Section 1 Group 12

DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

AND MANAGEMENT
ASSESMENT OF CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION PRACTICE ON

INSPECTION OF THE ON GOING SITE WORK OF BOTH PRIVATE AND
GOVERNMENT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN DEBRE
BERHAN
A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor Science in Construction Technology and Management
Advisors
Engr. Ruperto T. Faelnar. Jr.
Instructor Haimanot Nibret
Thesis by
Samuel Getahun Tariku Abate Abaynesh Kibru Sahiba Mohammed
Id no 1404/05 Id no 1328/05 Id no 337/05 Id no 230/05
JUNE 2017
DEBRE BIRHAN, ETHIOPIA
Approval sheet
Approved by board of examiners
Advisors Name ________________________________

Signature _________________________
Date of approval ___________________
Co-advisors Name _____________________________

Signature _________________________
Date of approval ___________________
Examiners ___________________________________
Signature __________________________
Date of approval ____________________
Assessment Of Construction Supervision Practice On Inspection Of The On Going Site Work Of
Both Private And Government Building Construction Projects In Debre Birhan
DECLARATION
we, the undersigned, declare that this thesis, entitled ‘Assessment Of Construction Supervision
Practice On Inspection Of The Ongoing Site Work Of Both Private And Government Building
Construction Projects In Debre Birhan’, is our original work and it hasn’t been presented for any
other degree in this or any other university, and all sources of materials used for the thesis are
duly acknowledged.
Samuel Getahun Tariku Abate Abaynesh kibru Sahiba Mohammed
_____________ ______________ ____________ _____________
Debre Birhan University

Institute of Technology
School of Engineering
Construction Technology and Management
June, 2017
Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
This thesis is conducted under my supervision and submitted to the school for examination with
my approval.
Engr. Ruprto T. Faelnar. Jr. Instructor Haimanot Nibret
Signature: ____________ signature: ____________
Date: ____________ Date: ____________
Thesis by Samuel G., Tariku A., Abaynesh K., & Sahiba M.

i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere appreciation to our advisor, Engr.
Ruperto T. Faelnar. Jr. for his supervision, guidance, expert and valuable advice, assistance
during the period we were carrying out this thesis. We express our appreciation to instructor
miss Haimanot Nibret, Mr. Tesfagebreal Tsega, and Mr. Ramadan for their advice and
constructive comments which began from the inception of the research work. We are also thank
full for all the construction technology and management department instructors.
We are grateful to those contractors and professionals who have sacrificed their invaluable time
for returning completed questionnaires and forwarding valuable ideas and comments. We are
sincerely grateful to Ato Germachew Ayele , project manager of Tewodros Abera Construction
PLC, miss Tsion Amanuel office engineer of ETETE Construction Company, Mr. Eliyas site
manager of Akliil Asefa construction plc. For their full corporation and for allowing the
information we needed to our studies and undertake this thesis work.
Last but not least, we thank our family for the support they provided us throughout the academic
time. We would also like to thank our friends for their support.

ii
Abstract
Construction industry is a major player in economy of any countries by generating employment
and wealth to the nations through its forward and backward linkages with other sectors. However
many projects in Debre Birhan are experiencing improper inspection practice which cause high
cost overrun, time slippage and low quality. the general state of the domestic construction
industry is reportedly characterized by: an inadequate capital base, old and limited numbers of
equipment, low level of equipment availability and utilization deficiencies in technical,
managerial, fully control need experienced construction supervisor especially in the perforce of
the various construction project.
Understanding the technical aspect of supervisor is extremely important. It is the role of the
supervisor to turn the ideas of the specification and the detailed plans of the designer into actual.
And it is the role of inspector to follow-up, control and assures the implementation of design in
to actual.
In this respect, this study tries to identify shortfalls of the inspection practice in Debre Birhan
and to find out some recommendations and suggestion according to our level of knowledge.
The research is carried out by distributing questioners, interviews and by observing the actual
site then it is collected back and analyzed. The findings of the investigation have shown that the
inspection practice have a lot of problems and weakness. Among the respondents most of them
are not satisfied by the current practice of inspection.
The research finally concludes that there are many problems and weaknesses in the current
inspection practice and tried to give some recommendation and suggestion.

iii
Table of Content
Approval sheet ........................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION ....................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... ii
Abstract .................................................................................................................... iii
Table of Content....................................................................................................... iv
List of table .............................................................................................................. ix
List of figure...............................................................................................................x
Acronyms ................................................................................................................. xi
CHAPTER 1 ..............................................................................................................1
Introduction ..........................................................................................................1
1.1 Research background and history ................................................................1
1.2 Project Inspection.........................................................................................2
1.3 Statement of the problem .............................................................................2
1.4 Research Questions ......................................................................................3
1.5 Objective ......................................................................................................3
1.5.1 General objective ......................................................................................3
1.5.2 Specific objective ..................................................................................3
1.6 Significance of the study..............................................................................3
1.7 Scope of the research ...................................................................................3
1.8 limitation of the study ..................................................................................4
1.10 Definition of terms .....................................................................................4

iv
CHAPTER 2 ..............................................................................................................5
Literature review .................................................................................................5
2.1 Supervision ................................................................................................5
2.2 Construction Supervisor Job Duties: ...........................................................6
2.3 responsibilities of the supervisors ................................................................7
2.3.1 Engineering ...........................................................................................7
2.3.2 Scheduling.............................................................................................7
2.3.3 Resource Management ..........................................................................7
2.3.4 Daily Operations ...................................................................................7
2.4 Definition of inspection ...............................................................................7
2.5 Benefits of good inspection .........................................................................8
2.6 Purposes of Construction Inspection Reports ..............................................9
2.7 Inspection Process Best Practices Plan ........................................................9
2.7.1 Plan........................................................................................................9
2.7.2 Do ........................................................................................................10
2.7.3 Study ...................................................................................................10
2.7.4 Act .......................................................................................................10
2.8 Qualifications of Inspector.........................................................................11
2.9 The Inspector must:....................................................................................11
2.10 Inspector Authority ..................................................................................11
2.11 Pre-Construction and Post-Construction Responsibilities .......................12
2.11.1 Pre-Construction Responsibilities.....................................................12

v
2.11.1.1 Review of Contract Documents .................................................12
2.11.1.2 Review of Geotechnical Report .................................................12
2.11.1.3 Site Visit.....................................................................................13
2.11.1.4 Pre-Construction Conference.....................................................13
2.11.1.5 Preparation of Punch List ..........................................................13
2.11.1.6 Review of Record Drawings ......................................................14
2.12 FIELD ADMINISTRATION ..................................................................14
2.12.1 General ..............................................................................................14
2.12.1.1 Inspector’s Daily Logs ...............................................................15
2.12.1.2 Project Log Book (Field Diaries - Optional Procedures) ..........15
2.12.1.3 Photographs and Videotape for Record Purposes .....................15
2.12.1.4 Project Inspector Files ...............................................................15
2.12.1.5 Special Reports ..........................................................................16
2.12.1.6 Other Special Reports ................................................................16
2.12.1.7 Substantial Completion Reports (Beneficial Occupancy) .........16
2.12.1.8 Final Acceptance Memorandum ................................................17
2.12.1.9 As-Built Drawings .....................................................................17
2.13 Inspection in relation with cost, time and quality ....................................17
2.13.1 Cost Content in Construction Project .............................................17
2.13.1.1 Low Payment of Labor. .............................................................17
2.13.2 Time Content in Construction...........................................................17
2.13.2.1 Construction Delay Analysis Techniques..................................18

vi
2.13.2.2 Existing Delay Analysis Techniques .........................................18
2.13.2.3 Project Delay Analysis Using the Various Techniques .............18
2.13.3 Quality...............................................................................................19
2.13.3.1 Quality Supervision ...................................................................20
2.13.3.2 Quality Assurance of supervisor ................................................20
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................21
Research Design and Methodology ..................................................................21
3.1 Research design..........................................................................................21
3.2 Data Collection ..........................................................................................21
3.3 Specific procedures ....................................................................................21
3.4 Questionnaire Design .................................................................................21
3.5 Research population or sample ..................................................................22
3.5.1 Sampling .............................................................................................22
3.5.2 Definition of population......................................................................22
3.4 Instrumentation ..........................................................................................22
3.6 Data collection ...........................................................................................22
3.7 Treatment of the data .................................................................................23
Research methodology flow chart ....................................................................23
CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................24
Analysis and Discussion of Findings ................................................................24
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................24
4.2 Questionnaire Response rate ......................................................................24

vii
4.3 Questioner results.......................................................................................25
4.3.1 from contractors ..................................................................................25
4.3.2 from consultants ..................................................................................32
4.4 Current inspection procedures ...................................................................36
4.5 identified Effect of improper inspection ....................................................36
CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................37
Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................................37
5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................37
Identified current inspection procedures......................................................37
Problems and reasons for not properly implementing the inspection

activities .......................................................................................................37
Identified Problems ..................................................................................37
Identified Reason .....................................................................................37
Identified effects of improper inspection .................................................38
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...........................................................................38
5.3 For Future Studies ......................................................................................40
Reference..................................................................................................................41
Appendices ...............................................................................................................42
Questionnaire .....................................................................................................42

viii
List of table
Table 1: distribution of questionnaires ....................................................................24
Table 2: Respondent Contractors experience..........................................................24
Table 3 : respondent supervisor experience ............................................................24
Table 4: description of inspection practice .............................................................25
Table 5 : inspectors site observation .......................................................................26
Table 6: acceptance of each work ...........................................................................26
Table 7: inspector’s communication and understanding ........................................26
Table 8: pause of the work because of the inspector is not on the site ...................26
Table 9: fairness of time extension ..........................................................................27
Table 10: reason behind unfair and not logical time extension delay analysis ......27
Table 11: reasonability of the salary pay for the inspector.....................................28
Table 12: accountability of the inspector for their faults ........................................28
Table 13: rate of quality inspection .........................................................................28
Table 14: frequency of controlling ..........................................................................28
Table 15: reporting of the work progress ................................................................29
Table 16: approving the work ..................................................................................29
Table 17: efficiency of the inspector’s checklist ......................................................29
Table 18: Number of respondent form contractor side ...........................................30
Table 19: Availability of Suitable Site Arrangement ...............................................32
Table 20: Readiness or Commitment of Contractors to Be Inspected ....................32
Table 21: evaluation of inspectors continuously .....................................................32
Table 22: Training Of Inspectors ............................................................................32
Table 23: there is a way of checking whether the inspector done his/her work
properly ....................................................................................................................33
Table 24: Good Communication and Understanding ..............................................33

ix
Table 25: interview question ....................................................................................36
List of figure
Figure 1: Research methodology flow chart ...........................................................23
Figure 2: Description of inspection practice...........................................................25
Figure 3: percentage of factor for unfair time extension delay analysis ................27
Figure 4: level of inspector weakness......................................................................31
Figure 5: level of factors affecting the inspection practice......................................35

x
Acronyms
PDSA (plan, do, study, and act)
Bench marks (BMs)
Temporary bench marks (TBMs)

xi
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 Research background and history
Debre Birhan is a developing city and there is a huge development activity yet to be undertaken
in the case of construction. Some of the key factors to ensure a desired level of economic growth
in this city will be achieving a significant amount of investment by the public as well as the
private sector. Moreover, the general state of the domestic construction industry is reportedly
characterized by: an inadequate capital base, old and limited numbers of equipment, low level of
equipment availability and utilization deficiencies in technical, managerial, fully control need
experienced construction supervisor especially in the perforce of the various construction project.
While understanding the technical aspect of supervisor is extremely important. It is the role of
the supervisor to turn the ideas of the specification and the detailed plans of the designer into
actual. [5]
The supervisor’s job is highly complex and requires extensive knowledge and skills. The
supervisor m us t be familiar with the craft skills required to execute the project. He/she must
be highly skilled in communication, both written and oral. He/she must understand how to
work with and engage people at all levels through a variety of legal and organizational
relationships. [1]
The supervisor m u s t b e able to read, interpret, and execute construction contracts and
must be aware of human resource law, as well. She/he must be able to plan, schedule, and
coordinate the work of the project. She/he must understand construction costs and the
interaction of cost, schedule, production, and quality, all within the context of maintaining a
safe work environment. [1]
The construction supervisor functions in a business environment that is fraught with

challenges and filled with opportunities. In this environment, the work is demanding, both
physically and mentally. The environment is permeated by risk and uncertainty. There is
endless variability in the type of work to be done on construction projects and among the
people who manage and perform the work, and among the contract systems and project
delivery methods being employed. Seemingly, the industry grows more complex and more
demanding every day. Yet the construction industry can also be tremendously rewarding.
For those who learn how to manage the elements of challenge presented by the industry, the
benefits are both numerous and long-lasting. Financially, construction can be very rewarding
to those who are successful in the practice. The numerous variables that present risk and
uncertainty also render the work endlessly c h a l l e n g i n g a n d interesting. [1]
The construction supervisor plays a huge role in determining the profitability of the
construction work that a construction firm performs. As the management person closest
to the workface, that is, to where the work is actually performed by skilled
Thesis by Samuel G., Tariku A., Abaynesh K., & Sahiba M. 1

construction craft workers, the supervisor continually makes decisions and takes actions
that directly affect the cost of the work, as well as the duration of the project and the
quality and the safety of the work. While many others in the construction firm also
have a role in ensuring the profitability of construction projects, it is the supervisor
who plays a central role. Therefore, it is incumbent upon the supervisor to be knowledgeable
of the environment in which the work is performed, of the work itself, and of the best way
to perform the work, and also to have the knowledge to perform the work in such a way
as to fulfill all of the objectives for each project, including profitability. [1]
Construction projects involve the co-coordination of a great number of people, materials and
components. Regular inspection is a crucial part of insuring that the work progress as intended,
both in terms of quality and compliance. Inspections will be cared out for a number of different
purposes throughout the duration of a project. Inspection is carried out purely to give an
independent view of the works either for the client or third party. Inspection of the construction
work will be carried out as they are proceeded to verify compliance with the requirements of the
contract document. [11]
1.2 Project Inspection

Project inspection is provided to ensure that the Contractor’s work complies with the contract
requirements. Many details of construction are not specifically covered in the specifications and
are optional with the Contractor. The inspector must verify that proper practices are followed and
guard against use of unsatisfactory materials or faulty methods. [4]
Inspection is one of the most important elements of construction and contract administration.
Good engineering design and properly prepared plans and specifications are essential for a
quality end product. However, ensuring that specifications and drawings are adhered to depends
largely on the inspector. This is especially true of larger, more complex projects such as general
building construction, which involves field-made products whose quality is dependent on use of
satisfactory materials and workmanship. [4]
1.3 Statement of the problem

Proper inspection is one of the major factors for any construction project to become a reality in a
successful manner. Problems in relation to inspection are found to be very common in many
building construction projects in Debre Birhan. Whereas, they are not clearly identified yet,
including what causes them and what consequences do they have on the projects.
The practice is characterized by lack of an efficient skilled professionals and lack of clear rules
and regulation and because of those we are seeing many low quality building constructions in the
city. Specifically some of improper practices viewed are, the inspector does not present and
control the site work frequently and properly, most of the works are not properly inspected,
many improper and low quality work constructed without inspection, there are un qualified
inspectors on site and those qualified inspectors have to many sites to inspect which affect their
work.
This thesis will focus on those and other additional problems of the inspection practice in Debre
Birhan and try to give recommendation and suggestions.

1.4 Research Questions

To achieve the objectives this Research, the following questions were asked, which are to be
addressed by the selected research instruments:
1. What are the existing construction supervision practices on inspecting the ongoing work?
2. What are the problems and cause of improper supervision on inspecting the ongoing work?
3. What are effects of improper supervision on inspecting the ongoing work?
4. What should be done to reduce those effects?
1.5 Objective
1.5.1 General objective

The major objective of the research is to assess construction supervision practice on inspection of
the ongoing work in both private and government building construction projects in Debre Birhan,
identify the problems and their effect and came up with solution.
1.5.2 Specific objective

 To identify the current inspection procedures in different building construction projects in
Debre Birhan
 To determine the problems and reasons for not properly implementing the inspection
activities
 To identify effects of improper inspection
 To forward recommendations and suggestion for the existing problems
1.6 Significance of the study
The study has identified what major inspection problems are there in both public and
private building construction projects in Debre Birhan and it has also investigated the
main causes and effects of the problems. Therefore, the findings of this research will
enhance the awareness of the three main parties (employer, contractor and consultant) of
a contract and other professionals in the construction industry, about inspection problems
that are common in both public and private building construction projects in Debre Berhan. It
will also try to recommend and suggest points for good inspection practices which may intimate
the inspector, contractors, employers and regulatory bodies to give attention for the practice and
do what is expected from them to reduce the problem. It may serve as a starting point for other
researchers and finally it give better understanding of construction supervision and inspection
practices for us.
1.7 Scope of the research

As far as the scope of this study is concerned, since there are many building construction works
in Ethiopia, the researcher has chosen to conduct the current study in Amhara region in north
Showa zone, particularly in Debre Birhan town because there are no more researches were

conducted in that area or location on this title. In addition, the problem of the inspection practice
found in all type of construction work but to cover all the construction industries in the town, it
may needs high effort and extra time, and the financial potential. Due to those reasons, the
researcher intended to select the building construction industries found in Debre Birhan. Our
reason for selecting building constructions is, the industry is higher in amount but it is highly
affected with improper inspection practice in this area.
1.8 limitation of the study

During the research work, we have been facing a number of constraints .Some of the major
limitations is mentioned as follows:
 Time limitations
 Unwillingness of the construction companies and professionals to give information’s
 Shortage of prior studies on the topic
 Shortage of available and reliable data
To overcome the limitations, we have been spending all the time given; we use all of our
resources we have got with maximum possible efforts.
1.10 Definition of terms

1. Supervision- supervision is an act or instance of directing, managing, or oversight of work
2. supervisor - is any individual having authority of supervision
3. improper – not proper, not strictly belonging, applicable, or correct
4. skill- an ability to do an activity or job well
5. contract- a written or spoken agreement
6. effect – the result of particular influence

CHAPTER 2
Literature review
2.1 Supervision
Construction supervision is an act or instance of directing, managing, or oversight of
construction projects or works. It helps to complete the project on time and on budget,
while meeting all relevant regulations and quality standards. A supervisor is any
individual having authority, in the interest of the employer, to hire, transfer, suspend,
layoff, recall, promote, discharge, assign, reward, or discipline other employees, or
responsibility to leading, coordinating and directing the work of others in order to achieve
group goals. [1]
The construction supervisor plays a huge role in determining the profitability of the
construction work that a construction firm performs. As the management person closest to
the work face, that is, to where the work is actually performed by skilled construction craft
workers, the supervisor continually makes decisions and takes actions that directly affect the
cost of the work, as well as the duration of the project and the quality and the safety of the work.
The supervisor is responsible for controlling the quality needed to carry out the construction
process in a manner that ensures the project will be conducted safely, within budget, and on
schedule, and that it meets or exceeds the quality requirements of the plans and specific activity.
[1]
Supervision is a topic of fundamental importance to the construction industry. The supervisor is

in the most influential position of anyone on or off the job site to make or break a construction
project, to make the project profitable or unprofitable, to make the job safe or unsafe, and to
develop satisfied customers or lose dissatisfied ones. The supervisor’s job is highly complex and
requires extensive knowledge and skills. The supervisor must be familiar with the craft skills
required to execute the project highly skilled in communication, both written and oral. He must
understand how to work with and engage people at all levels through a variety of legal and
organizational relationships. The supervisor must be able to read, interpret, and execute
construction contracts and must be aware of human resource law, as well. She must be able to
plan, schedule, and coordinate the work of the project. She must understand construction costs
and the interaction of cost, schedule, production, and quality, all within the context of
maintaining a safe work environment. A field supervisor is a valuable and key member of the
project team transforming the project documents into a physical facility. It takes a variety of
skills to make everything happen in the field. Projects have technical expectations which are
growing in complexity such as new materials and assemblies, higher quality requirements, green
accounting, and safety commitments. Effectively motivating craft performance whether company
or subcontractor employees requires planning, creativity and understanding. [1]
The quality of supervision play very important role in the success of completing any construction
project. Naturally, the quality of supervision is dependent upon the supervisor’s skill. Unskilled

and improper supervision is believed to be one of the major causes of low quality work, cost
overrun, time delay, faller and rework. Therefore, experienced and skilled supervisors play an
important role in optimizing the amount of low quality work and rework due to construction
defects. [8]
In a functional sense, supervisors provide the operational link between the construction
craft workers and the management team, both on a construction project and within a
construction company. [1]
2.2 Construction Supervisor Job Duties:
 Accomplishes construction human resource objectives by selecting, orienting, training,

assigning, scheduling, coaching, counseling, and disciplining employees; communicating job
expectations; planning, monitoring, appraising job contributions; recommending compensation
actions; adhering to policies and procedures. [12]
 Manages sub-contractors by locating, evaluating, and selecting sub-contractors; monitoring and
controlling performance.
 Meets operational standards by contributing construction information to strategic plans and
reviews; implementing production, productivity, quality, and customer-service standards;
resolving problems; identifying construction management system improvements.
 Meets construction budget by monitoring project expenditures; identifying variances;
implementing corrective actions; providing non-project annual operating and capital budget
information. [12]
 Accomplishes construction project results by defining project purpose and scope; calculating
resources required; establishing standards and protocols; allocating resources; scheduling and
coordinating staff and sub-contractors; evaluating milestone assumptions and conclusions;
resolving design problems; evaluating and implementing change orders.
 Approves construction projects by conducting inspections at critical phases; obtaining
approvals from buyers.
 Prevents fines and interruptions by complying with, and enforcing, codes.
 Maintains safe, secure, and healthy work environment by following and enforcing standards
and procedures; complying with legal regulations. [12]
 Updates job knowledge by tracking and understanding emerging construction practices and
standards; participating in educational opportunities; reading professional publications;
maintaining personal networks; participating in professional organizations. [12]

2.3 responsibilities of the supervisors
2.3.1 Engineering
A civil construction supervisor must be familiar with the construction and material specifications
for the infrastructure in the local area. Civil projects are conducted on a larger scale and pose a
greater hazard to employees, the public and the environment than a typical private construction
job. This often requires knowledge and experience specific to civil engineering. The construction
supervisor must also be able to analyze the project's design and plan ahead for the safety of
workers and members of the public who will be using the facility for decades to come. [5]
2.3.2 Scheduling
At the beginning of the project, the supervisor must establish the job schedule, which includes
setting completion goals for subcontractors and delivery dates for materials. Because this is a
civil project, the schedule must be coordinated with the maturity dates of municipal bonds that
provide the financing. Once the schedule has been finalized, the construction supervisor will
distribute copies to all parties involved with the job. [5]
2.3.3 Resource Management

Civil projects are subject to greater scrutiny than private jobs because they generally use public
money to fund construction. This requires the construction supervisor to constantly monitor the
use of employees, materials, funds and other resources to eliminate wastefulness. The
construction supervisor should watch the material inventory to see if any are being used faster
than expected. If an unusual usage rate is detected, the supervisor can order more material to
keep up with the need or analyze the construction process to look for inefficiencies.
Improper supervision is believed to be one of the major causes of high cost, time overrun, low
quality up to failure and rework. Therefore, experienced and well-trained supervisors have an
important role in minimizing lots of problems in construction projects. [5]
2.3.4 Daily Operations

After construction begins on the project, the supervisor must visit the work site daily and speak
to managers, workers and vendors to prevent miscommunication and resolve issues. This helps
all parties stay updated on any changes to the plans and stick to the schedule as the project
progresses. Monitoring the job's progress daily helps the supervisor spot problems quickly and
contacts the subcontractor or vendor to correct the issue immediately. This prevents a small
problem from escalating into a large budget overrun. [5]
2.4 Definition of inspection

Inspection consists of the visual and technical examination of any construction site and the
production of a report that outline the physical state of various components based on the
material, technical testes of finished works, prefabricated material specifications and techniques
used on the date inspection is conducted.[9]

Services and basic obligations of an inspection is to inform the client the scope and limitations of
the inspection mandate, To gather information that help to establish the history of the building,
The inspector shall request the documents allowing him or her to get the necessary information
on the nature and the condition of the building. For instance deed plans, the construction permit,
approved and updated plans, the occupation permit, the land title and any other document
depending on the inspection case, to examine all documents as specified by the present guide to
fill out the inspection sheet, to submit a written inspection report to the owner, to submit a
detailed report of all defects/faults or related to all components of the building, To file all
detected fault into the following categories: Major defects, safety risks, other minor faults or
defects, Give a detailed descriptions of building components that were not inspected and provide
reasons. [9]
According to Ethiopian building code regulation

1/ Any person who is carrying out a construction work shall keep a site book on the construction
site.
2/ An inspector visiting a site of a completed or building under construction shall record

the objective of his visit and the findings thereof on the site book.
3/ Stop orders shall be issued by recording on the site book or the inspection report form.
4/ the stop order form shall comprise the location of the building, owner’s name, construction
permit number, stage of the illegal construction and the supervisor’s full name.
5/ The building officer shall, upon receipt of the report and the stop order of the
inspector, specify the provision of the laws so violated, the period within which the rectification,
removal or demolition of such building is to be carried out and communicate the same to the
owner in writing within five working days. [2]
2.5 Benefits of good inspection

1. Obtain assurance that the project has been completed in reasonably close conformity with
plans and specifications including authorized changes and extra work. Provide a basis for
acceptance of the project and reimbursement of project costs with Federal-aid funds. [14]
2. Acquire information on problems and construction changes. Provide an opportunity for timely
remedial action where applicable. Provide documentation of solutions to problems or
commitments. [14]
3. Allow abilities and effectiveness in managing and controlling construction projects with
respect to items such as these:
 Qualifications—training, certification, written guidance

 Staffing, equipment, and facilities
 Performance
 Project documentation, including inspection diaries, test reports, etc.

4. Promote the development and implementation of quality management programs.
5. Offer technical and procedural advice. Recommend improved construction techniques and
engineering supervision. [14]
6. Report on special or innovative construction materials, methods, procedures, new equipment,

and other technological innovations.
8. Other items, such as these:
 Establish contact and communications with project staff.

 Become familiar with project.
 Attend partnering workshops and project progress meetings.
 Monitor and evaluate progress of work.
 Provide support and encouragement for project personnel.
 Focus division resources on critical construction features and practices.
 Follow up on previous inspection findings.
2.6 Purposes of Construction Inspection Reports

Construction inspection reports fulfill four basic requirements:
 Provide permanent file evidence that inspections are being made as required by Federal
regulations.
 Provide a basis for acceptance of completed work.
 Document field conditions, contractor performance, and the State’s project management. [14]
2.7 Inspection Process Best Practices Plan
2.7.1 Plan
The first step of the PDSA (plan, do, study, and act) is to define a plan or purpose for the
inspection process. If the objective is to identify weaknesses in your processes so you can make
proactive changes likely to prevent incidents, next, you should define expectations around the
process. [13]
Components of a documented system for routinely scheduled self-inspections:
 Tool or checklist
 Inspection schedule
 Training for members of the inspection team
 Recording of findings
 Responsibility for abatement
 Tracking of identified hazards for timely correction
You also must develop a plan for using your data, not just collecting it. How will the findings be
communicated and shared? Will they be corrected in a timely manner and tracked to completion?
As trends develop, how will action plans be developed and implemented to prevent reoccurrence.

2.7.2 Do
The next step of PDSA is to collect work site safety observations. It takes data to fuel your trend
analysis, so keep in mind that the more employees involved, the more observations that can be
collected, allowing more hazards to be identified and addressed. This should be done by all
employees in the field, not just safety and health staff. [13]
2.7.3 Study
Most companies stop once the inspection is completed and the initial hazards are both discovered
and fixed. This is a major error that will prevent meaningful improvements in the safety process.
If you are not conducting trend analysis on the observations you collect, these scenarios could be
happening quite often. Ideally, you should be looking at trends and leading metrics on a number
of fronts, for instance:
 Are inspections taking place?

 What is the quality of the inspections submitted?
 What are the top hazards identified by hazard category?
 Which contractors were observed?
 Who are the most at-risk contractors?
 Which projects/locations were observed?
 What are the most at-risk projects?
 What recurring trends are developing?
In the study phase, the data will not make sense if you have not done your due diligence in the
planning phase by developing clear expectations and effectively communicating them. [13]
2.7.4 Act
The final and most important step in driving improvement is to provide necessary action and
feedback on the process. Observations are the beginning, not the end, of the inspection process.In
addition to action plans to address deficiencies, both positive and negative feedback from
management is needed to sustain the process successfully. Monitor the employees conducting
inspections and let them know the quality of their observations and whether they are focusing on
the right things. Provide the resources needed to close out at-risk findings quickly and
effectively. Drive accountability to ensure the entire process is followed. The quickest way to
making the entire process ineffective is to fail to look at what is collected or act on what is found.
Inputs such as behaviors and conditions (who, what), coupled with an expected process
throughout (how), will yield predictable and measurable outputs (what). These leading indicators
all easily obtained by performing worksite observations can tell the true state of safety program.
By following the Plan-Do-Study-Act process, we can begin to predict where work site injuries

are likely to occur and gain the confidence necessary to proactively prevent unintended
consequences from an out-of-control process. [13]
2.8 Qualifications of Inspector

The personal attributes of the Inspector extend beyond those expected by an ordinary workman
or technician. The Inspector must be:
 Honest and able to conduct himself/herself in a fair, straight-forward manner

 Able to maintain his/her composure and make good decisions; and
 A skilled diplomat, able to handle tough situations without causing hostility.
In addition to these positive personal attributes, the Inspector must have the organizational and
technical ability to perform his/her job. The Inspector shall have a high school diploma and a
technical background, preferably with additional technical study or previous construction
experience.
2.9 The Inspector must:

 Know how to read and interpret Plans, Specifications, and other documents to understand
the requirements of the work.
 Be able to observe ongoing construction progress, and identify existing or potential
construction operations that are not according to the Plans and Specifications;
 Have the verbal communication skills to notify the Contractor in a courteous manner that
unsatisfactory conditions exist, or that the Specifications are not being met;
 Have the writing skills to properly document and record the daily work progression and any
factors affecting the progress or quality of the work;
 Be able to perform accurate mathematical calculations;
 Be knowledgeable of the physical characteristics of the materials involved in construction
projects; and
 Understand the principles of materials testing, including the interpretation of test results.
2.10 Inspector Authority

The Inspector is responsible for determining that the work being done and the materials being
used meet the requirements of the Plans and Specifications. The Inspector has the authority to
reject defective material or work that is being done improperly. The Inspector also has the
authority and obligation to notify the Contractor when unusual conditions have been created or
encountered during construction. The Inspector should realize that implementation of this
authority should be regularly supplemented with advice and assistance from the Engineer. The
Inspector should realize that he/she is not authorized to revoke, alter, or relax any requirements
of the Contract; or to issue a Stop Work Order to the Contractor. Inspection engineer in no case
has the authority to reduce the liabilities of the contractor due to contract. The contractor is
obliged to presenting all the calculations, drawings, reports and technical documents before
every stage of the construction for approval of the inspector. The inspector side has the authority

to examine, inspect and test the material, installation, workmanship and progress of works in
accordance with the contract at any time and everywhere. [3]
2.11 Pre-Construction and Post-Construction Responsibilities

During the pre-construction phase, the Inspector shall review all required aspects of the project,
and shall try to resolve any errors or conflicts that he/she observes. In general, the Inspector shall
obtain and review all Contract Documents, review pertinent engineering reports, visit the job site
prior to construction, and attend the pre-construction conference.
During the post-construction period, the Inspector shall review and verify that all aspects of the
job have been completed, and shall review project record documentation for accuracy and
completeness. [6]
2.11.1 Pre-Construction Responsibilities
2.11.1.1 Review of Contract Documents

The Inspector is responsible for having a thorough understanding of the project Plans and
Specifications and other appropriate parts of the Contract Documents. A complete and
knowledgeable understanding by the Inspector of these documents is essential in performing
proper inspections during construction. The Specifications represent detailed descriptions of the
materials, workmanship, and testing methods required on the project. The Plans present layouts,
profiles, dimensions, cross-sections, and details necessary to construct the project. Together,
these documents define the scope and nature of the work to be performed. [6]
During this review, the Inspector shall make note of any items in the Contract Documents that
are unclear and discuss these with the Engineer. In addition, any detected errors, omissions,
discrepancies, or deficiencies shall be reported to the Engineer. At this time, any questions by the
Inspector regarding the contents of the Contract Documents or scope of project shall be resolved.
[6]
2.11.1.2 Review of Geotechnical Report

The Contract Documents should include the report of the geotechnical exploration that was
performed for the project. This exploration is typically performed prior to design to provide
subsurface information for the design and construction of the proposed facility. The geotechnical
report should present a summary of the on-site soil and rock conditions that were determined
through a sampling and testing program. The Inspector shall review this report to become
familiar with the identities and locations of materials that are suitable for fill, pipe backfill, road
sub grades, etc. The report should also identify materials that are unsuitable for the proposed
construction and identify subsurface conditions that require special construction considerations.
An Inspector's knowledge of this information is critical to ensuring that appropriate materials and
adequate foundation conditions are present in the constructed product. [6]

2.11.1.3 Site Visit

The Inspector shall visit the site prior to construction, and shall walk the site with the Plans in
hand. At this time, the Inspector shall become familiar with the proposed area of construction
and the proposed locations of all structures and earthwork indicated on the Plans. The Inspector
shall look for any obvious errors in the Plans, as well as any areas that may require special
attention during construction. All items for concern, errors, or discrepancies noted by the
Inspector shall be discussed with the Engineer or during the pre-construction meeting, as
appropriate. During the site visit, the Inspector shall look for the following items:
(1) Job site alterations which may have occurred since preparation of site plans contained within
the Contract documents;
(2) The obvious presence of any utilities which are not marked on the Plans but which may
present problems during construction;
(3) The location of any trees or plants that are marked "Do Not Disturb" on the Plans.
These trees/plants shall be marked by the Contractor with flagging to avoid any possible
confusion later;
(4) The location of any bench marks (BMs) or temporary bench marks (TBMs) shown on the
Plans. The Inspector shall confirm the bench mark locations are as shown on the Plans. If the
bench marks have been obviously disturbed, they shall be replaced prior to construction.
In addition, during the site visit, the Inspector shall take a series of pre-construction photographs.
These photographs shall be logged and indexed to allow future reference, if necessary. [6]
2.11.1.4 Pre-Construction Conference

On most infrastructure projects, a pre-construction conference is held Representative, Engineer,
Contractor, Inspector and, when appropriate, utility company representatives. During the
conference, matters such as the coordinating work, construction schedule, traffic controls, utility
conflicts, and special construction considerations are addressed. The Inspector shall attend this
conference and obtain a copy of the meeting agenda and minutes. During this meeting, the
Inspector shall discuss those items of concern that he/she may have discovered during prior
reviews and site visits that have not already been resolved. [6]
2.11.1.5 Preparation of Punch List

When the Contractor considers the project complete, the Inspector shall assist the Engineer and
Contractor with preparing a punch list that itemizes all of the work tasks still necessary for
completion of the project. When preparing the punch list, the Inspector, Engineer, and Contractor
shall walk the project site and note any areas that require additional or corrective work. This field
review shall be very thorough because successful completion of these tasks will indicate that the
project is complete. During this walkover, the project status can be reviewed and discussed in
detail to avoid any misunderstanding of the work required for final acceptance.

As the Contractor completes items on the punch list, the Inspector shall inspect each item. Items
on the punch list shall be checked off only when the Inspector has reviewed the work and
decided that it is acceptable. The project is considered completed after all items on the list have
been checked off. [6]
2.11.1.6 Review of Record Drawings

The project Record Drawings is a set of drawings that illustrate the as-constructed details and
layout of the project. The Engineer shall be responsible for maintaining and updating the Record
Drawings as construction progresses to reflect:
 Minor design changes,

 Deviations from the original Plans,
 Unknown field conditions, and
 Unknown utility locations.
These drawings are important because they represent the final record of the constructed facility.
These drawings are often relied upon for reference during future maintenance and expansion of
the infrastructure system. [6]
The Inspector, as a result of his intimate knowledge of day-to-day construction activities, shall
regularly review the Record Drawings during construction to confirm that the drawings are
accurately maintained. At the completion of the project, the Inspector shall review the Record
Drawings. The Inspector shall note any errors or omissions observed on the drawings and report
these immediately to the Engineer. [6]
2.12 FIELD ADMINISTRATION
2.12.1 General
Construction Inspectors must perform administrative duties as well as technical inspection. Both
aspects are important to a successful project. In short, administrative duties consist of informing
the Engineering Office of the project status and preparing progress reports and daily logs for
documentation for use in resolving claims or disputes. Field administrative work normally
includes preparation or checking of the following:
A. Inspector’s Daily Logs
B. Project Log Book (Field Diaries)
C. Photographs labeled and dated for record purposes
D. Construction Progress Payments
E. Files (Filing and disposition)
F. Safety and Accident Reports
G. Punch (Deficiency) Lists

H. Contractor Technical Submittals

I. Contract Modifications
J. Contractor’s Required Notices (Posting and Maintenance)
K. Special Reports
L. Completion Report
M. Final Acceptance report
2.12.1.1 Inspector’s Daily Logs

This report is used more than any other as a record of the job status. It is the basic reference for
preparation of the Contracting Officers’ Final Decision on disputes. Therefore, it must be
accurate, complete and concise. This is effectively done by taking notes as you make inspection
rounds. [4]
2.12.1.2 Project Log Book (Field Diaries - Optional Procedures)

Separate projects log books (Field Diaries) for each project can be maintained on site during
construction in the standard size cloth-bound books provided. This log is for Service use only
and should be confidential, unless released by the Contracting Officer. However, this does not
preclude transfer of certain information from the Diary to Daily Logs. The Diary should contain
everything that is to go into the Daily Log, but not take the place of the Daily Log. This can be
invaluable with respect to Contractor’s claims, since it often gives information you might
hesitate to include in your Daily Log. [4]
2.12.1.3 Photographs and Videotape for Record Purposes

Photographs and/or videotapes play an important role in both inspection and contract
administration. They show progress of work and may be used if needed in appeal proceedings.
Photographs are a key part of inspection/reporting and must be labeled and dated. The use of
videotape may be particularly appropriate in some situations (providing specific views and
details with audio description). [4]
2.12.1.4 Project Inspector Files

A. The Construction Inspector /Field inspector must maintain a complete set of files on-site
during construction for each project. Correspondence should be filed chronologically. Files
should be subdivided into sections as follows:
1. Contract (including plans/specifications)
2. Correspondence
3. Payments
4. Change Modifications
5. Daily Logs - Daily Diaries

6. Telephone Logs
7. Submittals/Drawings/Samples (filed in sequence of contract specification divisions)
B. Prior to the project’s final inspection, the Construction Inspector/Field Inspector should scan
all files and remove irrelevant material. The Contracting Officers Representative should review
the material removed and approve its disposal. Remaining files must be turned over to the station
manager. [4]
2.12.1.5 Special Reports
2.12.1.5.1Suspension of Work Orders

Suspension of Work orders are issued by the Contracting Officer in cases of safety violations,
extreme weather conditions, deviation from specifications, or differing site conditions, etc. A
complete record must be made of work accomplished to date on the portions of the project
affected by the Suspension of Work. Use photos as needed and submit a complete report on
status of affected construction to the Contracting Officers Representative. A list of material
presently on site to be incorporated in affected work must also be reported. [4]
2.12.1.5.2Differing Site Conditions

Notify the Contracting Officers Representative or the Contracting Officer immediately by
telephone when a Differing Site Condition is encountered. This condition is defined as any
subsurface or latent physical condition differing materially from those indicated in the contract
or an unknown physical condition of an unusual nature differing materially from those ordinarily
encountered in work of the type to be performed in the contract. [4]
2.12.1.6 Other Special Reports

The Inspector should furnish special reports, other than Differing Site Conditions, when
necessary or requested by the Contracting Officers Representative. Special reports may include
factual data on delays or changes that involve contract time and cost. Special reports are required
for alleged labor violations such as failure to pay overtime, misclassification, wages rates etc.
Other items requiring special reports include structural failures, job-related accidents, damage to
completed work, and the Contractor’s failure to perform work in accordance with specifications.
[4]
2.12.1.7 Substantial Completion Reports (Beneficial Occupancy)

The decision to accept a project as substantially complete or for beneficial occupancy may be
made only by the Contracting Officer. Forward requests to occupy or use a facility prior to its
final acceptance date to the Contracting Officers Representative immediately for further
instructions. If a decision is made to accept a project prior to final completion, the Construction
Inspector/Field Inspector will notified and requested to submit to the Contracting Officers
Representative a complete list of those items of work remaining.[4]

2.12.1.8 Final Acceptance Memorandum

When all work has been completed, the Contracting Officers Representative will transmits a
memorandum to the Contracting Officer indicating compliance with project specification and
recommending a date for final acceptance. [4]
2.12.1.9 As-Built Drawings

The Contractor is required to maintain one set of plans and specifications at the project site for
the specific purpose of recording changes and additions to reflect “as built” construction. The
Construction Inspector/Filed Inspector should carefully review these plans periodically (at least
monthly) in conjunction with payment requests to see that all changes and additions have been
documented including appropriate sizes, dimensions, elevations, locations, materials, etc.[4]
2.13 Inspection in relation with cost, time and quality

Proper inspection is vital to optimize cost, quality and time in whole construction projects.
2.13.1 Cost Content in Construction Project
2.13.1.1 Low Payment of Labor.

Most construction project does not want to pay good value for labor because they want to keep
their profit only. If the labors do not get good payment they cannot do the work as needed and it
leads to either conflict or delay of the construction project.
Labor use good payment as motivation in their life. Motivation cost is a cost which paid for
employer of the project in order to increase their moral. To address the correct payment of this
supervisor follow and report the correct data. It identifies a number of motivational schemes that
enhance the performance of workers. Anything done to the employees could either make or mar
the quality of their work, the speed of progress and the social well-being of the workers.
The construction industry, to which these craftsmen belong, is one of the most labor-intensive
industries in the world. The labor cost component of a building project often ranges from 30 to
50%, and can be as high as 60% of the overall project cost. Therefore, it is clear that construction
labor is a vital component of a construction project. [5]
2.13.2 Time Content in Construction

Time is money to owners, builders, and users of the constructed facility. From the owner’s
perspective there is lost revenue by not receiving return on investment, cash flow crunch,
potential alienation and loss of clients, extended interest payments, and negative marketing
impacts. From the users’ perspective, there are financial implications similar to owners. Delays in
upgrading facilities translate into operating at below optimum efficiency resulting in higher user
cost. Delays in constructing infrastructure negatively affect businesses and the public at large.
Time implications from the constructor’s perspective include liquidated damages (negative) and
incentive/disincentive payments. Delays result in extended overhead costs and put a crunch on
critical cash flow. Extending project durations limits the contractors bonding capacity and ability
to bid more work (opportunity cost a major problem in construction projects is variation orders.

The goals of this work are to identify the factors responsible for this and to examine its effects).
Inefficient time management results in higher labor and equipment costs. A reputation for late
completions is bad for business especially in negotiated work Site preparation time, Time needed
to implement variation orders, Time needed to rectify defects. [5]
2.13.2.1 Construction Delay Analysis Techniques

The duration of contract performance has a direct effect on the profitability of construction
projects from the perspective of all stakeholders. For project owners, lost profits or benefits stem
from being unable to make use of the project at the agreed date whilst to the contractor; extra cost
will be incurred due to prolonged stay on site. Most standard forms of contract thus have
provisions that anticipate delay brought about by the actions and/or inactions of the contractor,
the owner or are outside the control of both parties. The contractor is often excused from the
consequences and/or allowed compensation for any costs due to delays resulting from events or
circumstances that are beyond its control. Contractual provisions also allow the owner to recover
liquidated damages from the contractor for failure to deliver the project within the contract
performance period. [14]
2.13.2.2 Existing Delay Analysis Techniques

The objective of delay analysis is to calculate the project delay and work backwards to try to
identify how much of it is attributable to each party (contractor, owner, or neither) so that time
and/or cost compensation can be decided. Questions that need to be answered here often include
 What was supposed to happen?
 What did actually happen?
 What were the variances?
 How did they affect the project schedule?
2.13.2.3 Project Delay Analysis Using the Various Techniques
2.13.2.3.1 As-Planned vs. As-Built

Under this method, all delaying events encountered on the project are depicted on the as-built
schedule. The difference between the as-planned and as-built completion dates is the amount of
time for which the claimant will request for compensation. [14]
The limitations of this methodology are:
 It does not scrutinize delay types and this makes it easy for it to be manipulated and distorted
to reflect either the position of the claimant or the defendant;
 It ignores the dynamic nature of the critical path and any changes in schedule logic
 No attempt is made to determine the individual impact of each delay on the project
completion. All delays, including delays on non-critical path, were summed up and their net
effect calculated.
2.13.2.3.2 Impacted As-Planned

This method measures the impact of the delays on the contractor’s as-planned schedule.
The various delays are formulated as activities and added to the as-planned network in a

chronological order showing the effect of each delay at a time and demonstrating how the project
is being delayed. The amount of delay equals the difference in completion dates between the
schedules before and after the impacts. The technique cans be used for analysis of delay during
and after project completion. [14]
The limitations of this method include the following:
 it uses fixed as-planned schedule to analyze delays out of context and time
 the original baseline program may not be a realistic model on which to base the whole
analysis
 it has the potential of failing to consider the delays of all parties
 potential disputes over the adequacy of the as-planned schedule because it is not
economically possible, nor does it makes sense, to schedule the entire project in detail at its
inception
2.13.2.3.3 As-Planned But for

This method entails injecting the as-planned schedules with all the delays of a particular party to
form an adjusted schedule. The completion date of this adjusted as-planned schedule compared
with the actual completion date gives the amount of delay for which the other party is
responsible.
A contractor using this method would identify and add all non-excusable delays to the as-
planned schedule, whereas the owner would add all excusable delays. The advantage of this
method is that it can be performed quickly because there is no need to consider actual progress
of the work. [14]
The limitations of this method include the following:
 it does not take into account any changes in the critical path schedule during the course of the
project
 it assumes that the planned construction sequence remains valid during the project duration
 owner’s point of view and contractor’s point of view may yield different results resulting in
disputes
2.13.2.3.4 Collapsed As-Built

In principle, this method is a form of “but for” which does not use the as-planned as a baseline
schedule, but rather uses the as-built schedule (and thus also referred to as “as-built but for”
technique). It involves removing the delays of each party from the as-built network so that the
resulting schedule will give the completion date of the project. [14]
2.13.3 Quality
Quality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers.
Defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects,
re-construction may be required and facility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are
the result. In the worst case, failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during
the construction process can similarly result in personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of
insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs.

Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major
accidents occur on the project.
As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility
are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these
preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional
performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring
conformance to these original designs and planning decisions. [5]
2.13.3.1 Quality Supervision

Supervise the construction to be in accordance with confirmed the main design, or building
permit, Physical Planning and Building Act and special regulations. Determine if a main design in
terms of horizontal and vertical dimensions and purpose of the building is made in accordance
with the decision on building conditions or location permit. Supervisors’ jobs are to use available
resources effectively and efficiently. All project managers agree that the effectiveness of
supervisors’ efforts is judged by how well they manage each phase during the construction
process, and by the value of the end products or services produced. This situation is known as
quality supervision. The success of supervision does not merely depend on the number of
supervisors in a project, but on how inspection is conducted. Both supervisors and project
managers agree that there is not much point in inspecting goods at the end of the process. Since
causes of improper activities are generated during the process, supervisors need to be more
proactive in discovering these causes. In addition, they should communicate their concern,
instructions, and take action whenever necessary to deal with the identified problem. [5]
2.13.3.2 Quality Assurance of supervisor

This series includes all positions the duties of which are to perform, administer, or advise on work
concerned with assuring the quality of. The work of this series involves:
(1) The development of plans and programs for achieving and maintaining product quality
throughout the item's life cycle;
(2) Monitoring operations to prevent the production of defects and to verify adherence to quality
plans and requirements; and
(3) Analysis and investigation of adverse quality trends or conditions and initiation of corrective
action

CHAPTER 3
Research Design and Methodology
3.1 Research design
Particularly descriptive survey research design was employed with the assumption that it
is helpful to obtain sufficient information from respondents and also It helps to draw valid
general conclusions.
3.2 Data Collection

The data used for the research is primary data that collected from constructers and supervisors. It
is collected by interview and questionnaire that is designed for the same purpose and distributed
to respondents of the two target groups’ contractors and consultants, who have a direct
involvement on the practice under study.
3.3 Specific procedures

Questionnaires; Questionnaires were believed better to get large amount of data from large
number of respondents in a relatively shorter time with minimum cost. Hence,
questionnaires were prepared in English language and distributed to supervisors and constructers
with the assumption that they can understand the language.
In this study, two sets of questionnaire items were used. The first sets of items deals with the
general background of the respondents. The second set of questionnaires on issues related to the
practices and challenges of inspection practice,
Talking; with people is a good way to get information during the initial stages of a research
project. It can be used to gather information that is not publicly available, or that is too new to be
found in the literature.
A literature search; involves reviewing all readily available materials. It is a very inexpensive
method of gathering information, although it often does not yield timely information.
Personal interviews; are a way to get in-depth and comprehensive information. They involve
one person interviewing another person for personal or detailed information. Typically, an
interviewer will ask questions from a written questionnaire and record the answers.
The interview guide question set for respondents and had one part, which targeted to obtain
information related to the basic research questions. Finally, interview notes were taken and
summarized.
3.4 Questionnaire Design

The questionnaire designed for this research includes both the open and closed ended
forms of questions. In the open ended part of the questionnaire respondents were asked
to express their opinion or to reply in whatever content they like for the questions asked,
concerning the inspection practice issues mentioned in this research. In the closed ended part
of the questionnaire the respondents were asked simply to show their level of agreement on the

statements outlined and for which they are given five different levels of agreement for each.
(Please see appendix).
3.5 Research population or sample
3.5.1 Sampling
The population of the research consist supervisors and contractors to know the effect of improper
supervision on inspection of ongoing work. In Debre Birhan there are a lot of bodies in the
construction industry, so for our study the researcher will select some of them as a sample.
Random selection method is used.
Random selection - participants to be included in the sample have been chosen at random from
the same population.
The researcher expect it will not be easy to get information especially form supervisors.
3.5.2 Definition of population

Population is respondent number who answered the question. In Debre Birhan there are many
construction companies, but we take eighteen (18) companies because we have shortage of
money, shortage of time and most off construction companies did not volunteer to give any
information because they didn’t put proper manager and supervisor, they put them only by their
experience of work but not by both work and knowledge about construction. The other main
reason we choose only these population is that they are main places which may represent the
other companies and they Owen most parts of construction project here in Debre Birhan.
3.4 Instrumentation
In this study, two kinds of data gathering instruments would be used namely, questionnaire and
interview. Questionnaires are usually paper-and-pencil instruments that the respondent
completes. Interviews are completed by the interviewer based on the respondent says. These
instruments would help us to get reliable information.
3.6 Data collection

To answer the basic research question raised, the researcher went through series of data
gathering procedures. The expected relevant data was gathered by using questionnaires,
interviews, observation and document analysis. In doing so, having letter of authorization from
Debre Birhan University Department of Construction Technology and Management office for
getting permission; the researcher directly went to contractors and supervisors.
After making agreement with the concerned participants; the researcher introduced the objective
and purposes. Then the questionnaires are given. The participants allowed giving their own
answers to each item independently as needed by the researcher. Some of them were closely
assisted and supervised by the researcher. Finally, the questionnaires collected back at the right
appointment. The interview was conducted with few voluntary contractors and consultants.

3.7 Treatment of the data

On the basis and types of data gathered and the instrument used both quantitative and qualitative
techniques of data analysis were applied. To get the collected data ready for analysis, the
questionnaires were checked for completion, and then were classified and tailed by the
researcher. The characteristics of respondents analyzed by using frequency and percentage
and the quantitative data was analyzed percentage and frequency method, also we use mean
scores method for analyzing the table. On the other hand qualitative data was analyzed by
narration and description.
Research methodology flow chart

RESEARCH
DATA COLLECTION
INTERVIEW
OBSERVATION TRANSCRIBED TO TEXT
Working with the textual data

Reading data
Identify terms related to the original research
question
Create and shape tree
Development of category
notes
Relate, create association between categories
Create model
Synthesis and making sense of data
Exploration of relationship between Checking for new

categories ideas until
saturation
Finalizing
Concluding and
recommendation
Figure 1: Research methodology flow chart

CHAPTER FOUR
Analysis and Discussion of Findings
4.1 Introduction
The results from the interview and questionnaire survey will be presented, interpreted and
analyzed in detail in this part. For the assessment, questionnaires were distributed to clients,
private and government consultant and contractors.
Finally discussions will be made on the basis of the findings and limitations observed.
4.2 Questionnaire Response rate

A semi-structured questionnaire was prepared and distributed to the major parties that
play dominant role in day-to-day construction activities. These are consultants and contractors.
A total of 23 questionnaires were distributed. Out of the 23 questionnaires 10 for consultants, 15
for Contractors are distributed. Before starting the analysis, the returned questionnaires were
checked for their reliability.
The details of respondent responses and its rate are summarized below in the table.
Table 1 distribution of questionnaires
No. Stakeholders(Participants) Distributed in number Returned Returned

in number in %
1 Contractors 13 10 76.92%
2 Consultants 10 8 80%
Evident from the table 4.1 that consultants (80% of returned) have the highest percentage
compared to Contractor (79.92%).
Table 2 Respondent Contractors experience
No. Year of experience Frequency Percentage

1 <5 3 30%
2 5-10 3 30%
3 10-15 2 20%
4 >20 2 20%
The table shows that 60% of the companies have <10 year of experience which is small which
have direct effect on the inspection practice.

Both Private And Government Building Construction
C Projects In Debre Birhan
Table 3 respondent supervisor experience
No. Year of experience Frequency Percentage

1 <5 4 50%
2 5-10 3 37.5%
3 10-15 1 12.5%
The table shows that 50% of the supervision companies have <5 year of experience which is very
small which have direct effect on the inspection practice. And also 37.5% of them have <10
years of experience. The survey shows that there is a serious problem of lack of experience in
supervision and inspection which match the level of construction industry.
4.3 Questioner results
4.3.1 from contractors

Table 4: description of inspection practice
Description Of Inspection Practice Very Good Good Bad Very Bad

In number 2 4 3 1
In percent 20% 40% 30% 10%
discription
very good good bad very bad
10% 20%
30%
40%
Figure 2: Description of inspection practice

The survey shows that 60% of the contractors companies said that there is good inspection
practice but 40% of the contractor companies said that there is bad and very bad inspection
practice which has a very direct effect on the whole
whole construction industry work and figure.
Thesis by Samuel G., Tariku A.,

., Abaynesh K.,
K & Sahiba M. 25
Table 5 : inspectors site observation
site observation YES NO PARTIALY

In number 5 5 0
In percent 50% 50% 0
Observation or visiting the construction site is one of the most necessary activities for the
inspectors, but the above table says that half (50%) of the contractor company sits are not
observed by the inspector properly.
Table 6: acceptance of each work
Acceptance Of Work YES NO PARTIALY

In No 7 3
In Percent 70% 30% 0
It is the responsibility of the inspector to inspect and accept each work in order to identify and
appropriately address detectable defects. According to the above result the practice is good in
most companies (70%) but the rest of the respondent (30%) says there is no good or there is
problem in accepting of their work by the inspectors properly.
Table 7: inspector’s communication and understanding
Communication And Understanding YES NO PARTIALY

In Number 7 2 1
In Percent 70% 20% 10%
The survey shows that 70% of the contractors say there is good communication and
understanding with the inspectors, 20% of them says there is no good communication and
understanding with the inspectors and 10% of them says there is partially good communication
and understanding.
Table 8: pause of the work because of the inspector is not on the site
Pause Of Work YES NO PARTIALY

In Number 9 1 0
The survey shows that(90%) of contractors say there is problem of stopping the work because of
the inspector is not on the site. only 10% of the contractors say there is no problem.

Both Private And Government Building Construction
C Projects In Debre Birhan
Table 9:: fairness of time extension
time extension delay YES NO PARTIALY

in number 0 1 9
in percent 0 10% 90%
Table 4.7 indicates that (90%) of contractors say the time extension delay analysis evaluation
technique by consultants is partially fair and (10%) of them says there is no fair and logical time
extension delay analysis evaluation technique in their company.
Table 10: reason behind unfair

nfair and not logical time extension delay analysis
Factors For Unfair Time Extension Delay Analysis frequency percentage

Lack Of Professional, Technical And Managerial Skill 7 53.85%
Negligence To Provide The Service As Per The Specified Condition 3 23.08%
Corruption 3 23.08%
Form the above table 4.7.1 we can understand that lack of professional, technical and managerial
skill is the major cause for unfair and not logical time extension delay analysis. Negligence to
Provide the Service as Per the Specified Condition and corruption are also the reason for the
problem.
factors
lack of professional,technical and managerial skill
neglecancy to provide the service as per the specified condition
corruption
23%
54%
23%
Figure 3:: percentage of factor for unfair time extension delay analysis
Thesis by Samuel G., Tariku A.,

., Abaynesh K.,
K & Sahiba M. 27
Table 11: reasonability of the salary pay for the inspector
Reasonability Of Salary YES NO PARTIALY

In Number 1 7 2
In Percent 10% 70% 20%
It can be seen from the table 4.8 that most of the respondent (70%) of the inspector is not payee a
reasonable or enough salary which is one of a major cause for improper inspection. The rest
(30%) also say the salary is partially reasonable it is also not good.
Table 12: accountability of the inspector for their faults
Accountability Yes No Partially

In Number 7 3 0
All inspectors must be accountable for every work they do including their faults. The survey
shows that the practice is good in most companies (70%) of inspectors are accountable for their
faults but the rest 30% has a problem of being accountable for their fault.
Table 13: rate of quality inspection
Quality Inspection very good good bad very bad

In Number 2 6 2
N Percent 20% 60% 20% 0
Table 14: frequency of controlling
Frequency Of Controlling EVERY TIME SOME TIME NEVER

In Number 3 7 0
Controlling is carried out to verify the compliance of the work according to its regulation. It is
the responsibility of the inspector to control the work. The above table shows that in 70% of
contractor’s site controlling is done some times, and in 30% of the companies there is good
controlling practice in which it is performed every time.

Table 15: reporting of the work progress
Reporting Yes No Partially

In Number 10 0 0
In Percent 100% 0 0
After each inspection reporting is necessary because

 it facilitates decision making and planning
 it gives reliable and permanent information
 it is a means of internal communication
 it helps to learn from incidents
The purpose of reporting is to document the observation, investigation and analysis of inspection
work.
The above table 4.12 shows that there is good reporting practice in all companies.
Table 16: approving the work
Approving YES NO PARTIALY

In Number 10 0 0
In Percent 100% 0 0
The contractor work must be approved by the inspector to proceed to the next work. The survey
shows there is good approving practice in the company.
Table 17: efficiency of the inspector’s checklist
Check List Efficiency Efficient Medium Inefficient

In Number 2 8 0
The checklists will help the inspectors plan their inspections and serve as a reminder in review of
work plans and inspection of installed work
A checklist, when used properly it is an assurance that a particular piece of work has been
inspected. As each item on the checklist is ticked off, the person doing the inspection is verifying
that the work is done correctly. There for that means checklist must be efficient.
According to the above survey most of (80%) the inspector’s checklist efficiency is medium in
which it means it has some problems that has direct effect on the quality of the work. the rest
20% says the inspectors has efficient or good checklist.

The following table shows value of questioner of population answered by saying:-
1. Strongly Disagree 2.Disagree 3. Unsure/Uncertain 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree
The definition of these terms will be expressed as follows.
1. Strongly Disagree: There is the problem of listed point all in all

2. Disagree: there is the problem but not at all
3. Unsure/uncertain: there is problem in some way
4. Agree: There is no problem but sometimes
5. Strongly agree: there is no any problem
Table 18: Number of respondent form contractor side
Unsure Strongly mean

Q. No. Strongly Agree Agree /Uncertain Disagree Disagree
1 1 2 5 2 3.2
2 2 5 2 1 5
3 1 4 2 3 3.3
4 1 2 7 2.7
5 1 2 2 5 2.9
6 2 3 4 1 3.6
7 2 3 3 1 1 3.4
8 3 3 2 2 3.7
9 4 4 2 3.6
10 3 3 2 2 3.7
11 3 3 2 2 3.7
12 1 4 3 1 1 3.3
13 2 4 3 1 3.7
14 2 1 4 2 1 3.1
15 2 2 3 2 1 3.2
16 2 5 1 1 1 3.6

1 Series 1
Column1
0
Column2
Figure 4: level of inspector weakness

From the above survey we can understund tha the inspection practice have so meny weeknes and
problems some of them are below in their descending order given by the contracers of debre
birhan:
1. In many construction projects of debre birhan the inspecter has poor contribution of
finding problems befor the contracters does.
2. And also after the problem occur the inspecers are weak in bringing of solution
3. Most of the did not have schedule for all features of construction
4. Their identification of non compliant work in timely maner is weak
5. Low honesty to provide the proper inspection
6. They didn’t permit the contructors need properly when ever needed
7. Improper use of autority
8. Improper inspection of fild and laboratory teast
9. Shortage of skill

4.3.2 from consultants
Table 19: Availability of Suitable Site Arrangement
Suitable Site Arrangement YES NO PARTIALY

In Number 0 3 5
In Percent 0 37.5% 62.5%
According to questioner responses, 62.5% of the sites are partially arranged and the rest 37.5%
has no suitably arranged site which affects the work of the inspector.
Table 20: Readiness or Commitment of Contractors to Be Inspected
Readiness Or Commitment YES NO PARTIALY

in number 3 5 0
in percent 37.5% 62.5% 0
The survey shows that most of the contractors (62.5%) have no readiness or commitment to be
inspected.
Table 21: evaluation of inspectors continuously
evaluation YES NO PARTIALY

in number 7 1 0
in percent 87.5% 12.5% 0
Table 4.18 shows that there is good practice of supervision companies in evaluation of
inspector’s performance.
Table 22: Training Of Inspectors
Training YES NO PARTIALY

In Number 3 5 0
In Percent 37.5% 62.5% 0
Training has many benefits for the inspector. Some of those are
 It helps to acquire new skill
 Helps to be in touch with all the latest technology development
 Increase job satisfaction level
The above table 4.19 shows that in most companies (62.5%) training the inspector not available.
It is practiced only in 37.5% of the companies which is very small percent.

Table 23: there is a way of checking whether the inspector done his/her work properly
Way Of Checking YES NO PARTIALY

In Number 8 0 0
In Percent 100% 0 0
All companies we asked have their own way of checking whether the inspector done his/her
work properly which is a very good practice.
Table 24: Good Communication and Understanding
communication and understanding YES NO PARTIALY

in number 2 6 0
in percent 25% 75% 0
Communication and understanding have critical importance in construction. Poor

communication and understanding is the root cause of many problems in the industry. It can
impact safety, production, quality, cost, schedule, and all other aspects of a job. Thus, It is
important to work continuously improve communication skills, both oral and written.
According to table 4.21 in most sites (75%) there is poor communication and understanding
between the contractor staffs and the inspector. It is available only in (25%) of the companies.
The following table shows value of questioner of population answered by saying:-
1. Strongly Disagree 2.Disagree 3. Unsure/Uncertain 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree
The definition of these terms will be expressed a s follows.
1. Strongly Disagree: There is the problem of listed point all in all

2. Disagree: there is the problem but not at all
3. Unsure/uncertain: there is problem in some way
4. Agree: There is no problem but sometimes
5. Strongly agree: there is no any problem

Table 4.22: Number of respondent from consultant side
strongly strongly MEAN

q. no agree agree Unsure/uncertain Disagree Disagree
3.375
1 0 3 5 0 0
4.125
2 1 7 0 0 0
4.125
3 1 7 0 0 0
2.375
4 0 0 3 5 0
2.625
5 0 0 5 3 0
3.25
6 1 1 5 1 0
3
7 0 2 4 2 0
4.125
8 1 7 0 0 0
4
9 2 4 2 0 0
3.375
10 0 3 5 0 0
3.875
11 0 7 1 0 0
4.375
12 3 5 0 0 0
4.375
13 3 5 0 0 0
4.125
14 2 5 1 0 0
15 0 5 3 0 0 3.625

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
Series 1
0
Column1
Column2
Figure 5: level of factors affecting the inspection practice
From the above survey we can understund tha the inspection practice have so meny weeknes and
problems some of them are below in their descending order given by the conseltants of debre
birhan:
1. No time and opportunity to interact with others

2. Shortage of full information about the site from the contracters
3. no welfare facilities o site for the inspecters
4. no comfort to stop improper work of contracters
5. no clearly defind role and responsibility
6. less trust of clint on the inspecter
7. less skill n modification of change
8. observation of the work properly

In addition of the above questions we also destributed some interviw questions. Five (5)
interview question was destributed but only 2 of them are reterned.
Table 25: interview question
Interview question Destributed Reterned

In number 5 2
In percent 100% 40%
From the response we found the following:-
4.4 Current inspection procedures

From interview question we find the following inspection procidure of current practice.
1st work order will be prepared, the inspector will prepare the order of the work in which it will
make it easy for inspection. 2nd material approval and 3rd quality inspection, the quality of
materials for each work assigned by the contractor will be tested and approved. then after the
contractor completed each major work the inspector will inspect it and accept it side by side
payment will be prepared for the contractor finally total work will be accepted.
4.5 identified Effect of improper inspection

From the interview question we also find some of the effects of improper inspection parctice.
it affect:-
 on production :- team building is an important tool for the inspector. managing and
organizing people is needed to perform at high level of production and to effectively
carry out the task. But if the inspector is not good with that the production will be low
 on safety :- improper work which is not well inspected is the major reason for disaster
and loss of human life and loss of to much property.
 on quality :- quality of work and inspection are very related, if the inspection is not good
the quality of work will be very low up to faliure and rework
 on cost and schedule :- improper inspection is a cause for poor quality work, for
rework, for delay which leads to cost over run and time slippage.

CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the analysis made and the results obtained from the survey, the following conclusions
and recommendations are drawn.
Identified current inspection procedures

1st work order will be prepared, the inspector will prepare the order of the work in which it will
make it easy for inspection. 2nd material approval and 3rd quality inspection, the quality of
materials for each work assigned by the contractor will be tested and approved. then after the
contractor completed each major work the inspector will inspect it and accept it side by side
payment will be prepared for the contractor finally total work will be accepted.
Problems and reasons for not properly implementing the inspection activities
Identified Problems
 The building construction projects in this study are suffering from improper inspection
practice problems and this study identified that, Lack of experience is the most common
among different problems examined.
 Unfair and not logical time extension delay analysis evaluation and Poor controlling practice
is the second most common problem in the selected building construction projects in Debre
Birhan.
 poor contribution in finding problems before the contractors does, Their identification of
non compliant work in timely manner is weak And after the problem occur the inspectors
are weak in bringing of solution are the three problems of inspectors of most of building
construction projects of Debre Birhan.
 Low honesty to provide the proper inspection
 They didn’t permit the contractors need properly when ever needed
 Improper inspection of field and laboratory test
 Improper use of authority
 poor communication and understanding between the contractor staffs and the inspector
 no comfort to stop improper work of contractors
 no clearly defined role and responsibility
Identified Reason
 We can understand that lack of professional, technical and managerial skill is the major
cause for unfair and not logical time extension delay analysis. Negligence to Provide the
Service as Per the Specified Condition and corruption are also the reason for the problem.
 Most of the inspector is not payee a reasonable or enough salary which is one of a major
cause for improper inspection.
 Most of inspector’s checklist efficiency is medium, they did not have schedule for all

features of construction, Shortage of skill are the causes of improper inspection practice
under study, which are caused by the inspectors.
 Lack of suitable arranged site, no welfare facilities of site for the inspectors, Low readiness
or commitment of contractors to be inspected, shortage of full information about the site
from the contractors are the causes of improper inspection practice under study, which are
caused by the contractors.
 In most companies training of inspector is not available, No time and opportunity to interact
with others, less trust of client on the inspector are the causes for improper inspection
practice
Identified effects of improper inspection

 On Production :- team building is an important tool for the inspector. managing and
organizing people is needed to perform at high level of production and to effectively carry
out the task. But if the inspector is not good with that the production will be low
 On Safety :- improper work which is not well inspected is the major reason for disaster and
loss of human life and loss of to much property.
 On Quality :- quality of work and inspection are very related, if the inspection is not good
the quality of work will be very low up to faliure and rework
 On Cost And Schedule :- improper inspection is a cause for poor quality work, for rework,
for delay which leads to cost over run and slippage of time.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
One of the specific objectives of this thesis was to forward recommendations based on the
finding of the study. To improve the existing practices of inspection of the ongoing work in
particular, stakeholders need to take further steps as stated below.
A. Expected from clients

 It is better to have a little knowledge about the construction industry practices or like the
public project clients privet project clients should at list one professional to control and
monitor both the supervisor and the contractors.
 As an inspectors are one of the representative of the client they should get full trust form
them.
 They should ensure co-operation and co-ordination with the inspectors
C. Expected From the Contactor

 Ensure welfare facilities are fulfilled for the inspector on site
 Should increase good communication and understanding with the inspector
 must provide all the necessary information that the inspector need
 It better to give additional money, bones and other motivational things for the inspectors
because as we see on the analysis part their salary is low.

D. Expected from the inspectors

 They need to have adequate knowledge and education
 Upgrading level of education continuously
 Set up modern management techniques supported by information technology systems
 Avoid suppressing contractors outside their authority implied from the contract.
 Take time to communicate with contractor and client to gate detailed information
 Should have plan and schedule plus should implemented well properly
 Comply with the relevant building regulations, quality standards and the insurance company
guideline
 Should have a plan and it should be specific
 Inspections should be scheduled early and made frequently.
 For large and complex construction projects, there should be an established training and
periodic evaluation program for inspectors. For less complex and short duration construction
projects, an established training program may not be required; however, the qualifications of
any new or reassigned personnel should be reviewed to assure that the individual is fully
qualified to oversee this assigned area of responsibility.
 Communication is directly or indirectly the cause of improper inspection and other problems.
as a suggestion to improve the listening skill
 Develop a simple checklist, you can use it to improve your listening skills, this checklist
might be subdivided into:
- Task to prepare for a communication event
- Tasks to improve the listening experience
- Tasks to follow up on an oral communication
 To improve the flow of information

- Timely identification of the need is essential. If the need for information is identified
early so that the inspector will have time to research the response
 Clear definition of both what information is needed and when it is needed will support
the process.
E. Expected from the Regulatory body

 Provide a clear regulation and construction policy to guide the industry.
 Assist the domestic construction industry by organizing a forum from every stakeholders of
the sector such as interdisciplinary associations.
 Assist professional associations to lead their respective professions on the basis of
their prescribed professional ethics required in their own respective field.
 Insuring proper authorization and licensing of each level of inspector
 Checking all the inspectors on the project site properly weather they are legally registered or
not

5.3 For Future Studies

This study tried to substantiate some of the problems associated with the local
construction industry with respect to ongoing inspection practice. The researcher believes a
further work on the area and on consultancy is vital in order to guide the construction industry
through the efficient supervision.

Reference
Books
1. Rounds, J. L & Segner, R. O. (2011). Construction supervision. Hoboken: John
Wiley & sons.
2. Federal Negarit Gazeta (2011). Ethiopian building code regulation, inspection
(rule 14) , Addis Ababa
3. Hacibaloğlu, D., & Erant, E. (. (2003). Building Inspection In turkey,
(unpublished msc thesis) Middle East Technical University.
4. Construction Inspection Handbook, August 2004,Division of Engineering U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service Department of the Interior
5. Ahmed (2015) Quality Control In Construction Project Management
6. Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government Lexington, Kentucky (January 1,
2005) Construction Inspection Manual,
7. (Construction Program Management and Inspection Guide Federal Highway
Administration, August 2004)
Journal
8. VSuraj D. Shinde (2014). Impact of Quality Supervision on Rework
9. building inspection guide line,2012
10. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
www.ijert.org (10, October- 2014) Impact of Quality Supervision on Rework,
vol.3
Website
11. Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.).
Retrieved June 19, 2017, from
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction_site_inspection)
12. Construction Supervisor Job Description Sample | Monster.com. (n.d.). Retrieved
June 19, 2017, from https://hiring.monster.com/hr/hr-best-practices/recruiting-
hiring-advice/job-descriptions/construction-supervisor-job-description-
sample.aspx)
13. 01, 2. C. (n.d.). Inspection Process Best Practices. Retrieved June 19, 2017, from
https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2012/08/01/Inspection-Process-Best-
Practices.aspx)
14. (Braimah, N. (2013, July 23). Construction Delay Analysis Techniques-A
Review of Application Issues and Improvement Needs. Retrieved June 19, 2017,
from http://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/3/3/506htm)

Appendices
Questionnaire
Dear Respondent,
We are undertaking a research study entitled “Construction Supervision Practice on Inspection of

the Ongoing Site Work of Both Private and Government Building Construction Projects in Debre
Birhan” as part of our Degree of Bachelor Science in Construction Technology and Management
at Debre Birhan University.
.
As you well understand The Ethiopian construction industry faced great challenges attributed to
the complex nature of the sector. Problems related to contract administration and construction
supervision, misunderstanding between stakeholders etc. are some of the challenges. These
problems have their own adverse impact on progress of projects.
Specifically there is also a problem on current inspection practice of construction works in Debre
Birhan. The aim of this research is therefore to identify the practices of inspection of the ongoing
work in such a way to forward recommendations based on the findings.
The questionnaire is to identify current inspection practice, to determine problems and causes of
not implementing proper inspection, to identify effects of improper inspection and to get some
recommendation on what should be done to minimize the problem.
Your response will be kept strictly confidential, where only my academic advisor and I will have
access to the information you provided and it will be exclusively used for the research.
You may kindly aware of time constraints in such academic requirement researches;
hence, I sincerely request you to complete and return the questionnaire in a week time to
enable me finalize the research on time to meet the deadline.
Thank you for your invaluable time and cooperation.

Kind Regards,
Samuel Getahun
Tariku Abate
Sahiba Mohammed
Abayneshe Kibru

Please consider each question in terms of your organization’s experience and/or your personal
knowledge. Please indicate your response by ticking (X or √) mark at the appropriate box or by
filling the blank spaces provided, as appropriate. You may kindly use the back side of the paper
if the blank space is not sufficient.
1. Personal and Organization Profile
1.1. Name of Organization (Optional):

_____________________________________________
1.2. Type of Organization:
Consultant Contractor Client
Other (Please specify)

_______________________________________________________
1.3. Years since establishment:
<5 years 5-10 years 10-15 years 15-20 years >20years
1.4. Organization’s Grade and Category:
__________________________________________________________________
1.5. Your work experience in building construction projects:
<5 years 5-10 years >10 years
1.6. Your Name, title and contact address:
Name (Optional): ______________________________
Job Title: ______________________________
Contact addresses (Optional):
E-mail: ________________________
Tel: ________________________

General Questions
For contractors
1. How do you describe inspection practice in your company?
Very good Good Bad very bad
If your answer is bad what challenge may have contributed in your opinion for the poor practice?
2. Does the inspector observe your work at whole situation and how is the work being
performed?
Yes No
If your answer is no specify the reason and its effect on your work
3. Does the inspector accept each works on time when you completed?
Yes No
If your answer is no specify the reason and its effect in your work

4. Dose the inspector has good communication and understanding with your working staffs?
Yes No
If your answer is no specify the reason and its effect in your work
5. Have you been stopped your work because of the inspector is not on the site?
Yes No
If your answer is yes, what did you do during that time?
6. Proper inspection is vital to optimize cost, time and quality of the project.
Agree Disagree
6.1 do you think the time extension delay analysis evaluation technique by consultants is fair
and logical?
Yes NO Partially
If it is partially or No what factor do you believe behind the problem?
Lack of professional, technical and managerial skill
Negligence to provide the service as per the specified conditions
Corruption
Other (please specify)
6.1.1 One of the protective methods for corruption is pay reasonable fee for professionals. Do
you think consulting office’s pay reasonable salary for the onsite inspector?
Yes No Partially

If it is partially or No what factors do you believe behind the problem?

Due to less pay for supervision and contract administration
The duty and the responsibility is easier than the project manager
Other (please specify)
6.1.2 Is inspectors accountable for their faults like time delay, poor quality work happen to the
projects?
Yes No
If your answer is no what is its effect in your work?
6.2 How do u rate quality inspection in your company
Very good Good Bad very bad
6.2.1 Under the process of quality control activities such as planning, execution checking and
action etc are carried out within activities. The following points are conducted
A) Controlling
6.2.1.1 How is controlling performed in your company?
Before specific work item is completed
On the progress of specific work item
After the completion of specific work item
6.2.1.2 How frequently do controlling performed?
Every time some time never
If your answer is some time or never please specify how it affects your work
B) Reporting
Dose the inspector report the work progress properly?
Yes No

If your answer is no its effect in your work
C) Approving
Dose the inspector approve your work properly?

Yes No
6.2.2 What is your opinion on the efficiency of quality control inspection checklists?
Efficient medium inefficient

The following table consists of a list of statements identified from literature survey, concerning
the different inspection practice. A 5-point scale is provided on the top of the table. Based on
your experience you are kindly requested to rate and show your level of agreement or
disagreement for each statement given in the table by putting a tick (√) mark under each of your
Preferences.
[5]…………………………….Strongly agree
[4]…………………………….Agree
[3]…………………………….Unsure/Uncertain
[2]…………………………….Disagree
[1]…………………………….Strongly Disagree
Level Of
Agreement
Statements
5 4 3 2 1
1 Identify non-complaint work in timely manner
2 Acceptance of the work as project progress
3 Permit the contractors need properly when ever needed
4 Find problems before the contractors does
5 Bring solution along with the problems
6 Visit your site frequently
7 Proper field and laboratory test
8 Proper documentation
9 Assuring compliancy of the project
10 Inspector use all necessary inspection tools
11 Understanding of the principle of material testing, including the

interpretation of test result
12 Proper use of authority
13 Assure quality
14 Schedule all features of construction
15 Honesty
16 Skill

For consultant
1. How do you describe inspection practice in your company?
Very Good Good Bad very Bad
If your answer is bad what challenge may have contributed in your opinion for the poor practice?
3. Dose the site that you inspect has suitable arrangement?
Yes No partially
4. Dose the contractor’s staff has readiness or commitment to be inspected?
Yes No
5. Does your company evaluate the inspector’s performance continuously?
Yes No
6. Does your company train the inspectors to develop their knowledge?
Yes No
7. Does your company have its own way to cheek weather the inspector done his/her work
properly?
Yes No
If your answer is yes how ?
8. Is there good communication and understanding on the site you inspected?

Yes No

9. The following table consists of a list of statements identified from literature survey,
concerning the different inspection practice. A 5-point scale is provided on the top of the table.
Based on your experience you are kindly requested to rate and show your level of agreement or
disagreement for each statement given in the table by putting a tick (√) mark under each of your
Preferences.
[5]…………………………….Strongly agree
[4]…………………………….Agree
[3]…………………………….Unsure/Uncertain
[2]…………………………….Disagree
[1]…………………………….Strongly Disagree
Level Of
Agreement
Statements
5 4 3 2 1
1 Clearly defend role and responsibility
2 I am capable of providing direct feedback to my team and those I

supervise.
3 Permit the contractors need properly when ever needed
4 Allowed the time and opportunity to interact with others
5 Get full information about the site from the contractor
6 I am comfortable to stop improper works of contractors
7 The contractor provide welfare facilities
8 Good documentation
9 Daily inspection report
10 The client have full trust on the inspector
11 Observation of the work frequently
12 Reporting
13 Understanding of principle of material testing, including the

interpretation of test result
14 I have the contract document
15 Change modification

Interview question
1. What procedures do you follow to inspect the ongoing works?(for consultant)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2. From your experience what do you think the reason for improper inspection?(for both)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3. From your experience what do you think the effect of improper inspection?(for both)
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
4. What do you recommend for the problems related to inspection from you experience?(for
both)
5. If you haven’t ever encountered inspection related problem. How did you avoid them? (For
both)

Section 1 Group 12

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Section 1 Group 12

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DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

ASSESMENT OF CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION PRACTICE ON

A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

Approved by board of examiners

Advisors Name ________________________________

Co-advisors Name _____________________________

Samuel Getahun Tariku Abate Abaynesh kibru Sahiba Mohammed

_____________ ______________ ____________ _____________

Debre Birhan University

Engr. Ruprto T. Faelnar. Jr. Instructor Haimanot Nibret

Signature: ____________ signature: ____________

Date: ____________ Date: ____________

Thesis by Samuel G., Tariku A., Abaynesh K., & Sahiba M.

Thesis by Samuel G., Tariku A., Abaynesh K., & Sahiba M.

Thesis by Samuel G., Tariku A., Abaynesh K., & Sahiba M.

Abstract .................................................................................................................... iii

List of table .............................................................................................................. ix

1.1 Research background and history ................................................................1

1.2 Project Inspection.........................................................................................2

1.3 Statement of the problem .............................................................................2

1.4 Research Questions ......................................................................................3

1.5 Objective ......................................................................................................3

1.5.1 General objective ......................................................................................3

1.5.2 Specific objective ..................................................................................3

1.6 Significance of the study..............................................................................3

1.7 Scope of the research ...................................................................................3

1.8 limitation of the study ..................................................................................4

1.10 Definition of terms .....................................................................................4

Thesis by Samuel G., Tariku A., Abaynesh K., & Sahiba M.

Literature review .................................................................................................5

2.1 Supervision ................................................................................................5

2.2 Construction Supervisor Job Duties: ...........................................................6

2.3 responsibilities of the supervisors ................................................................7

2.3.1 Engineering ...........................................................................................7

2.3.3 Resource Management ..........................................................................7

2.3.4 Daily Operations ...................................................................................7

2.4 Definition of inspection ...............................................................................7

2.5 Benefits of good inspection .........................................................................8

2.6 Purposes of Construction Inspection Reports ..............................................9

2.7 Inspection Process Best Practices Plan ........................................................9

2.7.3 Study ...................................................................................................10

2.7.4 Act .......................................................................................................10

2.8 Qualifications of Inspector.........................................................................11

2.9 The Inspector must:....................................................................................11

2.10 Inspector Authority ..................................................................................11

2.11 Pre-Construction and Post-Construction Responsibilities .......................12

2.11.1 Pre-Construction Responsibilities.....................................................12

Thesis by Samuel G., Tariku A., Abaynesh K., & Sahiba M.

2.11.1.1 Review of Contract Documents .................................................12

2.11.1.2 Review of Geotechnical Report .................................................12

2.11.1.3 Site Visit.....................................................................................13

2.11.1.4 Pre-Construction Conference.....................................................13

2.11.1.5 Preparation of Punch List ..........................................................13

2.11.1.6 Review of Record Drawings ......................................................14

2.12 FIELD ADMINISTRATION ..................................................................14

2.12.1 General ..............................................................................................14

2.12.1.1 Inspector’s Daily Logs ...............................................................15

2.12.1.2 Project Log Book (Field Diaries - Optional Procedures) ..........15

2.12.1.3 Photographs and Videotape for Record Purposes .....................15

2.12.1.4 Project Inspector Files ...............................................................15

2.12.1.5 Special Reports ..........................................................................16

_ ___

Signature: signature:

Date: Date: