DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Method of Undetermined Coefficients

LQ 3F-3 (Case 3 R(x) = Trigonometric Function)
GUIDE EXAMPLE

Given: m3 x
Yc = c1e m1 x + c2 xe m1 x + c3e m2 x + c4 e
4 3 2
ODE: (D + aD + bD ) y = R(x)
Case 2 Case 1
where: R(x) = M sin x + N cos x
Substitute values and simplify
IC: when x = 0, y = R, y’ = S, y” = T. and y” = U.
Find: Yc = c1e 0 x + c2 xe0 x + c3e3 x + c4e 5 x
Round 1: Yc = c1 + c2 x + c3e3 x + c4e 5 x (2)
1. Roots of the AE
2. Formulate the complimentary solution LQ 3F-3
ANACTA, E / 2D
Round 2: Round 1
1. Constants of the specific solution My Answers
2. Formulate the specific solution 1. 0, 0, 3, –5 (roots)
3. Formulate general solution 3x 5 x
2. Yc = c1 + c2 x + c3e + c4 e (Yc)
Round 3:
1. Arbitrary constants /// End of Round 1
2. Formulate the particular solution PS using IC
Round 4:
1. Find the value of x when y = 0 Round 2:
2. Find the value of y when x = 0
ODE: (D4 + aD3 + bD2) y = R(x) (3)
3. Graph of the PS
where:
Note: Data and Guide Example to follow.
R(x) = M sin x + N cos x (4)
Solution: Then the complete NHE becomes
(D4 + aD3 + bD2) y = M sin x + N cos x (5)
Round 1:
Data: a=2 b = –15
Setting R(x) = 0
M = –208 N = –416 =4
Data: a = 2 b = –15
Replace values:
4 3
(D + 2D – 15D ) y = 0 2
(1) (D4 + 2D3 – 15D2) y = –208 sin 4x – 416 cos 4x
4
AE: m + 2m – 15m = 0
3 2
(6)
ROOTS: In terms of Ys:
m2(m2 + 2m3 – 15) = 0 YsIV + 2Ys’’’ – 15Ys” = –208 sin 4x – 416 cos 4x (7)
m2(m – 3) (m + 5) = 0 For R(x) = Trigonometric function

Factors Roots Ys = A sin x + B cos x (8)

m2 = 0 m1 = 0, 0 Where A and B are constants to be determined and
 = 4 (given). Then (8) becomes:
m–3 =0 m2 = 3
Ys = A sin 4x + B cos 4x (9)
m+5=0 m3 = –5
Differentiating (9) successively:
This is Case 4 – Combination of Case 2 (Repeated
roots) and Case 1 (Distinct roots). Ys’ = 4A cos 4x – 4B sin 4x (10)
IMPORTANT: Ys” = –16A sin 4x – 16B cos 4x (11)
It is suggested that you arrange the roots using the Ys’’’ = –64A cos 4x + 64B sin 4x (12)
above sequence. The corresponding Yc is
 YsIV = 256A sin 4x + 256B cos 4x (13) Then (9) becomes
Note that only (11), (12), and (13) appears in (7), but Ys = 3 sin 4x – 2 cos 4x (21)
we need (10) in order to get the value of (11). We
Using (2) and (21), the GS becomes
call this successive differentiation.
y = Yc + Ys
Substitute (11) – (13) into (7):
y = c1 + c2 x + c3e3 x + c4 e 5 x
YsIV + 2Ys’’’ – 15Ys” = –208 sin 4x – 416 cos 4x (7) + 3 sin 4x – 2 cos 4x (22)
(256A sin 4x + 256B cos 4x)
LQ 3F-3
+ 2(–16A sin 4x – 16B cos 4x) ANACTA, E / 2D
Round 2
– 15(–16A sin 4x – 16B cos 4x) My Answers
= –208 sin 4x – 416 cos 4x (14) 3. 3 / –2 (A / B )
Our next task here is to collect terms containing sin 4. Ys = sin 4x + 3 cos 4x (Ys)
4x and cos 4x separately. This is in accordance to 5. y = c1 + c2 x + c3e3 x + c4 e 5 x
the rule:
+ 3 sin 4x – 2 cos 4x (GS)
“Equate coefficients of similar trigo function.”
But doing this so in (14) is quite hadr and prone to /// End of Round 2
operational errors. It is for this reason that your Sir
Anacta will suggest here an easier method.
From (7) Round 3:
YsIV + 2Ys’’’ – 15Ys” = –208 sin 4x – 416 cos 4x (7)
GS: y = c1 + c2 x + c3e3 x + c4e 5 x
LHS = RHS + 3 sin 4x – 2 cos 4x (22)

Now, let us get the value of the LHS of (7) IC: when x = 0, y = R, y’ = S, y” = T. and y” = U.

YsIV = 256A sin 4x + 256B cos 4x (15) Data:

A=3 B = –2
2Ys’’’ = –128A cos 4x + 128B sin 4x (16)
R=6 S = –5 T = 107 U = –567
–15Ys” = –240A sin 4x – 240B cos 4x (17)
Getting the derivatives of y:
This time, segregating the coefficients of sin 4x and
cos 4x is now easier. We have y = c1 + c2 x + c3e3 x + c4 e 5 x
Equation sin 4x cos 4x + 3 sin 4x – 2 cos 4x (22)
(15) 256A 256B
y’ = c2 + 3c3e 3 x – 5c4 e 5 x
(16) 128B –128A
+ 12 cos 4x + 8 sin 4x (23)
(17) –240A – 240B
Simplify 16A + 128B –128A + 16B y’’ = 9c3e 3 x + 25c4 e 5 x
– 48 sin 4x + 32 cos 4x (24)
Then (7) becomes
(16A + 128B) sin 4x + (–128A + 16B) cos 4x y’’’ = 27 c3e 3 x – 125 c4 e 5 x
– 192 cos 4x – 128 sin 4x (25)
= –208 sin 4x – 416 cos 4x (18)
Imposing the values of IC when x = 0, y = 6, y’ = –5,
Equating coefficients of the same trigo functions in
y” = 107 and y’’’ = –567 in Eqs. (22) to (25), noting
(18):
that e0 = 1, sin 0 = 0, and cos 0 = 1.
Coeff. of sin 4x: 16A + 128B = –208 (19)
Consider (22):
Coeff. of coa 4x: –128A + 16B = –416 (20) y = c1 + c2 (0) + c3e 0 + c4e 0
We have 2-linear equations with 2-unknowns. You + 3 sin 0 – 2 cos 0 = 6
can just use the Linear Equation Solver (2-Eqs)
since the coefficients are too large and hard to c1 + c3 + c4 – 2 = 6
eliminate. Solving (19) and (20) gives: c1 + c3 + c4 = 8 (26)
A=3 B = –2
Consider (23):
y’ = c2 + 3c3e 0 – 5c4 e 0 + 12 cos 0 + 8 sin 0 = –5 Round 4:
c2 + 3c3 – 5c4 + 12 = –5
c2 + 3c3 – 5c4 = –17 (27) PS: y = 5 – 2x + 3e 5 x + 5 sin 4x + 7 cos 4x

Consider (24): Solving for the value(s) of x by setting y = 0:

y’’ = 9c3e 0 + 25c4 e 0 – 48 sin 0 + 32 cos 0 = 107 5 – 2x + 3e 5 x + 5 sin 4x + 7 cos 4x = 0

9c3 + 25c4 + 32 = 107 Gives: x = 0.35 by T&E
9c3 + 25c4 = 75 (28)
Solving for the value(s) of y by setting x = 0:
Consider (25):
y = 5 – 2x + 3e 5 x + 5 sin 4x + 7 cos 4x
y’’’ = 27 c3e 0 – 125 c4 e 0
– 192 cos 0 + 128 sin 0 = –567 y = 5 – 2(0) + 3e 0 + 5 sin 0 + 7 cos 0
27c3 – 125c4 – 192 = –567
27c3 – 125c4 = –375 (29) y = 5 + 3 + 7 = 15

Let us summarize the four equations here for clarity: LQ 3F-1

My Answers
c1 + c3 + c4 = 8 (26) Round 4
c2 + 3c3 – 5c4 = –17 (27) 8. –0.80, –0.44 / 15 ( x1 , x2/ y1)
9c3 + 25c4 = 75 (28)
27c3 – 125c4 = –375 (29) DEMOS Figure:
In matrix form, these equation becomes:

1 0 1 1   c1   8 
0 c    17 
 1 3  5   2  
 =  
0 0 9 25  c3   75 
  c 4   375 
0 0 27  125 

Using the Linear Equation Solver (4-Eqs) method the

values of the arbitrary constants are.

c1 = 5 c 2 = –2 c3 = 0 c4 = 3
Plugging in these values into GS gives the PS as

GS: y = c1 + c2 x + c3e3 x + c4e 5 x

+ 3 sin 4x – 2 cos 4x

y = 5 – 2x + 3e 5 x + 5 sin 4x + 7 cos 4x

LQ 3F-1 /// End of Round 4

ANACTA, E / 2D
My Answers
Round 3 /// By Sir Anacta

6. 5 / –2 / 0 / 3 (c1 / c2 / c3 / c4)
5 x
7. y = 5 – 2x + 3e
+ 5 sin 4x + 7 cos 4x (PS)

/// End of Round 3