Thesis Updated 09

Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City
Exploring the Stories of the Bagyong Odette Survivors in Grade
11 HUMSS Surigao del Norte National High School:
A Study of Reflections and Resiliency
A Research Proposal
Presented to
The Faculty of the Senior High School
SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Penaranda St., Surigao City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Reqirements for Senior High School
Practical Research 1
Humanities and Social Sciences
Antonia Krisha Mae M. Espin
Lea Paz E. Benitez
Honey Claire A. Gaan
Edrian S. Elano
John Joseph R. Soques
June 2023
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHAPTER 1
PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter presents the introduction, review of
literature, conceptual framework, statement of the problem,
significance of the study, scope and limitations, and
definition of terms.
Introduction
Calamities such as the Super Typhoon Odette have
tremendously affected numerous places resulting in the loss
and damage of various properties including households and
educational institutions. An astounding number of educational
facilities were brought to a state of ruin. Moreover, the
decimation of academic opportunities for students and their
will and determination to enhance their learning capabilities
have deteriorated. Hence, this research intends to recapture
the stories of how resilient the Grade 11 HUMSS students of
Surigao del Norte National High School, are in spite of the
massive destruction brought by the super typhoon. The
researchers venture on information to establish a grounded
explanation for a phenomenon through perception, emphasizing
discovery over accuracy.
December 16, 2021 at 1:30 pm, the super typhoon Rai or
locally known as Bagyong Odette made its way to the center
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provinces of Surigao del Norte and Dinagat Islands. Carrying
violent winds blowing at 160 mph, torrential rains, and storm
surges, causing flood and landslides to certain parts of the
said places. 12 million children whose education was disrupted
were served by around 30,000 schools. 4,200 classrooms in
2,000 or more schools were damaged (Center for Disaster
Philanthropy, 2022). According to Dariagan et al., (2021), the
main obstacles in instituting countermeasures when faced by
natural hazards includes various viewpoints of stakeholders,
weak database administration, insufficient funding, and
restricted regulations and assistance. It was then
corroborated by the COA’s report in 2014 which pinpointed the
deficiency of the nation’s actions.
In addition, the review of relevant literature realizes
that the stories of students before, during, and after the
typhoon were evidently an eye-opening experience (Tanguihan,
2022). The researchers’ study concentrates on exhibiting how
the stories of Grade 11 HUMSS students in the wake of the
super typhoon Odette affects their everyday lives in any
conceivable ways. Despite the many studies on the first-hand
scenarios of survivors of the wrath of the Super Typhoon
Odette (Rai), there was little to no discussion on the
challenges faced by these senior high school students two
years after the catastrophe.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This section provides the concepts, writings, and
findings of experts, which are relevant to the present study.
Cited literatures and studies are synthesized to point out
links, provide insights, and establish relationships, between
and among the variables under investigation.
Looking Back at the Wrath of the Super Typhoon Odette (Rai)
In the World Risk Report of 2022, the Philippines was one
of the highest disaster risk with an index score of WRI 46.82
(Mucke, 2022). The Philippines consistently ranks among the
three worst impacted nations among those that are disaster-
prone. It is prone to numerous natural disasters, including
typhoons, earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides,
and fires because of its location on the "Pacific Ring of
Fire" and along the Pacific typhoon belt. Typhoons Bopha
(2012), Haiyan (2013), and Parma (2009)—three of the most
economically catastrophic typhoons to hit the nation in the
recent two decades—caused damages totaling US$2.46 billion in
economic losses (Mata et al., 2023). As stated by Gray et al.
(2022), storms are atmospheric disturbances that may bring
horrible weather, including severe rainfall, strong gusts of
wind, lightning, and thunder. Calm storms, like rainstorms,
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are advantageous because they deliver much-needed
precipitation for plants, animals, and waterways. Whereas,
typhoons can have significant and tremendous impact to people,
such as property damage, disruption of services, psychological
and socio-economic impact, and worse, loss of life.
On December 16, 2021, Super Typhoon Rai (Odette)
unleashed severe rainfall and powerful winds, causing
considerable devastation in the Southern Philippines,
specifically in the provinces of Surigao del Norte and Dinagat
Islands. A report from the Disaster Response Operation
Monitoring and Information Center (DROMIC) indicated that the
estimated total affected population in Southern Leyte and
Caraga Region has reached around 513,000 families
(approximately 1,947,000 individuals), as of the 2nd day of
March, 2022 (UNHCR Philippines, 2022). It costed the country
$324 million in agricultural losses and $572 million in
infrastructure damage, based on the report of the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, (2022).
According to Suarmika, P. et al., (2022), one of the
sectors most impacted by calamities is education. These
effects range from ruined schools to frightened students to
even learning loss. True enough, these effects came forth to
the students of all affected areas. Children who have
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undergone climate shocks have been demonstrated to have lower
overall educational attainment, poorer academic performance,
and higher absence rates. Children may skip school following
these occurrences as well due to injury, displacement, or
illness (such as malnutrition during droughts or increased
incidence of diarrheal disease after floods). When these kids
grow up and enter the workforce, this could eventually lower
their lifetime wages (Psaki, 2018).
The study of Mideksa (2021), showed that the students’
cognitive aspects in terms of the level of perceived severity,
self-efficacy, and response efficacy are factors that
influence the degree of typhoon preparedness. While being
prepared can certainly help to reduce the risk of disaster, it
may not eliminate the possibility of it occurring altogether.
Though, Suarmika, P. et al., (2022) stated that, disaster risk
reduction can help us anticipate disasters even when they
cannot be foreseen with accuracy. Given that disasters can
have a tremendous impact on people, communities, and even
entire countries, understanding disaster risk management is
crucial. Essentially, disaster preparedness tries to prevent
fatalities from relatively rare but more catastrophic events,
whereas disaster prevention targets threats that are commonly
encountered (Valenzuela, V. et al., 2020).
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In response to the threats brought by these natural
disasters, a significant milestone was reached in the
coalition between the Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG) and the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP) in the Philippines for an effort to improve the
disaster and climate resilience of selected local governments
in the Philippines. Strengthening Institutions and Empowering
Localities Against Disasters and Climate Change
(SHIELD) Programme was developed to implement risk-informed,
inclusive resilience activities and accelerate local
resilience-building initiatives by working with various
stakeholders to access funding. One of the endeavors that
SHIELD supports is GeoRiskPH, a multi-agency government
program coordinated by the Department of Science and
Technology that acts as a centralized information system to
help government and the public forecast and prepare for
natural catastrophes (Low, 2022). According to the United
Nations Development Programme (2022), the Australian
Government has given 18 million AUD to assist the Philippine
government in building institutional and community resilience
to natural disasters and climate change by enabling local
governments to seek and engage in resilient development.
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We may lessen the effects of disasters and improve our
capacity to respond effectively by being ready and putting
prevention measures in place. In many schools, courses in
health, sciences, or social studies also cover disaster
preparedness and prevention. However, depending on the
location of the school and the curriculum, this topic may be
studied to some extent. Şeyihoğlu, A. et al., (2021) assessed
that, educational practices are an effective tool in disaster
risk reduction studies, it is observed that IDEP, which is a
curriculum, is a workable program for gaining disaster
literacy. These kind of preparations are needed also even on
those areas with lower risk of natural disasters. Gumasing, M.
et al., (2022) discovered, that individuals residing in areas
highly susceptible to typhoons should engage in advance
planning for both typhoon preparedness and evacuation.
The government’s role before a typhoon is critical for
ensuring that communities are prepared and can respond
effectively to the typhoon. By investing in preparedness
activities, educating the public, and coordinating disaster
response efforts, the government can help to minimize the
impact of the typhoon and protect public safety. Before the
typhoon arrived, the humanitarian organizations also utilized
a technology created by Global Parametric for early warning
system and extended financial aid to low-income communities.
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Though, those technologies aren’t hundred percent reliable in
reducing the impact of a disaster.
According to Dariagan, Atando, & Asis (2022),
implementing several measures such as hiring full-time
disaster managers, creating a disaster information management
system, conducting extensive information campaigns, mobilizing
volunteers at the village level, incorporating disaster
management into formal education, providing compulsory
training for officials, and developing a comprehensive
strategy to address potential emerging crisis could result in
a complete state of preparedness. But no matter how prepared
the people of the Philippines are, no one could expect the
strength this disaster has. Thus, the Department of Education
(DepEd) has provided relief and psychosocial services to
Typhoon Odette-damaged schools and field offices in affected
regions. The DepEd Central Office made it possible to download
Php 3.6 million for cleaning and minor repairs. Support
funding of Php 10.2 million were also provided for responsive
activities in affected areas. The assistance funds can be used
to provide hygiene kits for students and teachers, provide
psychological first aid, and fund emergency school feeding
initiatives.
Filipinos who believe that climatic changes will directly
affect their homes claim to be doing more to prepare for
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catastrophes. Filipinos who believe they were personally
impacted by climatic changes also tend to be more likely to
take planning and material precautions, such as home
modifications, to be ready for calamities. Gender, association
engagement, financial status, risk perception, prior exposure
to and losses from catastrophes are further factors that are
related to disaster preparedness (Bollettino et al., 2020).
Community Solidarity and Support
Disaster management has always been a difficult issue for
policymakers, disaster managers, and emergency personnel. In
the context of an ever-changing hazard and disaster landscape,
people have always been forced to adapt their capacities and
capabilities to deal with these events in an efficient and
effective way (Smet, Lagadec, & Leysen, 2012). Bartolucci &
Magni (2017) stated that “survivors’ conduct in the aftermath
of a disaster is mainly driven by solidarity and collaboration
within groups (pre-existing and emergent), instead of anti-
social behavior and self-preservation." Millions of Filipinos
experienced a rough end to 2021 as the super typhoon Rai
(Odette) struck the country's southern and central provinces.
Communities play a pivotal role in disaster response and
recovery. It is crucial in mobilizing resources, coordinating
relief efforts, and providing immediate assistance to
survivors. The application of social capital begins by
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establishing strong connections within the community. Key
elements for fostering this bonding include social
integration, cohesion, solidarity, networking, and open
communication, continuous interaction among community members,
efficient coordination of activities, collaborative support
for individual endeavors, nurturing leadership qualities, and
extending assistance to fellow community members. These
attributes play a significant role in cultivating a sense of
unity and cooperation within the community (Mathbor, 2007).
The formation of local networks and grassroots organizations
enables efficient distribution of aid and fosters a sense of
collective responsibility. ," Manila Archbishop Jose Cardinal
Advincula calls for unity for the victims of the super
typhoon, in an interview with Radio Veritas, "We are with you
as you rise, as you face a new morning; I urge all to
sympathize and care for our brothers and sisters who have been
devastated by the storm, let us help them recover and begin
again” (Patinio, 2021). Faith-based resiliency and familial
support rose up in terms of frequency among the descriptors of
resiliency. Filipino resilience is founded on cultural ideals
of a profound spirituality, solid familial relationships, and
a positive outlook on life.
Following its Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) on
Typhoon Odette, the Philippine Disaster Resilience Foundation
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(PDRF) started its early recovery activities. In the short to
medium term, PDRF will conduct programs to provide resilient
livelihood and shelters to lower risks in communities with the
assistance of its network in the private sector and partner
organizations (PDRF, 2022). Over a million people have
received life-saving aid from the United Nations (UN) and
humanitarian partners in the Philippines six months after
Typhoon Odette wreaked havoc in 11 of the nation's 17 regions.
This help was given in support of the government-led response
(Philippine News Agency, 2022). The armed forces, coast guard,
and humanitarian organizations have intensified their
endeavors to provide essential supplies such as food, potable
water, and provisional accommodations to the islands that have
been severely impacted. The Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD) has been actively receiving a wide range of
donations and offers for volunteer assistance, significantly
augmenting the government's ongoing relief endeavors aimed at
aiding the victims affected by Typhoon Odette (Lopez, 2021).
Undoubtedly, the humane spirit of volunteerism invigorates and
enhances the relief operations for the individuals affected by
the calamity caused by Typhoon Odette.
Resilience and Adaptation
Communities and individuals are frequently left
confronted with difficult reminiscences in the aftermath of
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catastrophic events such as the Typhoon Odette (Bryant, R. A.,
2021). Most survivors must therefore rely on their coping
mechanisms to deal with their losses and the ensuing emotional
pain. Following the catastrophic effects of Typhoon Odette,
coping involves with the application of an array of measures
to control distressing symptoms and promote resilience and
recovery (Davis, E. B. et al., 2019). However, Filipinos
(particularly the impoverished) are no strangers to
resilience. They are capable of handling everything and ought
to be able to (Molina, 2020). Odette devastated the Visayas
and Mindanao exactly one month after its landfall, and
according to Gustavo Gonzales, the UN resident coordinator,
that in order to help people recover rapidly, efforts must be
increased. “If we do not, their resilience will be
compromised” (Peña, 2022).
Exploring and understanding the psychological, social,
and environmental responses of the victims of super typhoons
are great factors contributing to their resilience and
adaptation. Policymakers and humanitarian organizations can
develop effective interventions support these communities in
their recovery process.
Psychological Resilience: Psychological resilience refers
to an individual's ability to effectively cope with adversity
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and maintain mental well-being in the face of stressful
situations. Survivors of a super typhoon frequently go through
trauma, grief, and psychological suffering. However, studies
have shown that many people exhibit impressive resilience and
flexibility in the wake of such catastrophes. A study by
Bonanno, Brewin, Kaniasty, and La Greca (2010) highlighted the
presence of psychological resilience among hurricane and
typhoon survivors, as they exhibited post-traumatic growth,
increased self-efficacy, and positive coping strategies.
Social Resilience: Social resilience refers to the
collective capacity of a community to withstand and recover
from adverse events, relying on social networks, support
systems, and community resources. Aldrich (2012) conducted a
study on the social resilience of communities devastated by
the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami and discovered
that social networks and strong community ties were critical
in their recovery and rebuilding efforts.
Environmental Adaptation: Super typhoons often result in
extensive damage to the physical infrastructure and environment,
requiring communities to adapt to new conditions and adopt
sustainable practices. Studies have explored the role of
environmental adaptation in post-disaster recovery and rebuilding.
For instance, Knieling and Leibenath, (2014) examined the urban
resilience and adaptation strategies implemented in the city of
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Hamburg, Germany, after severe flooding events. Their findings gave
emphasis to the importance of adaptive governance, innovative urban
planning, and sustainable infrastructure development in fostering
resilience and facilitating adaptation to future disasters.
Typhoon Odette's devastation prompted the implementation
of different coping mechanisms intended to address the
particular difficulties the disaster posed. People are able to
enhance their resilience and speed up recovery by using
cognitive, emotional, and social coping mechanisms (Bryan,
Schauher, & Gibbs, 2020). To be able to help impacted people
manage trauma-related symptoms and restore their lives
following natural disasters, evidence-based therapies and
strong support networks is imperative.
Philosophical Stances
Philosophical stances are utilized by researchers to
collect, analyze, and interpret data in naturalistic inquiry
and specific areas of study.
In accordance to Alhazmi et al., 2022 from (Spiegelberg &
Schuhmann, 1982) the underlying philosophical premise of
phenomenological research is that truth can be found and
established through an individual's lived experience. These
stances aid in the inquiry of the lived experiences among
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students who have been heavily affected by the Super Typhoon
Odette, in terms of, their perspective on reality (ontology),
knowledge of reality (epistemology), values considered in the
study (axiology), and procedures observed (methodology).
Ontology. As a subfield of philosophy, Ontology pertains
to our conceptualizations regarding the type and essence of
reality and the societal realm. It encompasses the examination
of "being" and focuses on the inquiry into the nature,
existence, and composition of reality, as well as the
ascertainable limits of knowledge concerning the world
(Mahabuba, 2020). The victims of Super typhoon Odette
experienced the profound reality of loss, suffering, and
vulnerability. Their existence was profoundly impacted by the
destructive forces of the typhoon, which caused damage to
their homes, infrastructure, livelihoods, and, tragically,
loss of lives. Furthermore, marginalized and economically
disadvantaged populations are disproportionately affected by
super typhoons. They may lack access to early warning systems,
proper infrastructure, and resources for preparedness and
recovery. This exacerbates the impact of the disaster on their
lives, making it harder for them to rebuild and recover.
Recognizing the nature of the victims of Super Typhoon Odette
is crucial for providing effective and targeted assistance. It
highlights the importance of addressing the specific needs and
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vulnerabilities of different communities, ensuring that relief
efforts and recovery programs are inclusive, equitable, and
sustainable.
Epistemology. Epistemology is a philosophical discipline
concerned with comprehending the essence, inception, and
boundaries of knowledge, particularly in relation to the
cognitive link between the human mind and the external world.
It delves into the processes by which we obtain and validate
our convictions regarding the nature of reality and the
phenomena that encompass it. In its inquiry, epistemology
explores intricate inquiries pertaining to truth,
justification, comprehension, certainty, as well as the
intricate interplay between experiential encounters and the
acquisition of knowledge (Main, 2023). The victims of Super
Typhoon Odette, like those affected by any natural disaster,
have gained firsthand and tragic experience of the devastating
impacts of such calamities. In recognizing that climate change
plays a significant role in intensifying these events, they
have a unique opportunity to learn and adapt. Understanding
the connection between climate change and super typhoons can
foster a deeper awareness of the need for climate action and
resilience-building measures. By witnessing the destruction
caused by Odette, individuals, communities, and governments
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can prioritize disaster preparedness, invest in early warning
systems, and enhance infrastructure resilience. They can also
advocate for policies that mitigate climate change, such as
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to
renewable energy sources. Moreover, the victims can foster a
sense of solidarity, encouraging local and international
cooperation to address the root causes of climate change and
collaborate on disaster response and recovery efforts. Through
these lessons, the victims of Super Typhoon Odette can become
catalysts for positive change, contributing to a more
sustainable and resilient future.
Axiology. Axiology pertains to the examination of
inherent values within the realm of study. It involves
concerns about the nature and classification of values, as
well as what kinds of things have value (Consultores, 2021).
In the context of Bagyong Odette survivors, their acts and
attitudes towards the natural disaster reveal values that
arise from their reflections and resilience. Society serves as
the backdrop and framework within which these experiences
unfold, shaping the conditions, resources, and support
available to students during and after the calamity. Firstly,
society's preparedness and response mechanisms greatly
influence the ability of students to cope with and recover
from the wrath of a super typhoon. Adequate infrastructure,
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early warning systems, and emergency management protocols can
mitigate the immediate dangers and reduce the potential harm
inflicted upon students and their communities. Furthermore,
societal support networks, including local government
agencies, non-governmental organizations, and community
organizations, play a vital role in providing assistance,
shelter, and resources to affected students and their
families.
Methodology. Consultores, (2023) asserts that methodology
refers to a comprehensive set of fundamental principles and
organizational frameworks that guide the theoretical and
practical aspects of an activity, along with the underlying
theory that supports this system. To examine people's lived
experiences and better comprehend their subjective viewpoints,
descriptive phenomenological research design is adequately
utilized. The research questions would focus on
exploring the lived experiences of the victims of super
typhoons and seeking to understand their perspectives,
emotions, and perceptions in relation to the traumatic events.
In-depth interviews or focus group discussions can be used to
collect rich qualitative data. These methods allow
participants to share their experiences, emotions, and
meanings they attach to the super typhoon events. Open-ended
questions and prompts may be used to encourage participants to
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provide detailed descriptions. By employing a descriptive
phenomenological research design, researchers can gain
valuable insights into the lived experiences of the victims of
super typhoons, allowing for a more comprehensive
understanding of their perspectives and informing support and
recovery efforts.
Statement of the Problem
This research intends to recapture the stories of how
resilient the Grade 11 HUMSS students of Surigao del Norte
National High School, are in spite of the massive destruction
brought by the super typhoon.
Specifically, it will seek to answer the following
questions:
1. What were your most memorable moments during and after the
Bagyong Odette (Rai)?
2. What challenges did you face after Bagyong Odette (Rai)
that significantly impacted your daily lives and education?
3. What support systems were in place for students to cope
with the emotional and psychological effects of Bagyong
Odette (Rai) and navigate the recovery process?
Significance of the Problem
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This study may contribute new knowledge in the fields of
social sciences. Furthermore, it would be significant to the
following:
Government officials. The study can help government
officials understand the value of encouraging reflection and
resiliency in affected communities as well as the need for
enhanced disaster preparedness and response tactics. The study
can also offer proof in support of policy modifications and
other initiatives that can lessen the effects of upcoming
disasters.
Survivors. The study can provide a platform for survivors
to share their stories, which can help them cope with the
emotional and psychological impact of the disaster. By sharing
their experiences, survivors can also inspire others to be
more resilient and better prepared for future disasters.
Students. The study can shed light on how natural
disasters affect people and communities, as well as the value
of reflection and toughness in the face of difficulty.
Future researchers. The result of this research may be
used as a reference for other research related to this study
or to the natural disaster.
Scope and Limitations
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The researcher defines the scope and limitation in order
to give clear understanding on the parameters of the study in
terms of the following:
Focus. The study is primarily concerned with the
narratives of Super Typhoon Odette survivors. Specifically,
the survivors’ lived experiences during and after the
disastrous event. The study discusses the Super typhoon
Odette’s impact on the daily lives and academic performance of
the students.
Respondents. The respondents of this study were Grade 11
HUMSS students of Surigao del Norte National High School.
Place and Time. This study will be conducted in Surigao
del Norte National High School, Penaranda Street, Surigao
City, Surigao del Norte during the academic year 2023-2024.
Definitions of Terms
To provide a better understanding of the present study, the
following terms were defined conceptually and operationally.
Natural Disasters. It refers to the environmental
occurrences that are inescapable and may induce fear of harm,
trauma, loss of property, and displacement.
Resilience. Refers to the process and result of overcoming
difficult or demanding life situations, particularly through
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mental, emotional, and behavioural flexibility and adaptation
to internal and external challenges.
Adaptive Coping. This term refers to the cognitive and
behavioural attempts to control stressful situations or related
emotional distress.
Stressors. Refers to the life-changing events, and traumas
a person can experience.
Displaced Persons. Refers to the people who do not have
shelter and do not have the availability to fend for themselves
and afford sustenance.
Community Solidarity. Is defined as the degree to which
individuals within a community demonstrate mutual support,
collaboration, and a sense of shared identity.
Individual Resilience. Refers to the ability of an
individual to adapt, recover, and bounce back in the face of
adversity, challenges, or significant life stressors.
Emotional Wellbeing. Refers to the overall state of a
person's emotional health and the individual's ability to
understand and manage their emotions effectively, cope with
life's challenges, maintain satisfying relationships, and
experience a sense of overall fulfillment and contentment.
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CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, research
environment, respondents, research instrument, ethics and data
gathering procedure and the data analysis.
Research Design
The descriptive phenomenology design will be employed in
this study. In social science research, descriptive
phenomenology is frequently employed to study and characterize
people's lived experiences. As it expanded from the initial
European movement to encompass the American movement, it
underwent various modifications and became both a philosophy
and a scientific technique (Christensen et al., 2017).
Descriptive phenomenology can offer a rigorous and systematic
methodology to explore and illuminate the survivors'
experiences, reflections, and resiliency in the aftermath of
Bagyong Odette. It provides a framework for capturing the
human dimensions of their stories, highlighting their unique
perspectives, and generating insights that can inform
interventions, support systems, and further research.
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In this case, the study develops by utilizing descriptive
phenomenology, the researchers can deeply explore and
understand the stories, reflections, and resiliency of the
Grade 11 HUMSS students who survived Bagyong Odette in Surigao
del Norte. This approach allows for a rich and detailed
examination of their experiences, providing valuable insights
that can contribute to the development of support systems,
interventions, and educational strategies for the survivors
and the broader community.
Research Respondents
The respondents of this research will be the Grade 11
HUMSS students of Surigao del Norte National High School,
specifically the 10 students of section Socrates, 10 students
of section Democritus, 10 students of section Plato, 10
students of section Aurelius, 10 students of section Plutarch,
10 students of section Aristotle, 10 students of section
Aquinas, and 10 students of section Rousseau.
Table 1 below shows the distribution of respondents.
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Table 1
Distribution of Students by Evaluators
Respondents n
Section Socrates 10
Section Democritus 10
Sections Plato 10
Section Aurelius 10
Section Plutarch 10
Section Aristotle 10
Section Aquinas 10
Section Rousseau 10
Total 80
Research Environment
The Surigao del Norte National High School will serve as
the study’s research location. Surigao del Norte National High
School’s Senior High Department has 9 sections in HUMSS
academic track, namely; Aristotle, Aquinas, Aurelius,
Democritus, Plato, Plutarch, Rousseau, and Socrates. The
average students in each section is 39. Aristotle has 40
students, Aquinas has 37, Aurelius has 41, Democritus has 36,
Plato has 38, Plutarch has 38, Rousseau has 36, and Socrates
has 42, with a total of 308 students.
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https://www.google.com/maps/@9.7854744,125.492222,276m/data=!
3m1!1e3
Figure 2. Satellite Map of the Research Locale
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Ethics in Data Gathering
The researcher will make sure that all information
acquired for this study is handled in accordance with the
strictest ethical guidelines possible in order to uphold the
highest levels of integrity. Wa-Mbaleka (2019) places an
immense focus on practical issues prior to, during, and
following data collecting in qualitative research as well as
maintaining ethical standards throughout the study.
Researchers must obtain informed consent from
participants before collecting any data. This includes
providing clear and comprehensive information about the
purpose of the research, how the data will be used, any
potential risks or benefits, and the participants' right to
withdraw at any time. Researchers should ensure the
confidentiality and anonymity of participants. Data should be
stored securely, and any identifying information should be
removed or anonymized to protect the privacy of participants
in accordance to the Data Privacy Act of 2012. In order to
keep the integrity of the research process, researchers should
accurately report their procedures and findings, documenting
the data collection and analysis procedures as well as
acknowledging any potential biases or limitations.
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Rigor of the Study
In this section of the research, the researcher can
ensure the reliability and credibility of the study's
findings. Given the interpretive and context-dependent nature
of qualitative studies, it is essential to establish rigorous
standards and follow a systematic process that is thoroughly
documented in an audit trail. Failure to address researcher
biases or errors in judgment can have a significant impact on
the quality of the data and subsequent research outcomes.
Credibility, transferability, dependability, and
confirmability are the four criteria that are frequently used
to evaluate it.
Credibility. The researchers will meticulously analyze
the records of each participant, seeking patterns within
individual participants as well as across all participants, in
order to verify the study's credibility. The member checking
approach will be provided as an example in this section. It is
a technique for exploring the credibility of results. Data or
results are returned to participants to check for accuracy and
resonance with their experiences (Birt, et al, 2016).
Transferability. The researcher must provide thorough
descriptions so that people wishing to move the findings to
their own site can assess transferability even though they
31
cannot predict which sites may choose to do so. (Lincoln &
Guba, 1985). Other researchers can evaluate the applicability
of the findings to their own contexts by reading a detailed
description of the study's context and conditions. The study
design closely reflects real-world conditions, which will
increase the possibility that the conclusions can be applied
to similar circumstances.
Dependability. The third factor, dependability, will be
used by researchers. This will make it easier to evaluate the
consistency of the study. Dependability is the term used to
describe how consistently the results are obtained throughout
time and by various researchers. By keeping a thorough
research journal, outlining all of the choices they made while
conducting the study, and having another researcher audit it,
the researcher can demonstrate dependability.
Confirmability. Researchers will not rely on their own
prejudices, beliefs, or preconceptions that might affect how
the results are interpreted. This self-awareness reduces
potential subjectivity and improves the study's
confirmability. Findings are supported by a variety of data
sources, including observations, interviews, and written or
verbal records. To verify and corroborate the findings,
researchers may also ask people or other researchers for their
viewpoints.
32
Authenticity. The authenticity of a study is a research
term that describes how closely the participant's actual
experiences are reflected in the study.
Data Analysis
In a descriptive phenomenology, the researcher's
viewpoints, experiences, values, beliefs, and sense of self
were brought to the process of gathering and analyzing data.
Data will be examined to reduce the individualistic
components. Each transcript will be read several times in
order to gain a basic understanding of the whole subject
matter. Significant statements about the phenomenon under
investigation will be retrieved. These significant statements
will be used to create meanings, these meanings will then be
organized into categories, clusters of themes, and individual
themes. The results of the research will be combined to create
a comprehensive description of the phenomenon being studied
afterwards, the researchers will provide a description of the
basic framework of the phenomenon.
The researcher adheres to the prescribed six steps of
Braun and Clarke's Thematic Analysis, a robust and adaptable
approach for examining qualitative data that accommodates
various paradigmatic or epistemological orientations. As
elucidated by Braun and Clarke, these six phases are not
33
strictly linear in nature. Rather, it is recognized that
during each phase, the researcher may revisit preceding phases
as required, in accordance with the ongoing progress of the
analysis. By following this methodology, we can effectively
mitigate the influence of confirmation bias during the
analysis phase. This approach serves as an appropriate
analytical method for comprehensively examining experiences,
thoughts, or behaviors within a given dataset. The widely
embraced framework for executing thematic analysis entails a
meticulously structured six-step procedure: familiarization
with the data, coding, generating themes, reviewing for
themes, defining and naming themes, and the ultimate
production of a comprehensive report.
Familiarizing the Data. This stage encompasses the
process of data collection, wherein the primary objective is
to acquire a comprehensive grasp of the gathered information.
It entails meticulously reviewing the entirety of the
interview material, meticulously documenting observations, and
initiating the initial formation of conceptual codes that
encapsulate the content. Prior to embarking on the evaluation
of specific elements, it is crucial to develop a profound
comprehension of the amassed data. This may necessitates
activities such as transcribing audio recordings, perusing
textual content while taking detailed notes, or engaging in an
34
exploratory examination to gain a holistic understanding of
the material at hand.
Coding. It involves coming up with a set of initial codes
that represent the meanings and trends we discovered in the
data after getting to know it. Whenever noteworthy insights
emerge from the data, they are recorded as codes, serving as
concise descriptions of the content expressed during
interviews. To maintain systematic control over the codes, a
code book is established. The information is then revisited,
with significant passages identified and assigned appropriate
codes. Consistency is maintained by assigning identical codes
to extracts conveying the same message. Subsequently, the data
is consolidated into coded groups, enabling swift extraction
of key ideas and terminologies pervading the dataset. It is
important to note that codes serve as descriptive
representations rather than interpretations, facilitating the
initial organization of data into meaningful clusters. Upon
reviewing the compiled codes, similarities are sought, thereby
initiating the development of overarching themes.
Generating Themes. Naturally, the third stage of the
process tends to be more extensive and in-depth compared to
coding. Through an iterative approach of shifting codes back
and forth, we strive to generate diverse themes. The initial
35
step involves reviewing the compiled list of codes along with
their corresponding extracts. Subsequently, our aim is to
categorize these codes into comprehensive themes that offer
intriguing insights into the data. At times, we may determine
that certain codes should be omitted due to their inherent
ambiguity or lack of significance.
Reviewing Themes. Ensure that every concept is clearly
defined and supported by sufficient evidence. Carefully
examine each code-related excerpt to assess its alignment with
the overarching theme, identify any potential conflicts, and
identify shared themes. If a particular topic exhibits
numerous contradictions or becomes excessively broad, consider
dividing it into smaller themes or relocating its components
to more suitable themes. Begin contemplating how the various
themes within the narrative can cohesively interconnect.
Defining and Naming Themes. When naming themes, it is
advisable to select evocative and, if possible, captivating
labels. Rather than solely providing a straightforward
description of the theme's content, the chosen name should
also incorporate its intriguing elements and the rationale
behind it. This necessitates a precise definition of each
subject and an exploration of its significance in enhancing
our comprehension of the given information. The task of
assigning names to themes entails the allocation of concise
36
and unique labels to each subject.
Producing the Report. Compose a descriptive narrative
elucidating the significance of the data. It is imperative to
include ample project-specific particulars and comprehensive
exposition of the findings to enable the reader to assess the
caliber of your study. Once the themes have been meticulously
scrutinized, you are presented with the opportunity to convey
to your audience the reliability of your analysis. Support
your claims with captivating data quotations and ensure that
the narrative presents information in a coherent manner.
Instead of solely presenting statistics and personal
interpretive analyses, the narrative should construct a
persuasive argument for the claims put forth.
37
38
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Surigao del Norte National High School

Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Exploring the Stories of the Bagyong Odette Survivors in Grade

11 HUMSS Surigao del Norte National High School:

A Study of Reflections and Resiliency

The Faculty of the Senior High School

SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Penaranda St., Surigao City

of the Reqirements for Senior High School

Humanities and Social Sciences

Antonia Krisha Mae M. Espin

Lea Paz E. Benitez

Honey Claire A. Gaan

John Joseph R. Soques

PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents the introduction, review of

literature, conceptual framework, statement of the problem,

significance of the study, scope and limitations, and

Calamities such as the Super Typhoon Odette have

tremendously affected numerous places resulting in the loss

and damage of various properties including households and

educational institutions. An astounding number of educational

facilities were brought to a state of ruin. Moreover, the

decimation of academic opportunities for students and their

will and determination to enhance their learning capabilities

have deteriorated. Hence, this research intends to recapture

the stories of how resilient the Grade 11 HUMSS students of

Surigao del Norte National High School, are in spite of the

massive destruction brought by the super typhoon. The

researchers venture on information to establish a grounded

explanation for a phenomenon through perception, emphasizing

discovery over accuracy.

December 16, 2021 at 1:30 pm, the super typhoon Rai or

locally known as Bagyong Odette made its way to the center

provinces of Surigao del Norte and Dinagat Islands. Carrying

violent winds blowing at 160 mph, torrential rains, and storm

surges, causing flood and landslides to certain parts of the

said places. 12 million children whose education was disrupted

were served by around 30,000 schools. 4,200 classrooms in

2,000 or more schools were damaged (Center for Disaster

Philanthropy, 2022). According to Dariagan et al., (2021), the

main obstacles in instituting countermeasures when faced by

natural hazards includes various viewpoints of stakeholders,

weak database administration, insufficient funding, and

restricted regulations and assistance. It was then

corroborated by the COA’s report in 2014 which pinpointed the

deficiency of the nation’s actions.

In addition, the review of relevant literature realizes

that the stories of students before, during, and after the

typhoon were evidently an eye-opening experience (Tanguihan,

2022). The researchers’ study concentrates on exhibiting how

the stories of Grade 11 HUMSS students in the wake of the

super typhoon Odette affects their everyday lives in any

conceivable ways. Despite the many studies on the first-hand

scenarios of survivors of the wrath of the Super Typhoon

Odette (Rai), there was little to no discussion on the

challenges faced by these senior high school students two

years after the catastrophe.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section provides the concepts, writings, and

findings of experts, which are relevant to the present study.

Cited literatures and studies are synthesized to point out