STATISTICS

Statistics: Statistics is concerned with scientific methods for collecting, organizing, summarizing,
presenting, and analyzing sample data from a specified population of interest as well as drawing
valid conclusions and making inferences about the population of characteristics and finally reaching
a reasonable decision.

Population: A statistical population is the collection of all items of interest in a practical study.

Sample: A sample is a subset or part of the population selected to represent be population.

Variable: A variable is a characteristic or property often but not always quantitatively measured by
two or more values of categories that can vary from one individual to another.

Characteristics of Statistics:

1. Statistics should be expressed as numerical figures.

2. Statistics should be obtained for pre-determined purposes.

3. Statistics are aggregations of fact.

4. Statistics should be collected in a systematic manner.

5. Statistics should be influenced by a number of multiplicities of causes.

6. Statistics should be interrelated, comparable, and homogenous.

Limitation of statistics:

1. Statistics does not study the qualitative aspect.

2. Statistics does not reveal the entire study.

3. No cause and effect relationship.

4. Statistics can be used by experts only.

5. Statistics does not deal with individuals.

6. Statistics results/ laws are true only on average.

7. Statistics is only a means and not an end.

8. Statistical results are not always beyond doubt.

9. statistical results are only approximately correct.

10. homogeneity of data.

11. statistics can be misused.

 Statistics are 2 types:

1. Descriptive statistics
2. Inferential statistics

Descriptive statistics: Descriptive statistics are procedures used to summarize, organize and make
sense of observations by the use of tables, graphs, or numerical summaries.

Example- In the 2012 presidential election of the USA, votes cast 51.1% of votes for Democratic
candidate Barak Obama and 42.2% of votes for Republican candidate Mit Romoni.

Inferential statistics: It is the branch of statistics that uses sample data to make a generalization
about the population from which the sample was selected and assures the reliability of such a
generalization.

The population are 2 types:

1. Finite population
2. Infinite population

Finite population: A population consisting of a finite number of units is called a finite population.
In a finite population, the total number of units is limited.

Infinite population: A population consisting of an infinite number of units is called an infinite

population.

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

Scales of measurement refer to how the properties of numbers can be changed with different
uses.

Scales of measurement are 2 types:

1. Qualitative data
2. Quantitative data

Qualitative data: A variable is said to be qualitative if its values cannot be measured inherently on
a numerical scale.

Quantitative data: A variable is said to be quantitative if its values can measured inherently on a
numerical scale.
Qualitative data are 2 types:

1) Nominal data and 2) Ordinal data

Nominal data: The measurement level in which numbers or symbols are assigned to the categories
or variable values for identification only is called nominal data.

The categories are distinct, mutually exclusive, and exhaustive.

Ordinal data: The measurement level in which numbers are assigned to the categories or variables
for identification as well as ranking is called an ordinal data.

Quantitative data are 2 types:

1) Interval scale data and 2) Ratio scale data

Interval scale data: The measurement level in which numbers are assigned to the variable values in
such a way that measurement has order and distance properties but not an absolute zero value is
called interval data.

Ratio scale data: The measurement level in which numbers are assigned to the variable values in
such a way that measurement has order distance and absolute zero property is called a ratio scale
of data.

Example- Person’s age, height etc.

DATA OPERATION

Frequency distribution: A frequency distribution is a set of mutually exclusive classes or categories

together with the frequency of occurrence of items, values, or observations in each class or category
in a given set of data presented usually in a tubular form.

Frequency: The number of observations or values falling into each group is called the frequency of
that class.

Class boundary: A class boundary is always located mid-way between the upper limits of the class
and the lower of the next higher class.
Percentage distribution: A percentage distribution is formed by dividing the number of classes
attributable to the category or class by the total number of classes and multiplying by 100.

Pi = (Fi / N)×100

GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS

1. Histogram
2. Frequency polygon Quantitative data
3. Ogive curve
4. Bar diagram Qualitative data
5. Pie chart

Question: 10, 9, 15, 16, 13, 21, 25, 14, 37, 30, 32, 12, 19, 21, 23, 30, 33, 16, 16, 34.

Construct a frequency table, and draw the graph of a histogram, ogive a curve, and frequency
polygon.

Soln:- Here , N=20

Class width, K= 1+3.322 log N = 5.32~5

Hence the frequency table is:

Class interval Frequency Cumulative frequency

9-13 3 3

13-17 6 9

17-21 1 10

21-25 3 13

25-29 1 14

29-33 3 17

33-37 2 19

37-41 1 20

Total N=20
Histogram:

0 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41

Ogive curve:

1st-

Less than Frequency Cumulative frequency

13 3 3

17 6 9

21 1 10

25 3 13

29 1 14

33 3 17

37 2 19

41 1 20
2nd-

Large than or Frequency Cumulative Fi

equal frequency
9 3 3 20

13 6 9 17

17 1 10 11

21 3 13 10

25 1 14 7

29 3 17 6

33 2 19 3

37 1 20 1

20 • •

19 •

17 • •

14 • 1 st table- Increasing

13 • 2 nd table- Decreasing

10 • • •

9 •

7 •

6 •

3 • •

1 •

0 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41
Frequency polygon:

Class interval Frequency Midpoint

9-13 3 11

13-17 6 15

17-21 1 19

21-25 3 23

25-29 1 27

29-33 3 31

33-37 2 35

37-41 1 39

Total N=20

6 •

3 • • •

2 •

1 • • •

0 11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39
Question: Bar diagram and Pie chart-

Blood group Frequency

O+ 15
B+ 30
B- 2
AB+ 3
Total N=50

Soln-

Bar diagram-

30

15

0 O+ B+ B- AB+
Blood group Frequency Relative frequency RfiX
Rfi 360º

O+ 15 (15/50)×100= 30% 108º

B+ 30 (30/50)×100= 60% 216º

B- 2 (2/50)×100= 4% 14.4º

AB+ 3 (3/50)= 6% 21.6º

Total N=50

4% 6%

30%

60%
 CENTRAL TENDENCY

Measure of center: