here:

 F  F  Ft
 2 o
2
• By the well- known of equation Euler: F1  F2 e f 
• Infer from here, we have:
 e f
 F1  Ft f  Ft (e f   1)
e 1 and F0 
 2(e f   1)
F  F 1
 2 t
e f  1
• The initial tension of the belt Fo chosen from condition: [o]A Fo,
so for the belt drive to work normally:
Ft (e f 1  1)
 0  A  F0  f 1
2(e  1)
[o] – allowable tensile strength of belt

• Belt tension and initial tension when centrifugal force is taken into
account (v ≥ 30m/s):
 Ft e f   1
 Fo  2 e f   1  Fv

 Ft Ft e f 
 F1  Fo   f  Fv
 2 e 1
 Ft
 F2  f   Fv
 e 1
where Fv   Av 2  qm v 2

• Forces acting on the shafts:
1
Fr  2 F0 sin( )
2
• For the drive without adjusting
the shaft distance:
1
Fr  3F0 sin( )
2
Total stress diagram:  max   1   v   u1   0  0,5 t   v   u1
te f
 max  f
 v   u1
(e 1)
1000 P1 e f  
 max    v .10  E
2 6
• Flat belt: f
vA e 1 d1
1000 P1 e f  2 y0
• V belt:  max  f
  v .10 
2 6
E
vA e 1 d1
Cambridge University Press

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc 978-1-316-63041-9 — Fundamentals of Machine Design
Total stress diagram for a belt
2
v
u2
B d1 / Nhaùnh chuøng 2
2 loose side
1
u1 A Nhaùnh caêng /2
tight side d2
v
2 D
1
1000 P1 e f 2 6 
max =  v .10  E
vA e f
1 d1
4.5 Tensions and stresses in belts Exercise type 3
Flat belt drive (Figure) with given data: diameter of driving pulley d1 = 250
mm, driven pulley d2 = 630 mm, the arc of contact on the small and large
pulleys 1 = 170o, 2 = 190o, coefficient of friction between belt and pulley f1
= f2 = 0.3, rotational speed (number of revolutions) of driving pulley n1 = 1200
rpm. Given the belt thickness  = 6 mm, belt width b = 100 mm, belt elastic
modulus E = 10 MPa. Allowable tensile stress due to initial belt tension [σ0] =
1.8 MPa. Neglect the extra tension caused by centrifugal force?
Request:
a) Calculate the center distance a of the
belt drive.
b) Calculate initial belt tension F0 and
belt drive load capacity (Ft, T, P).
c) Determine the maximum stress in the
belt? Why limit the small pulley diameter
and belt thickness? If changing belt
thickness  = 7.5 mm, belt width b = 80
mm, how will the load capacity and
service life change?

(d 2  d1 ) d (u  1)
a)1      1
a a
d (u  1) d2
a 1 u
  1 d1
b)  0  A   0  b  F0
2 F0 (e f 1  1)
Ft  f 1
, 1 (rad ), rad   .deg ree /180
(e  1)
T  Ft d / 2
 d1n1
P  Ft v1 /1000 v1 
60000
1000 P1 e f  
c) max  f
 E
vA e 1 d1

4.6 Elastic creep and efficiency
The arc of rest
The arc of creep
The arc of rest

The arc of creep
The pulling factor:
Ft t e f  1
   
2 Fo 2 o e f  1

4.6 Elastic creep and efficiency
Efficiency curve
Hieäu suaát 
, % 5 100
, %
4 80
Tröôït trôn töøng phaàn

3 60
Tröôït trôn hoaøn toaøn

Vuøng tröôït ñaøn hoài
Elastic creep
2 40
Critical point
1
20
Ñieåm tôùi haïn
Slip
0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 o 0,5 0,6 max 0,7
Slip and Creep curve
Ñöôøng cong tröôït
Slip, Creep and efficiency curves

4.7 Design and select for belt drives
, MPa 1 turn
Moät voøng chaïy Failure types and calculation criteria:
- Belt slips
- Fatigue
failure
Baùnh bò daãn t,(s)
Nhaùnh caêng Nhaùnh chuøng

tight side Baùnh daãn Loose (Slack) side

Servive life of belt
The well- known equation of the fatigue curve
is valid for belts:
maxmNE = rmNo = const
m
 r 
NE    . 10 7
  max 
Service life in hours:
m
 r 
  10 7
  max 
Lh = hours
2.3600 i
r – fatigue strength of belt: - V-belt r = 9 MPa, Flat belt; r = 6…7 MPa

Design for flat belt
Pulling capacity
The b-value is selected according to the standard

(Table 4.1)
Effective stress of flat belt drive
b - width of belt
1000P1
b 
v t  C CV CoCr
o
Choose standard value of b
Design for flat belt

Design for V belts:
infer from here:
P1
z
[ P0 ].C .C u .CL .C z .Cr .Cv
[t] – allowable effective stress of belt
t –effective stress of belt, determined by the formula

4.7 Design and select for V-belt drives
1. Select the belt type (belt cross-section) according to the power and
number of revolutions according to the graph Figure 4.2. Then look up
Table 4.5 for other belt data
n1 = 945 rpm
P= 4.5 kW
B cross section
Vbelt
Figure 4.2

2. Calculate the diameter of the small pulley given in Table 4.5 d1 = 1.2
x dmin= 150mm. Choose from the following standard values (mm): 63,
71, 80, 90, 100, 112, 125, 140, 160, 180, 200, 224, 250, 280, 315, 355,
400, 450, 500, 560, 630, 710, 800, 900, 1000.

3. Calculate the belt velocity v. The value of [v] <= 25 m/s is used the
regular Vbelt; [v] = 40 m/s is used the narrow Vbelt or poly Vbelt. If not,
we use the smaller diameter pulley.
4. Select The relative creep factor and calculate the large pulley diameter
d2 and choose according to the standard value.
5. The center distance a is given according to the structure or
preliminary selection of the center distance according to the formula, or
according to the diameter d2 2(d1  d 2 )  a  0,55(d1  d 2 )  h
6. Determination of belt length L and choose L according to the
standard value (mm): 400, 450, 500, 560, 630, 710, 800, 900, 1000,
1120, 1250, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2240, 2500, 2800, 3150, 3550,
4000, 5000, 5600, 6300, 7100, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11200, 12500,
14000, 16000, 18000 (belt length determined by neutral class of belt).
Accurate calculation of axis distance a according to standard L
7. Check the number of turns i <= [i] of the belt in 1 second, if not,
increase the center distance a and recalculate L; [i] = 10/s, spicial
case [i] = 10…20/s
7. Calculating the contact angle 1 and check slip conditions by
formula F0
8. Calculation of the factors Ci
1

9. The number of belts is determined by the formula
P1
z
[ P0 ].C .C u .CL .C z .Cr .Cv
Choose z as an integer
and should not exceed
6, because if the number
z is large, the load
distribution between the
belts will be uneven. To
reduce the number of
belts, we increase the
diameter d1 or choose a
belt with a larger cross-
section.
10. Calculate the width
of the pulleys and the
outside diameter d of the
pulleys
4.7 Design and select for belt drives Exercise type 4
To transmit motion and torque from the motor to the gear reducer of
the cable pulling winch, we use a V belt drive. The motor has a
power of P = 3.7 kW, the rotational speed (number of revolutions) of
the driving pulley is n1 = 1440 rpm, and of the driven pulley n2 = 480
rpm. The center distance of the Vbelt drive a = 900 mm. The
transmission works with slight impact, working in two shifts.
Calculation of the belt transmission.

Timing belts (Boä truyeàn ñai raêng)
The modulus m is determined by the formula:
where P1 is power, kW; n1 is rotational speed, rpm. After calculating m,

deduce the pitch of belt p = pi . m and choose m or p according to the
standard value.
Then we calculate and choose the belt width b according to the standard
value.
4.8 Using of CAD software
4.9 Exercises
Why limit the small pulley diameter and belt
thickness
Why is a service life of the belt drive lower

than the flat belt?

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Chapter 4 Belt Drives

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

- Select the materials for belts (LO3.1)

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

Convert reciprocating motion to5

1- Flat belt drive; 2- V-belt drive; 3- chain drive; 4- gear drive

Dimensions of drives when

The need to eliminate speed

All power transmission belts are Advantages:

- According to transmission type: Parallel shafts, Crossed-belt and

Parallel shafts Crossed-belt

Transmission type of belt drive

Quarter turn belt Quarter turn belt

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

Balata belting is a highly durable, robust belt made from

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

A V-belt drive on an air

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

Flat belts – Đai

1981 Harley Davidson Fhl

Timing Belt Drive

Custom Billet Aluminum Cog Belt

Belt-drive cog on a belt-

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

Round Belt Pulleys

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

Timing belt Pulleys

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc V-Belt Pulley Single Groove

V-Belt Pulley Multiple Groove

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

Cast Iron Belt Pulley

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc Sell Flat Belt Pulley

Contact angle (arc of contact) of small pulley:

Determination of belt length L and choose

Determine the angle of contact and the length of the belt

- For flat belts, we cut the belt according to the calculated

- The length of the V belt L is selected according to the

Velocity and velocity (speed) ratio

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

4.5.1 Tension in belt

• According to the condition of force balance (equilibrium) of the center

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

Cambridge University Press

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

The arc of rest

The arc of creep

The arc of rest

The pulling factor:

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

Tröôït trôn töøng phaàn

Tröôït trôn hoaøn toaøn

Slip, Creep and efficiency curves

PGS.TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc

Baùnh bò daãn t,(s)