Sensors Industrial Instrumentation

Page No.
01
Classroom Practice Solutions

To
Sensors & Industrial Instrumentation
CONTENTS
Chapter
Name of the Chapter Page No.
No.
01 Basics of transducers 02 – 02
Resistive, Inductive & Capacitive
02 03 – 07
Transducers
03 Piezo Electric Transducers 08 – 10
04 Measurement of Temperature 11 – 15
05 Measurement of Flow & Viscosity 16 – 18
06 Measurement of force and torque 19 – 19
07 Intermediate Quantity Measurement 20 – 20
08 Measurement of Level 21 – 21
09 Measurement of Pressure 22 – 22
10 Miscellaneous 23 – 24
Chapter 1 Basics of transducer
Class Room Practice Solutions
01. Ans: (d)
02. Ans: (b)
03. Ans: (b)
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Chapter 2 Resistive, Inductive &
Capacitive Transducers
Class Room Practice Solutions 03. Ans: (b)
L
Sol: We know R 
01. A
Sol: Given L is increased and becomes  L so, the new
Rm = 2.5 RP resistance is
Xt L  
 Xi R new 
2 A
RP 1 
  0 .4
R m 2 .5  L

Xi 1 A
  0 .5  K
Xt 2   L  2

K A
EL   Ei = 2 R
R
1  K 1  K   P
Rm So, Rnew = 2 R
0.5
  Ei 04. Ans: (a)
1  0.5  0.4  0.5
Sol: As we always place the strain gauge
= 0.4545Ei experiencing same stress in opposite
direction to get maximum output voltage.
True value = K Ei
= 0.5 Ei 05.
MV  TV Sol: Given
% error =  100
TV Rg =120  , GF = 2.0
0.4545  E i  0.5 E i So, R l  2  100  43.4 / 100m
  100
0 .5 E i = 86.8 
=  0.0917 % R l 86.8
We know the relation     0.72
R g 120
02. Ans: 1.1234
From formula we know that
Sol: Given
Slide wire resistance = 10  for 1000 mm G 2 .0
(G F ) eff  F   1.16
234 1   1.12
For 234 mm length R   10 = 2.34 
1000
When dial is at position 11 06. Ans: (c)
total resistance = 110  A d differential g ain
Sol: CMRR = 
Vx = (110 + 2.34)  10 mA A c Comm mod gain
Vx = 1.1234 Volt
:4: Sensors & Industrial Instrumentation
A  If we add this offset to the output of

CMRR in dB = 20 log  d  differential amplifier for R + R is
 Ac 
V0 = 124.3 + 3.5 = 127.8
Ad = 10
For R – R = –125+3.5 =121.5mV
Ac common mode gain
So answer is +128mV to –122mV
V0 4  3mV
=   1  10 3
Vi 3  2V 08. Ans: (c)
Ad 10 Sol: given
CMRR =  3  10  10 3  10 4 V1  1.0V0 o = 1ej0 = (cos 0+jsin0) = 1
A c 10
V2  1.0V10 o = 1ej0 = (cos 10+jsin10)
07. Ans: (b) = 0.984+j0.113
Sol:
V1 – V2 = (1– 0.984) – j0.173
R = 0.016 – j0.173
R +
V1 - V2  0.0162  0.1732
V0
 = 0.174 V
Vs V1
V2
09.
Rs
R Sol: a) for a displacement of 0.5mm, the
output is 2mv, so the
Sensitivity (s) = 2/0.5 mv/mm
1 = 4mv/mm
R
Vs R V 100 b) for the whole setup, the sensitivity is
V1-V2 =  s
4 R 4 R S = 150  4mv / mm
 Vs  Vs = 1v/mm
 to
400 400 c) Given that,
 125 to -125 The output of the voltmeter is 5v with
As the data says the differential amplifier 100 divisions which means that each
has an additional constant offset voltage at division = 5v/100 = 0.05V
output. Given data for common mode input The minimum voltage that can read is 1/5th
Vi = 2V and 3V common mode output of a division, so the minimum voltage is
V0 =3mV and V0 = 4mV. Under no load 0.05v
conditions common mode input =  0.01V
5
V1 = V2 = 2.5 (Strain Gauge Resistance –R) Which corresponds to 0.01mm so Resolution
So the common mode input signal becomes ‘R’ = 0.01mm
2.5V, hence common mode output signal.
10.
For corresponding 2.5V is Sol: Given   250
V0  V02 3mV  4mV 0.5mm 1mV
  3.5mV LVDT
2 2
:5: Postal Coaching Solutions
SLVDT = 1mV/0.5mm = 2mV/mm p = 500 kN/m2,

1mm  2mV Average deflection = 0.28 mm,
0.25mm  0.252mV f = ?
E0 =   E diff 1
F=
= 250 0.5mV = 125mV 2 Lc
125mV 1
Sensitivity = f
1N c
So, sensitivity of the whole system is So

125mV f1 c2 d1
 
1N f2 c1 d2
d2
11. Ans: (b) f2 = f1
Sol: d1
+
C+ C 4  0.28
E = 100 k = 96.43Hz
 V0 V0 = V2 4
+ V0 f = f1–f2 = 3.56Hz
+
E V1 
 CC 13. Ans: (b)
Sol:
Virtual ground concept + 20 pF
Vp = 1V C1 1
V1 = V2, V2 = V0 100 kHz

V0  E V0   E  V2

 0 V2
X C  C X C  C +
Vp = 1V V1 + V0
C2 2
V0  E V0  E 100 kHz 
 0
1 1
j  C  C  j  C  C  V1 = V2 Virtual ground concept
V0  E  j  C  C  V0  E 
Apply nodal analysis at V2
j  C  C   0
V0 C + V0 C – EC V2  1 V2  1 V2  V0
  0
= EC + V0 C – V0 C + EC – E C = 0 X C1 X C2 X C3
2 V0 C = 2 E C  1 jC1   1 j C 2   V0  j C 3   0
C
V0  E
C  C  C1 
V0  jC 3   j   2 
12. Ans: 3.56  C3 
Sol: Given V0 = 0.354 V
p = 0, d = 4 mm, c = 300 pF,
:6: Sensors & Industrial Instrumentation
14. Given data E = 100V

Sol: Rf = 100K
Capacitive transducer
C = 50 pF
Ci
X = 5mm
Vi  Op Amp
Vo
100  10 3  50  10 12 100  dx
e0 =  
 5  10 3  dt
e 0 100  10 3  50  100
Here Vo = kx  = 0.1
dx 50  10 3
  Ci  dt
K =  Vi V / m
 0A 
Where K is sensitivity 16. Ans: (d)
Given data Sol: V0 = AdVd
A = 200 mm 2 , Ci = 10 pF V  C
VB = s
So from the above formula, 2C
The sensitivity =
Given V0 = 10 V
 10  10 12  5
K =  12 6
 10 V / m C = = 0.05
 8.85  10  200  10  100
= 0.057  10 6 V / mm So
So output voltage for 1m is 0.05
10 V = A d  10
V0 = 0.05710 6 10 6 2
= 0.057V 2
Ad = = 40
= 57mV 0.05
15. 17. Ans: (b)

Sol: From the above figure Sol: Sensitivity of the measurement system never
 c dx changes.
i=E  .
x dt
18.
e0 = -Rf  i
Sol: Given C0 = C = 0.01 F
c dx
e0 = Rf   E 
x dt
Rf =100K
R 3.9 k C+C
C 1V 
 1 kHz
i eo
+
R 3.9 k
C–C
E
C dc   A dx
VB = Vs   .
2C dt X 2 dt
Sensitivity  C dx
= .
VB V 1V X dt
= s 
C 2C 2  0.01F dx d
 1mm  0.1mm sin (1000t ) 
100 dt dt
= V/F
2 
= cos t
50V 10
= = 0.05 mV/pF
F d
i(t) = –E. (c)
dt
19. C 
= –E . cos t
Sol: For multiple parallel plane capacitive X 10
transducers sensitivity is 2PF 
 (n  1) 0  i(t) = –5V   cos t
S = 1mm 10
d i(t) = –  cost n amp
 (5  1)  8.85  10 12  25  10 3 V0(t) =  cos t mV (V0 = –i(t) 1M)
=
0.25  10 3
V0(t) =  cos1000t (mv)
= –3.5410–9F/m
V0(2 m sec) =  cos(2000)mv
= –3.54 nF/m
V0 =  mv
20. Ans: (b)
Sol: 21. Ans: (b)
5Volts 1M  .    
Sol: C1  0 r
d
d  0   r  x    0   r    x 
 C2  
d d
Capacitive +
Transducer
Given 2 C1 = C2
2   0 . r      0   r  x    0  r   x 
 
X(t) = d(t) = 10 3 1  0.1sin(1000tm d d d
L
d(t) = 10 3 m + 0.1mm sin(1000 t )  x
2
C = 2pF at t = 0m sec
C = Co at 2PF
d
i(t) = E. c( t )
dt
A A
C= 
d X
Chapter
Chapter 3 Piezo Electric Transducers

02.
4mm
Sol:  = 4  1011 F/m
8mm
y = 8.6  10–10 N/m2

01.
Sol: Given constant ‘g’ = 12  103
V/m t = x = 10 9 m
N / m2
F t
Dielectric constant = 1.250  108 F/m y
A t
Young’s modulus E = 1.2  1011 N/m2
t
d = 8 mm, t = 2 mm and F  y. .A
t
R = 108 
K F  8.6 10 10 9
 10 

 8  10 3 2
=1.08N
a) g  4

K is sensitivity in C/N A
K = g = 12  103  1.25  108 C  0.5 pF
t
= 15  1011 C/N
A Q = d. f = 2.16pC
C
t Q
C = 31.41  1011 V = 4.3V
Cp
K
Sensitivity in V/m =
C 03. Ans: (a)
11
15  10
 = 0.477 V/m Sol: Given
31.41  1011
d = 2 pC/N
b) If force is 10 N Cp = 1600 pF
 d2   (8103 ) 2
A  Rp = 1012
4 4
6 2
A = 50.26  10 m F = 0.1 sin 10t N
Force 10
Pressure  
Area 50.26  10 6 We know for piezoelectric transducer
 0.198  106 E k
=M=
F  1 
2
= 19.8  104 N/m2 1  
V0 = g p t   
d
= 12  103  19.8  104  2  103 K=
Cp
= 4.752 V
 = RFCF
2  10 12 dF q
M= =1.41410-3 V/N e PZ = e0 = 
1 C c
1
0.1  102 150 10 12 C / N  2 N
e PZ =
25  10 12
E(S) mV
M  =1.141 e PZ = 12V
F(S) N
 mV  The equivalent circuit under the given

E(s) = M F(s) = 1.414    0.1N
 N  condition is
= 0.141 mV Cpz
+
04.
V0
Sol: given t = 2 mm epz 12V
Rpz RDVM
g = 0.05 Vm/N

F DVM
= 15105 N/m2
A
V0 (S) s
We know 
e pz (S) s  1
E0 / t
g=
F/A  = Cpz(Rpz ||RDVM)
F  = 20PF (1010 || 1013)

So E0 = g t
 = 25  10-12  999  109 
A
= 0.05 Vm/N 15105 N/m2210–3
 = 0.25 sec
= 150 V
V0 (t) = epz  e  t / 
05. Ans: 2.512millisecond Where V0(t) is voltage across the DVM .
-12
Sol: Charge sensitivity d33 = d =150  10 C/N Drop allowed from peak value i.e, 12 v is
Cpz = 25 10 _ 12
F no more than 0.12v. Time at which V0 falls
Rpz =1010  to 11.88 V must be calculated.
Input force = 2N u(t) (step force)

Assigning V0(t) =11.88v
t
The Voltage generated 11.88 = 12  e 
Ch arg e Generated 11.8

t
= =e 
C pz 12
: 10 : Sensors & Industrial Instrumentation
 11.88   t A
 ln  = ii) Capacitance (c) =
 12   d
t  12  12  10 9 F / m  36  10 6
 = ln   =
  11.88  1.5  10 3
 12  = 2.8810–10
 t =   ln  
 11.88 
= 288 pF
 12 
= 0.025 ln   seconds
 11.88  iii) Voltage generated
 t = 2.512 m Seconds
We know Q = C.V
06. Q
V=
C
Sol: Given F=8N
d = 140 10–9 F/m, Q
Given d =
F
 = 1210–9F/m
So, Q = dF
Y = 11.5106 N/m2
= 1.12 10–9 C
i) We know
F Q 1.12  10 9
 Y  strain V=  = 3.88V
A C 2.88  10 12
F/ A
Strain =
Y
8
= 6
36  10  11.5  10 6
= 0.0193
Chapter 4 Measurement of Temperature

 R4   R3 
V   V
V1 – V2 = 
 R2  R4   R1  R 3 
01.  150.392 100 
 10   = 0.3842 mV
Sol: For a first order system 100.392  10k 100  10k 
 t 
T = T0 1  exp  Ad 
10
 26.02
    0.382v
Given T = 30, T0 = 500C,  = 120sec
04. Ans: (b)
0  0   t 
So, 30 C = 50 C 1  exp 
  120  Sol: 10 10mV (o/p)
So t = 110 sec. 1000  100mV (o/p)
02. Ans: (d)  139.2 100 

 10 
Sol: RT = R0 [1+0.004T] 139.2  10k 100  10k 
True model = 0.03827 V
-7 2
RT = R0 [1+0.004T+610 T ]
Op Amp gain
Note: measurement model calculated by
being measurement value end approximated V0 = 26.02 [V1–V2]
equation. But true model calculation to
V0 = 996 mV
based on true value & accurate expression
RT = 100[1+0.004(100-0)+610-7(1000)] Error = measured value – True value
RT = 140.06 = 996mV–1000mV
RT = 102[1+0.004(100)] ---(1)
= –4mV
RT = 98 [ 1+0.004(100)] ----(2)
10C  10mV
e1 = 142.8-140.06 = 2.74
e2 = 137.2-140.06 = -2.86 10
1mV  C
10
03. Ans: (b)
Sol: 10 mV/ oC – Change in 10C in RTD output - 4mV - 0.40C
of Bridge 10 mV
R1 R2 05.
RT = R0 [1+T]
V2 V
0o C  100  = R0
1
= 100[1+0.00392(1-0)] Sol: T0
RT = 100.392 R4 R3
T1 100oC  150  = R1
Vout = Ad [V1-V2]
10mV = Ad [VB] T2  gas temp  300  = R2
 = 0.0039 C–1 1  1 1 

ln   =  
As per the relation 10   373 298 
R T2  R T1  = 3412.55 k
= R0
T2  T1 Now
300  150 T0 = 100oC +273 = 373 k = R0 = 1k

= 0.0039100
T2  100 T = 150oC +273 = 473 k = RT = ?
150 R   1 1 
 = T2 – 100 ln  T  = 3412.55 
0.39  1K   423 373 
 T2 = 384.61+100 RT = 339.12 
T2 = 484.61 0C Thermistor resistor at 150oC

5V 5
06. I= 
Sol: 1k  R Th 1339.12
1 k 0 0 = 3.733 10-3
(0 -150 )
5V Thermistor P = I 2 R
P = 4.72 mV
At 25o  10k
100o  1k 07.
b
This thermistor is used in a temperature Sol: Rt = R0a e T

b
Rt
range of 0-150oC. What is the power  ae T
R0
dissipated at thermistor when operating at
   b
more temperature loge  R T  = loge ae T 
10K R0   
2
V   b
P = I2 R = loge  R T  = log e a  log e e
R T
1K R0 
1 1 
  log e 300  10  
     1050  6 2850
RT = R0 e  T T0

 log e  1
250C 1000C  4000  T
R  1 1  2850
ln  T  =     –1.337 = –8.11+
T
R0   T T0 
2850
 = 6.78
T
T0 = 25oC+273 = 293k 10k = R0
2850
 T= = 420.35 K
T = 100+273 =373k  1k = RT 6.78
: 13 : Postal Coaching Solutions
08. Ans: -0.04088K-1 Ti (s) 1 1

1 1   
   
 Ta (s) 2s  1 1  2 j
  0 
Sol: R = R = R 0 .e for thermistor
1 1
 = 316K 0 = 298k. M  
1  4 2
2
R316 = 465k R298 = 1000 
1 1  1
 

  0  

dR   
F=
= R 0 e  2  4
d   
1 1 
    10. Ans: (b)
  0
1 dR R0 .e 
Sol: Cn–Pt = –35 V/k
. = .( /  2 )
R d 1 1 

  
 

a) pt–Cn = 35 V/k
R0 .e  0 
b) Nichrome – Constantan

Sensitivity is where  must be = 25 – (–35) = 60
2 c) Nickel – constantan
calculated. Q is given as 316K.
1 1  = –25– (–35) = 10
     
 0 
R = R0 . e d) Cu–Ni = 6+25 = 31
 1
 
1 
 So maximum sensitivity around 273 k is
R316 = R298.e  316 298 
to find  Given by (b) Nichrome – constantan
1 1
465  = 1000  e  ( 316 298 )
ln(0.465) = (316 1  298 1 ) 11. Ans: (d)
Sol:
  4006k Çu
Therefore Sensitivity S = 4/V/oC

4006k
=– 2
 0.0408K 1 Çn Çu Çu
(316) +
Çn
V0 =2.05V
Eth
09. Ans: (a)
dT
Sol: 2 i  Ti  Ta  0 Çn

dt Çu
= 1000
Ti = Indicated temperature
Ta = ambient temperature
Ice water
The -3 DB cut-off frequency in the
frequency response of the thermometer is as
For any problem frequency response allows V0 = Vin
take Laplace Transform
Ta(s) Ti(s) =  ETH
Thermometer
V0 = STH [TH –TC]
2sTi(s) + Ti(s) – Ta(s) = 0 TH = 50oC
[2s+1]Ti(s) = Ta(s)
12. Ans: (b) 48 V = 1 {T2–2oC}

Sol: Cu
 T2 = 48+2
Reference junction T2 = 50 C
TH TC
100oC 0oC 15.
o Cn o Sol: For the given thermocouple
200 C 45 C
Emf
ETk = STH [TH –Tc] EmfChrom – copper |at 300 = Echr – const + Econst- copper
T.V = ETk = 53 V [100-0]oC = Echr – const  Ecopper – copper
= 53000 V
= 1.801-1.196
MV = ETk = 53 k [100-45] = 2915 V
M.V  T.V = 0.605mV
e1 = 100 EHot = V0 + Echrom –copper
T.V
2915  5300 = 26.74mV +0.605mV
  100
5300 = 27.345mV
e1 = -45% Temperature corresponding to 27.345mV is
T.V = ETH =10600 3800C
M.V = ETH = 8215
e2 = -22.5%
16. Ans: 1.2 to 1.3 mV
Sol:
13. Ans: (a) + Copper
Sol: Given
E1G = 53T V T2 = 50oC
– constantan – T1 = 0oC
Ec1c2 = 43T V
Ec2I = (43T53T)V = 10 TV

– constantan + T1 = 0oC
Ec2I = 1070V = 700 V T2 = 15oC
14. Ans: (d) + Iron

Sol: From the table A = copper, B = constantan, C = iron
Sensitivity of thermocouple is eA = 1.9 v/oC with respect to platinum
125  35 V eB = –38.3V/oC with respect to platinum

STH =
90 C eC = 13.3V/oC with respect to platinum
= 1 V/oC EAB = eA/B.T2oC
We know the relation = 40.2V/oC 50oC
ETH = STH {T2–T1} EAB = 2.01mV
Similarly Thermocouple measures 10mV at t =  =

1sec
ECB = eC/B×T3oC = 51.6V/oC×15oC As given system is first order we use first
= 0.774mV. order system equation
y( t )  AK1  e  t /  
E0 = ECB – EAB = –1.236mV. A = amplitude = final temperature – initial
temperature
E 0  1.236mV.
A = f – i = (f–30)0C
y(t) = temperature measured at time t
17. Ans: 77
1010–3 = (f–30) 1010–6  (1–e–1)
 1k  V0 2.1 f = 16120C
Sol: V0     0.7  V (virtual
 2k  1k  3 3
and concept) 19. Ans: 0.2
V Sol: KCL at inverting terminal:-

I  0.35mA  TA
2k 0  12 0  12 0  V0
  0
T = 350 K R 1  x  R R
T = 77C {Given V0 = +2}
x = 0.2
18. Ans: 1612
Sol: Given data:
 V 
Sensitivity = 10 0 
 C
Chapter 5 Measurement of Flow & Viscosity
Class Room Practice Solutions 03. Ans: (d)
04. Ans: (c)

01. Ans: (b)
Sol: P1 – P2 = 30kPa 05. Ans: (d)
Q = 50 lts
P1 – P2 = 20 kPa Sol: Using Pitot-static tube, flow velocity of
By Bernoullis equation fluid is given by
2 2
P1 V1 P2 V2
    0.4 2 (pstag  pstat )
g 2g g 2g V 
2 2 
30 V  V1
  2  0.4
1000  9.8 2g Given density,  = 1000 kgm3
(By assuming V1 = 0) V2 = 7.2 m/sec
20 (V  ) 2 pstag  pstat = 10 kPa = 104 N/m2
 2  0 .4
1000  9.8 2g  V  20 m / sec  V1
V2  5.67 m / sec
Pipe dia, d = 0.05 m
Q1 V2

Q2 V 2'  d2
Area, A1 
50 7.22 4
 
Q 2 5.67 Cylindrical drum dia, D = 1 m
Q = 39.27 lt/sec  D2
Area, A 2 
4
02. Ans: 4.45
If the rate of reduction in water level in the
dv
Sol: Re =  drum is V2,

Q = Av V1 A1 = V2 A2
mass rate A1 20 (0.05) 2 1
V = Q/A = V2  V1   m/s
A A2 (1) 2
40 5
mass
 06. Ans: (d)
volume rate Sol:
mass N 1M
Volume rate =
 E=?
  d  mass rate
Re =
 d  =1000
S
d = 4.45 cm
200 k 0.5
d  0.7m
Z1 (o/p Resistance) sin 45 0
+ e0= .D.V E 2d v f cos 
 1 M t = 2
Z2 Vs

2
t  v s
vf =
E = (). Ein 2d cos 
 1M  0.2  10 6  1500
2
=  e 0  0.833V
 200k  1M  vf =
2  0.7  cos 45 0
vf = 0.45 m/sec
07. Ans: (c)
09. Ans: (b)
Sol: Given t 10  10 9 sec Sol: Induced voltage of turbine flow meter is
Vs = 1000m/sec E = . n.
where,  = amplitude of time varying flux.
d = 25mm
 = mean flux
  60 0 n = no. of teeth on wheel
2 given, speed N = 72 rpm.
t  Vs
So, Vf =  = 3,  = 1 and n = 4
29 cos 
2N
  7.536
10  10 9  (1000) 2 60
=
2  25  10 3  cos(60 0 ) now, E = 7.5  1  4 = 30.144
= 0.4 m/sec
10.
08. Sol: given
1
Sol: t =  0.2  sec oil = 900 kg/m3
5 MHz
 = 0.006 Ns/m2
vs = 1500 m/sec
L = 30 cm
Vf = ?
P = s  g  h
d = distance between crystals
= 900 9.82010–2 = 1764
From the questions we can draw the figure
D 4 p
Q= 
128L 
0.5m
d
  (2  10 2 ) 4  1764
=
00.5  = 450 128  30  10 2  0.006
sin 45 = = 38.5 cm3
d
11. Ans: (a) 12. Ans: 1.9634

Sol: For U type manometer Sol: e = BlV = 100  10–3  0.25  V
1 = 0.25  10–1V
1 2g V = 40 (m/sec)
f=  
2 L Q  AV  d 2  V   0.25  40
2
4 4
V = amL  1.9634 m / sec
3
 
D 2
= L
4
4V
L=
D 2
2g
 fn =
4V
D 2
1 2g  D 2
=
2 4V
D g
=
2 2 V
D g
=
2 2 V
Chapter 6 Measurement of force & torque
An area of shaft surface, originally square

with the sides of unit length and deformed
01. Ans: (b) to parallelogram due to the application of
Sol: given strain.
g = 5010–3 The original length of diameter is T2 and if
A = 4 cm2 
 is small then change in length is
2
 = 20 Nm (force  length)
We know So

E0 / t L 
g=
F   2 
L 2 2
A R 
 
but,  Gf  2   
R 2
 = F L
R 0.24
L= 0.5 m given Or    2  10 3 rad
R 120

F= = 40 N Gr 3
L T= 
2
F
E0 = g t   80  10 9  (15  10 3 ) 3  2  10 3
A 
2
40
E0 = 5010–3  2 2
 1  10 3 = 848Nm.
4  (10 )
=5V
02. Ans: 848 Nm

Sol: We know
2T
Angle of shear  
Gr 3
Where G is shaft shear mode
r is the radius of shaft
T is the applied torque
Chapter 7 Intermediate Quantity Measurement

0.38E i
 0.4E i
1  0.38(1  0.38)  0.1
% error =  100
01. 0.4E i
Sol: Input range = 0 to 5 g = –2.36 %
Damping ratio = 0.8
02.
Output range = 0 to 10 V Sol: For accelerometer ratio of amplitude of
m = 0.005 kg output and input
k = 20 N/m x 2  x 1 0 u2

1  u   2u 
2
i) input displacement range x m1 2 2
m x
= u2
k acc =  0.99
0.005 kg x
1  u   2  0.7u 
2 2 2
 = 3
20 N / m 5  10  9.81 m / sec 2 1
u = normalized frequency =  2.45
2
 x = 12.2625 mm
ii) 1 k POT
0.005
Xi =  2  10 3  9.81
20
= 4.905 10–3 for 2g acceleration
= 0.0049 m
x i 0.0049
k=  = 0.388
x t 0.0126
Rp 1k
 = 0.1
Rm 10 k
MV - TV
% LE =  100
TV
0.38 E i
MV=
1  0.38(1  0.38)  0.1
TV = 0.38 Ei
Chapter 8 Measurement of Level
2  8.85  10 12
Class Room Practice Solutions =  (2.4)  7  1
ln(2)
01.  Cs = 1425 pF
Sol: Given l = 8 m
V0 = V1–V2
h=7m
r liq = 2.4  64.2nF 10k 
= 15V  
 64.2nF  1425pF 10k  100 
C1 100  = 0.177 V.
15 V
V0
 02. Ans: (c)
1 kHz V1 V2
Sol: Aw = Area of water
Cs 10 k P1 = P2
hd
sin =
y
tank is empty lsin + ysin = hd ----- (1)
2 o  AB
Cs = sin =
D  y
ln 1 
 D2  AB = ysin ---- (2)
By low of volume
2  8.85  10 12  8
= Volume of mercury lost in well = volume of
ln(2)
mercury gain in cap
= 642 pF awAB = atl
For bridge balance condition
awysin = atl
Z1Z4 = Z2Z3
a
(XC1)(10k) = (100) (XCs) ysin = t   ---- (3)
aw
1 1
(10 k) = 100  from (2) & (3)
j C 1 jC s
h a
C s  10k sin = d  t
C1 =  aw
100
hd at 
C1 = 64.2 NF  = sin-1    a 
ii) When tank is full  w 
2 0 sin = hd-AB
Cs = r1h 1  r2 h 2 
 D1 
ln 
D
 2
Chapter 9 Measurement of Pressure
02. 32520
01.
Sol: We know for diaphragm pressure gauge
3P 4
Ymax = t/3 = r 1 u2 
16Et 3
9 Pr 4 1   2 
t4 =
16Et 3
9  1.5  10 6  2.5 4 1  (0.3) 2 

16  200  10 9
= 149.96  10–6cm4
t = 0.1106cm
Chapter
10 Miscellaneous
X  10 log10 anti log 8.5  anti log 7.3
01.

X  10 log10 3.612 108  0.1995 108 
Sol: Let X dB and Y dB be the sound pressure X  10 log10 2.9625  10   10  8.4717
8
levels from the sound sources.  8.4717 dB

Then the noise level with both sources Thus the sound pressure level of the
operating together is given by machine alone is 84.717 dB.
Combined spl
03. Ans : -20K
 X  Y  04. Ans: 8cm
 10 log10 anti log   anti log 
  10   10  Sol: Area target factor
  78   82  dis tan ce or receiver from t arg et
 10 log10 anti log   anti log  =
  10   10  useful diameter of t arg et

 10 log10 6.31 10 7  15.85 10 7  Diameter of target =
160
 8 cm
 10 log10 22.16  10   10  8.3456
7 20
05.
 83.456 dB
Sol: Absolute temperature with emissivity of
02. 0.82 is
Sol:  X  Y 
Re sul tan t spl  10 log10 anti log   anti log  = 1065 + 273 = 13380k
 10
   10 
Substituting the numerical values from the  Apparent absolute temperature is,
given data, Ta = (0.82)-1/4 (1338) = 12730k
 Actual absolute temperature when the

X  73 
85  10 log10 anti log   anti log 
  10   10  emissivity is 0.75
Where X dB is the sound pressure level of = (0.75)–1/4 (1273) = 13680k

the machine. Actual temperature
X  85   73  = 1368 – 273 = 10950C

 anti log   anti log   anti log 
 10   10   10  Hence error in temperature measure
Take log10 of both sides = 1065 – 1095 = –300C.
06. Ans: (b) Ri = 106  , Relectrode= 109 

Sol: R1
A0 = 105  , Rcable = 109 
1010
+  1
V0
R  10 6 1  10 5    1011 
V2 10 R2
11
 1
E
– 109
V+
–3
59.310 pH +
V0
100mV
+ 9 10 11 –
– 10
R1 1k
V0 =  V2
V2
R2 RL
= E R1 1k
R1  R 2
 R2 
V01       59.3  10 3  6.5 RL = 109 ‖ 1011 = 0.99× 109 
 R1  R 2  RL
V   100 mV 
1011 R L  10 9
= 100 59.310–36.5
10  10
10 11
V+ = 49.75mV
= 35.04 V
 R 
 R2  V0  1  F V   99.5mV
V02       59.3  10 3  7.8  R1 
 R1  R 2 
1011 08. Ans: 118.4mV
= 100  1
59.310–3 7.8
10  10
10
Sol: Sensitivity of pH electrode is approximately
= 42.04V
V = 42.04 – 35.04 = 7V is around 59.2mV/pH at 250C ambient
Temperature.
07. Therefore output of the pH electrode at

Sol:
6 pH is 355.2 mV and at 8 pH it is 473.6mV
+ V0
Shielded cable The change in voltage is 118.4mV.

RF
R1
pH electrode
Given
 R 
R = Ri 1  A 0 F 
 R1 

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Classroom Practice Solutions

05 Measurement of Flow & Viscosity 16 – 18

06 Measurement of force and torque 19 – 19

07 Intermediate Quantity Measurement 20 – 20

Class Room Practice Solutions

01. Ans: (d)

02. Ans: (b)

03. Ans: (b)

A  If we add this offset to the output of

SLVDT = 1mV/0.5mm = 2mV/mm p = 500 kN/m2,

So, sensitivity of the whole system is So

14. Given data E = 100V

15. 17. Ans: (b)

Class Room Practice Solutions

y = 8.6  10–10 N/m2

 mV  The equivalent circuit under the given

F  = 20PF (1010 || 1013)

Input force = 2N u(t) (step force)

Ch arg e Generated 11.8

Class Room Practice Solutions

02. Ans: (d)  139.2 100 

 = 0.0039 C–1 1  1 1 

300  150 T0 = 100oC +273 = 373 k = R0 = 1k

T2 = 484.61 0C Thermistor resistor at 150oC

This thermistor is used in a temperature Sol: Rt = R0a e T

08. Ans: -0.04088K-1 Ti (s) 1 1

Therefore Sensitivity S = 4/V/oC

12. Ans: (b) 48 V = 1 {T2–2oC}

Ec2I = (43T53T)V = 10 TV

14. Ans: (d) + Iron

Sensitivity of thermocouple is eA = 1.9 v/oC with respect to platinum

125  35 V eB = –38.3V/oC with respect to platinum

Similarly Thermocouple measures 10mV at t =  =

V Sol: KCL at inverting terminal:-

T = 77C {Given V0 = +2}

Class Room Practice Solutions 03. Ans: (d)

04. Ans: (c)

11. Ans: (a) 12. Ans: 1.9634

An area of shaft surface, originally square

02. Ans: 848 Nm

Class Room Practice Solutions

levels from the sound sources.  8.4717 dB

given data, Ta = (0.82)-1/4 (1338) = 12730k

 Actual absolute temperature when the

Where X dB is the sound pressure level of = (0.75)–1/4 (1273) = 13680k

X  85   73  = 1368 – 273 = 10950C

06. Ans: (b) Ri = 106  , Relectrode= 109 

07. Therefore output of the pH electrode at

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