BongaUni

ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

BONGAUNI
VERSI
TY
COLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG ANDTECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENTOFCI
VILENNGI
NERI
NG
FI
NALI
NTERNSHIPREPORTONBUILDINGCONSTRUCTI
ONOF
JI
MMAADI MENSTRATIONOFFI
CE

CompanyName:
-TI
LAHUNABEBEGENERALCONTRACTOR

Dur
ati
on:
May-Aug

ByDani
elAhmed I
DNO.RU1
142/
12

Academi
cmoni
to:

Oct
,2023

BONGA,
ETHI
OPI
A

Pagei
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ver
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y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
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DECLARATI
ON

Ast
hewor
ldi
sgr
owi
ng,
thei
ndus
tri
esar
eal
sogr
owi
ngi
nthef
iel
dofEngi
neer
ing
and t
echnol
ogy.Wi
tht
hisr
egar
ds,t
heAppar
ents
hip Pr
ogr
am and Bonga
Uni
ver
sit
y Col
l
ege of Engi
neer
ing and t
echnol
ogy depar
tment of ci
vil
Engi
neer
ingmade f
or me t
he oppor
tuni
tyt
ojoi
n or connect a s
uit
abl
e
net
wor
kwi
thpr
ivat
eandpubl
ics
ect
orst
ocr
eat
eabet
terl
inkagewi
thI
nst
itut
es.

Appr
ovedby
ENGI
NEERLEGGESSE __
_________________ ________________

CompanySuper
vis
or Si
gnat
ure Dat
e

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elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Pagei
i
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y Fi
nal
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erns
hipRepor
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Fi
rstofal
l
,Iwoul
dli
ket
ogi
veagr
eatpr
ais
etomyal
might
yAl
l
ah(
s.w)whogi
ves
asf
ull
ofheal
thyi
nor
dert
oat
tendt
hisf
ourmont
hint
erns
hippr
ogr
am.
Andal
soI
woul
dli
ket
othankBongaUni
ver
sit
yCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing andt
echnol
ogy
depar
tmentofci
vilEngi
neer
ingwhi
chpr
ovi
des
uchki
ndsofpr
act
icali
nter
nshi
p
pr
ogr
am f
orme.Andf
inal
l
yIwoul
dli
ket
othankt
hecommuni
tyofmyhoi
sti
ng
Company.Becaus
etheyhel
pmebys
howi
ngandgui
dingwhati
sexecut
edont
he
s
ite.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Pagei
ii
BongaUni
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y Fi
nal
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erns
hipRepor
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EXECUTI
VESUMMERY

Thef
inalgoalofl
ear
ningi
stoappl
ythet
heor
eti
calknowl
edgeIhavel
ear
ntt
othe
r
ealwor
ldsot
hatIcanmaket
hewor
ldabet
terpl
acet
oli
vei
n.Consi
der
ingt
he
necessi
tyofpr
act
icalt
rai
ningf
orst
udent
sani
nter
nshi
psessi
onwasschedul
ed
f
oronesemest
er.I
nter
nshi
pencour
agedus,i
nsuchawayt
ouset
het
heor
eti
cal
knowl
edgei
npr
act
icalwor
k.I
tmayal
sobet
hemai
nst
agef
ort
hef
utur
eli
fe
qual
if
icat
ionbasedont
hef
iel
dofst
udy.

I
nthei
nter
nshi
p;Icomet
oknow how ast
ruct
uralel
ementsuchassl
ab,beam,
col
umns,st
aircase,shearwal
landot
herst
ruct
uralr
elat
edwor
ksar
ebui
ldand
howconst
ruct
ioni
spr
act
iceorr
uni
ntheconst
ruct
ionsi
te.Andal
soIknowhowa
desi
gni
nthef
orm ofpr
epar
edpaperpl
ani
sexpectandhowdesi
gni
nthef
orm of
paperbecomesar
ealst
ruct
ureont
hegr
oundandhowal
lthepr
ocedur
esoft
he
act
ivi
ti
est
hatwer
eusedt
oexci
teoni
tem wor
kfol
l
ow t
hei
rownst
epsand
pr
ocedur
es.

Thepaperhast
hreebasi
cpar
ts.Par
tonepr
esent
sthebackgr
ound ofour
i
nter
nshi
phost
ingcompany,i
tsmai
npr
oduct
sorser
vices,cust
omer
s,overal
l
or
gani
zat
ion and wor
kfl
ow.The second par
tincl
udest
he obj
ect
ive oft
he
i
nter
nshi
p oft
hepr
oject
.Par
tthr
eepr
esent
soveral
lint
ernshi
p exper
ience
i
ncl
udi
nghow Igeti
ntot
hecompany,whatpr
ocedur
eIhavebeenusi
ngwhi
le
per
for
mingmyt
ask,chal
l
engesIhavebeenf
aci
ngandmeasur
esIhavebeen
t
akenwhi
leper
for
mingmyt
ask.Thef
ourpar
tsi
ncl
udesoveral
lbenef
itswehave
gai
nedf
rom t
hei
nter
nshi
pincl
udi
nghow wei
mpr
oveourpr
act
icalski
ll
,team
pl
ayi
ng ski
ll
,leader
shi
p ski
ll
,under
standi
ng wor
k et
hics r
elat
ed i
ssue and
i
mpr
ovi
ng ouri
nter
per
sonalcommuni
cat
ion ski
ll
.Fi
nal
l
y my concl
usi
on and
r
ecommendat
ionf
ort
hecompanyanduni
ver
sit
yincl
uded.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Pagei
v
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

TABLEOFCONTENTS

Cont
ent page

DECLARATI
ON i
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT i
ii
EXECUTI
VESUMMERY i
v
TABLEOFCONTENTS v
LI
STOFFI
GURE vi
i
LI
STOFTABLE vi
ii
CHAPTER1
:BACKGROUNDABOUTPROJECTAREA 1
1
.2. BACKGROUNDOFI
NTERNSHI
PHOSTI
NGCOMPANY 1
1
.2.
1. Br
iefHi
stor
yofCompany 1
1
.2.
2. Obj
ect
iveofcompany 2
1
.2.
3. Goal
s,Vi
sionandMi
ssi
onoft
hecompany 2
1
.2.
4. Mai
npr
oduct
sors
ervi
cesoft
hecompany 3
1
.2.
5. TheMai
nCus
tomer
sofCompanyPr
oduct
s 3
1
.2.
6. Over
all
Organi
zat
ionandwor
kfl
ow 5
1
.2.
7. Pr
ojectSi
teOr
gani
zat
ionChar
t 7
CHAPTER-
2:OVERALLI
NTERSHI
PEXPERI
ENCE 8
2.
1. I
NTRODUCTI
ON 8
2.
2. THEWAYIGETI
NTOTHECOMPANY 8
2.
3. SECTI
ONOFTHECOMPANYIHAVEBEENWORKI
NG 8
2.
4. WORKFLOW I
NTHESECTI
ON 9
2.
4.1
. Des
ignands
uper
vis
iont
eam 1
0
2.
4.2. Pr
ojectManager 1
0
2.
4.3. Si
teEngi
neer 1
1
2.
4.4. Of
ficeEngi
neer 1
1
2.
4.5. Gener
alFor
man 1
1
2.
5. WORKTASKIEXECUTED 1
2
2.
5.1
. Maj
orTas
ksDonei
nSi
te 1
2
2.
5.2. Of
ficewor
kIHaveBeenPer
for
ming 36
2.
6. PROCEDURESUSEDWHI
LEPERFORMI
NGTASKS 38

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elAhmed,
201
5E.
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BongaUni
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2.
7. WORKPERFORMANCE 39
2.
8. CHALLENGES 39
2.
9. MEASURESTAKENTOOVERCOMECHALLENGES 40
CHAPTER-3:
OVERALLBENEFI
TSGAI
NEDFROMI
NTERNSHI
P 41
3.
1. I
NTRODUCTI
ON 41
3.
2. I
MPROVI
NGMYPRACTI
CALSKI
LLS 41
3.
3. UPGRADI
NGTHEORETI
CALKNOWLEDGE 42
3.
4. I
MPROVI
NGI
NTERPERSONALCOMMUNI
CATI
ON 43
3.
5. I
MPROVI
NGTEAMPLAYI
NGSKI
LL 43
3.
6. I
MPROVI
NGLEADERSHI
PSKI
LL 44
3.
7. WORKETHI
CSRELATEDI
SSUES 45
3.
8. I
NTERMSOFENTREPRENEURSHI
P 47
CHAPTER-4:
CONCLUSI
ONANDRECOMMENDATI
ONS 48
4.
1. CONCLUSI
ON 48
4.
2. RECOMMENDATI
ONS 49
4.
2.1
. Recommendat
ionf
orourhos
tingcompany 49
4.
2.2. Recommendat
ionf
orUni
ver
sit
y 50
REFERENCE 51
APPENDI
CES 52

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elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Pagevi
BongaUni
ver
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nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

LI
STOFFI
GURE

Fi
gur
e11:
G+6Of ficeBui
ldi
nginJimmacit
y 4
Fi
gur
e12:Ri
ngRoadpr oj
ectinJi
mmacity 5
Fi
gur
e13:Overal
lorgani
zat
ionandworkfl
ow 6
Fi
gur
e14:pr
ojectsit
eorgani
zati
onchar
t 7

Fi
gur
e21:Wor kf l
owi nthes i
te 9
Fi
gur
e22:Beamands labReinforcement 16
Fi
gur
e23:ColumnRei nforcement 18
Fi
gur
e24:shearwal l
reinforcementandformwor k 19
Fi
gur
e25:Staircas ereinf
orcementandf or
mwor k 20
Fi
gur
e26:TimberFor m Wor k(pl
ywood) 22
Fi
gur
e27:met al scaffol
ding 24
Fi
gur
e28:Rect angularcolumnswi thfor
m work 26
Fi
gur
e29:Slabf ormwor k 27
Fi
gur
e210:Removal formwor kf
orcolumn,st
aircaseandsl
ab 28
Fi
gur
e211:
Concr etewor k 32
Fi
gur
e213:Trans porti
ngconcr eteinRMC 33
Fi
gur
e214:Compr essiontestfor7and14daysinthreefl
oorsl
ab 35
Fi
gur
e212:Spacer 36

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elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Pagevi
i
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LI
STOFTABLE

Tabl
e21:
ReinforcementbarsUs
agei
nmys
ite 13
Tabl
e22:Take-offs
heetfor
mat 37
Tabl
e23:BarScheduli
ng 38

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Pagevi
ii
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

CHAPTER1
:BACKGROUNDABOUTPROJECTAREA

Myi
nter
nshi
psi
tei
slocat
edatJi
mmaCi
tyHer
mat
aKebel
e,t
hiss
itei
spr
epar
ed
t
ocons
tructG+6Admi
nis
trat
ionof
ficeBui
ldi
ngandt
hear
eacover
edbyt
his
bui
ldi
ngi
s1 04m2.Thi
706. sbui
ldi
ngcons
truct
ioni
sconduct
edbyTi
lahunAbebe
Gener
alCont
ract
or(
TAGC)
.

Ti
lahunAbebeGener
alCont
ract
or(
TAGC)i
saGr
ade-
1Cont
ract
orwhi
chwas
es
tabl
is
hedi
n2004E.
C.I
tisownedandmanagedbyEngi
neerTi
lahunAbebeand
Engi
neerLegges
se(
Proj
ectManager
).I
nthi
sFour
-mont
hint
erns
hippr
ogr
am I
haves
eendi
ffer
entcons
truct
ionmet
hodol
ogyandnewl
ybui
ldi
ngcons
truct
ion
met
hodsandact
ivi
ti
eswhi
char
est
art
ingf
romal
lsupers
truct
urewor
k.

1
.2BACKGROUNDOFI
NTERNSHI
PHOSTI
NGCOMPANY

Thei
nter
nshi
phos
tingcompani
es,Ti
lahunAbebeGener
alCont
ract
or(
TAGC)
gi
ves
ervi
ceoncons
truct
ionWor
k.

1
.2.
1Br
iefHi
stor
yofCompany

Ti
lahunAbebeGener
alCont
ract
or(
TAGC)i
sregi
ster
edandl
icens
edasaGener
al
Cont
ract
orGr
adeonecons
truct
ion f
irm es
tabl
is
hed i
n accor
dancewi
tht
he
commer
cialcodeoft
heFDREs
tar
tingasBC-
6in2004.I
n2009t
heHeadquar
ter
wases
tabl
is
hedi
nAddi
sAbabaEt
hiopi
a.Thecompanyhasover1
8year
sof
exper
iencepr
ovi
dingqual
it
yser
vicef
orbot
hgover
nment
alandpr
ivat
esect
or.

Thecompanyupgr
adedi
tsl
evel
andi
n2004becomeaGener
alCont
ract
or(
GC-
1)
t
aki
ngi
ntoaccountt
heconduci
vemar
ket
s,i
nves
tmentpol
ici
es,andi
ncent
ive
package.Cur
rent
lyTAGCi
sact
ivel
ywor
kingonmul
ti
plepr
oject
swi
thapr
oject
cos
t of ETB 1
5,672,
097,
771
.39 t
hrough var
ious Gover
nment and Non-
Gover
nment
alpr
oject
sandhas1
,036,
183,
968.
20ETBTur
novercapi
tal
.

Mos
toft
hecont
ract
soft
hecompanyi
ncl
udeHi
ghRi
seBui
ldi
ngs
,inf
ras
truct
ure
pr
oject
sli
ke Road,Dam,and was
te wat
ert
reat
mentpl
ant
s.Cur
rent
lyt
he
companyhas201
6tot
alnumberofempl
oyees(
422t
otalnumber
sofper
manent
s
taf
fand1
594t
otal
numberofdai
lyl
aborands
kil
l
edwor
ker
s).

Page1
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

1
.2.
2Obj
ect
iveofcompany
Speci
fi
cobj
ect
ive:

 Todevel
opeconomyofcount
ry

 Tocr
eat
ejoboppor
tuni
ty.

 Todel
iverqual
it
ycons
truct
ionout
putt
osat
isf
ycl
ientbas
edes
ign.

 ToPr
ovi
dewi
tht
hemaxi
mum cl
ients
trat
ifi
cat
ionwi
tht
oler
abl
eover
head
cos
tandpr
ofi
t.

 Toi
mpr
oveand devel
op t
eam pl
ayi
ng s
kil
l
sand habi
tofl
is
teni
ng and
under
standi
deaofot
her
s

 Tounder
standanddevel
opwor
ket
hic

1
.2.
3Goal
s,Vi
sionandMi
ssi
onoft
hecompany
GOALS

 Mai
ntai
nmaxi
muml
evel
ofcus
tomers
ati
sfact
ion

 Sat
isf
yendus
ert
ogetmaxi
mum benef
itf
orl
ongt
erm benef
itwi
thgood
qual
it
yout
put

 Pr
omot
ionoft
hecons
truct
ionact
ivi
ti
esoft
hecount
ry.

VI
SION

 Toes
tabl
is
handpar
tici
pat
eint
hehi
ghes
tleveloft
hecons
truct
ionand
bui
ldi
ngi
ndus
try

 Leadi
ng cons
truct
ion company i
n count
ry and mot
ivat
efornew er
a
devel
opment

 Tocr
eat
esi
stercompani
esi
ntheReal
Est
atedevel
opments
ect
or

 Becomeoneoft
hebes
tqual
it
yper
for
mer
sint
hecons
truct
ioni
ndus
tryi
n
eas
tAf
ricaby2025.Andbyt
heyear2030becomecompet
iti
veGl
obal
Cons
truct
ion Company del
iver
ing pr
oject t
hat meet
sInt
ernat
ional
s
tandar
ds.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page2
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

MI
SSI
ON
 I
mpr
ove cons
truct
ion wor
k met
hodol
ogy of count
ry wi
th r
equi
re
manpowerandupdat
edt
echnol
ogy

 Devel
opef
fect
iveandef
fici
entut
il
iz
ati
onofr
esour
ce

 Toi
ncr
eas
etheempl
oyer
.

 Toi
ncr
eas
ethes
iteoft
hepr
oject>50pr
ojectupt
o2025.

 Toachi
ever
uleoft
hecount
ry

 Pr
ovi
dingqual
it
yser
vice

1
.2.
4 Mai
npr
oduct
sors
ervi
cesoft
hecompany

Ti
lahunAbebeGC (
TAGC)i
sGr
adeonebui
ldi
ngcont
ract
orpr
ovi
desdi
ffer
ent
s
ervi
ces f
orbot
h gover
nment
aland pr
ivat
esect
ort
hatar
e es
sent
ialf
or
devel
opmentoft
hecount
ry.

SomeofMai
nPr
oduct
sar
e:
 Teachi
ngHos
pit
als

 Res
ident
ial
Bui
ldi
ngs

 Uni
ver
sit
ycl
ini
cs

 Uni
ver
sit
yli
brar
y
 Condomi
niumsBl
ock

 Wat
erTr
eat
mentPl
antandOxi
dat
ionPond

 Ri
verdevel
opmentpr
oject

1
.2.
5TheMai
nCus
tomer
sofCompanyPr
oduct
s

Ti
lahunAbebeGChass
omanycus
tomer
sthr
oughoutt
hecount
ryi
ncl
udi
ngal
l
pr
ivat
eandgover
nments
ect
orss
omeoft
hecus
tomer
sar
e:

 Awas
hInt
ernat
ional
Bank:
Awas
hInt
ernat
ional
BankBr
anchBui
ldi
ng

 Di
reDawaUni
ver
sit
y:Di
reDawaUni
ver
sit
yLi
brar
yandHi
gherCl
ini
c.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page3
BongaUni
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y Fi
nal
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erns
hipRepor
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 AdamaCi
tyAdmi
nis
trat
ion:
AdamaRef
err
alHos
pit
al

 Ji
mmaCi
tyAdmi
nis
trat
ion:New Awet
uRi
verSi
deDevel
opmentPr
oject
,
Ji
mmaci
tyadmi
nis
trat
ionG+6Of
ficeBui
ldi
ng

 GonderUni
ver
sit
y:GonderCl
ini
cal
Labor
ator
yPr
oject
.

Gener
all
y,t
hemai
nendus
ersoft
hecompanypr
oduct
sar
e:

 Gover
nment
alandnon-gover
nment
al.

 Pr
ivat
eandot
herbus
ines
ssect
ors
.

 Cont
ract
orwhi
chi
nvol
vedi
nthecons
truct
ion

Fi
gur
e1.
1:G+6Of
ficeBui
ldi
ngi
nJi
mmaci
ty

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elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page4
BongaUni
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y Fi
nal
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erns
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Fi
gur
e12:
RingRoadpr
ojecti
nJi
mmaci
ty
1
.2.
6Over
all
Organi
zat
ionandwor
kfl
ow

I
n or
dert
o handl
ethe cons
truct
ion,mar
ket
ing,f
inanci
aland admi
nis
trat
ive
act
ivi
ti
esoft
hebus
ines
sent
erpr
ise,s
trongmanagementt
eam i
srequi
red.To
bui
ldt
hist
eam s
yst
emat
ical
l
ythef
oll
owi
ngs
ummar
izedor
gani
zat
ions
truct
urei
s
i
mpl
ement
ed.
Thetopmanagementens
ur est
hatres
ponsi
bil
it
iesandaut
hor
iti
esar
edef
ined
andcommuni
catedwi
thTi
lahunAbebeGC.

a)Anor
gani
zat
ionalchar
thasbeenes
tabl
is
hedt
odef
inet
hei
nterr
elat
ionof
per
sonneli
ntheor
gani
zat
ion.Jobdes
cri
pti
onsdef
inet
her
espons
ibi
li
ti
esand
aut
hor
iti
es of each of t
he pos
iti
ons on t
he or
gani
zat
ionalchar
t.Job
des
cri
pti
onsand or
gani
zat
ionalchar
tar
erevi
ewed and appr
oved byt
op
managementf
oradequacy.
b)Thet
opmanagemental
soens
urest
hatt
her
espons
ibi
li
ti
es,aut
hor
iti
esand
t
hei
rint
err
elat
ion ar
e def
ined and communi
cat
ed wi
tht
he oper
ati
onal
pr
ocedur
es,
wor
kins
truct
ions
,For
msaswel
las
,Fl
owchar
t.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page5
 BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Gener
alManager

Legal
Advi
sor Secr
etar
y

Deput
y
Techni
cal Admi
nis
trat
ion

Pr
ojectCoor
dinat
or

Per
sonnel Suppl
ies&Logi
sti
c Fi
nance

Materi
al
Coordi
nato Pr
ojectManager Admi
nis
trat
ionandFi
nance

St
ore

Of
fice Cons
truct
ion

Quant
ity Wor
kshop Pr
oduct
ion Si
teEngi
neer

Dat
a

Sur
veyor Gener
alFor
man El
ect
rical
For
man Pl
umberFor
man

Ski
ll
edLabor Uns
kil
l
edLabor El
ect
rici
an Pl
umber

Fi
gur
e13:
Over
all
organi
zat
ionandwor
kfl
ow

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page6
 BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

1
.2.
7Pr
ojectSi
teOr
gani
zat
ionChar
t

Cl
eri
cal
Ser
vices Si
temat
eri
al

Eng’
rQC Si
teEng’
r Admin Mater
ial Equip
And Pr
ocure Admin
Finance And And
Supply Mai
ntai

HumanRes
our
ce

Account
ant

Sur
veyor Gener
al El
ect
rical Pl
umberFor
man

Ski
ll
edLabor El
ect
rici
an Pl
umber

Uns
kil
l
edLabor

Fi
gur
e14:
proj
ects
iteor
gani
zat
ionchar
t

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page7
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

CHAPTER-
2:OVERALLI
NTERSHI
PEXPERI
ENCE

2.
1.I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Dur
ingt
heover
alli
nter
nshi
pper
iod;Ihaveobs
ervedandpar
tici
pat
edi
nmaj
or
wor
king pr
ocedur
esus
ed i
nthecons
truct
ion s
ite.Thecons
truct
ion pr
oces
s
i
nvol
vest
hevar
iouswor
kingpr
ocedur
esconcr
etewor
k,f
ormwor
kpr
epar
ati
on,
barbendi
ng wor
k,condui
twor
k(i
nst
all
ati
on)
,demol
is
hing and r
emovalof
f
ormwor
ks.Thos
epr
oces
seswer
eappl
iedcons
tructs
lab,beamscol
umnset
c.I
al
so par
tici
pat
ed i
n of
fice wor
ksl
ike pr
epar
ati
on oft
akeof
fsheet
s,bi
llof
quant
iti
es,
eval
uat
ionofdocument
s,andr
epor
t.

2.
2.THEWAYIGETI
NTOTHECOMPANY

Mos
tofuni
ver
sit
iesi
nEt
hiopi
ahasi
nter
nshi
ppr
ogr
am f
ort
hei
rst
udent
s.Bonga
Uni
ver
sit
yist
heoneamongt
hem.Whent
heuni
ver
sit
yannouncesf
ors
tudent
s
t
otr
ytof
indcompani
es,whi
chmaygi
veasanoppor
tuni
tyf
ori
nter
nees
,Ias
ked
Ji
mmaCi
tyCons
tri
cti
onAut
hor
ityOf
ficet
ogi
veast
hechancet
otr
aini
nTi
lahun
AbebeGener
alCont
ract
or(
TAGC)f
ors
emes
ter
.

Whengavemyl
ett
erf
ort
hecompany,t
hecompanyaccept
edmyl
ett
erki
ndl
y
andof
fer
edpos
iti
onsf
oras
.Accor
dingl
y;t
heygaveast
heconf
irmat
ionl
ett
er.
Af
tert
wodaysIcomet
othecompanys
tar
tedt
het
rai
ning.Att
het
ime,t
hey
wer
eint
eres
tedt
ogi
vet
rai
ningi
nsi
te.Ther
efor
e,Ihavewor
kedi
nthi
scompany
f
ort
hewhol
eint
erns
hippr
ogr
am.

2.
3.SECTI
ONOFTHECOMPANYIHAVEBEENWORKI
NG

Si
nceIwantt
owor
konbui
ldi
ngcons
truct
ionsIhavebeenwor
kingi
nthebui
ldi
ng.
Dur
ingmys
tayi
nthepr
ojectons
itesIhavet
riedt
ogat
herandexer
cis
easmuch
aspos
sibl
epoi
ntsbot
hinof
ficeands
itewor
kses
peci
all
yons
ite.Si
ncet
hemai
n
obj
ect
iveoft
hei
nter
nshi
ppr
ogr
am i
stohavet
hes
tudentunder
standt
heover
all
wor
kingenvi
ronmentofanact
ual
cons
truct
ionIf
oundi
tnotonl
yeducat
ional
but
al
soqui
teneces
sar
ytowor
konbot
hpl
acesbutes
peci
all
yons
ite.

Ont
hecompanyt
her
ewer
etwowor
kings
ect
ions
.Thes
ites
uper
vis
ions
ect
ion
andt
heof
ficewor
ksect
ion.
Ihavebeenwor
kingonbot
hwor
kings
ect
ion.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page8
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Thes
ites
uper
vis
ions
ect
ion:t
hiss
ect
ioncompos
edofs
iteengi
neer
sandGener
al
For
manwhi
char
eres
pons
ibl
eforal
lki
ndsofact
ivi
ti
est
hatar
eper
for
mingont
he
s
ite.And t
heymakes
uret
hatal
lact
ivi
ti
esar
egoi
ng wel
laccor
ding t
othe
i
ntendedpl
anandwewer
espendi
ngmuchofmyt
imeont
hiswor
kbywat
chi
ng
al
lki
ndsofact
ivi
ti
esandgr
aspi
ngknowl
edge.

The Of
fice wor
ksect
ion: t
hiss
ect
ion compos
esof
fice engi
neerwhi
ch i
s
r
espons
ibl
eforal
lki
ndsofof
fice wor
k.They make t
akeof
fsheetand cos
t
es
timat
eandmat
eri
alor
der
inget
c.

2.
4.WORKFLOW I
NTHESECTI
ON

Thewor
kfl
ow oft
hes
itei
sor
gani
zedands
truct
uredbydi
ffer
entpr
ofes
sional
t
hatar
ees
sent
ialf
oronepr
oject
.Thewor
ker
sint
hes
itear
eint
erconnect
edand
t
heyar
eundercont
rolofpr
ojectmanager
.Thewor
kfl
ow t
hes
itei
schar
tedas
f
oll
ow.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page9
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Fi
gur
e21
:Wor
kfl
owi
nthes
ite
2.
4.1
.Des
ignands
uper
vis
iont
eam

The t
eam i
ncl
udes s
truct
ural engi
neer
, ar
chi
tect
ural engi
neer
s,s
ani
tar
y
engi
neer
s,el
ect
ricalengi
neer
s and ot
her exper
ienced engi
neer
sin ot
her
pr
ofes
sions
.Thedes
ignands
uper
vis
iont
eam i
sat
eam f
rom t
hecons
ult
ants
ide
whi
chgui
deever
ywor
kexecut
ed i
nthats
iteand gi
vess
uper
vis
ionf
ort
he
cont
ract
orbas
edont
hedr
awi
ngandt
hes
peci
fi
cat
ion(
bil
lofquant
ity)
.Thi
steam
mos
tlycomest
othes
itewhen t
her
eisami
ssunder
standi
ng on dr
awi
ngs
,
wor
kingt
echni
ques
,dr
awi
ngdet
ail
inger
ror
,andf
ormeet
ingbet
weent
het
hree
par
ties
.Thet
eam pr
ovi
descont
inuouss
ervi
cet
othepr
ojectf
rom s
tar
ttof
ini
sh,
es
tabl
is
hingandmai
ntai
ningt
hequal
it
yandi
ntegr
ityofeachdes
ign.

2.
4.2.Pr
ojectManager

Thepr
ojectmanageri
stheper
sonwhomanagesal
lact
ivi
ti
esont
hes
iteandi
s
account
abl
efort
hecont
ract
orort
heowneroft
hecons
truct
ioncompany.Some
oft
her
espons
ibi
li
ti
esoft
hepr
ojectmanagerar
e:

 He/
shewi
ll
over
seet
hepr
oject

 Pr
epar
est
heact
ion pl
an oft
hepr
oject
,revi
ewsdes
ign changesand
pr
ovi
desaddi
ti
onal
wor
kor
der
s,andmoni
tor
scompl
iancewi
ths
chedul
e.

 Devel
opsanact
ionpl
anandpr
esent
sitt
othes
uper
vis
orandpr
oject
cons
ult
antengi
neerf
oreval
uat
ion

 Pr
ovi
dest
he appr
oved act
ion pl
an t
othe s
uper
int
endent
,the of
fice
cont
ractmanagementandt
heHeadOf
ficeBui
ldi
ngmoni
tor
ingpr
oces
s

 Revi
ewi
ngdes
ign,
ident
ifyi
ngandver
ifyi
ngi
tincompl
iancewi
thBOQ

 Requi
rest
hes
uper
vis
ingaut
hor
ityt
otakei
ntoaccountt
het
imer
equi
red
f
ort
hepr
oject
’sl
ogi
sti
css
uppl
yandmoni
tor
sit
simpl
ement
ati
ons
olves
pr
ojectpr
obl
ems
,pr
ovi
dest
echni
cals
uppor
t,andr
epor
tst
othepr
oject
s
uper
vis
orwheni
tisbeyondcapaci
ty

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page1
0
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

2.
4.3.Si
teEngi
neer

Thes
iteengi
neeri
spr
ofes
sionalwhoi
sres
pons
ibl
eforwor
ksper
for
medons
ite
andi
saccount
abl
eforpr
ojectmanagerands
omer
espons
ibi
li
ti
esofs
iteengi
neer
ar
e:

 Conduct
squal
it
ytes
tingf
orcons
truct
ioni
nput
s,andmoni
tor
sthatt
he
wor
kandSuper
vis
ethei
mpl
ement
ati
onofpr
act
icet
hatdonothar
mthe
empl
oyeeand,
whenneces
sar
ytakescor
rect
iveact
ions

 Ens
uret
hatt
hepl
anni
ng,
des
ignandwor
kloadar
ecor
recti
nwor
kpl
ace

 Sol
vespr
obl
emsf
aci
ng ont
hes
ite,r
epor
tspot
ent
ialpr
obl
emst
othe
pr
ojectmanagerFi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t.

 Par
tici
pat
eint
hepr
epar
ati
onoft
hepr
ojectact
ionpl
an.

 Demons
trat
e and s
uper
vis
ethe wor
ksot
hat t
ime and qual
it
y ar
e
ef
fect
ivel
yaddr
ess
edbyr
eques
tingandpr
ior
iti
zingt
het
imeandqual
it
yof
mat
eri
al,
manpower
,machi
ner
yandot
herr
esour
cesr
equi
redf
ort
hewor
k.

2.
4.4.Of
ficeEngi
neer

I
stheper
sonwhoper
for
mst
heof
ficewor
koft
hecons
truct
ions
iteands
omeof
t
her
espons
ibi
li
ti
esorwor
ksar
eper
for
medbyof
ficeengi
neerar
e:

 Pr
epar
es weekl
y wor
k s
chedul
es f
or pr
oject
s, eval
uat
es weekl
y
per
for
mance

 Pr
epar
esweekl
y,mont
hly,
quar
ter
lyandannual
repor
tofpr
oject

 Per
for
mspr
ojectr
esour
ceas
ses
smentanddai
lypr
ofi
tlos
sanal
ysi
s

 Pr
epar
est
hepaymentdocumentoft
hepr
oject

 Pr
epar
eTakeof
fshi
torBi
ll
ofQuant
iti
esf
ort
heexecut
edwor
k

 Ens
uret
hatt
hepr
ojectpr
icebeadded t
othecos
toft
hepr
ojectby
s
endi
ng det
ail
ed des
cri
pti
on and s
ket
chesoft
he wor
ktot
he of
fice

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page1
1
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

cont
ractmanagement

 Pr
epar
esover
all
his
tor
yofpr
oject
,pr
epar
est
hepr
ojectcompi
lat
ion

2.
4.5.Gener
alFor
man

 Checkst
hewhol
ewor
kpr
oces
s

 Quant
ifi
ess
omemat
eri
alsandmakesr
eques
t

 Repor
tsanychal
l
engesofwor
kpr
ocedur
esandt
hei
rexecut
ion…

2.
5.WORKTASKIEXECUTED

Themai
nai
m oft
hei
nter
nshi
ppr
ogr
am i
stos
how t
hes
tudent
saboutt
her
eal
wor
ksi
tuat
ion and maki
ng t
hem f
ami
li
arwi
th pr
act
icalwor
ks.I
thas al
so
benef
ited t
he s
tudentt
o wor
k di
ffer
entt
asks bas
ed on t
hei
rtheor
eti
cal
knowl
edgegai
nedi
nthei
rfouryear
sofs
tudyi
ng.WhenIs
tar
tint
erns
hippr
ogr
am
myai
m wasgai
ningdi
ffer
entpr
act
icals
kil
l
sandwor
kingdi
ffer
entwor
ksr
elat
ed
t
oourpr
ofes
sion(
civi
lengi
neer
ing)
.

Obs
ervat
ion and under
standi
ng Obs
ervat
ion and under
standi
ng i
sto mean
l
ooki
ng,vi
sual
iz
ingandunder
standi
ngt
hewor
ktypess
yst
ems
,met
hodol
ogi
es,
mat
eri
alsandot
herr
elat
edt
hingsofas
peci
fi
ccons
truct
ionwor
kint
hes
ite.I
n
t
he s
ite wor
king s
ome wor
kst
hatIhave obs
ervesand under
stand ar
ethe
f
oll
owi
ngs
.
 Focus
ingt
hes
truct
ural
andar
chi
tect
ural
drawi
ngsofpr
oject
.

 Rei
nfor
cementandf
ormwor
kofcol
umns
,beams
,shearwal
l
,st
aircas
e
ands
labs
,Concr
etewor
kfr
ommi
xingupt
ocur
ing.

Ot
herr
elat
edwor
ksi
ncei
twasmyf
irs
tti
met
owor
ksi
teIas
kingal
otof
di
ffer
entques
tionsandmywor
kwasbas
ical
l
yobs
ervat
ion.

2.
5.1
.Maj
orTas
ksDonei
nSi
te

Dur
ing t
he f
our mont
hs dur
ati
on ofme i
nter
nshi
p pr
ogr
am Ihave been
per
for
mingt
hef
oll
owi
ngmaj
ort
asksdonei
nthes
itel
ooksl
ike:
 Checki
ngt
her
einf
orcementbar
sdi
mens
ion

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page1
2
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

 Checki
ngt
hef
ormwor
ksqual
it
y
 Cont
rol
l
ingt
heconcr
etewor
ks
 Checki
ngt
heconcr
etecover
Si
teobs
ervat
ionands
uper
vis
ionwast
hemaj
ort
askIhavebeenper
for
med
dur
ingf
ourmont
hsoft
hei
nter
nshi
ppr
ogr
am.Ihavebeenobs
ervi
ngdi
ffer
ent
s
upers
truct
uralwor
ksons
ite.Her
ebel
ow Iexpl
ains
omeoft
het
asksIper
for
m
ont
hes
ite.

2.
5.1
.1.Checki
ngt
heRei
nfor
cementbar
sanddi
mens
ion

Thes
teelus
edi
nrei
nfor
cedconcr
etecons
ist
sofdef
ormedbar
sandpl
ainbar
s.
Mos
toft
hedef
ormedt
ypeshavepr
oject
ionont
hei
rsur
face.Thepr
oject
ed
s
urf
acewi
ll
hel
ptodevel
opagr
eat
erbondbet
weent
heconcr
eteands
teel
.

Rei
nfor
cementbari
saver
sat
il
econs
truct
ionalmat
eri
alwhi
chi
swi
del
yus
edi
n
t
hecons
truct
ioni
ndus
tryf
ormaki
ng oft
her
einf
orced concr
ete.AsIknow
Concr
etei
samat
eri
alt
hatr
esi
sthi
ghcompr
ess
ionf
orcebutt
heyar
eweeki
n
t
ens
ionFor
ce.Tocompens
atet
hisunbal
ancei
nconcr
etewehavet
oaddmat
eri
al
t
hathaveabi
li
tyt
ores
istt
ens
ionalf
orce.Rei
nfor
cementbari
stheonewhi
ch
r
esi
sthi
gh t
ens
ion f
orce.Rei
nfor
cementbari
s pr
efer
abl
e becaus
e oft
he
f
oll
owi
ngpr
oper
ty
 I
thashi
ghert
ens
il
est
rengt
htor
esi
stt
ens
ionf
orce

 I
twi
ll
for
mst
rongbondwi
thconcr
ete
 Capabl
eofbendi
nganys
hape
Awi
der
angeofr
einf
orci
ngbar
sisavai
labl
ewi
thnomi
nal
diamet
err
angi
ng6mm
t
o35mm,
mos
tofwhi
char
edef
ormedexcept6mmdi
amet
erbar
.

Tabl
e21
:Rei
nfor
cementbar
sUs
agei
nmys
ite
Di
amet
erofbari
nmm Theyus
edi
n(l
ocat
ion)

ϕ10 Forcol
umns
tir
rup

ϕ16 Forcol
umn

ϕ20 Forcol
umn

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page1
3
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

ϕ20&ϕ16 Forbeam

ϕ10 Fors
lab

ϕ8 Fors
hearwal
landbeams
tir
rup

ϕ16 Fors
tai
rcas
e

Ther
efor
e,t
heywer
echecki
ngt
hecont
ract
orst
ous
ethebar
sthatar
eavai
labl
e
byt
hecl
ientandt
henumberofbar
sar
rangedaccor
dingt
othedes
ign.

i
)Beam r
einf
orcement

Beam i
sas
truct
uralel
ementt
hati
scapabl
eofwi
ths
tandi
ngl
oadpr
imar
il
yby
r
esi
sti
ng bendi
ng.Dur
ing our s
tay i
nthe s
ite we have been obs
ervi
ng
i
nter
medi
atebeamsbei
ngcons
truct
ed.
Procedur
eofcons
truct
ion
 For
mwor
kpr
epar
ati
on:Beam pr
ops(
Chr
ist
y)wer
epos
iti
onedt
osuppor
t
t
hewei
ghtoft
hebeam unt
ili
tgai
nsi
tss
trengt
h,f
oll
owedbypl
acementof
s
off
it(
pondo)s
othati
tret
ainsf
res
hconcr
eteands
uppor
tini
ti
all
oadof
t
he wet concr
ete.Si
de f
ormwor
k(Sponda) and i
tss
uppor
t wer
e
cons
truct
edt
oret
ainvol
umeofconcr
etet
obecas
ted.

 Pr
epar
ati
onand pl
aci
ng ofr
einf
orcement
:oncet
her
einf
orcementhas
beendet
ail
ed,wer
ecutandbentatcons
truct
ions
ite.Thepl
acementof
r
einf
orcementwascar
riedbybarpl
acer
s(Fer
ayo)byi
nter
pret
ati
onof
s
truct
ural
drawi
ngsal
ongwi
tht
hedet
ail
sheet
saspr
eci
sel
yaspos
sibl
e

 Suppl
yingt
heconcr
ete:concr
etepr
epar
edwi
thpr
opermi
xrat
iower
e
cas
tedmonol
it
hical
l
ywi
ths
labandcompact
eds
othati
tfor
msgoodbond
wi
thr
einf
orcement
.

 Cur
ingands
tri
ppi
ngf
ormwor
k:s
idef
orm wor
kswer
est
rippedaf
terone
dayands
off
itswer
est
rippedaf
ter21andt
heconcr
etecas
thasbeen
cur
edf
or21dayss
othati
tat
tai
nsi
tss
trengt
h.

Abeam bendsunderbendi
ngmoment
,res
ult
ingi
nas
mal
lcur
vat
ure.Att
heout
er
f
ace(
tens
il
eface)oft
hecur
vat
ure,
theconcr
eteexper
iencest
ens
il
est
res
s,whi
le
att
hei
nnerf
ace(
compr
ess
ivef
ace)i
texper
iencescompr
ess
ives
tres
s.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page1
4
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

I
fthel
engt
hoft
her
einf
orcementbari
snots
uff
ici
ent
,bas
edont
hebendi
ng
momentdi
agr
am wehave,t
heexactpos
iti
onf
orover
lapcanbeeas
il
yident
ifi
ed
andt
hisover
lapr
egi
oni
stheonedoesnotexhi
bitanymoment
.Compr
ess
ion
(
bot
tom)r
einf
orcementover
lapped att
he s
uppor
tregi
on and t
ens
ion (
top)
r
einf
orcementover
lappedatt
hemi
dspan.Commonl
ythi
sover
lapl
engt
hus
edi
s
f
ourt
imest
hebardi
amet
er,i
ncent
imet
er.I
fdi
ffer
ents
izebar
sar
eover
lapped,
t
aket
hel
argerdi
amet
ert
obes
afe.

Pos
iti
vebar
s:-
Thes
eki
ndsofbar
sar
emai
nlyus
edt
ores
istt
hepos
iti
vemoment
s.
Themomenti
smos
tlydevel
opedatt
hemi
dspanont
hebeamsandt
hes
epos
iti
ve
bar
sar
epl
acedatt
hemi
dspan.

Negat
ivebar
s:-
Thes
ear
ebar
sus
edt
ores
istnegat
ivemoment
smos
toft
het
ime
t
heyar
efoundatt
hes
uppor
toft
hebeams
.Theypl
acedat1
/3oft
hes
panl
engt
h
atbot
hsi
deoft
hes
uppor
t.
St
irr
ups
:-Theyar
epl
acedt
opr
ovi
dedi
agonal
shearr
esi
stance.

i
i)Sl
abr
einf
orcementbar

abi
Sl sapl
anehor
izont
als
truct
uralel
ementus
edt
osuppor
tli
vel
oadsanddead
l
oadsandt
rans
fert
hes
eloadst
othes
uppor
tingbeamsorwal
l
s.Ther
ear
etwo
t
ypesofs
labsbas
ed on l
oad t
rans
fer
s,one-
way s
lab t
rans
fer
sload i
n one
di
rect
ionwher
east
wo-
ways
labt
rans
fer
sloadi
ntwodi
rect
ions
.As
labcoul
dbe
f
lats
lab,waf
fles
lab,s
oli
dsl
abandr
ibbeds
lab.Ons
itet
heywer
ebui
ldi
ngs
oli
d
s
labmos
tofwhi
chwer
etwoways
oli
dsl
absbutt
her
ewer
eal
socant
il
everand
oneways
labst
oo.
Cons
truct
ionpr
ocedur
e
 Thepos
iti
onofs
labwi
ll
level
wit
hres
pectt
obeamandcol
umn

 For
mwor
kwi
ll
cons
truct

 Rei
nfor
cementwi
llpl
ace and adj
ust
,fort
wo-
way s
lab r
einf
orcement
r
esi
sti
ngf
iel
dmoment(
mai
nrei
nfor
cement
)ar
epl
acedasmes
hins
ucha
wayt
hats
hor
ter

 di
rect
ion r
einf
orcement pl
aced f
irs
tfol
l
owed by l
onger di
rect
ion
r
einf
orcement
,wher
easi
none-
ways
oli
dsl
abmai
nrei
nfor
cementar
e
pl
acedi
nthes
hor
terdi
rect
ionanddi
str
ibut
ionbarar
epl
acedi
nlonger

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page1
5
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

di
rect
ion.

 Spacer
sandBarchai
rwer
epl
acedi
nor
dert
opr
ovi
deadequat
econcr
ete
coverandt
osepar
atemai
nrei
nfor
cementf
rom negat
iveanddi
str
ibut
ion
baraswel
last
okeept
hemi
nthei
rpl
acer
espect
ivel
y

 Fr
eshconcr
etemi
xedwi
thpr
operr
ati
ower
ecas
tedmonol
it
hical
l
ywi
th
beamandcompact
ed

 TheConcr
etecas
thasbeencur
edf
or21daysandt
hef
ormwor
kswer
e
s
tri
ppedFi
gur
e
Sl
absar
ehor
izont
als
truct
ural
member
sus
edt
osuppor
tli
veanddeadl
oads
.Her
e
ont
heSi
teus
esol
ids
lab.

Fi
gur
e22:
Beam ands
labRei
nfor
cement
Gener
all
y,dur
ings
uper
vis
ionofr
einf
orcementbar
s,t
heycheck:
 Rei
nfor
cementbar
ssi
ze
 Rei
nfor
cement
slocat
ionandar
rangement
 Rei
nfor
cement
snumberandt
hei
rlengt
h
 Al
lrei
nfor
cementbar
sar
ecl
eanandf
reef
rom cl
oser
ust
,gr
eas
e,oi
l

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page1
6
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

ort
ar,
andot
herki
ndofdi
rt
 Al
lbar
swi
thcr
acksors
pli
tsatt
hebendar
enotus
ed
 Bef
oreanycas
tingofconcr
etes
tar
ts,makes
uret
hats
pacer
sar
e
pr
epar
edandal
lrei
nfor
cement
sar
epl
acedont
hem.
 Ther
einf
orcementbar
sar
epl
aced i
n pos
iti
on accor
ding t
othe
dr
awi
ngs
,andf
irml
yboundt
oget
herwi
thami
lds
teel
wir
e
i
ii
) Col
umnRei
nfor
cement
:

A col
umni
saver
ticals
truct
uralmembert
rans
mit
tingaxi
alcompr
ess
ionl
oads
wi
thorwi
thoutmoment
s.Col
umns
uppor
tmai
nlyver
ticall
oadsf
rom t
hef
loor
s
andr
oofandt
rans
mitt
hes
eloadst
othef
oundat
ion.Bas
edongeomet
rywecan
cl
ass
ifycol
umnsasr
ect
angul
ar,ci
rcul
ar,Ls
haped,Ts
haped.Butont
hepr
oject
,
we wer
e onl
y abl
etos
ee col
umns wi
thr
ect
angul
ar and ci
rcul
ar s
hape.
Cons
truct
ionpr
ocedur
efol
l
owedt
ocons
tructcol
umn.
 Col
umnl
ayoutwor
kint
hiss
tageofwor
kst
hel
ocat
ionofcol
umnswas
det
ermi
nedpr
act
ical
l
yinf
iel
d.I
tisdonebyl
ayi
ngr
opeaccor
dingt
ogr
ids
s
howni
nthedr
awi
ngandt
henmar
kthel
ocat
ionsofcol
umnsr
elat
edt
o
gr
idl
inewi
thdi
mens
ion.Pr
act
ical
l
yinf
iel
d,r
opesar
eourgr
idl
ine.Sowe
pl
acecol
umnsr
elat
edt
oropel
inebymeas
uri
ngdi
mens
ions
howni
nthe
s
truct
ural
drawi
ng.
Col
umn

 Rei
nfor
cementWor
k,af
termar
kingt
hecol
umnl
ocat
ions
,wet
hens
tar
tto
pl
ace r
einf
orcementas i
nst
ruct
ed i
nthe s
truct
uraldr
awi
ng.Thi
sis
nor
mal
l
ydes
cri
bedi
nthedr
awi
ngandt
ogets
ugges
tedl
apl
engt
hwecan
us
ethef
ormul
a40d,wher
edi
sthedi
amet
erbar
s.s
oones
houl
dread
t
hos
ebef
orecol
umnr
einf
orcementwor
k.Af
terr
einf
orcementhavebeen
bentandt
iedaccor
dingt
ocol
umnbarcutor
der
.Spacer
swer
eal
sous
ed
f
orcol
umnt
oens
ureadequat
econcr
etecoverCons
truct
ionj
ointwer
e
us
edf
orcl
osel
yspacedcol
umnsi
nor
dert
ofor
m aweakpl
ane,s
othat
cr
acksar
efor
medatt
hej
oint
sbutnoti
nundes
iredpl
aces
.Cons
truct
ion
j
ointwer
enotonl
yus
edi
ncol
umnbutal
soi
nbeam cons
truct
ion.Col
umn
f
ormwor
k,i
nourbui
ldi
ng,f
loorhei
ghti
snor
mal
l
ykeptt
o3m andt
hes
lab
hasbeam.
Thenwehavet
opourconcr
eteupt
obeam bot
tom l
evel
whi
chi
s
cal
l
eds
off
itorpondo.Beam hei
ghts
peci
fi
edi
ndr
awi
ngi
s0.
6m.So,t
he

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page1
7
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

cas
tinghei
ghtofcol
umnwi
ll
be2.
7m.
Andf
ormwor
khei
ghtal
sowi
ll
be2m.
Si
def
ormwor
kwascons
truct
ed s
othati
tret
ainsvol
umeofconcr
ete
dur
ingpour
ingunt
ili
tgai
nss
trengt
hthatenabl
esi
ttor
esi
sti
tswei
ght
.
For
mwor
kswer
est
rippedaf
teronedayt
ocons
truct
ionofcol
umn.

Thes
tir
rupdi
str
ibut
ioni
ncol
umni
sseet
abl
e2.
1Andt
heover
lapl
engt
hisFor
ty
t
imesdi
amet
erofbar(
40D)
.Incol
umnweaddi
nners
tir
rupwhent
hel
oadi
s
heavyandt
ores
istbuckl
ing.

Fi
gur
e23:
Col
umnRei
nfor
cement
Fort
hepur
pos
eofwor
kabi
li
ty,bydeduct
ingf
loor
-to-
floorel
evat
ionandaddi
ti
on
oft
heover
lapl
engt
h,t
hef
ull
lengt
hoft
hebarcut
sfort
hecol
umnr
einf
orcement

Whent
hecol
umns
tandst
hef
oll
owi
ngar
echecked
 Thecr
osss
ect
ional
areaofl
ongi
tudi
nal
rei
nfor
cement
.
 Thenumberofbar
spr
ovi
dedass
truct
ural
des
ign.
 Meas
uredi
stancesofcent
er-
to-
cent
eroft
hepad.
 Gi
vings
pacer
sbet
weenf
ormwor
ksandcol
umnbar
s
i
v) Shearwal
lRei
nfor
cement
:
Shearwal
lisas
truct
uralmember
sus
edt
ores
istl
ater
alf
orcesi
nar
oundt
he
bas
ementands
upers
truct
urei
nourcas
ei.
e.par
all
elt
othepl
aneoft
hewal
l
.
For
mwor
kfors
hearwal
l
:-i
snor
mal
l
ybui
ltuponbot
hsi
desoft
hewal
l
.The
component
sofwal
lfor
msar
e:panel
sheat
hing,
stud,
braces
,ti
esands
preader
s.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page1
8
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Fi
gur
e24:
shearwal
lrei
nfor
cementandf
orm wor
k
v)St
airCas
erei
nfor
cement
St
air
sar
esetofs
tepsl
eadi
ngf
rom onef
loort
oanot
herandar
epr
ovi
dedi
na
bui
ldi
ngt
oaf
for
dasmeansofcommuni
cat
ionbet
weenvar
iesf
loor
.Itcompr
ises
ofl
andi
ng,
ris
e,t
rade,
soonCons
truct
ionpr
ocedur
esofs
tai
rsar
ethef
oll
owi
ng
 I
ncl
inedf
ormwor
kispr
epar
ed
 Mai
nbar
sar
elai
dont
hei
ncl
inedboar
d
 Tr
ans
ver
sebar
sar
epl
acedaccor
dingt
othedes
ign
 Bar
sforl
andi
ngandr
iseri
sfi
xed
 I
nser
tspacerb/
nincl
inedf
orm wor
kandmai
nbar
s
 Bendt
hebar
s1/
3oft
hes
panar
ounds
uppor
t
 Ti
e90-
degr
eebendedbar
sforr
iser
 Cheekt
her
equi
redal
ignment
 Cas
ttheconcr
ete

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page1
9
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Fi
gur
e25:
Stai
rcas
erei
nfor
cementandf
orm wor
k
2.
5.1
.2.
Checki
ngt
heFor
m Wor
kqual
it
y

Ther
ear
edi
ffer
entt
ypesoft
empor
arys
truct
ureswhi
char
eus
edasenabl
ersf
or
cons
truct
ingper
manents
truct
ures
.For
m wor
kisoneofaki
ndoft
empor
ary
s
truct
urewhi
chpur
pos
eist
osuppor
tit
sownwei
ghtandt
hatoff
res
hlypl
aced
concr
eteaswel
last
hecons
truct
ionl
ivel
oadsi
ncl
udi
ngmat
eri
als
,equi
pment
,
andwor
kmen.For
mwor
kasat
empor
arys
truct
urei
sdes
iredt
osaf
elys
uppor
t
t
heconcr
eteunt
ili
tgai
nsadequat
est
rengt
htos
tandoni
tsown.

For
m wor
kisacompl
etes
yst
em oft
empor
arys
truct
urebui
ltt
ocont
ainf
res
h
concr
etes
oast
ofor
miti
ntot
her
equi
reds
hape,di
mens
ionsandt
osuppor
tit
unt
ili
thar
denss
uff
ici
ent
lyt
obecomes
elf
-suppor
ting.I
tincl
udest
hes
urf
acei
n
cont
actwi
tht
heconcr
eteandal
ltheneces
sar
ysuppor
tings
truct
ure.Rei
nfor
ced
concr
ete(
RC)cons
truct
ionpr
imar
il
ycons
ist
soft
hreecomponent
sfor
m wor
k,
r
einf
orcement
,&concr
ete.
For
m wor
krepr
esent
sas
igni
fi
cantpor
tionofany
concr
etecons
truct
ionpr
ojectandaccount
sfor35-50% oft
het
otalconcr
ete
cons
truct
ion cos
t.I
nter
ms oft
ime al
so,f
orm wor
k oper
ati
ons cons
ume
maxi
mum t
ime,var
ying bet
ween50-
75% oft
het
otalt
imecons
umed i
nRC
cons
truct
ion.
Thet
imberandMet
alf
ormwor
kwasus
edi
nmys
ite.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page20
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

1
)For
mwor
kcons
truct
ionf
orbeams
,shearwal
l,s
tai
rcas
e,s
labandcol
umns

For
mwor
kwaspr
ovi
dedt
opr
oducehar
denedconcr
etet
othel
inesl
evel
sand
s
hapess
hown on t
he dr
awi
ngsors
peci
fi
ed el
sewher
e.The f
ormwor
k had
adequat
est
rengt
htocar
ryal
lappl
iedl
oads
,incl
udi
ngt
hepr
ess
ureoff
res
h
concr
ete,vi
brat
ionl
oads
,wei
ghtofwor
ker
sandequi
pment
,wi
thoutl
ossof
s
hape.For
mswer
emor
tart
ight
sdes
igned t
o al
l
ow r
emovalwi
thoutr
iskof
damaget
othecompl
eteds
truct
ure.
Mat
eri
alsus
edf
orf
ormwor
kwer
esoundand
s
uit
abl
efort
hepur
pos
eint
endedands
urf
acef
ini
shs
peci
fi
ed.Thef
ormwor
ks
wer
e pr
ovi
ded wi
thf
irm s
uppor
toff
itt
ings
,bol
ts,anchor
ages
.Tempor
ary
f
itt
ingsus
edf
ort
hes
uppor
toft
hef
ormwor
kwer
ear
rangedt
oper
mitr
emoval
wi
thoutdamaget
otheconcr
ete.Thef
ormwor
kcons
truct
ionhad per
mit
ted
accur
ateer
ect
ionandeas
yst
rippi
ngwi
thouts
hock,di
stur
banceordamaget
o
t
hecas
tconcr
ete.

Pr
opers
elect
ionoff
ormwor
khasgr
eat
eri
nfl
uence:
 Onr
educi
ngmat
eri
alsandl
aborcos
t,
 I
mpr
ovi
ngt
hequal
it
yoft
hepr
oducedconcr
eteand
 Savi
ngt
imel
eadi
ngt
osmoot
hrunni
ngoft
hepr
oject
s.
Typesoff
ormwor
kus
edont
hes
itear
e:pl
ywoodands
teel
Pl
ywood
 Ens
uresqual
it
ysur
facef
ini
shandi
ses
peci
all
yrecommendedi
nwor
ks
wher
elar
geexpos
edar
easoft
heconcr
etear
etobecons
truct
eds
uch
asf
loors
lab,
facesofr
etai
ningandunders
tai
rset
c.
 Us
ear
eleas
ingagentl
ikepl
ast
ics
heetofpl
ywoods
urf
acet
o
 Faci
li
tat
ether
emoval
oft
hef
ormwor
k.
 Pr
eventt
heconcr
eteadher
ingt
othef
aceoft
hef
ormwor
k.
St
eel
panel
Al
thoughs
teel
shut
ter
ingcos
tsmor
eini
ti
all
y,i
tmaywor
koutt
obeeconomi
cal
in
t
hel
ongr
unduet
oit
slar
genumberofr
eus
es.

Theadvant
ageofs
teel
for
mwor
k

 I
tiss
tronger
,mor
edur
abl
eandhasl
ongerl
if
e.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page21
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

 I
tcanbeputt
osuf
fici
entl
argenumberofr
eus
es.

 I
tcanbei
nst
all
edanddi
smant
ledwi
thgr
eat
ereas
eands
peed.

 Thequal
it
yofexpos
edconcr
etes
urf
aceobt
ainedbyus
eofs
teelf
ormi
s
excel
l
entandmos
toft
het
imei
tneednof
urt
hert
reat
ment
.

 Ther
eisnodangeroft
hef
ormwor
kabs
orbi
ngwat
erf
rom t
heconcr
ete
andhencet
hechanceshoneycombi
ngi
smi
nimi
zed.

 Theyar
enotl
iabl
etos
hri
nkordi
stor
tandhencei
tispos
sibl
etoachi
eve
bet
terwor
kmans
hipandhi
gheraccur
acybyus
eofs
teel

Fi
gur
e26:
TimberFor
m Wor
k(pl
ywood)

Concr
etef
ormsus
ual
l
yar
emadeoft
imberandpanel
s.Theyal
socanbemadeof
wood,ora combi
nat
ion ofwood and panel
s.Wooden f
orms ar
e bui
ltby
car
pent
erswor
kingatt
hecons
truct
ions
ite.Thecar
pent
ersmaymakeever
ypar
t
oft
hef
orm att
hes
ite,ort
heymayassembl
efor
mst
hathavebeenpar
tly
f
abr
icat
ed(
made)atamanuf
act
uri
ngpl
ant
.Buti
nourcas
eal
lthet
imberi
s
damnat
ioni
nsi
teaf
terer
ect
ion.

2)Pr
epar
ingt
heMat
eri
als

Thef
irs
tst
epi
nbui
ldi
ngf
ormwor
ksi
stopr
epar
ethemat
eri
als
;thel
engt
hsoft
he
pi
eces ofdi
mensi
on l
og (
eucal
ypt
us) t
hat wi
llbe needed must be
measur
edandcut
.Commont
ool
sformeas
uri
ngar
ecar
pent
er’
ssquar
esand
f
lexi
blemet
almeas
uri
ngt
apes
.Whent
hepi
ecesr
equi
redf
ort
hef
ormshave
beencutt
osi
ze,t
hent
heyar
eassembl
edandf
ast
enedt
oget
her
.Usual
ly
t
hel
og(
eucal
ypt
us)i
nthef
ormsi
sfas
tenedt
oget
herwi
thnai
lsandt
yingwi
re.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page22
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Theeucal
ypt
usi
scutt
osi
zeaf
terer
ect
ingt
omi
nimi
zedi
mens
ioner
rororl
evel
er
ror
s.

3)For
m wor
kpai
nti
ng

Bef
orepl
aci
ngt
hepl
aci
ngconcr
ete,wes
houl
dbepai
ntt
hef
orm wor
kbybl
ack
oi
lorker
osene.
TheMai
nAdvant
ageofpai
nti
ngt
hef
orm wor
kar
ethef
oll
owi
ng.
 I
tpr
otect
stheadhes
ionoff
ormwor
kandconcr
ete.

 Removedt
hef
ormwor
kwi
thoutdamageoft
heconcr
ete.

 Removedt
hef
ormwor
kwi
thoutdi
stur
bance.

4)Checki
ngt
hef
ormwor
ksqual
it
y

For
m wor
kisbas
iccons
truct
ionmat
eri
al.Ons
ite;about50% ofwor
ksar
ewi
th
t
heus
eoff
orm wor
k.Fori
nst
ance,whenbegi
nni
ngf
rom t
hes
impl
eti
mber
,
panel
sar
eus
edatt
imef
il
li
ngofs
hearwal
lwi
thconcr
ete,panelus
edt
ost
andon
i
tbys
preadi
ngi
tbes
idest
hes
hearwal
l
.Butf
ormwor
khasagr
eatus
ageat
cons
truct
ionofbui
ldi
ng.I
t’
sus
edt
odes
ignofs
hearwal
l,s
tai
rcas
e,col
umns
,
beams
,sl
abs
…et
c.

Fr
eshconcr
etei
saf
lowi
ngmat
eri
al,
requi
rest
empor
arys
uppor
tsf
orcas
tingi
tto
di
ffer
ents
izesands
hapes
.Hencef
ormwor
kist
empor
all
ysuppor
twhi
chhol
ds
wetconcr
etet
il
litget
ssetandhar
dened.Whent
heconcr
etehasr
eacheda
cer
tai
nrequi
reds
trengt
h,t
hef
orm wor
kisr
emovedandr
eus
efort
hef
ormsof
anot
herpar
toft
hes
truct
ure.

Scaf
fol
ding:-
Iti
sst
ruct
urecons
truct
edf
ormovementofwor
ksoft
hes
ite.I
t
maybewoodenormet
als
truct
ure

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page23
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Fi
gur
e27:met
als
caf
fol
ding

5)For
mwor
kCons
truct
ion

For
mss
hal
lbecons
truct
edt
otheexacts
hapesanddi
mens
ionsass
hownandas
r
equi
redt
oobt
ainaccur
ateal
ignment
,locat
ion,gr
ade,l
evel
,andpl
umbwor
kin
f
ini
sheds
truct
ures
.Thent
hepr
epar
edf
ormwor
kisf
ixedt
oapl
acepr
epar
edf
or
t
hispar
ticul
arf
orm.

6)Rel
eas
eAgent
s

Mos
toft
het
ime,f
orm wor
ksus
edi
nthes
itear
eaf
fect
edbymanyt
hings
.Hence
t
imberandpanelf
ormwor
kss
houl
dbecl
earandcoat
edbyr
eleas
ingagent
s.I
n
or
dert
ofaci
li
tat
ethes
tri
ppi
ngorr
emovaloff
ormwor
k,andt
opr
eventt
he
concr
eteadher
ingt
othef
ormwor
kface,t
hef
aces
houl
dbet
hor
oughl
ycl
eaned
f
rom concr
ete,mudandot
hermat
terand,i
mmedi
atel
ypr
iort
oer
ect
ing,be
coat
edwi
thr
eleas
eagent
.Thes
eagent
swi
ll
reducet
heamountoff
ormwor
kface
adher
ingt
otheconcr
etes
urf
ace.I
nthes
itebur
ntgas
oli
neoi
lisus
edasa
r
eleas
ingagent
.

7)Des
ignofFor
mwor
kforVar
iousPur
pos
es

For
mwor
kis des
igned t
o car
ry own wei
ght
,li
ve l
oad,wei
ghtofmovi
ng
equi
pmentoper
ated on f
ormwor
k,wei
ghtoft
he concr
etei
nit
sfl
uid
condi
tion,ambi
entt
emper
atur
e,and ot
herf
act
orsper
tinentt
osaf
etyof
s
truct
uredur
ingcons
truct
ion.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page24
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Si
ncewor
kmanof
tenmus
tst
andont
hef
orm orcl
imbar
oundoni
t,t
hef
orm mus
t
bes
trongl
ybui
ltt
opr
otecti
tfr
om bei
ngpus
hedoutofs
hapebef
oreordur
ing
t
heconcr
etepl
aci
ngoper
ati
on.

a)For
mwor
kforCol
umns

Bef
orecol
umnf
ormwor
kiscons
truct
edt
hes
uper
vis
orcheckswhet
herornott
he
r
einf
orcement
sar
epr
oper
lypl
acedander
ect
edwi
tht
heappr
opr
iat
edi
mens
ion,
l
engt
hands
paci
ng.Thes
tir
rupswi
llal
sobecheckedf
orpr
opers
paci
ngand
or
ient
ati
ons
howi
ngf
igur
e2.
8.

Col
umnsar
elai
dupr
ightandont
hepr
edet
ermi
nedaxi
s,t
hes
amei
str
uef
or
f
ormwor
ks.For
mwor
ksar
edes
igned up r
ightver
ticaland s
houl
d keep t
hei
r
al
ignmenthor
izont
all
yands
houl
dn’
ttwi
st.For
mwor
ksdet
ermi
net
hes
hapeof
t
hes
truct
ureandt
hei
ral
ignment
,sof
ormwor
kss
houl
dbeer
ect
edcar
eful
l
y.
For
mwor
ksf
orcol
umncanbecheckedei
therf
or:
-

Ver
ticalal
ignment(
upr
ight
nes
s):-car
pent
ersus
ual
l
yus
epl
umb-
bobst
ocheck
upr
ight
nes
soff
ormwor
ks.

St
epst
ocheckt
his
:-

Ti
epl
umb-
bobsonupperyokesoff
ormwor
ksonei
thers
idesandr
eleas
ethe
s
tri
ngs
.Then,Meas
uret
hedi
stancebet
weent
hes
idepl
anksands
tri
ngs
,ift
he
di
stancemeas
uredi
sequal
thef
ormwor
kisupr
ightot
her
wis
enotupr
ight
.Check
bot
hsi
desoft
hef
ormwor
k.

Hor
izont
alal
ignment
:-

Col
umnss
houl
dbeer
ect
edandpl
acedont
hei
raxi
scor
rect
ly,keepi
ngt
hei
r
hor
izont
alal
ignment
.

St
epst
ocheckt
his
:-

 Meas
ureadi
stancef
rom t
heaxi
sofcol
umnskeepi
ngt
hes
tri
nghor
izont
al
wi
tht
her
efer
encel
ine.I
fthedi
stancemeas
uredf
rom t
hes
tri
ngt
othe
f
aceoft
hecol
umnsi
sthes
amewi
thpaperdr
awi
ng,t
hent
hecol
umnsar
e
s
etorer
ect
edont
hei
rcor
rectaxi
s.

 Checkt
hecent
eri
ng(
eccent
rici
ty)ofpr
evi
ouscol
umnheadst
ocol
umn
f
orm

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page25
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

 Col
umnyokes(
crat
ury)hel
pst
okeept
hecol
umnf
ormss
trai
ghtands
trong.
Col
um f
ormsar
ethenpl
aced i
ntheyokesaf
tert
heal
readypr
epar
ed
col
umn r
einf
orcementi
spl
aced,on f
ours
ides
.And t
hiss
houl
d er
ect
s
trai
ght&s
uppor
tedver
ywel
l
.

 Fi
nal
l
y,checkbef
orecas
ting.Pl
umbi
ngboborwer
eus
ings
tonesi
npl
ace
ofi
ttocheckver
tical
it
yoft
hecol
umnf
orm.

Fi
gur
e2.
8:Rect
angul
arcol
umnswi
thf
orm wor
k
b)For
mwor
kforBeam

Thebeam f
ormwor
ksi
deshavet
oret
aint
hewetconcr
etei
nther
equi
reds
hape
andbeabl
etowi
ths
tandt
hei
nit
ialhydr
ost
ati
cpr
ess
ureofwetconcr
eteunt
ili
t
hasgai
neds
uff
ici
ents
trengt
htobes
elf
-suppor
ting.

Thecons
truct
ionpr
ocedur
eis
:-
 Si
def
ormspl
acedaf
terpl
aci
ngofr
e-bar
,thei
rpos
iti
oncheckedbef
ore
bei
ngf
ixed.

 Fi
nal
l
y check bef
ore cas
ting,f
orconcr
ete cover
,pos
iti
on and f
or
s
truct
ural
member
.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page26
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Fi
gur
e2.
9:Sl
abandbeam f
orm wor
k
8)Removal
ofFor
m Wor
k

Al
lfor
m wor
kss
houl
dbes
tri
pedorr
emovedwi
thgr
eatcar
easwel
lasnott
o
damaget
heconcr
etewedges
,thef
ormwor
kit
sel
f,s
uppor
tingeucal
ypt
uset
c.
underanyci
rcums
tances
.Thef
orm wor
kshoul
dnotber
emovedbef
oret
he
concr
etehashar
deneds
uff
ici
ent
ly.

Thes
tri
king(
removi
ng)t
imedependsont
het
ypeofcementandt
ypeoft
he
s
truct
ure.Gener
all
y,t
her
ear
etwot
ypesofcementar
eus
edi
nmys
ite,or
dinar
y
por
tendcement(
OPC)andPoz
olanaPor
tlandcement(
PPC)
.OPC t
hes
tri
king
t
imei
sshor
tert
hanPPC.
Butt
hequal
it
yofPPCi
sles
sthanOPC.
Mos
tlyi
nmys
ite
t
heyus
eOPC.
Thust
hemi
nimum s
tri
kingt
imef
ordi
ffer
ents
truct
urei
s.

The f
orm wor
kremovalper
iod i
sdependi
ng on s
truct
uret
)hatwast
o be
cons
truct
ed.Ther
emovalper
iodoft
hef
orm wor
kinours
itel
ooksl
ikegi
ven
bel
ow

 Tocol
umnsbeam-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
-16hour
s

 Tobeams
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
--1
4days

 Tos
labs-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
-21days

Gener
all
y,Ihavecheckedt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hings
:
 Thebr
aci
ngoft
hef
ormwor
k,t
hef
ormwor
kmus
tbes
trongenought
o

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page27
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

car
ryt
hel
oad unt
ilt
heconcr
etei
sst
rong enought
ocar
ryi
tsel
fand
har
deneds
uff
ici
ent
ly.

 Thei
nsi
des
urf
aceoff
ormwor
ksi
scoat
edwi
thar
eleas
ingagent
.

 Rel
eas
ingagentdoesnotcomei
ntocont
actwi
tht
her
einf
orcement
.

 Thef
ormwor
kshoul
dhavet
her
ightdi
mens
ionandi
tshoul
dbes
trai
ght
.

 Thef
ormwor
kshoul
d beatt
hes
amel
evelt
othet
op oft
hef
ini
shed
concr
ete.I
not
herwor
ds,t
hef
ormwor
khei
ghts
houl
dbet
hes
ameast
he
concr
etehei
ght
.

 Al
lfor
mwor
ksar
eremovedwi
thoutanydamaget
otheconcr
etedur
ingt
he
s
tri
king.

Fi
gur
e2.
10:
Removal
for
m wor
kforcol
umn,
shearwal
l
,st
aircas
eands
lab
2.
5.1
.3.
Concr
etewor
k

Concr
etei
soneoft
hemos
tcommonl
yus
edbui
ldi
ngmat
eri
alsmadef
rom s
ever
al
r
eadi
l
yavai
labl
econs
tit
uent
s(aggr
egat
es,s
and,cement
,wat
er)
.Thes
trengt
hof
concr
etedependsupont
hequal
it
yofi
tsi
ngr
edi
ent
s,t
hei
rrel
ati
vequal
it
yand
manneri
n whi
ch t
hey ar
e mi
xed,compact
ed and cur
ed.Concr
etei
sver
y
i
mpor
tantf
ort
hes
truct
ural
cons
truct
ionsl
ikebeams
,sl
ab,
col
umn,
ret
aini
ngwal
l
,

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page28
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

concr
etepavement
,shearwal
l
,br
idgeet
c.

Concr
etei
soneoft
hemos
timpor
tantcons
truct
ionmat
eri
als
.Iti
sdi
ffi
cul
tto
br
eak ordi
smant
le concr
ete af
terbei
ng har
dened.I
tis wor
kabl
e bef
ore
har
deni
ng.Concr
etei
scompos
edoff
ineaggr
egat
e,coar
seaggr
egat
e,cement
and wat
er.They ar
e mi
xed cor
rect
ly by us
ing t
he Et
hiopi
an mi
xing r
ati
os
s
tandar
ds.Concr
etecar
riesorcandef
endcompr
ess
ionf
orcebuti
tisver
ylowt
o
r
esi
stt
ens
ionf
orce.I
tisus
edf
orcons
truct
ionofbui
ldi
ngs
,br
idges
,roads
,dams
et
c.Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofconcr
eteappl
iedt
oours
ite:
-

Rei
nfor
cedconcr
ete:-i
saconcr
etewi
tht
her
einf
orcement
s.I
tiss
uit
abl
efor
l
oadbear
ingmember
sofs
truct
ureands
eei
ndet
ail
bel
ow.

Mat
eri
alf
orconcr
ete
a)Cement

 St
oreds
epar
atel
yfr
omot
heri
tems
.

 Shoul
d be f
ree f
rom dampnes
s,due t
o whet
herorgr
ound
condi
ti
ons
.

 Typeofcements
houl
dbes
elect
ed;

 Agi
ngofcementmus
tbechecked

 Fr
eef
romdampnes
sandpar
tial
set
ting

b)Aggr
egat
e

 havet
obef
reef
rom exces
sivedus
tandhar
mfulmat
eri
all
ike
i
ron,
mica,
shal
e

 Eachgr
adeofconcr
etei
sst
oreds
epar
atel
yinwel
ldr
ainedandi
n
pl
acewhi
chpr
eventanypos
sibl
eofi
nter
mixi
ng.

 Cons
istofnat
ural
l
yoccur
rings
andandbas
alt
ics
tonegr
avel
.

 Shoul
dbecl
ean,
har
d,s
trongand,
shar
panddur
abl
e.

c)Wat
er

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page29
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

 Shoul
dbecl
eanandpr
otect
edf
rom cont
ami
nat
ion.

 St
oredanddi
str
ibut
edaboutt
hes
itei
ncont
ainer
s,ves
sel
sand
t
hroughpi
pewor
kwhi
chs
hal
lnotcont
ami
nat
eit
.

 Qual
it
ycheckf
orcur
rents
tat
us

1
)Compos
iti
onofconcr
ete
Concr
etei
sa mi
xtur
e ofcement
,wat
erand i
ner
tmi
ner
alf
il
ler
sknown as
aggr
egat
es.
Whent
hes
emat
eri
alsar
emi
xed,
placedi
nfor
ms,
andal
l
owedt
ocur
e.
Thechemi
calr
eact
ionbet
weent
hewat
erandt
hecementf
ormsahar
dened
bi
ndi
ng medi
um orcementpas
te whi
ch s
urr
oundsand hol
dst
oget
hert
he
aggr
egat
esbyadher
ingt
othem avar
yingdegr
ee.

Si
nceconcr
etei
smadef
rom di
ffer
entmat
eri
alst
hatf
orm di
ffer
entpar
ts,i
tis
knownasacompos
itemat
eri
al.Forpr
act
icalconcr
etemi
xes
,thecement
,wat
er
andaggr
egat
ess
houl
dbepr
opor
tionedi
nsuchawayt
hatt
her
esul
ti
ngconcr
ete
hast
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
oper
ties
.
 Whenf
res
hlymi
xed,i
tiswor
kabl
eenoughf
oreconomi
caland eas
y
uni
for
m pl
acementbutnots
lur
rymi
x.
 Whenhar
dened,i
tshoul
dpos
ses
sst
rengt
handdur
abi
li
tyadequat
eto
t
hepur
pos
efori
twhi
chi
tisi
ntended.
2)Cur
ingofconcr
ete
Moi
stur
eisneces
sar
yfort
hepr
operhar
deni
ngofconcr
etebecaus
ethechemi
cal
act
iont
hatr
esul
tsi
nthes
ett
ingandhar
deni
ngoft
hepas
tet
akespl
aceonl
yin
t
hepr
esenceofwat
er.I
tist
ruet
hatt
heamountofwat
er,nor
mal
l
yus
edatt
he
t
imeofmi
xingi
sadequat
efort
hispur
pos
e.However
,thel
ossduet
oevapor
ati
on
s
tar
tingf
rom t
het
imet
heconcr
etei
smi
xedupt
opl
acementi
sus
ual
l
ysor
api
d.
Sot
her
emaynotbeenoughofi
tlef
tforf
ullhydr
ati
onandhar
deni
ng.Exces
sive
l
ossofwat
erduet
oevapor
ati
onmaycaus
ethehydr
ati
onpr
oces
stos
topal
l
t
oget
herwi
thcons
equentr
educt
ionofs
trengt
hdevel
opment
s.I
naddi
ti
on,i
f
concr
etedr
iesoutt
ooqui
ckl
ybyexpos
uret
osunandwi
nd,i
twi
lls
hri
nk.Thi
s
ear
lyandus
ual
l
yrapi
dshr
inkagewi
llr
esul
tint
ens
il
est
res
ses
,whi
chwi
lll
eadt
o
s
urf
acecr
acks
.

I
tisi
mpor
tantt
her
efor
ethatf
res
hconcr
etebekeptmoi
stf
ors
ever
aldaysaf
ter

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page30
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

pl
acement
.Thi
spr
oces
sisknownascur
ing.Andi
tshoul
dbegi
nsoonaf
tert
he
concr
etei
ssetandcont
inuedf
oranumberofdays
.Ther
ear
edi
ffer
entmet
hods
ofcur
ingofconcr
etei
ncl
udi
ngs
pri
nkl
ing,pondi
ngwi
thwat
er,orcover
ingwi
th
cont
inuouswet
teds
and.

Fr
om t
heabove,
thepur
pos
eofcur
ingcanbes
ummar
izedasf
oll
ows
:
 Cur
ingi
stopr
eventf
ormat
ionofs
urf
acecr
acksduet
orapi
dlos
sofwat
er
whi
let
heconcr
etei
sfr
eshandweak.
 Toassur
eat
tai
nmentofs
trengt
hbypr
ovi
dingenoughmoi
stur
efort
he
hydr
ati
onpr
oces
s.
3)Readymi
xconcr
ete(
RMC)

Ready mi
x concr
etei
s a concr
ete we wer
e us
ing on t
he s
ite whi
ch i
s
manuf
act
uredi
nabat
chpl
ant
,accor
dingt
oas
etengi
neer
edmi
xdes
ign.Ready-
mi
xconcr
ete,orRMC asi
t’
sal
soknown,r
efer
stoconcr
etet
hati
sspeci
fi
cal
l
y
bat
chedormanuf
act
uredf
orcus
tomer
sandcons
truct
ionpr
oject
s,ands
uppl
ied
t
othecus
tomerons
iteasas
ingl
epr
oduct
.It
’sami
xtur
eofPor
tlandorot
her
cement
.
4)Concr
etemi
xdes
ignandvi
brat
ion
Thepr
oper
tiesoff
res
hlymi
xedaswel
last
her
esul
ti
nghar
denedconcr
etear
e
cl
osel
y as
soci
ated wi
tht
he char
act
eri
sti
cs and r
elat
ive pr
opor
tions oft
he
componentmat
eri
als
.Iti
sther
efor
eobvi
oust
hatbydet
ermi
ningt
her
elat
ive
quant
iti
esofgi
vent
ypesofmat
eri
alspr
iort
omi
xing,onecanpr
oduceaconcr
ete
ofdes
iredpr
oper
ties
.Thi
spr
oces
sisknownasMi
xDes
ignorMi
xPr
opor
tions
.

Fr
om s
tandar
ds,i
tiscommonons
itet
hatt
heamountofi
ngr
edi
ent
sus
edt
o
makeconcr
eteofdi
ffer
entcompr
ess
ions
trengt
hisknown.Forexampl
e;t
omake
aone cubi
cmet
erofC-
25 concr
ete,1
:2:
3 pr
opor
tion ofcement
,sand and
aggr
egat
eisus
ed.
Theboxs
houl
dhave50cmx40cm x1
8cm cubi
cdi
mens
ions
.

Mi
xdes
igncanbedef
inedast
hepr
oces
sofs
elect
ings
uit
abl
eingr
edi
ent
sof
concr
eteanddet
ermi
ningt
hei
rrel
ati
vepr
opor
tionswi
tht
heobj
ectofpr
oduci
ng
concr
eteofcer
tai
nmi
nimum s
trengt
handdur
abi
li
tyaseconomi
calaspos
sibl
e.
Thepur
pos
eofdes
igni
ngascanbes
eenf
rom t
heabovedef
ini
ti
onsi
stwo-
fol
d.
Thef
irs
tobj
ecti
stoachi
evet
hes
tipul
atedmi
nimum s
trengt
handdur
abi
li
ty.The
s
econdobj
ecti
stomaket
heconcr
etei
nthemos
teconomi
cal
manner
.Cos
twi
se

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page31
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

al
lconcr
etesdependpr
imar
il
yont
wof
act
ors
;namel
ycos
tofmat
eri
alandcos
tof
l
abor
.Laborcos
t,bywayoff
orm wor
ks,bat
chi
ng,mi
xing,t
rans
por
ting,and
cur
ingi
snear
lys
amef
orgoodconcr
eteandbadconcr
ete.Ther
efor
e,at
tent
ioni
s
mai
nlydi
rect
edt
othecos
tofmat
eri
als
.Si
ncet
hecos
tofcementi
smanyt
imes
mor
ethant
hecos
tofot
heri
ngr
edi
ent
s,at
tent
ioni
smai
nlydi
rect
edt
otheus
eof
asl
it
tle.Ther
ati
oofcement
,sandandaggr
egat
eforeachofgr
adeconcr
etei
sas
f
oll
ows
 C5 1
0--
---
---
---
-1:
4:6

 C25 30-
---
---
---
--1
:2:
3

Fi
gur
e2.
11:
Concr
etewor
k
Gener
all
y,bef
oreanyappr
oval
int
heconcr
etewor
k,Ihavet
ocheckt
hat
:

 Theboxs
izeus
ed,
 Cementi
sfr
eshnotol
dert
hans
ixmont
hsandi
sdel
iver
edt
othes
ite
i
nthemanuf
act
uress
eal
edbags
,
 Cementmor
ethans
ixmont
hsol
d af
terpr
oduct
ioni
stes
ted t
o
s
ati
sfyt
hes
peci
fi
edr
equi
rement
s,
 Wat
erus
edf
ormi
xingconcr
etei
scl
eanandf
reef
rom oi
l,aci
ds,
al
kal
isandor
gani
cmat
eri
als
.
5)Tr
ans
por
tingofConcr
ete

Concr
etehast
hes
ett
ingt
imeandi
thar
densqui
ckl
yaf
termi
xingdependi
ngon

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page32
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

t
het
ypeofcementandquant
ityofwat
eradded.I
fthewat
eraddedi
sver
ylow,
t
hes
ett
ingt
imei
sver
yshor
tandt
heconcr
etehar
densqui
ckl
y.Hencef
res
h
concr
etemus
tbet
rans
por
tedandpl
acedoni
tsmol
d.I
nmys
itet
rans
por
tat
ioni
s
donebyl
aborf
orce.

Concr
ete can be t
rans
por
ted by a var
iet
y ofmet
hodsand equi
pment
.The
pr
ecaut
iont
obet
akenwhi
let
rans
por
ting concr
etei
sthatt
hehomogenei
ty
obt
ainedatt
imeofmi
xings
houl
dbemai
ntai
nedwhi
lebei
ngt
rans
por
tedt
othe
f
inalpl
aceofdepos
iti
on.Tr
ans
itmi
xeri
soneoft
hemos
tpopul
arequi
pmentf
or
t
rans
por
ting concr
ete over a l
ong di
stance par
ticul
arl
yin Ready Mi
xed
concr
ete(
RMC)
.

Fi
gur
e2.
12:
Trans
por
tingconcr
etei
nRMC
6)Pl
aci
ngandFi
nis
hingConcr
ete

Concr
etemi
xhasbeenpl
acedi
nthedes
ignedf
ormwor
kcons
truct
edf
ori
ts
pur
pos
e.Ther
eis al
sot
he r
einf
orcementi
nsi
de t
he f
orm wor
ks t
ofor
m
r
einf
orcedconcr
eteoff
oot
ings
,col
umnsorbeam et
c.Ther
einf
orcements
teel
barhasbeens
et,t
ied,andf
ast
enedi
nit
spos
iti
oni
nthef
orms
.Themat
eri
als
f
ort
heconcr
etehavebeenpr
epar
ed,andt
heconcr
etehasbeenmi
xed.Inow
r
eadyt
opl
acet
heconcr
etei
nthef
orms
.Theconcr
etes
houl
dbepl
acedand
vi
brat
edbef
orei
tss
ett
ings
tar
ts.Fol
l
owi
ngpr
ecaut
ionss
houl
dbet
akenwhi
le
pl
aci
ngt
heconcr
ete:
-

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page33
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

 Concr
etes
houl
dbel
aidcont
inuous
ly.
 Toavoi
dst
icki
ngofconcr
etewi
thf
orm wor
k,f
ormwor
kshoul
dbeoi
led
bef
orepl
aci
ngofconcr
ete.
 Whenpl
aci
ngconcr
ete,t
hepos
iti
onoff
ormwor
kandr
einf
orcement
s
houl
dnotbedi
stur
bed.
 Toavoi
dsegr
egat
ion,concr
etes
houl
dnotbedr
oppedhei
ghtmor
ethan
1
.5m.
 Concr
etes
houl
dnotbepl
acedi
nrai
ns.
 Wal
kingi
nfr
eshl
ylai
dconcr
etes
houl
dbeavoi
ded.
7)Compact
ionofConcr
ete

Compact
ioni
sdonebyvi
brat
ingmachi
neorvi
brat
orwhi
chr
eleas
esoravoi
dst
he
voi
dsandai
rins
idet
hef
res
hconcr
ete.Dur
ingt
hepr
oces
s,avi
brat
ori
sins
ert
ed
i
ntot
hef
res
hconcr
etei
mmedi
atel
yaf
terdepos
iti
ngconcr
ete.Overvi
brat
ion
s
houl
d not be al
l
owed as ot
her
wis
e coar
se aggr
egat
e par
ticl
es wi
llget
concent
rat
edatt
hel
owerl
ayer
sandonl
ymor
tarwi
llbel
eftatt
het
ops
urf
ace.
Thi
sisknown ass
egr
egat
ion.Cementmat
eri
alsar
eli
ftup t
othe t
op and
aggr
egat
esar
edepos
itedt
othebot
tom.
Compact
ionofconcr
etei
sus
edt
o:-
 Reducet
heai
rcont
enti
ntheconcr
ete,
 Reducet
hevoi
dsi
ntheconcr
ete,
 Tokeept
heconcr
etecomponent
sdi
str
ibut
ioncons
tant
,
 Toi
ncr
eas
ethebondageofconcr
ete.
8)Tes
tingconcr
ete
Someoft
het
est
sper
for
medar
eshownbel
ow
 Compr
ehens
ives
trengt
htes
tforconcr
ete

 Yi
elds
trengt
hofr
einf
orcement

 Compact
iont
est

 Sl
umpt
est

Compr
ess
iont
esti
sthemos
tcommont
estconduct
edonhar
denedconcr
ete,
par
tlybecaus
eiti
saneas
ytes
ttoper
for
m,andpar
tlybecaus
emos
toft
he
des
irabl
echar
act
eri
sti
cpr
oper
tiesofconcr
etear
equal
it
ati
vel
yrel
atedt
oit
s

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page34
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

compr
ess
ives
trengt
h.Oneoft
hepur
pos
esoft
est
inghar
denedconcr
etei
sto
conf
irmt
hatt
heconcr
eteus
edats
itehasdevel
opedt
her
equi
reds
trengt
h.Tes
ts
ar
emadebycas
tingcubesorcyl
inderf
rom t
her
epr
esent
ati
veconcr
eteorcor
es
cutf
rom t
heact
ual
.Iti
stober
emember
edt
hats
tandar
dcompr
ess
iont
est
s
peci
mensgi
veameas
ureoft
hepot
ent
ials
trengt
hoft
heconcr
ete,andnotof
t
hes
trengt
hoft
heconcr
etei
nthes
truct
ure.

Thecompr
ess
iont
esti
scar
riedoutons
peci
menscubi
calorcyl
indr
icali
nshape.
Pr
ismi
sal
sos
omet
imesus
ed.Buti
tisnotcommoni
nourcount
ryEt
hiopi
a.
Somet
imes
,thecompr
ess
ions
trengt
hofconcr
etei
sdet
ermi
nedus
ingpar
tsofa
beamt
est
edi
nfl
exur
e.

Fi
gur
e2.
13:
Compr
ess
iont
estf
or7and1
4daysi
nthr
eef
loors
lab
2.
5.1
.4.
Checki
ngt
heconcr
etecover
As
truct
uremus
thaveconcr
etecovert
opr
otectt
hes
teel
from ext
ernal
heatand
cor
ros
ion.Al
lrei
nfor
cements
hal
lhaveaconcr
etecoverandt
het
hicknes
sof
s
uchacoverexcl
usi
veofpl
ast
erorot
herdecor
ati
vef
ini
shi
scheckedbas
edon
t
hepr
ovi
siongi
venonEBCSEN1
993-
1-1
:201
5.

I
ntheexecut
ionoff
oundat
ions(
50mm)
,sl
abs(
20 mm)
,beamsandcol
umns
(
30mm)commonl
yandot
herconcr
eter
equi
ri
ngs
truct
uresConcr
etes
pacer
sar
e
us
edt
ohol
drei
nfor
cementi
npos
iti
onandt
oas
sur
ether
equi
redcover
.Cas
t-i
n
wi
resar
eus
edt
ofi
xthem t
other
einf
orcementbar
s.Ami
nimum concr
etecover
s
hal
lbepr
ovi
dedi
nor
dert
oens
ure:

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page35
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

 Thes
afet
rans
mis
sionofbondf
orces

 Thats
pel
l
ingwi
ll
notoccur

 Anadequat
efi
rer
esi
stance

 Thepr
otect
ionofs
teel
agai
nstcor
ros
ion.

Spacer
s:ar
esmal
lrecas
tshavi
ngequaldi
mens
ionort
hicknes
sofcl
earcover
.
Theyar
eus
edt
omai
ntai
ntheuni
for
mthi
cknes
sofcl
earcovert
hroughoutt
he
s
truct
urebys
ort
ingt
hem bet
weent
hef
ormwor
kandt
hebar
s

Fi
gur
e2.
14:
Spacer

2.
5.2.Of
ficewor
kIHaveBeenPer
for
ming

Theot
heract
ivi
tyt
othes
itewor
kist
hatar
ewi
del
ydonei
nof
ficear
eli
ke
s
tudyi
ng dr
awi
ng ,s
peci
fi
cat
ion,cont
ractdocument,BOQ,s
ite condi
ti
on
dr
aft
ed pr
eli
minar
ycons
truct
ionmat
eri
al(mat
eri
als,
laborand equi
pment)
br
eakdownandpl
anni
ngs
houl
dbeconduct
edi
nof
fice.I
nof
ficewor
kIhavebeen
per
for
mont
hef
oll
owi
ngt
asks

 Dr
awi
ngdi
ffer
entdes
ignsonAut
oCAD.
 St
ruct
ural
det
ail
drawi
ngs
 El
ect
rical
det
ail
drawi
ngs
 Pr
epar
ati
onoft
ake-
offs
heetandBOQ
 Pr
epar
ingr
einf
orcementbars
chedul
e

A)Pr
epar
ingTakeofSheet
s

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page36
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Taki
ngof
fispr
oces
sofpr
epar
ing/
def
ini
ngadet
ail
edl
is
tofal
ll
aborandmat
eri
al
neces
sar
yfort
hewor
kandent
eri
ngt
hei
temsonpr
oper
lydi
mens
ionalpaper
.
Takeof
fsheeti
sus
edt
oknowt
otal
vol
umeofwor
k,t
otal
cos
tofpr
oject
,pr
epar
e
payment f
or s
ub – cont
ract
or,pr
epar
e payment f
or cont
ract
or and f
or
r
eques
tingt
hebudget
.

Tabl
e22:
Take-
offs
heetf
ormat

PROJECT: TTAKEOFF
SHEET

BLOCK

NO Si
ze Pr
oduct Des
cri
pti
on NO Si
ze Pr
oduct Des
cri
pti
on

B. SUPER -
STRUCTURE

1
.0. CONCRETE

1 WORK

1
.01
. Rei
nfor
ced
concr
etei
ncl
ass
C25 30

a)I
n el
evat
ion
col
umn

B)Pr
epar
ingofBarSchedul
ing

Thi
sisat
abul
arf
ormatus
edt
ocal
cul
atet
heamountofr
einf
orcementbar
s
r
equi
redi
nki
logr
am.Thef
ormatus
edt
ochanget
otall
engt
hofbart
otot
al
wei
ghtofbari
nki
logr
am (
Kg)
.Thei
nputdat
aforpr
epar
ingt
hist
abl
eisr
eadf
rom
s
truct
ural
drawi
ng.
Thef
inal
res
ultoft
hiscal
cul
ati
oni
sexpr
ess
edi
nter
msofkg.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page37
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Tabl
e23:
BarSchedul
ing
Pr
oject
:

Locat
n
io s
hap Di
e r
amet
e Lengt No
h i n .of
∑L
mm bar
s
Foreachdi
amet
er

ϕ8 ϕ10 ϕ12 ϕ14 ϕ16 ϕ18 ϕ20 ϕ24

Tot
alLengt
h(m)

Uni
twei
ght
,w/
m

Tot
alwei
ghti
nkg∑
2
D
Not
e,Uni
tWei
ght,
w= ,Wher
eDi
sDi
amet
erofonebar
ge=1
2m
162

2.
6.PROCEDURESUSEDWHI
LEPERFORMI
NGTASKS

I
tist
ruet
hat“
thebes
tmanageri
stheonewhoi
spl
anni
ngbet
ter
”.Sot
hati
n
or
dert
ohandl
ethewor
ktas
kswhatIhavegi
venpr
oper
ly,
Iwasdai
lypl
anni
ngt
he
wor
kschedul
eandj
ott
ingi
tdownonapaper
.Iwasal
waysdi
scus
singwi
thmy
s
uper
vis
or about my wor
kschedul
e.Af
ter t
he t
eam f
or a s
peci
fi
ctas
k
cons
truct
ed s
omet
hing,i
tisneeded t
o make pr
opers
uper
vis
ion dur
ing t
he
pr
ogr
ess
ionoft
hewor
k.SoIwasf
oll
owi
ngeachandever
ytas
kwhi
chwasdone
t
hewor
ker
s.I
fImadeami
stakei
nanyoft
hepr
ocedur
esIwer
efol
l
owi
ng,t
he
s
uper
vis
orwascor
rect
ingandt
eachi
ngasaboutt
het
hingsIwer
emi
staki
ng.
AndIwer
elear
ningf
rom mymi
stakesandmodi
fyi
ngt
hem ont
henextt
ime.
Since
Iwaswor
king i
nthecompanyt
ogr
asp anyofpr
act
icalexper
ienceofCi
vil
Engi
neer
ing,
Iwast
ryi
ngt
oengagei
nanyoft
hewor
ktas
ks,
whi
chanyot
hers
taf
f
member
sdo.

I
. Us
edt
hes
epr
ocedur
est
omakes
uper
vis
ioni
nthes
ite:

 Col
l
ect
ingpl
answi
thr
espect
ivewor
k

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page38
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

 I
dent
ifyi
ngt
hepl
an

 Checki
ngt
heexecut
edwor
kaccor
dingt
othepl
an

 I
fther
eisami
stake,or
dert
hewor
ker
stocor
rectaccor
dingt
othe
des
ign

I
I.Us
ethi
sPr
ocedur
efors
uper
vis
ionofr
einf
orcementbar
:

 Checki
ngt
hedi
amet
er,
arr
angementands
paci
ngofbar
s

 Checki
ngt
hebarcutofpos
iti
on,i
.e.t
her
einf
orcementbars
houl
d
becutatpoi
ntmi
nimum bendi
ngands
hear
.Forexampl
ebot
tom
bar
sshoul
dbecutats
uppor
tandt
het
opbar
sshoul
dbecutneart
o
t
hecent
eroft
hebeamors
lab

 Checki
ngt
heover
lapl
engt
haccor
dingt
oEBCS2,
201
5theover
lap
l
engt
hshoul
dbe40t
imet
hedi
amet
eroft
her
einf
orci
ngbar
s

2.
7. WORKPERFORMANCE

Iwaseagert
oknow andt
ogai
nexper
iencef
rom t
hisi
nter
nshi
pandIwasdoi
ng
ever
ythi
ngIwasor
der
edt
odo.Evens
omet
imesIas
kthem t
ogi
vemyt
asks
bas
edont
het
hingIwantt
oknow mos
t.Idomyt
askt
oget
herbyt
alki
ngand
s
har
ingknowl
edge.Imakes
ites
uper
vis
iont
oget
herandIcommentont
hewor
k
bas
edonmyl
ear
ningandwhatIknow. Ir
ecommendoni
nadequat
eus
eand
s
tor
ageofr
esour
cesons
itel
ikemat
eri
alkeepi
ngpr
obl
em andmi
ssus
eofr
ent
ed
equi
pment
’s(
especi
all
ywat
erpump)mus
tbei
mpr
oved.Ont
heot
herhand,s
ite
acces
sandcl
eannes
spr
obl
emsmus
tbecons
ider
ed.

2.
8. CHALLENGES
Wor
kchal
l
engesnoanys
ucces
swi
thoutchal
l
enge.Chal
l
engesar
egoodt
osome
ext
entbecaus
etheyhavet
hechancet
ogi
veanexper
ience,
butnoti
nexces
sway.
I
tiscommont
ofacechal
l
engei
nmos
tdayact
ivi
ti
es.Butt
her
equi
redt
hingi
s
pas
sing t
hos
echal
l
engesi
nas
yst
emat
icwayand r
eachi
ng att
heexpect
ed
pos
iti
on.Engi
neer
sfacedi
ffer
entchal
l
engesi
nthei
ract
ivi
ti
esofcons
truct
ion.
Theyer
adi
cat
ethes
echal
l
engeswi
thdi
ffer
entt
ackl
ings
yst
ems
.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page39
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Cons
truct
ion pr
oject
s ar
e compl
ex and t
ime-
cons
umi
ng under
taki
ngs t
hat
r
equi
ret
hei
nter
act
ionandcooper
ati
onofmanydi
ffer
entper
sonst
oaccompl
is
h.
Thecons
truct
ioni
ndus
tryi
stypi
cal
l
ydi
videdi
ntos
peci
alt
yar
eas
,wi
theachar
ea
r
equi
ri
ngdi
ffer
ents
kil
l
s,r
esour
ces
,andknowl
edget
opar
tici
pat
eef
fect
ivel
yini
t.
I
nor
dert
oint
egr
ateandwor
kcl
osel
yineachs
ect
ioni
tisachal
l
engi
ngt
askt
o
oneper
sones
peci
all
ywhenhe/
shei
sfr
eshorbegi
nner
.Ingener
al,wehavef
aced
t
hef
oll
owi
ngchal
l
engeswhenweper
for
mourt
ask;

 Weat
hercondi
ti
onduet
osummers
eas
on

 Dur
ings
itewor
kitwasdi
ffi
cul
ttocommuni
cat
ewi
thwor
keratf
irs
tti
me.

 Si
tel
anguageofequi
pmentandmat
eri
alsi
nthes
itel
ikes
taf
fa,pont
e,
chaf
aka,
tumbi
,fondo,
ber
ga,
bohaka,
sponda,
sankel
o,andet
c

 Ther
e was cons
truct
ion wor
k del
ay becaus
e of t
he def
ici
ency of
cons
truct
ionmat
eri
als
uppl
y;cementandduet
odes
ignpr
obl
em.

 Dur
ingatt
het
imeofwor
kingont
hes
itet
her
ear
elackss
afet
ywhi
chmay
endangerl
if
e

 Theof
ficewor
ker
swer
ebus
y,andt
heydon'
thavet
imet
ohel
p me,
es
peci
all
yquant
itys
urveyorandt
oshowBi
llofquant
ityaswel
lasgener
al
of
ficewor
ks

2.
9. MEASURESTAKENTOOVERCOMECHALLENGES

Iwast
akent
hef
oll
owi
ngmaj
ormeas
urementt
oover
comechal
l
engeswehave
beenf
aci
ngwhi
leweper
for
mmyt
asks
 Tos
olves
itel
anguage,Ideci
det
ocr
eat
egoodr
elat
ions
hipwi
tht
hedai
ly
wor
keroft
hepr
ojectandIgett
hemeani
ngoft
hel
anguage.

 Whent
her
eiss
tackofs
itewor
kIhavedones
omeof
ficewor
ktos
avemy
t
imeanddi
scus
singf
ini
shedt
asks

 Toal
l
evi
atet
hispr
obl
em,It
ryi
ngt
ocommuni
cat
ewi
tht
hos
eper
sons
.I
al
sodi
scus
singdi
ffer
enti
ssuesj
ustf
ort
hepur
pos
eofcommuni
cat
ingday
t
oday

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page40
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

 It
akenot
ewhent
heyt
oldas
.

 It
akephot
owhent
heyt
oldas

CHAPTER-3:
OVERALLBENEFI
TSGAI
NEDFROMI
NTERNSHI
P

3.
1.I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Thei
nter
nshi
ppr
ogr
am asi
tisknownwass
tar
tedwi
thamaj
orpl
anofenabl
ing
s
tudent
sacqui
reenought
echni
calandpr
act
icalknowl
edgeconcer
ninghow t
he
wor
ksar
eper
for
medi
nthepr
act
icalwor
ldi
nrel
ati
ont
othei
rfi
eldofs
tudy.
Ther
efor
e,i
twasaver
yint
eres
tingper
iodwher
eIhaveabl
etogr
aspt
echni
cal
knowl
edge,par
tici
pat
einr
ealcons
truct
ionact
ivi
ty;Ihavel
ear
nedhow t
osol
ve
di
ffer
entchal
l
engeswhi
chwer
efacedont
hes
itebydevel
opi
ngs
kil
l
sofpr
obl
em
s
olvi
ng.Ial
sol
ear
neds
omef
ormal
it
iesofcommuni
cat
ions
kil
l
s.Ibel
ievet
hatI
haddevel
opedagoodr
elat
ions
hipwi
thdi
ffer
entwor
ker
soft
hes
itedur
ingmy
s
tayi
ngt
ime.

Thi
sint
erns
hipper
iodgi
vesasachancet
oknow peopl
einmys
tudi
ngar
eaand
s
pendi
ngt
imewi
thmanyyear
sofwor
kingexper
iencei
nthecompanywi
llbet
he
f
utur
egui
dancef
orasIhavegai
nedal
otf
rom t
hef
ourmont
hexper
ienceandi
t
wasr
eal
l
ywor
ths
pendi
ngawhol
esemes
ter
.

Thi
sint
erns
hippr
ogr
am haspl
ayedagr
eatr
olei
nover
comi
ngt
hepr
obl
ems
r
ais
edont
heundergr
aduat
est
udentwhohavenott
heknowl
edgeaboutt
her
eal
wor
ksi
tuat
ioni
ncons
truct
ioni
ndus
try.Al
sot
hispr
ogr
am hel
pst
hes
tudentt
o
devel
ops
omes
kil
lfort
hei
rfut
urel
if
esot
hisbenef
iti
sgi
veni
nthef
oll
owi
ngs
ub-
cl
ass
es.

3.
2.I
MPROVI
NGMYPRACTI
CALSKI
LLS

Thef
ourmont
hst
ayi
nthes
itesgi
vesusal
otofpr
act
icals
kil
l
s,i
twasr
eal
l
y
f
asci
nat
ingandi
nspi
ri
ngt
oseeandexper
iencet
hel
ess
onsIhavebeenl
ear
ning
f
ort
he pas
tthr
ee year
sin pr
act
icalappr
oach.The f
oll
owi
ngsar
esome of
pr
act
ical
knowl
edgeIhavegai
ned.
 Cons
truct
ionpr
ocedur
eofdi
ffer
ents
truct
ural
element
sli
kecol
umn,
beam,
s
oli
dsl
ab,
shearwal
lands
tai
rcas
e.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page41
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

 Readi
ng,
under
standi
ngandi
mpl
ement
ingwor
kingdr
awi
ngs

 I
tal
l
owsdevel
opi
ngabet
terunder
standi
nmyper
spect
iveengi
neer
ing
f
iel
dandgener
all
yIthavegr
eati
nfl
uencet
oover
comet
hel
acks
kil
lthat
had

 Pr
epar
ati
onofTakeOf
fsheet
s

 Quant
ityes
timat
ion

 Barbendi
ng,pos
iti
oni
ng,s
pli
cing and t
ying,accor
ding t
he s
peci
fi
ed
dr
awi
ng

3.
3.UPGRADI
NGTHEORETI
CALKNOWLEDGE

The i
nter
nshi
p pr
ogr
am hasgi
ven asa chance t
o enhance my t
heor
eti
cal
knowl
edget
oagr
eatext
ent
.Whenobs
ervi
ngt
heact
ivi
ti
esper
for
medont
hes
ite,
t
her
ewer
evar
iouspoi
ntswhi
chat
tractand r
equi
ret
hecl
oseranal
ysi
sand
as
sis
tancef
rompr
ofes
sional
swor
kingt
her
e.

wehavet
riedt
ofocusonr
elat
ingt
heconcept
sfr
om t
hecour
sest
akenwi
th
wor
kingpr
inci
plesandmechani
smsf
oll
owedont
hes
ite.Rei
nfor
cementwor
ks
wer
emai
nlyr
elat
edwi
tht
hecour
set
hatwehadt
akenenabl
ingasunder
stand
t
heappl
icat
ionofdes
ignconcept
scover
edi
nthecour
se.

Bas
icconcept
sbehi
nds
lab,
col
umnands
tai
rcas
e:l
oadi
ng,
anal
ysi
sanddes
igni
ng
ofmai
nrei
nfor
cement
s.andot
herr
esul
tsal
sohel
pedast
owi
dent
het
heor
eti
cal
backgr
ounds
.Andons
tat
ical
l
ycal
cul
ati
ons
:thi
shel
pst
owi
denmyvi
ew i
nthe
s
truct
ural
des
ign.

Li
stofs
omet
heor
eti
cal
concept
sobt
ained:
 Concr
ete wor
ks i
ncl
udi
ng ways ofmat
eri
alpr
opor
tioni
ng,mi
xing,
t
rans
por
ting,
cas
tingandcur
ing

 Rebarwor
ksi
ncl
udi
ngbarcut
ting,bendi
ngandpl
acement
,pr
epar
ati
on
ofmes
h.

 Waysofr
epor
tingdes
ignanddr
awi
ngpr
obl
emsandas
king.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page42
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

 Techni
quesofs
itemanagementandl
aboradmi
nis
trat
ion.

 As
kingt
hes
iteengi
neerandt
hes
uper
vis
or

 Obs
ervi
ngdi
ffer
entcons
truct
ionwor
ks

 Lear
ningdi
ffer
entki
ndsofcons
truct
ionmachi
ner
ies

Dur
ingi
nchangeourt
heor
eti
cal
knowl
edget
opr
act
ical
weal
waysr
eferdi
ffer
ent
wr
itt
en mat
eri
als and vi
si
t di
ffer
ent webs
ites t
o upgr
ade our t
heor
eti
cal
knowl
edge.

I
ngener
al,wor
kingpl
aceasnot
icedf
rom i
nter
nshi
p wher
ebot
hpr
act
icaland
t
heor
eti
calknowl
edge i
mpr
oved t
oget
her
.Theor
eti
calknowl
edge i
mpr
oves
pr
act
ical
ski
ll
andpr
act
ical
ski
ll
agai
nbr
ingnewt
hingt
otheor
eti
cal
knowl
edge.

3.
4.I
MPROVI
NGI
NTERPERSONALCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

Fr
om t
he f
irs
tst
art
ing day unt
ilt
he end oft
he i
nter
nshi
p pr
ogr
am,Iwas
communi
cat
ingwi
thpeopl
esver
ywel
l
.Si
nce,
goodcommuni
cat
ions
kil
l
sar
eski
ll
s
t
hat f
aci
li
tat
e peopl
eto communi
cat
e ef
fect
ivel
y wi
th one anot
her
.To
communi
cat
eef
fect
ivel
ywi
tht
hewor
ker
s,Iwasus
ingt
hes
ecommuni
cat
ion
s
kil
l
s:
 Li
stenot
her
stoobt
aini
nfor
mat
ion.

 Tr
yingt
ocl
ear
lyunder
standwhataper
sonf
eel
sandt
hinks
.

Devel
opi
ngt
heconceptoft
rus
tisal
sot
heot
heri
mpor
tantt
hingt
hatIgotf
rom
goodcommuni
cat
ions
.Togetef
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ionsbet
weenpeopl
est
her
e
mus
t be gener
all
evelof t
rus
t bet
ween peopl
es.The mor
eint
imat
ethe
r
elat
ions
hip,t
hegr
eat
erl
evel
oft
rus
tisneeded.Forexampl
e,i
fIdon’
ttr
ustwi
th
i
neachcol
l
eaguesorpar
tner
s,Iwi
llnotbeabl
etocommuni
cat
etr
uthf
ull
y.
Ther
efor
e,i
mpr
ovi
ngourcommuni
cat
ions
kil
l
shashel
pedast
ofaci
li
tat
emy
wor
kingef
fici
ency.

3.
5.I
MPROVI
NGTEAMPLAYI
NGSKI
LL

Thi
sisas
kil
lofaper
sont
owor
kwi
thot
herpeopl
esco-
oper
ati
vel
y.Mos
toft
he
t
askswecompl
etedwer
eas
signedasgr
oupdut
y.SoIhadt
owor
ktoget
her
.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page43
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Dur
ingexecut
ingt
hewor
ks,i
deaswi
thdi
ffer
entper
spect
iveandappr
oachwer
e
r
iseand t
her
ewasar
gumentbet
weenus
.Butatt
heend Iwi
llr
eacht
oan
agr
eementonaccept
abl
eter
mswhi
chIbel
ievehel
pedust
oshar
ewhatIhavei
n
mymi
ndandt
odevel
opmyt
eam pl
ayi
ngs
kil
l
stos
omeext
ent
.Gener
all
y,i
n
t
ermsoft
eam pl
ayi
ngs
kil
lIhadgai
nedt
hef
oll
owi
ngs
kil
l
s;-

 Tohavecommonunder
standi
ngont
het
askt
hati
stobeaccompl
is
hed

 Li
steni
ngot
her
sideacar
eful
l
y

 Act
ivepar
tici
pat
ion

 Shar
ingi
deasopenl
yandwi
ll
ingl
y

 Wor
kaspr
obl
em s
olver

 Tr
eat
ingot
her
sinr
espectf
ull
ands
uppor
tivemanner

 Showi
ngcommi
tmentt
othet
eam

6. I
3. MPROVI
NGLEADERSHI
PSKI
LL

Leader
shi
pisacr
iti
calmanagements
kil
l
.Iti
stheabi
li
tyt
omot
ivat
eagr
oupof
peopl
etowar
d acommon goal
.Thi
sint
erns
hip hasdevel
oped myabi
li
tyof
r
ecei
ving and gi
ving i
nfor
mat
ion f
or good l
eader
shi
p s
kil
l
s.I
f I di
dn’
t
communi
cat
eef
fect
ivel
y,t
hennoot
herl
eader
shi
pski
ll
swi
llcompens
atef
ort
his
l
ack.Fi
rstandf
oremos
t,imus
tabl
etoexchangei
nfor
mat
ionef
fect
ivel
yand
accur
atel
yforgoodl
eader
shi
p.

Ii
mpr
oved myl
eader
shi
pski
llbypr
act
ici
ng t
he es
sent
ialqual
it
iest
hatar
e
char
act
eri
zedbyas
ucces
sfull
eader
.Amongt
hequal
it
ies
;theabi
li
tyt
otr
eatt
he
empl
oyeesasahumanbei
ng,t
ogai
nmut
ualr
espectandunder
standi
ng,t
ohave
empl
oyee’
str
ust
,to wi
n empl
oyee’
scooper
ati
on wi
thoutany command or
coer
cionar
esomeoft
hem.

I
fwebecomeunbi
asedandf
air
,thenmydeci
sionwi
llnoti
nvol
ver
esent
mentf
or
l
ong.Ther
efor
e,Is
houl
dbei
mpar
tial
,openmi
ndedandf
airi
ndeal
ingwi
tht
he
ever
ydaypr
obl
emsofmywor
kgr
oupi
nor
dert
ofunct
ionef
fect
ivel
y.Andal
soI

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page44
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

mus
tbeeas
il
yappr
oachabl
etomywor
ker
sandl
is
tent
othei
rpr
obl
emswi
thcar
e
andki
ndnes
s.

Ther
ear
esomeoft
hel
eader
shi
pski
ll
swegai
nedf
rom t
hei
nter
nshi
pper
iod;
 Howt
otol
erat
ewi
thwor
ker
s

 Sol
vingpr
obl
emswi
thcol
l
eaguesbydi
scus
sion

 Or
gani
zingwor
k

 Conf
idence

 Pr
obl
em s
olvi
ngabi
li
ty

 Removi
ngbar
rier
sofwor
k

 Wi
sedeci
sionmaki
ng

 Howt
oleadwor
k

 Howt
oeval
uat
eanddeci
dewor
kingmet
hods

3.
7.WORKETHI
CSRELATEDI
SSUES

Ihavegai
nedacons
ider
abl
eunder
standi
ngaboutwor
ket
hicsi
nthi
sint
erns
hip
f
rom t
hiscons
ult
ingcompany.Ihavet
riedt
ounder
standt
hatwor
ket
hicsi
sa
bel
i
efi
nthemor
albenef
itsofwor
kandt
heabi
li
tyt
oenhancechar
act
er.Si
nce,
wor
ket
hicsi
sas
etofval
uesbas
edonhar
dwor
kandcar
eful
nes
s,wor
ker
swho
f
ail
toexhi
bitagoodwor
ket
hicsmayber
egar
dedasf
ail
ingToPr
ovi
deFai
rVal
ue
f
ort
hewageTheEmpl
oyeri
spayi
ngt
hem andShoul
dNotbePr
omot
edorPl
aced
i
nPos
iti
onsofGr
eat
erRes
pons
ibi
li
ti
es.

Fr
om TheWor
kEt
hicsofThi
sCompanyIHaveLear
nedAGoodWor
kEt
hicsHabi
t
Whi
ch Hel
psAsI
n The Fut
ure To Be Sel
ect
ed ForA Bet
terPos
iti
on,Mor
e
Res
pons
ibi
li
ti
esAndUl
ti
mat
ePr
omot
ion.SomeOfTheBenef
itsIHaveGai
nedI
n
Ter
msofWor
kEt
hicsRel
atedI
ssuesFr
om Thi
sCompany.

I
nter
msofunder
standi
ngaboutwor
ket
hicsr
elat
edi
ssueswehavegott
he

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page45
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

chancet
olear
nmanyas
pect
s.Amongt
hem t
hef
oll
owi
ngwor
ket
hicsar
ethe
maj
orval
uedt
hatIobs
erveandappl
y:
 Punct
ual
it
y:keepi
ngt
hecompani
eswor
kbegi
nni
ngt
imet
ocompet
ethe
gi
vent
askont
hegi
venper
iod.

 Rel
iabi
li
ty:-t
hewor
ker
sshoul
dbequant
ifi
edf
ort
hepat
ehei
ssuppos
ed
t
obeper
for
med

 Cooper
ati
on:
-bei
ngi
nter
act
iveandcooper
atewi
tht
heot
her
s

 Hones
ty:-bei
ngt
rus
twor
thyandr
est
rai
nfr
om cheat
ing,cor
rupt
ionand
bi
as

Devel
opi
ng t
hiss
kil
list
husofpr
ime i
mpor
tance i
nthe f
utur
e pr
ofes
sional
wor
king per
iod wher
etaki
ng t
he account
abi
li
ty ofper
for
med act
ivi
ti
es i
s
r
equi
redandi
soneoft
hecapaci
tymeas
uresut
il
iz
edi
nes
timat
ingt
hecapaci
ty
ofpr
ofes
sional
s

 Beavai
labl
eont
hepl
acet
odot
hewor
kas
signedt
oyou.

 Bepol
it
e,pat
ientandr
espect
ful
toal
l
.

 Bepr
epar
edt
olear
nmor
eandupdat
eones
elf
.

 Acqui
ret
heknowl
edgeands
kil
lneces
sar
ytodoj
obas
signedt
oyou.

 Beef
fici
enti
nyourwor
k.

 Manageandappl
yres
our
cesef
fici
ent
ly.

 Fol
l
owr
ules
,pol
ici
esandr
egul
ati
onsoft
hewor
k.

 Rej
ect
ingnegat
ivef
avorandcor
rupt
ion

 Expos
ingcor
rupt
ionwhat
everi
tandbel
oyalt
oone’
swor
kandt
he
or
gani
zat
ion.
Fi
nal
l
y,Ihavel
ear
nedmor
eaboutexhi
bit
inggoodwor
ket
hicsbywi
ll
ingt
owor
k
hones
tlyandwor
kingt
oget
herwi
thot
herco-
wor
ker
s.Theot
heri
mpor
tantt
hing
r
elat
edwi
thwor
ket
hicsihavegai
nedi
sgi
vingr
espectf
orWor
k.Thi
smeansi

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page46
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

havet
ores
pectever
ypr
ofes
sionandr
eal
iz
ethatwi
thoutt
hes
epr
ofes
sions
,my
l
iveswi
ll
notbef
ulf
il
led.Whenis
eeal
abor
er,Ihavet
ores
pecthi
m becaus
ehei
s
cr
eat
ings
omet
hingus
eful
foral
lofme.

3.
8.I
NTERMSOFENTREPRENEURSHI
P

I
n myi
nter
nshi
pti
me,Ii
mpr
oved myent
repr
eneur
ials
kil
l
s.So,Ideci
de t
o
becomeanent
repr
eneurper
sonaf
terIgr
aduat
e.Becaus
e,i
nthi
sint
erns
hip
pr
ogr
am,Iunder
stand how t
o become an ent
repr
eneur
.As a s
ucces
sful
ent
repr
eneurIwi
llhavet
owor
kcl
osel
ywi
thpeopl
e.However
,iti
scr
iti
calt
obe
abl
ebui
ldgr
eatr
elat
ions
hipswi
tht
eams
,cus
tomer
s,s
uppl
ier
s,s
har
ehol
der
s,
i
nves
tor
s,ands
oon.

Ent
repr
eneur
shi
pski
ll
sdevel
opt
hroughexper
ience,donotever
ybodybor
nwi
th
i
tbynat
ureent
repr
eneur
shi
pisas
kil
lthatcandevel
opedandexpandedt
hough
pr
act
ici
ngorexper
ience.
From t
heent
repr
eneurs
kil
l
sthatwegai
n:-
 I
nit
iat
ivei
sonet
hathasmot
ivat
iont
otaket
hei
nit
iat
iveandt
ocr
eat
e
t
hingsonyourowns
kil
l
s.
 Res
pons
ibi
li
ty:-havet
ober
espons
ibl
efort
heact
iont
hatpar
tici
pat
edand
under
standt
hemeani
ngandi
mpor
tanceofr
espons
ibi
li
ty.

 Cr
eat
ivi
ty:-s
houl
d cr
eat
e new i
deason wor
k and have a s
ens
e of
cr
eat
ivi
tyi
nnovat
ion,
andal
waysbeones
tepaheadi
nidea.

 Communi
cat
ion:-havet
obeabl
etocommuni
cat
eyouri
deas
,networ
k
andconnectwi
thot
her
s.
 Leader
shi
p:-needt
obeabl
etobet
hel
eaderandbei
nthechar
geofa
pr
ojectorcompany

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page47
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

CHAPTER-4:
CONCLUSI
ONANDRECOMMENDATI
ONS

4.
1. CONCLUSI
ON

Concl
usi
onThemai
nobj
ect
iveoft
hei
nter
nshi
ppr
ogr
am i
stoenabl
ethei
nter
nto
exper
iencet
hepr
act
icalact
ivi
ti
escar
riedoutons
ite(
wor
kingenvi
ronment
)and
cor
rel
atei
twi
tht
het
heor
eti
calbackgr
oundgai
nedt
hroughl
ear
ning.Ihavebeen
wor
kingi
nTI
LAHUNABEBEGENERALCONTRACTORf
oraboutFourmont
hsasa
pr
act
ici
ngunder
graduat
eci
vilengi
neer
ings
tudent(
Int
ern)
.Dur
ingt
hei
nters
hip
dur
ati
onIdevel
opedmymi
ndofknowl
edgeons
truct
ural
engi
neer
ingi
nwi
det
he
ot
hers
kil
l
sofknowl
edgei
nabr
oad.I
thasopenedmyeyest
owor
kli
feandmade
asmat
uredi
nmymi
nd.I
nter
nshi
pupgr
aded myknowl
edget
oint
egr
atet
heor
y
wi
thpr
act
icalwor
k.Dur
ingFourmont
hsi
nter
nshi
pper
iod,Igat
her
edagood
knowl
edgewi
thengi
neer
ingpr
act
iceonover
all
bui
ldi
ngcons
truct
ion.

Thei
nter
nshi
ppr
ogr
am t
hatIhadhasmanyadvant
agesi
nit
sdi
ffer
entas
pect
sto
r
elat
ethet
hingst
hatIknow t
heor
eti
cal
l
yandpr
act
ical
l
y.Mor
eover
,toacqui
re
di
ffer
ent t
ype of s
kil
l
sli
ke s
ite exper
ience,t
echni
cals
kil
l
s,i
nter
per
sonal
communi
cat
ions
kil
l
s.Team pl
ayi
ngs
kil
l
s,Leader
shi
pski
ll
sandEnt
repr
eneur
shi
p
s
kil
l
swewor
kedef
fect
ivel
y.

I
nthei
nter
nshi
p;Icomet
oknowhowas
truct
ural
elements
uchasbeam,
col
umns
,
s
hearwal
l
,st
aircas
e,s
labs
,andot
hers
truct
uralr
elat
edwor
ksar
ebui
ldandhow
cons
truct
ioni
spr
act
iceorr
uni
nthecons
truct
ions
ite.Andal
soIknow how a
des
igni
nthef
orm ofpr
epar
edpaperpl
anbecomesar
eal
str
uct
ureont
hegr
ound
andhowal
lthepr
ocedur
esoft
heact
ivi
ti
est
hatwer
eus
edt
oexci
teoni
tem wor
k
f
oll
owt
hei
rowns
tepsandpr
ocur
es.Bys
tudyi
ngt
hewor
kings
yst
em,Iobs
erved
t
her
elat
ions
hipbet
weent
hewor
khandl
edi
nthecompanyandmyt
heor
eti
cal
backgr
ound.Thet
eam s
pretandwor
kingt
oget
heroft
hes
taf
foft
hecompany
member
sar
emadet
hingseas
ierf
orasonwar
dss
trengt
henmyt
heor
eti
caland

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page48
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

pr
act
ical
backgr
ound.

Gener
all
y,t
hisi
nter
nshi
p pr
ogr
am wasver
y hel
pfulf
ors
tudent
sforunder
gr
aduat
einupgr
adi
ngt
hei
rknowl
edgeandnotonl
yeducat
ionalcas
eal
sof
or
t
hei
rfut
urel
if
ehasi
tsowni
nfl
uencel
ikehow t
owor
kwi
thot
her
s,how t
o
communi
cat
ewi
thwor
ker
sandunder
standandt
oler
atet
hei
rideass
moot
hly.
Fi
nal
l
y,f
rom t
hispr
ogr
am Igotwi
sdom f
rom exper
iencedengi
neer
sandwor
ker
s
oft
hes
iteandcl
ueofmyf
utur
eli
fe.

4.
2. RECOMMENDATI
ONS

Even t
hough abl
eto gr
asp adequat
e knowl
edge r
egar
ding t
he pr
act
ical
appl
icat
ionoft
hef
iel
dincl
udi
ngwor
ket
hics
,Ihavebeenal
soobs
erveds
ome
pr
obl
emsdur
ingt
hedur
ati
onofmyi
nter
nshi
ppr
ogr
am.Ihavepr
esent
eds
ome
maj
orr
ecommendat
ionswhi
chIt
houghtt
hatar
eus
eful
ini
mpr
ovi
ngt
heexi
sti
ng
wor
kingpr
ocedur
esands
peedupt
hecons
truct
ionpr
oces
sbyens
uri
ngbet
ter
qual
it
yofwor
katt
hes
amet
imeandt
hel
ear
ningpr
oces
s.SoIt
ryt
orecommend
wi
thr
espectf
orbot
hmyhos
tingcompanyandBongaUni
ver
sit
yinf
oll
owi
ng
cas
es.

4.
2.1
.Recommendat
ionf
orourhos
tingcompany

Ihaveagr
eatappr
eci
ati
onf
ort
heTi
lahunAbebeGC i
nter
msofmanagi
ng
empl
oyeesandwor
ker
speacef
ull
yandki
ndl
ycooper
ati
onoft
hewor
ker
sandal
l
t
hes
itecommuni
tyt
oexpl
ainf
oranyques
tionsr
ais
ed byt
hei
nter
ns.Even
t
houghIwoul
dli
ket
orecommendi
nsomeas
pect
sli
ke:

Ens
ureCont
inuousSuppl
yofCons
truct
ionMat
eri
als

Somet
imest
her
ewer
egapscr
eat
edi
nthei
mpor
tofcons
truct
ionmat
eri
alst
o
t
hes
ite.Thi
swasr
esul
ti
ngi
nthes
toppageofcons
truct
ionact
ivi
ti
esandt
hus
s
lowi
ngdownt
hewhol
econs
truct
ionact
ivi
tywhi
chwi
lls
ubj
ectt
hecompanyt
o
ext
racos
tandl
ossofmoneyi
nrel
ati
ont
othedel
aysencount
ered.

Ens
uret
heSaf
etyofwor
ker
s

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page49
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

Thes
afet
yofwor
ker
sont
hecons
truct
ions
itei
soneoft
hemaj
ori
ssuesi
nthe
s
ect
or.Cons
truct
ion act
ivi
ti
esby t
hei
rnat
ures
ubj
ectwor
ker
sto di
ffer
ent
acci
dent
sont
hes
ite.Tomi
nimi
zet
heoccur
renceoft
hes
eacci
dent
s;di
ffer
ent
s
afet
ymechani
smsar
eappl
iedaccor
dingt
othes
peci
fi
ctypeofacci
dent
.Wi
th
t
hisr
egar
d,s
uppl
yings
afet
yut
il
it
iesi
ssoi
mpor
tantt
opr
otectwor
ker
sfr
om
s
eri
ousi
njur
iesandhel
pthem beanact
ivepar
tici
panti
nthei
rres
pect
ivewor
k
pos
iti
ons
.

I
mpr
oves
iteManagement

Thepr
opermanagementofmat
eri
als
,ins
trument
sandt
imel
yremovalofwas
te
mat
eri
alsi
simpor
tanti
nmai
ntai
ningabet
terwor
kingenvi
ronmentwhi
chr
esul
ts
i
mpr
oved per
for
mance ofwor
ker
s.Thi
sint
urn wi
llf
aci
li
tat
ethe gener
al
cons
truct
ionpr
oces
sbyenhanci
ngt
heexecut
ionoft
asksatt
her
equi
redt
ime.
Hencecr
eat
ingani
nter
act
iveands
uit
abl
ewor
kingenvi
ronmenthasi
tsown
i
nfl
uencei
nwor
kingpr
oces
s.

4.
2.2.Recommendat
ionf
orUni
ver
sit
y

Theuni
ver
sit
ypr
ovi
dingt
hisoppor
tuni
tyf
ors
tudent
sisgoodbuthavi
ngal
it
tle
dr
awbacki
nthef
oll
owi
ngcas
es

Teachi
ngl
ear
ningmet
hod

Thet
eachi
ngl
ear
ningmet
hods
hal
lbemor
epr
act
icalt
hant
heor
eti
calt
omake
s
tudent
sful
l
yconf
ident
ial
,goodpr
ofes
sionalandact
ivepar
tici
panti
nint
erns
hip
pr
ogr
am.Iwoul
dli
ke t
orecommend t
hatt
he t
eachi
ng l
ear
ning pr
oces
sor
met
hodwi
ll
bemor
eef
fect
ivei
fiti
sgi
venpr
act
ical
l
yinaddi
ti
ont
otheor
eti
cal
in
ever
ysemes
terori
never
yyear
.Sof
twar
eus
esIwoul
dal
sol
iket
orecommend
t
hatt
heuni
ver
sit
yinor
dert
opr
oducebes
tpr
ofes
sional
sandknowl
edgeabl
e
s
tudent
sint
hef
iel
dofs
tudy.

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page50
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

REFERENCE

1
.Cons
truct
ionMat
eri
alshandout
s

2.Et
hiopi
anBui
ldi
ngCodeSt
andar
d,201
5

3.Rei
nfor
cedConcr
etes
truct
ureIandI
ILect
ureNot
esByAs
hagr
eFet
ene
,
Jimmai
nst
itut
eoft
echnol
ogy,
JIT,
201
5

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page51
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

APPENDI
CES

Themos
tfami
li
arcommuni
cat
ionwor
dst
hewor
ker
sus
eint
hes
ite.
 Bega:
isr
einf
orcementbarus
edt
obends
mal
ldi
amet
erbar
s.

 Ber
ga:
is1
2m r
einf
orcement
.

 Condui
t:i
sanel
ect
rici
tyt
ube.

 Cr
atcher
y:awoodnai
ledt
othes
labwhi
chi
sus
edt
okeept
hes
quadr
a(90
degr
ee)oft
he

 Cr
ist
i:i
sanunderbeam s
uppor
t.

 Fer
ayo:
isabarbender
.

 GomaWehal
ik:i
sat
hinpl
ast
icpi
peus
edt
otr
ans
fert
hehei
ghtf
rom t
he
r
efer
encepoi
nt.

 Kebel
eto:i
szs
hapel
iker
einf
orcementbarus
edbet
weent
opandbot
tom
r
einf
orcementofs
labst
oletas
pacebet
weent
hem.

 Seget
o:i
srei
nfor
cementcut
tingmat
eri
al.

 Shuka:i
saf
orkl
ikeappar
atusus
edt
osuppor
twoodenbeamsorRHSt
o
cons
tructt
hef
ormwor
kofs
laborbeam.

 Sol
eta:
isaf
als
esl
aboraf
loor
.

 Sponda:
Thebot
tomf
ormwor
kofabeam ands
lab.

 St
aff
a:St
irr
upus
edt
oti
elongi
tudi
nal
rei
nfor
cementbar
s.

 Tumbi
:isanappar
atusus
edt
ocheckt
hever
tical
it
yoft
hecol
umn(
Plumbbob)
.

 Wehal
ik:
isani
nst
rumentus
edt
ocheckt
hehor
izont
alandver
tical
level
s.

 Senkel
o abucketl
ikemat
eri
alus
ual
l
yus
edt
ofet
chwat
erand t
heyus
eitt
o

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page52
BongaUni
ver
sit
y Fi
nal
Int
erns
hipRepor
t 2023

putconcr
etei
ncol
umnf
ormwor
kduet
oit
ssui
tabi
li
ty.

 Sponda:-t
hes
off
itoft
hef
ormwor
kort
hehor
izont
alpaneloft
hes
lab
f
ormwor
k

 Fondo:
-si
def
ormwor
k

 Pont
e:-t
hewoodst
hats
uppor
tthes
labf
ormwor
k.

 Bohaka:
-ami
xofwat
erandcement

 Scaf
fol
ding:
-tempor
aryl
adderdur
ingcons
truct
ion

ByDani
elAhmed,
201
5E.
C. Page53