2020 United States Census

2020 United States census
(Redirected from 2020 United States Census)
The 2020 United States census was the 24th decennial United States census.
Census Day, the reference day used for the census, was April 1, 2020. Other
Twenty-fourth census of the
United States
than a pilot study during the 2000 census,[1] this was the first U.S. census to
offer options to respond online or by phone, in addition to the paper response
April 1, 2020
form used for previous censuses.[2]
The census was taken during the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected its
administration. The census recorded a resident population of 331,449,281 in
the 50 states and the national capital of Washington, D.C., reflecting an increase
of 7.4 percent, or 22,703,743, over that of 2010.[3] The growth rate was the
second-lowest ever recorded, and the net increase was the sixth highest in
history. This was the first census where the 10 most-populous states each
surpassed 10 million residents, and the first census where the 10 most-populous
cities each surpassed 1 million residents.
This census' data determined the electoral votes' distribution for the scheduled
2024 United States presidential election. A subsequent review by the bureau Seal of the U.S. Census Bureau
found significant undercounts in several minority populations and in several
states.
Background
As required by the United States Constitution, the U.S. census has been
conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2010 United States census was the
General information
previous census completed. All people in the U.S. 18 and older are legally
Country United States
obligated to answer census questions, and to do so truthfully (Title 13 of the
United States Code).[4][5] Personally identifiable information is private and the Topics Census [show]
Census Bureau itself will never release it. However, the National Archives and topics
Records Administration could release the original census returns in 2092, if the ▪ People and
72-year rule is not changed before then.[6] population
▪ Race and
On census reference day, April 1, 2020, the resident United States population
ethnicity
(50 states and Washington, D.C., excluding overseas territories and military
▪ Families and
members and civilian U.S. citizens living abroad) was projected to be
living
329.5 million,[7] a 6.7% increase from the 2010 census.
arrangements
▪ Health
Purpose
▪ Education
▪ Business and
Reapportionment economy
The results of the 2020 census determine the number of seats for each state in ▪ Employment
the House of Representatives, hence also the number of electors for each state ▪ Housing
in the Electoral College, for elections from 2022 to 2030.
▪ Income and
The Census Bureau announced the apportionment figures on April 26, 2021. 13 poverty
states had changes in congressional seats: Authority U.S. Census Bureau

Website www.census.gov (htt
▪ California, New York, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West ps://www.census.gov)
Virginia lost one seat.[8]
Results
▪ Colorado, Florida, Montana, North Carolina, and Oregon gained one
seat. Total 331,449,281 ( 7.4%)
▪ Texas gained two seats. population
This represented a smaller number of seats shifting than was forecast by Most populous California (39,538,223)
independent analysts.[9] state
Least populous Wyoming (576,851)
state
Redistricting
State and local officials use censuses to redraw boundaries for districts such as
congressional districts (redistricting), state legislative districts, and school
districts.
Federal funding distribution

Dozens of federal programs use census data to help direct funding to state and
local areas. Census results help determine how more than $675 billion in federal
funding are allocated to states and communities each year for roads, schools,
hospitals (health clinics), emergency services, and more.[10]
A 2020 U.S. census yard sign in
Columbus, Ohio
Major design changes
The 2020 census was the 1st U.S. census to offer a full internet response
option[11] and the 1st to extensively use technology instead of paper to manage
and conduct fieldwork.
Key design changes included:[2][12]
▪ Three response options: internet, paper, and phone. Ultimately, every

household that didn't respond online was sent a paper form. Households in
Allocation of U.S. congressional
areas with low internet access received a paper form from the start.
districts following the 2020 census
▪ Multiple languages: In addition to English, respondents were able to
complete the census in 12 other languages online or by phone; in addition,
language guides, language glossaries, and language identi�ication cards were provided in 59 non-English
languages.[13][14][15][16]
▪ In-o�ice address canvassing: In the 2010 and earlier censuses, census workers walked every street in the United
States to verify addresses on the ground. The 2020 census used satellite imagery and GPS to identify areas where
housing had changed and assigned workers to verify those addresses in person.
▪ Digital case management: Census takers used secure iPhone 8 smartphones[17] to receive daily assignments,
navigate to interviews, communicate with supervisors, and submit timesheets. Special so�ware was designed to
optimize assignments, streamline management, �lag issues immediately, and reduce unnecessary follow-up visits.
▪ Streamlined follow-up visits using existing data sources: The 2020 census used existing government and third-
party data to identify vacant households, to predict the best time of day to visit a particular household, and to
count and provide characteristics for the people in the household a�er multiple attempts using existing high-
quality data from trusted sources.
Questions and data uses

As required by the Census Act,[18] the U.S. Census Bureau submitted a list of
questions to Congress on March 29, 2018.[19] The U.S. census will not share any
participant's information with any government agency, as it is prohibited by Title
13 United States code. It has been challenged, but the Supreme Court has always
prevailed in reference to Title 13 to protect the confidentiality and privacy of
information provided.[20] Based on those questions and a subsequent executive
order, the 2020 census asked:[21][22]
Copies of the 2020 census
1. The number of people living or staying at the respondent's home on April 1, questionnaire
2020.
Used for the total count and to ensure everyone is counted once, only
once, and in the right place according to where they live on Census Day.
2. Whether the home is owned or rented.
Used to produce statistics about homeownership and renters for economic indicators, housing programs
and informing planning decisions.
3. The sex of each person in the household.
Used to produce statistics used to plan and fund government programs, enforce laws, regulations, and
policies against discrimination.
4. The age of each person in the household.
Used to better understand the size and characteristics of di�erent age groups. Agencies use these data to
plan and fund government programs that support speci�ic age groups, including children and older
populations.
5. The race of each person in the household.
Used by federal agencies to monitor compliance with anti-discrimination provisions, such as those under
the Voting Rights Act and Civil Rights Act.
6. Whether a person in the household is of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin.
Used by federal agencies to monitor compliance with anti-discrimination provisions, such as those under
the Voting Rights Act and the Civil Rights Act.
7. The relationship of each person in the household to each other.
Used to plan and fund government programs that support families, including people raising children alone
and other households who qualify for additional assistance.
Timeline
▪ January–March 2019: The U.S. Census Bureau opens 39 area census o�ices.
[23]
▪ June–September 2019: The Census Bureau opens the remaining 209 area
census o�ices. The o�ices support and manage the census takers who work
all over the country to conduct the census.
▪ August 2019: The Census Bureau conducts the in-�ield address canvassing
operation. Census takers visit areas that have added or lost housing in
Average annual population growth rate
recent years to ensure the Bureau's address list is up to date. The 2020
in each county of the 50 states,
census was the �irst modern census that did not verify every address, in
Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico
person, on the ground. Instead, satellite imagery, U.S. Postal Service, and
other current records were used to verify most addresses and to highlight between 2010 and 2020, according to
areas where census workers needed to verify in-person. the U.S. Census Bureau
▪ January 21, 2020: The Census Bureau begins counting the population in
remote Alaska, with Toksook Bay being the �irst town to be enumerated.[24][25]
▪ April 1, 2020: Census Day is observed nationwide. By this date, households received an invitation to participate in
the 2020 census. There are three options for responding: online, by mail, or by phone.[26][27]
▪ April 2020: Census takers begin following up with households around selected colleges and universities. Census
takers also begin conducting quality check interviews (delayed).
▪ May 2020: The Census Bureau begins following up with households who have not responded (NRFU
[Nonresponse Followup] delayed to August 11 – October 31). In August 2020, the 3-month NRFU enumeration
period was compressed to two 1/2 months, ending October 15, 2020.[28]
▪ September 23–24: People experiencing homelessness counted by o�icials who visited shelters, at soup kitchens
and mobile food vans, and non-sheltered, outdoor locations such as tent encampments.[29]
▪ October 15: Self-response data collection ends with over 99.9% of households having self-responded or been
counted by census takers.[29]
▪ October 16, 2020: The count ends.[30]
▪ December 31, 2020: The Census Bureau delivers apportionment counts to the U.S. president.[29][31] (This had been
delayed to April 30, 2021).[32]
▪ April 1, 2021: The Census Bureau sends redistricting counts to the states. This information is used to redraw
legislative districts based on population changes.[29] (This had been delayed to no earlier than September 30,
2021).[32]
▪ April 26, 2021: Population results were released for the country as a whole and each state.[33]
▪ August 12, 2021: The Census Bureau began releasing data by race, ethnicity, sex, and age, as well as population
numbers for counties, cities, towns and other smaller areas.[33]
▪ May 25, 2023: Demographic and housing data about local communities (DHC).[34]
▪ August 2023: Planned release date for congressional district summary �iles.[34]
▪ September 2024: Planned release date for detailed demographic and housing data.[35][34]
Response rates
According to the Census Bureau, 60.0% of all U.S. households had submitted their census questionnaire by May 22,
2020—either online, by mail or by phone. Most U.S. households were mailed an invitation letter between March 12–20
to self-respond. They account for more than 95% of all U.S. households. Prior to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, the
remaining 5% of U.S. households (mostly in rural areas) were supposed to be visited by census takers in April/May,
dropping off invitation letters to owners. This was delayed, but most census offices restarted work again in mid-May. By
July 14, 2020, the self-response rate was 62.1% or 91,800,000 households.[36] The self-response rate was 66.5% in 2010
and 67.4% in 2000.[37]
In an update published October 19, 2020, the Census Bureau stated 99.98% of addresses had been accounted for, with all
but one state over a 99.9% rate. Paper responses postmarked on or before October 15 would be processed, as long as they
arrived at the processing center by October 22.[38]
Marketing and partnerships

As in previous censuses, the 2020 census relied on a network of trusted voices nationwide to help raise awareness,
answer questions, and encourage community members to participate.[39] Hundreds of local "complete count committees"
are dedicating resources to the efforts nationwide.[40][41]
VMLY&R (formerly Young & Rubicam) secured the Integrated Communications Contract for the 2020 census campaign
in August 2016.[42] As the contract's primary agency of record, VMLY&R created an integrated team for this project,
Team Y&R, which includes subcontractors specializing in minority outreach, digital media, earned media and more.
In March 2019, the campaign unveiled the 2020 census tagline: "Shape your
future. START HERE." The tagline was based on research that demonstrated
which types of messages will reach and motivate all populations, including
segments of the population who are historically hard to count.[43][44]
Implementation problems
The printing company Cenveo won the $61 million contract in October 2017 to Buttons and stickers promoting the
produce census forms and reminders but went bankrupt less than four months 2020 census
later. The inspector general of the U.S. Government Publishing Office said the
agency failed to check the company's financial status and improperly allowed the
company to lower its bid after other bids were unsealed.[45]
The coronavirus pandemic caused delays to census field operations and counts of
the homeless and people living in group quarters. As of April 1, 2020, Census
Day, the Census Bureau still planned to complete the count by the end of the year.
[46]
COVID-19 pandemic emergency Chinese and Spanish language �lyers in

On March 18, 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau issued a press release by Director Brooklyn promoting the 2020 U.S.
Steven Dillingham announcing that 2020 census field operations would be census
suspended for two weeks until April 1, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[47]
On March 27, 2020, the agency announced it would temporarily suspend in-person interviews for its on-going surveys.
[48] The agency claimed that staffing adjustments at its call centers due to implementing health guidance had "led to
increases in call wait times, affecting different languages at different times".[49] According to its own documentation, the
U.S. Census Bureau continued to pay 2020 census employees even though field operations were supposed to be
suspended.[50]
On March 28, 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau issued another press release announcing 2020 census field operations would
be suspended for an additional two weeks, through April 15, 2020.[51] Census Bureau officials communicated to the
media that on March 27, 2020, they learned an employee had tested positive for COVID-19 at the agency's National
Processing Center in Jeffersonville, Indiana,[52] which the agency kept open during the suspension, claiming they would
"transition to the minimum number of on-site staff necessary to continue operations".[53] The agency announced on
April 10, 2020, that it took steps to make "more employees available to respond to requests" at the call centers.[54]
In a joint statement on April 13, 2020, U.S. Department of Commerce secretary Wilbur Ross and U.S. Census Bureau
director Steven Dillingham announced further operational adjustments to the 2020 census due to COVID-19 health and
safety concerns.[55] In the statement, it was explained that "steps [were] being taken to reactivate field offices beginning
June 1, 2020", "in-person activities, including all interaction with the public, enumeration, office work and processing
activities, [would] incorporate the most current guidance to promote the health and safety of staff and the public"
including "personal protective equipment (PPE) and social distancing practices".[55] This release stated "in order to
ensure the completeness and accuracy of the 2020 census, the Census Bureau is seeking statutory relief from Congress of
120 additional calendar days to deliver final apportionment counts"[55] due to the COVID-19 emergency, and that "under
this plan, the Census Bureau would extend the window for field data collection and self-response to October 31, 2020,
which will allow for apportionment counts to be delivered to the president by April 30, 2021, and redistricting data to be
delivered to the states no later than September 30, 2021."[55]
On April 15, 2020, U.S. Census Bureau director Steven Dillingham wrote to Department of Commerce inspector general
Peggy E. Gustafson responding to a March 12, 2020, memo sent by the Office of the Inspector General requesting
information about the Census Bureau's plans to respond to the COVID-19 emergency by March 20, 2020.[56] The
inspector general's memo asked how the Bureau would address staff and enumerator safety. Dillingham's April 15 letter:
The Census Bureau is closely coordinating the acquisition of needed PPE materials for field and office staff
through the Department of Commerce's Coronavirus Taskforce. Federal partners include the Department of
Homeland Security and the Centers for Disease Control. We have generated and submitted estimates for
equipment needs. On April 15, 2020, the Agency's internal task force met and discussed our estimates for
needed equipment, potential delivery dates, and budget implications. We continue to monitor the situation and
make adjustments as necessary.
To ensure the completeness and accuracy of the 2020 census, the Census Bureau is seeking statutory relief from
Congress of 120 additional calendar days to deliver final apportionment counts.
Under this plan, the Census Bureau would extend the window for field data collection and self-response to October 31,
2020, which will allow for apportionment counts to be delivered to the President by April 30, 2021, and redistricting data
to be delivered to the states no later than September 30, 2021.
On April 24, 2020, Dillingham and other Census Bureau officials briefed the House Committee on Oversight and Reform
on the agency's response to the COVID-19 emergency.[57] This briefing came after many requests from the committee
since March 12, 2020,[58] including a last-minute cancellation on April 20, 2020.[59] In the briefing, Albert E. Fontenot
Jr., the associate director for decennial census programs, explained that the bureau was planning a "phased start to many
of our census operations" rather than beginning field operations nationwide on June 1, 2020, as previously announced
and said operations would resume at different times in different areas of the country based on federal, state, and local
public health guidance, as well as the availability of personal protective equipment, prioritizing reopening mail
processing centers and census offices and said the bureau would notify Congress as it begins to restart operations.[57]
However, the National Processing Center and Area Census Offices had remained open.[53][60]
Starting on May 4, 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau began publishing dates as it claimed to begin a "phased restart of some
2020 census field operations in select geographic areas" and said they had "ordered personal protective equipment (PPE)
for all field staff, including those that work in a field office. These materials will be secured and provided to staff prior to
restarting operations."[61] Publicly published procurement data shows that an award was signed on April 28, 2020, for
non-medical, reusable face masks for area census offices in a $5,001,393.60 contract awarded to Industries for the Blind
and Visually Impaired, Inc.[62] Around that time, two contracts for hand sanitizer were awarded to Travis Association for
the Blind, one signed on May 9, 2020, in a $57,390.00 contract[63] and the other signed on May 13, 2020, in a
$557,251.20 contract,[64] with both contracts listing the place of principal performance as Jeffersonville, Indiana.[63][64]
The agency decided that face shields were necessary to protect employees from COVID-19 exposure, but provided them
only to personnel at the headquarters and national processing centers.[65] An OSHA complaint was made from
Oklahoma City on May 1, 2020, complaining that employees were not able to practice social distancing and were not
provided with adequate personal protective equipment such as gloves and masks,[66] showing the office was open prior to
the Census Bureau's published office restart date of May 4, 2020.[61][67]
Additional "restart" dates starting May 18 were published on May 15, 2020, for other geographic areas in eleven states.
[68] An OSHA complaint was recorded that same day from St. Louis, that desks remained close together with no physical
dividers, improper sanitation practices were being used, and no remote work for high-risk employees.[66] The published
restart date for the St. Louis Area Census Office was May 11, 2020.[67]
On May 21, 2020, procurement information for two contracts was entered into the Federal Procurement Data System.
One contract was for $1,502,928.00 awarded to Industries for the Blind and Visually Impaired, Inc. for hand sanitizer,[69]
and a contract for $7,053,569.85 for four-ounce (118 ml) hand sanitizers awarded to NewView Oklahoma, Inc.[70] both
with the place of principal performance listed as Jeffersonville, Indiana.
May 22, 2020, saw two additional contracts, one was a disinfectant wipes contract for $3,137,533.00 awarded to
Industries for the Blind and Visually Impaired, Inc.[71] and the other was a contract for $2,107,000.00 awarded to
NewView Oklahoma for blue nitrile gloves, both with a place of principal performance listed as Jeffersonville, Indiana.
A press release on May 22, 2020, announced May 25 "restart" dates for ten more states.[72] An OSHA complaint was
made from Concord, California, on April 3, 2020, that there were at least two confirmed cases of COVID-19 unrecorded
on OSHA 300 logs and that employees were working in close quarters with no disinfection of shared equipment such as
headsets, laptops, and tablets.[66] The published restart date for the Concord, California, Area Census Office was May 25,
2020.[72]
Offices were reopened in the areas of "American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam
and the U.S. Virgin Islands in preparation for resuming operations for the 2020 Island Areas Censuses" on May 22, 2020.
[73]
On May 29, 2020, a press release was published announcing "restart" of operations in seven additional states and the
Washington, D.C., area starting from the week of June 1.[74] An OSHA complaint was made from Austin, Texas, on May
27, 2020, complaining that CDC guidelines were not being followed, that employees were unable to practice social
distancing, and that employees experiencing flu-like symptoms and positive COVID-19 test results continued to come to
work,[66] showing the office was open prior to the Census Bureau's published office restart date of June 1, 2020.[74]
In a June 5, 2020, press release, the U.S. Census Bureau announced additional area census offices (ACOs) would
"restart" on June 8, saying that with "these additions, field activities have restarted in 247 of 248 area census offices
stateside, all ACOs in Puerto Rico and the island areas, and 98.9% of the nation's update leave workload will have
resumed."[75] The June 5 press release was reissued on June 9, 2020, which included the addition of a June 11 "restart" at
the Window Rock, Arizona, Area Census Office.[76] Days later, the Navajo Nation began reinstating lockdown
restrictions and curfews due to a surge in new cases.[77][78]
A June 12, 2020, press release shared that the update leave (UL) operation had resumed, as well as fingerprinting of
selected applicants.[79] The agency announced that the update enumerate (UE) operation would restart on June 14 "in
remote parts of northern Maine and southeast Alaska" where employees update the Census Bureau's address list and
interview households for the 2020 census, claiming "all census takers have been trained on social distancing protocols,
and will be issued personal protective equipment (PPE) and will follow local guidelines for their use."[79] The June 12
press release also shared that the communications campaign had been adapted due to the pandemic and would continue
through October, "the end of 2020 census data collection operations", with additional paid media planned for July,
August and September,[79] though a July 15 list of media vendors showed only plans through the end of July.[80]
On August 3, 2020, the Census Bureau announced that field collection would end on September 30, rather than October
31 as planned in April.[81][82] In a leaked internal document, Census Bureau career officials determined that starting
Nonresponse Followup Operations in this Replan would put the health and safety of employees at risk, stating, "These
ACOs will have to deploy staff regardless of the COVID-19 risk in those areas to open on these dates."[83] On September
8, 2020, Mark H. Zabarsky, Principal Assistant Inspector General for Audit and Evaluation published an alert on behalf
of the Department of Commerce Office of Inspector General, which stated that the number of COVID-19 related safety
issues raised by hotline complaints tripled between July 1 and August 21.[84]
State rankings
Population change 2010-2020

Rank/ Population Population %
State Change
change (2020)[85] (2010)[86] change
1 California 39,538,223 37,253,956 2,284,267 6.1%
2 Texas 29,145,505 25,145,561 3,999,944 15.9%
3 1 Florida 21,538,187 18,801,310 2,736,877 14.6%
4 1 New York 20,201,249 19,378,102 823,147 4.3%
5 1 Pennsylvania 13,002,700 12,702,379 300,321 2.4%
6 1 Illinois 12,812,508 12,830,632 −18,124 −0.1%
7 Ohio 11,799,448 11,536,504 262,944 2.3%
8 1 Georgia 10,711,908 9,687,653 1,024,255 10.6%
9 1 North Carolina 10,439,388 9,535,483 903,905 9.5%
10 2 Michigan 10,077,331 9,883,640 193,691 2.0%
11 New Jersey 9,288,994 8,791,894 497,100 5.7%
12 Virginia 8,631,393 8,001,024 630,369 7.9%
13 Washington 7,705,281 6,724,540 980,741 14.6%
14 2 Arizona 7,151,502 6,392,017 759,485 11.9%
15 1 Massachusetts 7,029,917 6,547,629 482,288 7.4%
16 1 Tennessee 6,910,840 6,346,105 564,735 8.9%
17 2 Indiana 6,785,528 6,483,802 301,726 4.6%
18 1 Maryland 6,177,224 5,773,552 403,672 7.0%
19 1 Missouri 6,154,913 5,988,927 165,986 2.8%
20 Wisconsin 5,893,718 5,686,986 206,732 3.6%
21 1 Colorado 5,773,714 5,029,196 744,518 14.8%
22 1 Minnesota 5,706,494 5,303,925 402,569 7.6%
23 1 South Carolina 5,118,425 4,625,364 493,061 10.7%
24 1 Alabama 5,024,279 4,779,736 244,543 5.1%
25 Louisiana 4,657,757 4,533,372 124,385 2.7%
26 Kentucky 4,505,836 4,339,367 166,469 3.8%
27 Oregon 4,237,256 3,831,074 406,182 10.6%
28 Oklahoma 3,959,353 3,751,351 208,002 5.5%
29 Connecticut 3,605,944 3,574,097 31,847 0.9%
30 4 Utah 3,271,616 2,763,885 507,731 18.4%
31 1 Iowa 3,190,369 3,046,355 144,014 4.7%
32 3 Nevada 3,104,614 2,700,551 404,063 15.0%
33 1 Arkansas 3,011,524 2,915,918 95,606 3.3%
34 3 Mississippi 2,961,279 2,967,297 −6,018 −0.2%

Rank/ Population Population %
State Change
change (2020)[85] (2010)[86] change
35 2 Kansas 2,937,880 2,853,118 84,762 3.0%
36 New Mexico 2,117,522 2,059,179 58,343 2.8%
37 1 Nebraska 1,961,504 1,826,341 135,163 7.4%
38 1 Idaho 1,839,106 1,567,582 271,524 17.3%
39 2 West Virginia 1,793,716 1,852,994 −59,278 −3.2%
40 Hawaii 1,455,271 1,360,301 94,970 7.0%
41 1 New Hampshire 1,377,529 1,316,470 61,059 4.6%
42 1 Maine 1,362,359 1,328,361 33,998 2.6%
43 Rhode Island 1,097,379 1,052,567 44,812 4.3%
44 Montana 1,084,225 989,415 94,810 9.6%
45 Delaware 989,948 897,934 92,014 10.3%
46 South Dakota 886,667 814,180 72,487 8.9%
47 1 North Dakota 779,094 672,591 106,503 15.8%
48 1 Alaska 733,391 710,231 23,160 3.3%
— — District of Columbia 689,545 601,723 87,822 14.6%
49 Vermont 643,077 625,741 17,336 2.8%
50 Wyoming 576,851 563,626 13,225 2.4%
United States 331,449,281 308,745,538 22,703,743 7.4%
City rankings
Land
Density
City State Population area Region
/mi2
mi2
1 New York New York 8,804,190 301.5 29,201.3 Northeast
2 Los Angeles California 3,898,747 468.7 8,318.2 West
3 Chicago Illinois 2,746,388 227.3 12,082.7 Midwest
4 Houston Texas 2,304,580 637.5 3,615.0 Southern
5 Phoenix Arizona 1,608,139 518.3 2,839.9 West
6 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,593,724 134.4 9,898.9 Northeast
Citizenship question debate

The U.S. decennial census is used to determine federal funds, grants, and support to states. The Census Bureau had
included a citizenship question until 1950 when it was removed, though it continued to include a question asking about
place of birth.[87] In a January 2018 memo, an initial evaluation by Census Bureau officials advised against such a
question, saying that compiling citizenship data from existing administrative records is more accurate and far less
expensive. However, Wilbur Ross, secretary of the United States Department of Commerce which oversees the Census
Bureau, decided the administrative approach alone would not be sufficient.[88] The Census Bureau announced in March
2018 its plan to add a question related to citizenship for the 2020 census: "Is this person a citizen of the United States?".
[19][89][90] For the 2020 census, Ross told Congress the citizenship numbers were necessary to enforce the Voting Rights
Act's protection against voting discrimination.[89] Ross was accused by Democrats in Congress of lying that the
citizenship question was requested by the Justice Department and approved by him.[91][92]
Upon the bureau's announcement, several state and city officials criticized the decision, reiterating the concern about
discouraging participation from immigrants, resulting in undercounting, and questioning the motives of Secretary Ross in
adding the question. Three simultaneous separate federal lawsuits came out of this discovery, occurring at the district
courts of New York, Maryland, and California.[93] During the controversy over the census question, the Census Bureau
ran a test census in June 2019 on about 480,000 households to determine what effects adding the census question would
have on participation, and to prepare the bureau, its staffing, and its counting measurements, to handle the potential lack
of responses due to the citizenship question.[94]
During these trials, documents released in May 2019 showed that the late Thomas B. Hofeller, an architect of Republican
gerrymandering, had found that adding the census question could help to gerrymander maps that "would be
advantageous to Republicans and non-Hispanic whites".[95] Hofeller later wrote the DOJ letter which justified the policy
by claiming it was needed to enforce the 1965 Voting Rights Act.[95] Following this discovery, the United States House
Committee on Oversight and Reform issued subpoenas for the Department of Justice to provide materials related to the
census question and to question both Commerce secretary Wilbur Ross and United States Attorney General William
Barr, seeking action to judge if they are in contempt. The Trump administration on June 12, 2019, asserted executive
privilege over portions of the requested documents.[96] As a result, the House committee subsequently voted along party
lines to hold both Ross and Barr in contempt that day.[97] The full House voted to hold Ross and Barr in contempt on
July 17, 2019, in a 230–198 vote along party lines.
New York District Court and subsequent Supreme Court case

A lawsuit, led by New York state's attorney general Barbara Underwood and joined by seventeen other states, fifteen
cities and other civil rights groups, was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
During the discovery phase of the trial, new information came to light that Ross had had previous discussions with Steve
Bannon before March 2018 with the intent to add the citizenship question, contradicting statements he had made to
Congress in March. This led district judge Jesse M. Furman in September 2018 to ask that Ross clear a day in his
schedule to give a deposition to the court related to the addition of the census question prior to the planned start of the
trial in November.[98]
The Trump administration filed a writ of mandamus to the United States Supreme Court, requesting that they postpone
the trial, and also to defer any involvement with Ross until the start of the trial. The Supreme Court issued an order that
allowed the trial United States Census Bureau v. State of New York to go forward, but agreed to postpone Ross's
deposition until after the start of the trial.[99] The Supreme Court also agreed to treat the writ of mandamus as a writ of
petition, and granted certiorari to review the question raised by the government of whether a district court can request
deposition of a high-ranking executive branch official on a matter related to a trial before evidence has been presented.
[100]
Judge Furman ruled in January 2019 that the addition of the citizenship question to the census was unlawful, saying "the
decision to add a citizenship question to the 2020 census – even if it did not violate the Constitution itself – was unlawful
for a multitude of independent reasons and must be set aside."[101] The Justice Department filed a petition for writ of
certiorari before judgment to have the case directly heard by the Supreme Court and bypass the normal appeal which
would have been heard by the Second Circuit, given the pending deadline of June 2019 to publish the census forms. The
Supreme Court accepted the petition related to Furman's ruling on February 15, 2019, a separate matter from the
question of Ross's deposition, and the case's oral arguments were heard on April 23, 2019.[102][103]
The Supreme Court issued its decision on June 27, 2019, rejecting the Trump administration's stated rationale for
including the question.[104] While the Court majority agreed that the question was allowable under the Enumeration Act,
they also agreed with the ability of the District Court to ask Commerce for further explanation for the question under the
Administrative Procedures Act (APA). They also agreed that the answers Commerce had provided at the time appeared to
be "contrived" and pretextual, leaving open the possibility that Commerce could offer a better rationale.[105] The case
was remanded back to the District Court, to allow Commerce to provide a better explanation for the rationale of the
question to the District Court, who would deem if that was sufficient before allowing the question on the census. The
question would be allowed on the census only if these steps can be completed before the self-imposed form printing
deadline.[106] On July 7, the DOJ announced that it was replacing its entire legal team dealing with that question, but on
July 9, Furman rejected the DOJ action, saying reasons must be given for the withdrawal of each attorney and that the
administration had been insisting for months the question needed to be settled by July 1.[107]
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has taken steps to introduce the Hofeller evidence into the New York case
but it will not be heard until late 2019 after the census forms are to be published.[108]
California District Court case

The second suit over the census question came in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California
under Judge Richard Seeborg, raised by the state of California and several cities within it. In March 2019, Seeborg
similarly found as Furman had in New York that the addition of the census question was unconstitutional and issued an
injunction to block its use.[93][109] The government appealed to the Ninth Circuit before the Supreme Court remanded the
case.[110][111]
Maryland District Court case

A similar question related to the intent of the question was raised by several immigrants-rights groups in the United
States District Court for the District of Maryland. The case was overseen by Judge George J. Hazel in the District of
Maryland. Hazel had found for the pro-immigration groups in April 2019, ruling that the addition of an immigration
question to the census was unconstitutional.[93] The government issued its appeal to the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals.
The new Hofeller evidence was presented to Hazel as the case was being heard on appeal during June 2019 at the Fourth
Circuit. Hazel said the new evidence "raises a substantial issue".[112] On June 25, 2019, the Fourth Circuit remanded the
case back to Hazel's District Court with the newly provided evidence, and to review if the additional evidence showed
discriminatory intent. Should Hazel find such intent, it would be possible for him to place an injunction on the addition
of the census question during a new discovery phase, regardless of the Supreme Court decision in Department of
Commerce v. New York. This action would effectively render the question moot since the census forms would need to be
published at this point without the citizenship question to meet the mailing deadlines.[108]
Subsequent actions
President Trump, after the Supreme Court decision in Department of Commerce was announced, stated his intent to find
a way to delay the census as long as possible so the judicial matter could be resolved.[113] On July 2, 2019, the
Department of Justice (DOJ) announced that the citizenship question would not be included in the census, and the
Commerce Department began printing census forms without a citizenship question.[114] However, the next day, Trump
insisted his administration was "absolutely moving forward" with the citizenship question, and the Justice Department
confirmed in court that it had been instructed to find a legal way to include it in the census.[115][116]
In response to an order from Judge Hazel, the Justice Department affirmed on July 5, 2019, that it will be seeking a route
to add the citizenship question to the census, though at the time did not know which route it would take. Hazel had
ordered this response as, if the department was intending to add the question, he could begin determining a schedule in
coordination with Judge Furman in the New York court for further proceedings and discovery in both the New York and
the Maryland lawsuits.[116][117] On July 7, the DOJ announced its intention to replace its entire legal team on the case,
[118] but Furman allowed the DOJ to dismiss only two of its eleven attorneys, writing in the July 9 rejection that the DOJ
had "provide[d] no reasons, let alone 'satisfactory reasons', for the substitution of counsel".[111][119] Furman pointed out
that the case had already run past the DOJ's own previously requested deadline of July 1 and replacing counsel would
cause further delays.[120][111]
Separate from the events in the courts, Trump has said he also considered using an executive order to place the
citizenship question on the census.[121] However, on July 11 he issued Executive Order 13880 directing the Department
of Commerce to obtain citizenship data from other federal agencies rather than via the census.[122] He added that "we are
not backing down in our effort to determine the citizenship status of the United States population" and that data from
other federal agencies would be "far more accurate" than a census question.[123] A spokesperson for the Department of
Justice said that although the DOJ had agreed with Ross's plan to include the question, "Today's executive order
represents an alternative path to collecting the best citizenship data now available, which is vital for informed
policymaking and numerous other reasons. Accordingly, the department will promptly inform the courts that the
government will not include a citizenship question on the 2020 decennial census."[123] Besides federal agencies, the
Department of Commerce is obtaining citizenship data from state records.[124]
Joe Biden, on his first day of his presidency on January 20, 2021, issued an executive order that revoked both Trump's
July 11 executive order and Trump's July 21 memo, as to have the census follow the standard practice of including the
counts of undocumented immigrants within the final numbers.[125][126] The order did not rescind a directive for the
Census Bureau to use government records to produce block-level citizenship data.[127]
Apportionment challenges
Alabama lawsuit
While the census question was in litigation, the state of Alabama and one of its congressional representatives, Mo
Brooks, filed a lawsuit against the Department of Commerce and the Census Bureau in May 2018 in the United States
District Court for the Northern District of Alabama, asserting that the framers of the Constitution never intended for
illegal immigrants to be included in the census count or apportionment base. The state believed it would lose a
congressional seat to other states that have had increased numbers of immigrants in the last decade.[128] The Mexican
American Legal Defense and Educational Fund sought to intervene on behalf of Latino voters, as well as the city of San
Jose, California, and Santa Clara County, California, and King County, Washington, arguing that eliminating of illegal
immigrants would affect federal funding for their cities and counties. The motion was granted by the end of 2018.[128]
As the census question case continued, the Census Bureau spoke of other means to obtain immigration data, and Barr,
referencing the Alabama suit, said that "for example, there is a current dispute over whether illegal aliens can be included
for apportionment purposes. Depending on the resolution of that dispute, this data may be relevant to those
considerations. We will be studying this issue."[129] Spurred by Barr's comments that the government would not defend
itself in the case, a coalition of fifteen states and other groups also moved to intervene, which was granted by September
2019.[130]
July 2020 memo
On July 21, 2020, President Trump signed a memo to the Department of Commerce, "Memorandum on Excluding Illegal
Aliens from the Apportionment Base Following the 2020 Census" with instructions not to include illegal immigrants in
the census totals for purposes of apportionment. The memo said the Constitution does not define which "persons" must
be included in the apportionment base, and past censuses have excluded some legal immigrants in the country
temporarily, justifying the change.[131] Law and census experts said this was an invalid interpretation as past case law has
supported inclusion of "whole persons" including illegal immigrants, and the ACLU immediately said they planned to
file a lawsuit against the administration over the memo.[132] Common Cause, the city of Atlanta, and other groups and
individuals filed the first suit seeking an injunction to prevent the government from executing on the memo a week after it
was signed in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.[133]
On September 10, 2020, a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
unanimously rejected the order, ruling that it was so obviously illegal a lawsuit challenging it was unnecessary.[134] Eight
days later, the Trump administration filed notice that it would appeal the decision directly to the Supreme Court,
bypassing the circuit court appeals process.[135] The Supreme Court accepted the petition on October 16, 2020, and
scheduled expedited oral arguments in the case on November 30, 2020.[136] The Court ruled in a per curiam decision on
December 18, 2020, that the case was premature due to lack of standing and ripeness but did not rule on any of the
constitutional challenges at the time. The decision vacated the District Court's ruling and remanded the case to the
District Court to be dismissed.[137]
Early completion of count

The Trump administration sought to complete the census count earlier than originally scheduled. In September 2020,
federal district court judge Lucy Koh issued a preliminary injunction against the plan to end counting on September 30
rather than the scheduled October 31, saying the Commerce Department "never articulated a satisfactory explanation".
She also blocked a plan to deliver the count results to the White House by December 31, rather than the original April
2021 delivery date when Trump might be out of office.[138] On the next business day, Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross
announced the count would end October 5, as the administration appealed Koh's decision to the 9th circuit. Koh ordered
the government to produce documents to show the Commerce Department's reasoning.[139] The appeals court upheld
Koh's ruling,[140] and the Census Bureau announced on October 2 that the count would continue until October 31.[141]
Also on October 2, Koh threatened to hold Ross in contempt for repeated violations of her order.[142]
The 9th circuit decision was appealed to the Supreme Court. On October 13, in a 7–1 ruling, the court issued an
unsigned order granting the request to end the count early.[143] Justice Sonia Sotomayor was the lone dissenter, saying
that "meeting the deadline at the expense of the accuracy of the census is not a cost worth paying, especially when the
Government has failed to show why it could not bear the lesser cost of expending more resources to meet the deadline or
continuing its prior efforts to seek an extension from Congress." The count ultimately ended at 5:59 a.m. Eastern Time
on October 16, 2020.[30]
Biden changes
As one of his first acts in office, President Joe Biden signed Executive Order 13986 on January 20, 2021, to discontinue
citizenship tabulations at the city-block level using 2020 census data with administrative records. He also revoked a
Trump directive that would have excluded those in the country illegally from the figures used for apportioning
congressional seats among the states.[144]
Differential privacy
Researchers widely criticized the Census Bureau for intentionally making block-level data inaccurate by using differential
privacy.[145][146][147][148] In order to purportedly prevent identification of individuals' age, gender, race, household
relationships, or homeownership, "disclosure avoidance noise" was added to the data, shifting individuals between
blocks, towns, or other units. This can result in substantial discrepancies in minority populations and the sizes of small
places.[149] For example, Monowi, Nebraska, known for being the country's smallest incorporated municipality, was
incorrectly reported to have two residents instead of one.[150] Redistricting data would also be corrupted, making equal-
size districts and majority-minority districts more difficult.[146]
Accuracy
On March 10, 2022, the Census Bureau released estimates of total overcount and undercount by demographic
characteristic.[151] The results found that the total Hispanic population had likely been undercounted by 4.99%, the Black
population by 3.3% and Some other race by 4.34%.[151] Asians were estimated to have been overcounted by 2.62%, Non-
Hispanic Whites by 1.64%, and Pacific Islanders by 1.28%.[151] Native Americans were estimated to have been
undercounted by 0.91%; however, those living on reservations were undercounted by 5.64%, while those living elsewhere
were overcounted by 3.06%.[151]
Additional data released on May 19, 2022, found that six states (Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Mississippi, Tennessee, and
Texas) had significant undercounts and eight states (Delaware, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, Ohio,
Rhode Island, and Utah) had significant overcounts of their populations.[152]
See also
▪ Race and ethnicity in the United States census
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151. Jensen, Eric; Kennel, Timothy (March 10, 2022). "Detailed Coverage Estimates for the 2020 Census Released
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Further reading
▪ Hillygus, D. Sunshine; Lopez, Jesse (2020). "Easy as 1, 2, 3? Challenges of the 2020 Census and Implications for
Political Science". Journal of Political Institutions and Political Economy. 1 (2): 289–317. doi:10.1561/113.00000007 (h
ttps://doi.org/10.1561%2F113.00000007). S2CID 225755498 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225755498).
External links
▪ 2020 census (https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2020.html) from the United
States Census Bureau
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states had changes in congressional seats: Authority U.S. Census Bureau

Federal funding distribution

Key design changes included:[2][12]

▪ Three response options: internet, paper, and phone. Ultimately, every

Questions and data uses

Marketing and partnerships

COVID-19 pandemic emergency Chinese and Spanish language �lyers in

Population change 2010-2020

1 California 39,538,223 37,253,956 2,284,267 6.1%

2 Texas 29,145,505 25,145,561 3,999,944 15.9%

3 1 Florida 21,538,187 18,801,310 2,736,877 14.6%

4 1 New York 20,201,249 19,378,102 823,147 4.3%

5 1 Pennsylvania 13,002,700 12,702,379 300,321 2.4%

6 1 Illinois 12,812,508 12,830,632 −18,124 −0.1%

7 Ohio 11,799,448 11,536,504 262,944 2.3%

8 1 Georgia 10,711,908 9,687,653 1,024,255 10.6%

9 1 North Carolina 10,439,388 9,535,483 903,905 9.5%

10 2 Michigan 10,077,331 9,883,640 193,691 2.0%

11 New Jersey 9,288,994 8,791,894 497,100 5.7%

12 Virginia 8,631,393 8,001,024 630,369 7.9%

13 Washington 7,705,281 6,724,540 980,741 14.6%

14 2 Arizona 7,151,502 6,392,017 759,485 11.9%

15 1 Massachusetts 7,029,917 6,547,629 482,288 7.4%

16 1 Tennessee 6,910,840 6,346,105 564,735 8.9%

17 2 Indiana 6,785,528 6,483,802 301,726 4.6%

18 1 Maryland 6,177,224 5,773,552 403,672 7.0%

19 1 Missouri 6,154,913 5,988,927 165,986 2.8%

20 Wisconsin 5,893,718 5,686,986 206,732 3.6%

21 1 Colorado 5,773,714 5,029,196 744,518 14.8%

22 1 Minnesota 5,706,494 5,303,925 402,569 7.6%

23 1 South Carolina 5,118,425 4,625,364 493,061 10.7%

24 1 Alabama 5,024,279 4,779,736 244,543 5.1%

25 Louisiana 4,657,757 4,533,372 124,385 2.7%

26 Kentucky 4,505,836 4,339,367 166,469 3.8%

27 Oregon 4,237,256 3,831,074 406,182 10.6%

28 Oklahoma 3,959,353 3,751,351 208,002 5.5%

29 Connecticut 3,605,944 3,574,097 31,847 0.9%

30 4 Utah 3,271,616 2,763,885 507,731 18.4%

31 1 Iowa 3,190,369 3,046,355 144,014 4.7%

32 3 Nevada 3,104,614 2,700,551 404,063 15.0%

33 1 Arkansas 3,011,524 2,915,918 95,606 3.3%

34 3 Mississippi 2,961,279 2,967,297 −6,018 −0.2%

35 2 Kansas 2,937,880 2,853,118 84,762 3.0%

36 New Mexico 2,117,522 2,059,179 58,343 2.8%

37 1 Nebraska 1,961,504 1,826,341 135,163 7.4%

38 1 Idaho 1,839,106 1,567,582 271,524 17.3%

39 2 West Virginia 1,793,716 1,852,994 −59,278 −3.2%

40 Hawaii 1,455,271 1,360,301 94,970 7.0%

41 1 New Hampshire 1,377,529 1,316,470 61,059 4.6%

42 1 Maine 1,362,359 1,328,361 33,998 2.6%

43 Rhode Island 1,097,379 1,052,567 44,812 4.3%

44 Montana 1,084,225 989,415 94,810 9.6%

45 Delaware 989,948 897,934 92,014 10.3%

46 South Dakota 886,667 814,180 72,487 8.9%

47 1 North Dakota 779,094 672,591 106,503 15.8%