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Sensors Industrial Instrumentation
Sensors Industrial Instrumentation
01
CONTENTS
Chapter
Name of the Chapter Page No.
No.
01 Basics of transducers 02 – 02
Resistive, Inductive & Capacitive
02 03 – 07
Transducers
03 Piezo Electric Transducers 08 – 10
04 Measurement of Temperature 11 – 15
08 Measurement of Level 21 – 21
09 Measurement of Pressure 22 – 22
10 Miscellaneous 23 – 24
Chapter 1 Basics of transducer
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Chapter 2 Resistive, Inductive &
Capacitive Transducers
Class Room Practice Solutions 03. Ans: (b)
L
Sol: We know R
01. A
Sol: Given L is increased and becomes L so, the new
Rm = 2.5 RP resistance is
Xt L
Xi R new
2 A
RP 1
0 .4
R m 2 .5 L
Xi 1 A
0 .5 K
Xt 2 L 2
K A
EL Ei = 2 R
R
1 K 1 K P
Rm So, Rnew = 2 R
0.5
Ei 04. Ans: (a)
1 0.5 0.4 0.5
Sol: As we always place the strain gauge
= 0.4545Ei experiencing same stress in opposite
direction to get maximum output voltage.
True value = K Ei
= 0.5 Ei 05.
MV TV Sol: Given
% error = 100
TV Rg =120 , GF = 2.0
0.4545 E i 0.5 E i So, R l 2 100 43.4 / 100m
100
0 .5 E i = 86.8
= 0.0917 % R l 86.8
We know the relation 0.72
R g 120
02. Ans: 1.1234
From formula we know that
Sol: Given
Slide wire resistance = 10 for 1000 mm G 2 .0
(G F ) eff F 1.16
234 1 1.12
For 234 mm length R 10 = 2.34
1000
When dial is at position 11 06. Ans: (c)
total resistance = 110 A d differential g ain
Sol: CMRR =
Vx = (110 + 2.34) 10 mA A c Comm mod gain
Vx = 1.1234 Volt
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R +
V1 - V2 0.0162 0.1732
V0
= 0.174 V
Vs V1
V2
09.
Rs
R Sol: a) for a displacement of 0.5mm, the
output is 2mv, so the
Sensitivity (s) = 2/0.5 mv/mm
1 = 4mv/mm
R
Vs R V 100 b) for the whole setup, the sensitivity is
V1-V2 = s
4 R 4 R S = 150 4mv / mm
Vs Vs = 1v/mm
to
400 400 c) Given that,
125 to -125 The output of the voltmeter is 5v with
As the data says the differential amplifier 100 divisions which means that each
has an additional constant offset voltage at division = 5v/100 = 0.05V
output. Given data for common mode input The minimum voltage that can read is 1/5th
Vi = 2V and 3V common mode output of a division, so the minimum voltage is
V0 =3mV and V0 = 4mV. Under no load 0.05v
conditions common mode input = 0.01V
5
V1 = V2 = 2.5 (Strain Gauge Resistance –R) Which corresponds to 0.01mm so Resolution
So the common mode input signal becomes ‘R’ = 0.01mm
2.5V, hence common mode output signal.
10.
For corresponding 2.5V is Sol: Given 250
V0 V02 3mV 4mV 0.5mm 1mV
3.5mV LVDT
2 2
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Vi Op Amp
Vo
100 10 3 50 10 12 100 dx
e0 =
5 10 3 dt
e 0 100 10 3 50 100
Here Vo = kx = 0.1
dx 50 10 3
Ci dt
K = Vi V / m
0A
Where K is sensitivity 16. Ans: (d)
Given data Sol: V0 = AdVd
A = 200 mm 2 , Ci = 10 pF V C
VB = s
So from the above formula, 2C
The sensitivity =
Given V0 = 10 V
10 10 12 5
K = 12 6
10 V / m C = = 0.05
8.85 10 200 10 100
= 0.057 10 6 V / mm So
So output voltage for 1m is 0.05
10 V = A d 10
V0 = 0.05710 6 10 6 2
= 0.057V 2
Ad = = 40
= 57mV 0.05
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C dc A dx
VB = Vs .
2C dt X 2 dt
Sensitivity C dx
= .
VB V 1V X dt
= s
C 2C 2 0.01F dx d
1mm 0.1mm sin (1000t )
100 dt dt
= V/F
2
= cos t
50V 10
= = 0.05 mV/pF
F d
i(t) = –E. (c)
dt
19. C
= –E . cos t
Sol: For multiple parallel plane capacitive X 10
transducers sensitivity is 2PF
(n 1) 0 i(t) = –5V cos t
S = 1mm 10
d i(t) = – cost n amp
(5 1) 8.85 10 12 25 10 3 V0(t) = cos t mV (V0 = –i(t) 1M)
=
0.25 10 3
V0(t) = cos1000t (mv)
= –3.5410–9F/m
V0(2 m sec) = cos(2000)mv
= –3.54 nF/m
V0 = mv
20. Ans: (b)
Sol: 21. Ans: (b)
5Volts 1M .
Sol: C1 0 r
d
d 0 r x 0 r x
C2
d d
Capacitive +
Transducer
Given 2 C1 = C2
2 0 . r 0 r x 0 r x
X(t) = d(t) = 10 3 1 0.1sin(1000tm d d d
L
d(t) = 10 3 m + 0.1mm sin(1000 t ) x
2
C = 2pF at t = 0m sec
C = Co at 2PF
d
i(t) = E. c( t )
dt
A A
C=
d X
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Chapter
Chapter 3 Piezo Electric Transducers
=1.08N
a) g 4
K is sensitivity in C/N A
K = g = 12 103 1.25 108 C 0.5 pF
t
= 15 1011 C/N
A Q = d. f = 2.16pC
C
t Q
C = 31.41 1011 V = 4.3V
Cp
K
Sensitivity in V/m =
C 03. Ans: (a)
11
15 10
= 0.477 V/m Sol: Given
31.41 1011
d = 2 pC/N
b) If force is 10 N Cp = 1600 pF
d2 (8103 ) 2
A Rp = 1012
4 4
6 2
A = 50.26 10 m F = 0.1 sin 10t N
Force 10
Pressure
Area 50.26 10 6 We know for piezoelectric transducer
0.198 106 E k
=M=
F 1
2
= 19.8 104 N/m2 1
V0 = g p t
d
= 12 103 19.8 104 2 103 K=
Cp
= 4.752 V
= RFCF
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2 10 12 dF q
M= =1.41410-3 V/N e PZ = e0 =
1 C c
1
0.1 102 150 10 12 C / N 2 N
e PZ =
25 10 12
E(S) mV
M =1.141 e PZ = 12V
F(S) N
04.
V0
Sol: given t = 2 mm epz 12V
Rpz RDVM
g = 0.05 Vm/N
F DVM
= 15105 N/m2
A
V0 (S) s
We know
e pz (S) s 1
E0 / t
g=
F/A = Cpz(Rpz ||RDVM)
11.88 t A
ln = ii) Capacitance (c) =
12 d
t 12 12 10 9 F / m 36 10 6
= ln =
11.88 1.5 10 3
12 = 2.8810–10
t = ln
11.88
= 288 pF
12
= 0.025 ln seconds
11.88 iii) Voltage generated
t = 2.512 m Seconds
We know Q = C.V
06. Q
V=
C
Sol: Given F=8N
d = 140 10–9 F/m, Q
Given d =
F
= 1210–9F/m
So, Q = dF
Y = 11.5106 N/m2
= 1.12 10–9 C
i) We know
F Q 1.12 10 9
Y strain V= = 3.88V
A C 2.88 10 12
F/ A
Strain =
Y
8
= 6
36 10 11.5 10 6
= 0.0193
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Chapter 4 Measurement of Temperature
R T2 R T1 = 3412.55 k
= R0
T2 T1 Now
150 R 1 1
= T2 – 100 ln T = 3412.55
0.39 1K 423 373
T2 = 384.61+100 RT = 339.12
1 k 0 0 = 3.733 10-3
(0 -150 )
5V Thermistor P = I 2 R
P = 4.72 mV
At 25o 10k
100o 1k 07.
b
Reference junction T2 = 50 C
TH TC
100oC 0oC 15.
o Cn o Sol: For the given thermocouple
200 C 45 C
Emf
ETk = STH [TH –Tc] EmfChrom – copper |at 300 = Echr – const + Econst- copper
T.V = ETk = 53 V [100-0]oC = Echr – const Ecopper – copper
= 53000 V
= 1.801-1.196
MV = ETk = 53 k [100-45] = 2915 V
M.V T.V = 0.605mV
e1 = 100 EHot = V0 + Echrom –copper
T.V
2915 5300 = 26.74mV +0.605mV
100
5300 = 27.345mV
e1 = -45% Temperature corresponding to 27.345mV is
T.V = ETH =10600 3800C
M.V = ETH = 8215
e2 = -22.5%
16. Ans: 1.2 to 1.3 mV
Sol:
13. Ans: (a) + Copper
Sol: Given
E1G = 53T V T2 = 50oC
– constantan – T1 = 0oC
Ec1c2 = 43T V
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x = 0.2
18. Ans: 1612
Sol: Given data:
V
Sensitivity = 10 0
C
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Chapter 5 Measurement of Flow & Viscosity
200 k 0.5
d 0.7m
Z1 (o/p Resistance) sin 45 0
+ e0= .D.V E 2d v f cos
1 M t = 2
Z2 Vs
2
t v s
vf =
E = (). Ein 2d cos
1M 0.2 10 6 1500
2
= e 0 0.833V
200k 1M vf =
2 0.7 cos 45 0
vf = 0.45 m/sec
07. Ans: (c)
09. Ans: (b)
Sol: Given t 10 10 9 sec Sol: Induced voltage of turbine flow meter is
Vs = 1000m/sec E = . n.
where, = amplitude of time varying flux.
d = 25mm
= mean flux
60 0 n = no. of teeth on wheel
2 given, speed N = 72 rpm.
t Vs
So, Vf = = 3, = 1 and n = 4
29 cos
2N
7.536
10 10 9 (1000) 2 60
=
2 25 10 3 cos(60 0 ) now, E = 7.5 1 4 = 30.144
= 0.4 m/sec
10.
08. Sol: given
1
Sol: t = 0.2 sec oil = 900 kg/m3
5 MHz
= 0.006 Ns/m2
vs = 1500 m/sec
L = 30 cm
Vf = ?
P = s g h
d = distance between crystals
= 900 9.82010–2 = 1764
From the questions we can draw the figure
D 4 p
Q=
128L
0.5m
d
(2 10 2 ) 4 1764
=
00.5 = 450 128 30 10 2 0.006
sin 45 = = 38.5 cm3
d
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4 4
V = amL 1.9634 m / sec
3
D 2
= L
4
4V
L=
D 2
2g
fn =
4V
D 2
1 2g D 2
=
2 4V
D g
=
2 2 V
D g
=
2 2 V
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Chapter 6 Measurement of force & torque
=5V
m x
= u2
k acc = 0.99
0.005 kg x
1 u 2 0.7u
2 2 2
= 3
20 N / m 5 10 9.81 m / sec 2 1
u = normalized frequency = 2.45
2
x = 12.2625 mm
ii) 1 k POT
0.005
Xi = 2 10 3 9.81
20
= 4.905 10–3 for 2g acceleration
= 0.0049 m
x i 0.0049
k= = 0.388
x t 0.0126
Rp 1k
= 0.1
Rm 10 k
MV - TV
% LE = 100
TV
0.38 E i
MV=
1 0.38(1 0.38) 0.1
TV = 0.38 Ei
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Chapter 8 Measurement of Level
2 8.85 10 12
Class Room Practice Solutions = (2.4) 7 1
ln(2)
01. Cs = 1425 pF
Sol: Given l = 8 m
V0 = V1–V2
h=7m
r liq = 2.4 64.2nF 10k
= 15V
64.2nF 1425pF 10k 100
C1 100 = 0.177 V.
15 V
V0
02. Ans: (c)
1 kHz V1 V2
Sol: Aw = Area of water
Cs 10 k P1 = P2
hd
sin =
y
tank is empty lsin + ysin = hd ----- (1)
2 o AB
Cs = sin =
D y
ln 1
D2 AB = ysin ---- (2)
By low of volume
2 8.85 10 12 8
= Volume of mercury lost in well = volume of
ln(2)
mercury gain in cap
= 642 pF awAB = atl
For bridge balance condition
awysin = atl
Z1Z4 = Z2Z3
a
(XC1)(10k) = (100) (XCs) ysin = t ---- (3)
aw
1 1
(10 k) = 100 from (2) & (3)
j C 1 jC s
h a
C s 10k sin = d t
C1 = aw
100
hd at
C1 = 64.2 NF = sin-1 a
ii) When tank is full w
2 0 sin = hd-AB
Cs = r1h 1 r2 h 2
D1
ln
D
2
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Chapter 9 Measurement of Pressure
02. 32520
Class Room Practice Solutions
01.
Sol: We know for diaphragm pressure gauge
3P 4
Ymax = t/3 = r 1 u2
16Et 3
9 Pr 4 1 2
t4 =
16Et 3
9 1.5 10 6 2.5 4 1 (0.3) 2
16 200 10 9
= 149.96 10–6cm4
t = 0.1106cm
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Chapter
10 Miscellaneous
X 10 log10 anti log 8.5 anti log 7.3
Class Room Practice Solutions
01.
X 10 log10 3.612 108 0.1995 108
Sol: Let X dB and Y dB be the sound pressure X 10 log10 2.9625 10 10 8.4717
8
Combined spl
03. Ans : -20K
X Y 04. Ans: 8cm
10 log10 anti log anti log
10 10 Sol: Area target factor
78 82 dis tan ce or receiver from t arg et
10 log10 anti log anti log =
10 10 useful diameter of t arg et
10 log10 6.31 10 7 15.85 10 7 Diameter of target =
160
8 cm
10 log10 22.16 10 10 8.3456
7 20
05.
83.456 dB
Sol: Absolute temperature with emissivity of
02. 0.82 is
Sol: X Y
Re sul tan t spl 10 log10 anti log anti log = 1065 + 273 = 13380k
10
10
Substituting the numerical values from the Apparent absolute temperature is,
R1
pH electrode
Given
R
R = Ri 1 A 0 F
R1
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