ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

IN GLAZING WORKS

Thesis

May 2024

Guided by
Dr. Luke Judson

Submitted by
Saksham Adaulia
SPA/NS/BEM/2022/892

Department of Building Engineering & Management,

School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Thesis titled “Assessment of Quality Management Practices in
Glazing Works” submitted by Mr. Saksham Adaulia in the partial fulfilment for the degree of
Masters in Building Engineering and Management at School of Planning and Architecture,
New Delhi, is a record of the student’s work carried out by her under my supervision and
guidance.
The matter embodied in this thesis work has not been submitted for any other degree or
diploma.

Guide HoD
Dr. Luke Judson, Prof. Virendra Kumar Paul,
Dept. of Building Engg. & Management, Dept. of Building Engg. & Management,
School of Planning & Architecture, School of Planning & Architecture,
New Delhi New Delhi

i
 PLAGIARISM CERTIFICATE

I, Saksham Adaulia, hereby certify that no part of this report is reproduced or copied from
another literature source, published or non-published. All works used for the purpose of the
study are duly referred and acknowledged in the relevant portions of the report and sources
indicated.

Saksham Adaulia,
SPA/NS/BEM/2022/892
MBEM, 2nd Year, 4th Semester

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to the
Head of the Department, Prof. Virendra Kumar Paul, and my guide who supported me in
accomplishing this research, Mr. Varun Seth. I would also like to express my gratitude to all
the faculty members of the department for their exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the course of the thesis.
As a part of the research, I had the opportunity to interact with several experts for the data
collection, interviews, case study analysis and for their insights on the process, in-person and
on mails and telephonic conversations and receive their timely guidance and invaluable
inputs for the thesis.
Finally, I would like to extend my thanks to my family, friends and seniors for their support
and encouragement.

iii
 ABSTRACT

The rapid urbanization and infrastructure development in India have led to an increased usage
of glazing in building exteriors. High-rise buildings with glass facades have become a
common sight in Indian metros, symbolizing affluence and style. Structural glazing, which
optimizes natural light in buildings, significantly reduces the weight of the building envelope
and enhances the interior environment. However, the costs of structural glazing typically fall
within the range of 10% to 25% of the total building cost for commercial and high-end
residential projects. Therefore, ensuring quality in structural glazing becomes crucial.
This research aims to identify the critical quality factors influencing the installation and
performance of structural glazing in Indian construction projects and compare prevailing
quality management practices with international standards. The study will also explore the
key barriers and challenges in establishing robust quality management frameworks for
structural glazing systems in India. Furthermore, it will examine how a benchmarking
framework can guide improvement in structural glazing installations.
The research will involve identifying the challenges and prevailing Quality Management
Practices in Glazing Works, deriving and analysing the Performance Requirements for
Project Managers, Consultants, and Clients, generating a Proforma for the assessment of
Quality Management Practices for Glazing Works, and implementing the Proforma on case
studies to assess the Quality of Glazing works.
The research is expected to fill the gap in comprehensive studies on quality management
practices specific to structural glazing in the Indian context. It will also address the need for a
more standardized framework from government organizations, as the expertise of installation,
fabrication, and quality assurance is currently under the Suppliers and Vendors.
The findings of this research will contribute to the body of knowledge on quality
management in structural glazing and provide valuable insights for stakeholders in the
construction industry. It will also pave the way for further research in this area, ultimately
leading to improved quality and performance in structural glazing installations.

Keywords: Curtain Glazing, Quality Management, Quality Assessment

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 Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................v
Chapter 1: Introduction...............................................................................................7
Chapter 2: Literature Review.................................................................................... 10
2.1 REVIEW MATRIX 1: SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE TESTING CODES....18
2.2 REVIEW MATRIX 2: ACTIVITY MAPPING FOR CURTAIN GLAZING........20
Chapter 3: Data Collection........................................................................................21
3.1 Procedure for Data Collection..........................................................................23
3.2 Identified Case-Studies:.................................................................................. 25
Chapter 4: Data Analysis..........................................................................................32

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 Table of Figures

Table 1 BIS Codes for Glass and Glazing.......................................................................16

List of Figures
Figure 1 (Left) Stick Curtain Wall System; (Right) Semi-Unitized Glazing System (Source:
Internet)......................................................................................................................11

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. INTRODUCTION
Glass facades are becoming more and more common in the fast-paced world of Indian
construction, completely changing the way facades are planned and built. The skylines of
Indian Metros are dotted with high-rise buildings clad in glimmering glass, spelling out
affluence and style. The usage of glazing in building exteriors has significantly increased
due to rising urbanisation and extensive infrastructure development.
Glazing systems is critical for optimising natural light in buildings, resulting in a brighter
and cosier interior environment. Effective utilisation of natural light reduces the demand for
artificial lighting during the day, resulting in reduced energy expenses and enhanced comfort
for occupants. Apart from enhancement of Functional performance, it reduces the weight of
building envelope significantly. Complementing this emphasis on natural light is the Indian
construction industry's growing attention to sustainable design concepts.
As per the article “Trends in Glass Glazing in India”, MGS Architecture (2009),
The costs of structural glazing typically fall within the range of 10% to 25% of the total
building cost for commercial and high-end residential projects.
In order to guarantee performance, safety, and durability in structural glazing, quality
management becomes crucial.
As Henry Ford said, “Quality means doing it right when no one is looking.” (S.E. Bruke,
2017)
Quality in construction projects depends on clear design documents, well-defined quality
control methods, proper materials and workmanship (Jha, 2015). Inspections, testing, and
sampling are common quality control methods. Quality assurance focuses on preventing
defects, while quality control focuses on detecting them.
Overall, successful construction quality management requires a comprehensive approach
encompassing planning, execution, control, and continual improvement, while adapting to
the specific needs and challenges of the construction industry.
1.2. Keywords
Structural glazing, Quality Management, Benchmarking
1.3. Research Questions
a) What are the critical quality factors influencing the installation and performance of
structural glazing in Indian construction projects?
b) How do prevailing quality management practices compare to international standards?
c) What are the key barriers and challenges in establishing robust quality management
frameworks for structural glazing systems in India?
d) How can a benchmarking framework be used to guide improvement in structural
glazing installations?
1.4. Research Gap
1. The costs of structural glazing typically fall within the range of 10% to 20% of the
total building cost for commercial and high-end residential projects. Glazing works

7
 shall thus conform to quality expectations w.r.t aesthetics, performance,
workmanship and customer satisfaction.
2. In India, where the construction industry is rapidly expanding, façade failure still
occurs and recurs in the same way. Glazing construction is important for the
successful completion of a construction project.
3. Limited comprehensive studies are available on quality management practices
specific to structural glazing in the Indian context.
4. CPWD has recently included Structural Glazing works in DSR, DAR and
Specifications, but still the expertise of installation, fabrication and quality assurance
is under the Suppliers and Vendors. Thus, a more standardized framework is required
from govt. organizations
1.5. Aim
To analyse the prevailing Quality Management practices and generate a Quality Assessment
model of Glazing Works

1.6. Objectives
I. To identify the challenges and prevailing Quality Management Practices
in Glazing Works, and the scope of each stakeholder. (PLAN)
II. To derive and analyse the Performance Requirements for Project
Managers, Consultants and Client (Users) also validate the challenges
identified from case-studies. (DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS)
III. To generate a Proforma for assessment of Quality Management Practices
for Glazing Works (Quantify the Performance Parameters)
IV. To implement the Proforma on the case-studies and assess the Quality of
Glazing works. (IMPLEMTATION)

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 1.7. Objectives

Literature review – identify and

AIM - TO ANALYZE THE PREVAILING categorize the challenges in Glazing
QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND
GENERATE A BENCHMARK FOR QUALITY OUTCOME – (1) Process
ASSESSMENT OF GLAZING WORKS Research papers, What are the Processes and Quality Map for execution of
reports, Published Management Practices for Glazing? Curtain Wall (2) Scope of
available studies each stakeholders (3)
Roles and Scope of each Stakeholder Checklist for Case-Studies
(Client, PMC, Consultant,
Fabricator)
OBJECTIVE 1 - To identify the
challenges and prevailing Quality Process of
Management Practices in Glazing Works, Literature review + Expert Execution Process, QM
Execution and Practices being carried out
and the scope of each stakeholders. (PLAN) Expert Interviews Interviews
Quality Control

To identify the critical Challenges in

OBJECTIVE 2 – To derive and analyze the
Performance Requirements for Project
Managers, Consultants and Client(Users)
also validate the challenges identified from
case-studies. (DATA COLLECTION &
ANALYSIS)
execution of Glazing Works (Curtain
Case-Studies
Wall)
OUTCOME – Basis for
generation of Proforma for
Derive Performance requirements for Quality Assessment
Data Analysis based on (1) identified Critical
Challenges, (2) QM Checklists (3)
RFQs (4) Expert Interviews

Parameters Shall be:

Key Parameters 1. Quantity and Cost of Rework

for Assessment (%)
2. Wastage per unit area of work OUTCOME – Proforma for Quality
OBJECTIVE 3 - To generate a Proforma Assessment
(%)
for assessment of Quality Management
3. Weather-proof: Water and Air
Practices for Glazing Works (Quantify the Penetration (%)
Performance Parameters) 4. Workmanship: Rigidity of
Quantification frames, joints, Dimensional
of these accuracy (variations per unit
parameters area of work)

Based on the Proforma, the Quality Assessment shall be carried out on each Case-
OBJECTIVE 4 - To implement the Studies, and scores shall be evaluated
Proforma on the case-studies and assess the
Quality of Glazing works.
(IMPLEMTATION)

OUTCOME – Quality Assessment of OUTCOME – Areas of improvement in

each Case-Studies existing Quality Management Practices

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Chapter 2: Literature Review

This chapter presents a detailed review of all the relevant literature for this thesis. The
literature has been selected to understand the important and recurring terms and concepts of
Glazing Works, the process of execution, cost parameters and economics, existing cost
considerations and identifying factors for selection. It also provides a basis to conduct further
data collection and derive quantitative outcomes.
1.1. Literature Cited

1.2. Glazing in Construction

Glass facades are becoming more and more common in the fast-paced world of Indian
construction, completely changing the way facades are planned and built. The skylines of
Indian Metros are dotted with high-rise buildings clad in glimmering glass, spelling out
affluence and style. The usage of glazing in building exteriors has significantly increased due
to rising urbanisation and extensive infrastructure development.
Glazing systems is critical for optimising natural light in buildings, resulting in a brighter and
cosier interior environment. Effective utilisation of natural light reduces the demand for
artificial lighting during the day, resulting in reduced energy expenses and enhanced comfort
for occupants. Apart from enhancement of Functional performance, it reduces the weight of
building envelope significantly. Complementing this emphasis on natural light is the Indian
construction industry's growing attention to sustainable design concepts.
Why Glazing is Important in Modern Construction?

 Natural Light: Glass maximizes natural light, reducing reliance on artificial lighting
and creating brighter, more welcoming spaces.
 Aesthetics: Glazing offers a sleek, modern look and can be used to create visually
striking designs.
 Energy Efficiency: Advanced glazing technologies (like coatings, insulation, and
double/triple glazing) improve thermal performance, reducing heating and cooling
costs.
 Indoor-Outdoor Connection: Large glass panels blur the lines between inside and
out, enhancing views and creating a sense of spaciousness.
 Sound Insulation: Specialized glazing can help reduce noise pollution, creating
calmer interior environments.
Glazing system is a vertical structure enclosure that covers two or more floors and bears no
loads other than its load and the forces acting on it in the environment. Aluminum frames are
used in the vast majority of curtain walling installations. Aluminum extrusion is commonly
used in these designs. Because of its high strength-to-weight ratio and ability to be extruded
into complicated forms.

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There are three types of glazing systems based on how the components are assembled, which
influences the time, cost, and quality of work.
1. Stick Curtain Wall System: The components of this curtain wall system are
assembled piece by piece on the building's structure.
2. A semi-unitized curtain wall glazing system is a type of structural glazing in
which the primary structural framing components are erected as an erector set
individually.
3. Unitized curtain systems are made up of large glass units that are manufactured
and glazed in a factory before being delivered to the construction site.
In CPWD AOR following items are specified,
1. Semi-(grid) unitized system of structural glazing (with open joints)
2. Suspended Spider Glazing system
For this research me shall focus on Semi-Grid unitized system of structural glazing.

Figure 1 (Left) Stick Curtain Wall System; (Right) Semi-Unitized Glazing System (Source: Internet)

11
1.3. Quality Procedures for Works

As per IS 15883 – Part 4, Quality procedures elaborating quality assurance and

quality control requirements for construction works (including construction
materials and workmanship) shall be defined.
Works involving items which cannot be checked at subsequent stages such as
services embedded in concrete, works which have significant failure cost and works
wherein performance would be known only during actual use (such as
waterproofing) shall have quality assurance procedures defined in accordance with
work specifications.

Glazing works lies works where “Performance would be known” and shall have pre-
defined QA procedures.

1.4. Definition of Quality for Glazing Works

A. Structural Integrity: (PRE-CONSTRUCTION DECISION)

• Wind Load Resistance: Ability to withstand high wind pressure and gusts
without deformation or failure.
• Seismic Resistance: Capacity to endure seismic forces (especially in earthquake-
prone zones) without causing significant damage or collapse.
• Dead Load and Live Load Bearing: Must support its weight and additional
loads like signage or maintenance equipment.
B. Weather Resistance: (QUALITY CONTROL / ASSURANCE)
• Water Resistance: Effective seals and drainage systems to prevent rainwater
penetration and leakage.
• Air Infiltration Resistance: Tight seals to minimize unwanted airflow and
ensure energy efficiency.
C. Thermal Performance: (PRE-CONSTRUCTION DECISION)
• Insulation (U-Value): The lower the U-value, the better the wall's insulation and
ability to reduce heat transfer.
• Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC): Measure of how well the curtain wall
blocks solar heat, impacting indoor comfort and energy costs.
D. Visual and Aesthetic Quality: (QUALITY CONTROL / ASSURANCE)
• Uniformity: Consistent, clean lines, and an unblemished finish.
• Color/finish Consistency: Maintain consistent color and material finish
throughout the entire system.
• Glass Clarity: High-quality glass free from distortions or flaws.
• Sound Transmission Reduction (Acoustics): The wall's ability to block
external noise.
E. Workmanship: (QUALITY CONTROL)
• Fabrication Quality: Correct assembly and precise tolerances to ensure
structural strength, alignment, and weathertightness.

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• Installation Quality: Skilled professionals adhering to best practices, preventing
gaps, water infiltration, and misalignment.

13
 1.5. Quality Performance Indicators and Acceptance Criteria

As per IS 15883 – Part 4, As per Quality performance indicators should be

identified relevant to the work and customer requirements.
Accordingly, acceptance criteria should be defined considering customer needs and
cost, and in conformance to national standards and accepted engineering practices.

Our Roadmap for identification for Quality Performance Indicators shall be:
1. Identification of various activities and roles of each stakeholder at various
stages of Glazing works
2. Identification and validation of Challenges
3. Categorization of each challenge among the stakeholders
4. Identifying the Performance Requirement for respective challenges

1.6. Challenges in Glazing Works

Curtain Glazing presents several challenges:
(Pavitt & Gibb, 2003)(Lu & Zhang , 2015)(Lee, 2018)(Cohen 1991)(Jha,2015)
(Pragya,2023)
1. Aesthetics: Curtain glazing often serves architectural purposes, contributing to
the aesthetic appeal of buildings. Balancing design requirements with structural
integrity and performance standards can be challenging. It has also been observed
that often final Product varies from the Architectural design.
2. Procurement of Consultants: Identifying reputable suppliers and manufacturers
of curtain wall components, such as glass panels, framing systems, and sealants,
requires careful research and evaluation.
3. Coordination Among Stakeholders: Curtain glazing projects involve multiple
stakeholders, including architects, engineers, contractors, and glass
manufacturers. Ensuring effective communication and coordination among these
parties is crucial to address design complexities and minimize errors during
execution.
4. Contractor Expertise and Trained Workers: The quality of workmanship in
curtain glazing heavily relies on the expertise and training of contractors
responsible for installation. Lack of skilled labor or inadequate training can result
in improper assembly, leading to structural issues or aesthetic defects.
5. Material Quality Control: Ensuring the quality of glass and framing materials
used in curtain glazing is crucial. Variations in material quality can lead to
structural weaknesses, poor insulation, and reduced longevity.
6. Quality Control During Installation: Implementing rigorous quality control
measures during the installation process is crucial to detect and rectify defects
promptly. Inspection checkpoints should be established to verify adherence to
design specifications and construction tolerances.

14
 7. Material Handling: Material handling challenges for glazing works include the
transportation of large and fragile glass panels, which require careful lifting,
securing, and maneuvering to prevent breakage or damage. Additionally,
coordinating the delivery of heavy materials to elevated building levels presents
logistical complexities and requires specialized equipment and skilled labor.
8. Repairs and Reworks: Repairs and reworks in glazing works incur costs related
to labor, materials, and time, impacting project budgets and schedules.
Challenges
inclu3622222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
222222de identifying defects, accessing elevated areas for repairs, coordinating
with subcontractors, and addressing client dissatisfaction.
9. Cost-effectiveness: Clients seek curtain wall solutions that offer value for
money, balancing initial investment costs with long-term benefits such as energy
savings, reduced maintenance requirements, and enhanced building functionality.
10. Weather Resistance: Curtain glazing systems must withstand various weather
conditions, including wind, rain, and temperature fluctuations. Ensuring that the
design and materials can withstand these environmental factors is critical for
maintaining quality over time.
11. Structural Integrity: Proper installation is essential for the structural integrity
and weatherproofing of curtain glazing systems. Challenges arise in ensuring that
installers adhere to standardized procedures and best practices to prevent leaks,
drafts, and other issues.
12. Maintainability: Implementing appropriate maintenance strategies is essential
for preserving the performance and appearance of curtain glazing over time.
Challenges include access for cleaning, replacement of damaged components,
and degradation of sealants.
13. Fire Safety: Meeting fire safety requirements and regulations, including fire
resistance ratings, smoke control measures, and evacuation strategies for
buildings with curtain wall construction.
14. Timely Delivery: Clients expect curtain wall projects to be completed within
agreed-upon timelines and budget constraints. They require effective project
management, coordination, and communication to ensure timely delivery and
installation without compromising quality.

1.7. Requirements of QM and benchmarking in Glazing Works

In India, where the construction industry is rapidly expanding, façade failure still occurs and
recurs in the same way. Curtain wall construction is important for the successful completion
of a construction project. In addition to the fact that it is an activity on the critical path in
many projects, it also accounts for a nonnegligible portion of the total construction cost
up to10%– 15%. (Cho, 2021) Poorly designed or installed curtain walls can compromise the
building's integrity and put the occupants at risk.

15
In order to guarantee performance, safety, and durability in structural glazing, quality
management becomes crucial.

16
 1.8. Key Issues in Glazing Works
List of possible Issues identified through Literature at Installation stages:
(Hwang, Zhao, & Van Do, 2014) (Kassem, Dawood, & Mitchell, 2012) (Kim, Roh , Kim ,
Lee , & Kwak , 2019) (Lu & Zhang , 2015) (Lee, 2018) (Layzell & Ledbetter,1998), (Luo,
Jin, Shen, & Wang Y, 2020) (Pavitt & Gibb, 2003)
S.no. Stages
1 Construction
Inspection
2 Civil Construction
3 Contractor
Administration
4 Construction materials
5 Construction
equipment
6 Construction
Drawings
Defects
1. Lack of Inspections
2. Hiring Unqualified inspectors
3. Neglect of the Importance of Inspection
4. Not Implementing corrective actions during job
execution
5. Inadequate measurements
6. Applying paint in unsuitable conditions and surfaces
7. Applying inadequate water proofing and drainage
8. Insufficient concrete cover to reinforcement
9. Improper construction of cold joints
10. Loss in adhesion between materials
11. Early form work removal
12. Inadequate curing base facade
13. Lack of communication
14. Non-compliance with specifications
15. Inability to read drawings
16. Insufficient site supervision
17. Poor communication between the owner and the
architect/engineer
18. Hiring unqualified supervisors
19. Speedy completion or cheap quality work
20. Hiring unqualified workforce
21. Multinational construction experience
22. Thermal movement in different materials
23. Selection of materials unsuitable for climatic
conditions
24. Use of non-durable materials
25. Use of expired materials
26. Poor material handling and storage
27. Wrong use of equipment
28. Inadequate performance of equipment
29. Lack of required amount of equipment
30. Lack of references
31. Conflicting details
32. Lack of details
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 1.9. Codes and References for Glass and Curtain wall systems
Following codes and References are applicable for Curtain Glazing Systems:
1. BIS Indian Standards for Glass, Glazing System (Facade and Fenestration), Profiles
and its Associated Materials:
Table 1 BIS Codes for Glass and Glazing
Sl no. Code/ Standard
1 IS 16945 : 2018
2 IS 16947 : 2018
3 IS 16978 : Part 1 : 2018
4 IS 16978 : Part 2 : 2018
5 IS 16978 : Part 3 : 2018
6 IS 16978 : Part 4 : 2018
7 IS 16982 : 2018
8 IS 17004 : 2018
9 IS 14900 : 2018
10 IS 2553 : Part 1 : 2018
11 IS 16231 : Part 1 : 2019
12 IS 16231 : Part 2 : 2019
13 IS 16231 : Part 3 : 2019
14 IS 16231 : Part 4 : 2019
15 IS 17346: 2020
16 IS 1948 : 1961
SPECIFIC CODES IN PRACTICE
17 IS 3548 : 1988
18 IS 875 (Part 1): 1987
19 IS 875 (Part 3): 1987
Title
Fire Resistance Test for Glass Walls
Fire Resistance Tests for Doors with Glass Panes,
Openable Glass Windows and Sliding Glass Doors
Glass in Building - Forced-Entry Security Glazing Part
1 Test and Classification by Repetitive Ball Drop
Glass in Building - Forced-Entry Security Glazing Part
2 Test and Classification by Repetitive Impact of a
Hammer and Axe at Room Temperature
Glass in Building - Forced-Entry Security Glazing Part
3 test and Classification by Manual Attack
Glass in Building - Forced - Entry Security Glazing
Part 4 test and Classification by pendulum impact
under Thermally and fire stressed Conditions
Heat Strengthened Glass - Specification
Testing Methods for Processed Glass
Transparent Float Glass - Specification (First
Revision)
Safety Glass - Specification Part 1 Architectural,
Building and General Uses (Fourth Revision)
Use of Glass in Buildings - Code of Practice Part 1
General Methodology for Selection (First Revision)
Use of Glass in Buildings - Code of Practice Part 2
Energy and Light ( First Revision )
Use of Glass in Buildings - Code of Practice Part 3
Fire and Loading ( First Revision )
Use of Glass in Buildings - Code of Practice Part 4
Safety Related to Human Impact ( First Revision )
Insulating Glazing Unit - Specification
Specification for Aluminium Doors, Windows and
Ventilators
Code of Practice for Glazing in Buildings
Code of Practice For Design Loads (Other Than
Earthquake)For Buildings And Structures Part 1 Dead
Loads
Code of Practice For Design Loads (Other Than
Earthquake)For Buildings And Structures Part 3 Wind
18
 Loads
Wrought Aluminium & Aluminium Alloys- Extruded
20 IS 1285 : 2002 Round Tube & Hollow Sections for General
Engineering
PERFORMANCE TESTING
Wind Resistance for Curtain Walls, Windows, Sliders,
18 IS 18473: 2024
Doors and Skylights — Method of Test
Water Penetration of Curtain Walls, Windows, Sliders,
19 IS 18459: 2024 Doors and Skylights by Uniform Static Air Pressure
Difference — Method of Test
Field Measurement of Air Permeability and Water
Penetration through Installed Curtain Wall, Windows,
20 IS 18434 : 2023
Doors, Sliders and Skylights under Static Air Pressure
Difference — Method of Test
Method of Measurement of Building and Civil
21 IS 1200 : Part 14 : 1984
Engineering Works: Part 14 Glazing

2. International Standards for Performance Testing:

Sl no. Code/ Standard Title

PERFORMANCE TESTING
Standard Test Method for determining the Rate of Air Leakage
1 ASTM E 283-91
through Exterior
Standard test method for Water penetration of Exterior
2 ASTM E 331-93
Windows, Curtain walls
Standard Test Method for Structural performance of Exterior
3 ASTM E 330-90
Windows, Curtain Walls
4 AAMA501.1 Water penetration by Dynamic pressure
Water leakage-field check of installed storefronts, Curtain
5 AAMA 501.2-03
walls& sloped glazing systems
6 E 488 Strength of anchors in concrete and masonry elements.
Voluntary specification for field testing of newly installed
7 AAMA 502-21
fenestration products
Voluntary specification for field testing of newly installed
8 AAMA 503-14
storefronts, curtain walls and sloped glazing systems
Standard test method for field measurement of air leakage
9 ASTM E783: 2018
through installed exterior windows and doors
Standard test method for field determination of water
10 ASTM E1105: 2015 penetration of installed exterior windows, skylights, doors, and
curtain walls, by uniform or cyclic static air pressure difference.
Standard test method for water penetration of exterior windows,
11 ASTM E331: 2016 skylights, doors and curtain walls by uniform static air pressure
difference
12 EN 12211 : 2016 Windows and doors — Resistance to wind load — Test method
Standard Practice for the Specification and Evaluation of Pre-
13 ASTM E2099-00
construction Laboratory Mock-ups of the Exterior Wall Systems

19
20
 2.10 REVIEW MATRIX 1: SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE TESTING CODES

Sl. Code
Title References Test Preparation Test Procedure Illustrations
No. /Standard
1 IS 18473: Wind Resistance for a) ISO 6612 : 1980 Windows and The laboratory air temperature shall be recorded and Three air pressure pulses shall be applied; the rate of
2024 Curtain Walls, door height windows — Wind reported in the report. application shall be 100 Pa/s, and the pressure shall be
Windows, Sliders, resistance tests All operating parts of the specimen shall be opened maintained for 3 s.
Doors and Skylights b) EN 12211 : 2016 Windows and and closed five times and finally secured in the The specimen shall undergo the following sequenceof
— Method of Test doors — Resistance to wind load — closed position. tests as under:
Test method 1. Deformation Test
c) ASTM E2099-00 Standard Deformation up to a pressure differential of 𝑃1 in both
Practice for the Specification and the positive and negative directions, shall be evaluated by
Evaluation of Pre-construction the relative frontal deflection.
Laboratory Mock-ups of the Exterior 2. Repeated Pressure Test
Wall Systems The specimen shall be subjected to 50 pressure
impulses between −𝑃2 and +𝑃2. The 𝑃2 is equal to
0.5 𝑃1
The period of transition from one pressure value to
another shall not be less than 7 s.

2 IS 18459: Water Penetration of ASTM E331 : 2016 — Standard test The test-pressure difference or differences at which 1. The outer face of the specimen can be installed facing
2024 Curtain Walls, method for water penetration of water penetration, if not specified shall not be less the inner chamber where the pressures generated. In this
Windows, Sliders, exterior windows, skylights, doors than 150 Pa. case the spray rack is installed within the chamber.
Doors and Skylights and curtain walls by uniform static 2. Submit each operable unit to five cycles of opening,
by Uniform Static air pressure difference closing, and locking prior to testing. The test specimen
Air Pressure shall be subjected to water sprayed completely and
Difference — continuously over the exterior face of the test sample at a
Method of Test rate 2.0 l/m.min or 3.4 l/m.min

21
3 IS 18434 : Field Measurement AAMA 502-21 Voluntary Selection of Test specimen: Air Leakage Test
2023 of Air Permeability specification for field testing of 1. The test specimen shall not have any visible 1. Apply a minimum uniform static test pressure of 75 Pa
and Water newly installed fenestration products; defects to the test chamber.
Penetration through AAMA 503-14 Voluntary 2. Appropriate size of specimen is usually a 2. The acceptable air infiltration rate is limited to 0.5 L/s
Installed Curtain specification for field testing of minimum of 9.3 sqm sqm.
Wall, Windows, newly installed storefronts, curtain 3. The specimen shall include, perimeter seals, 3. Air leakage resistance testing to be conducted before
Doors, Sliders and walls and sloped glazing systems; typical splices, frame intersections, at least 2 entire water penetration resistance test is performed.
Skylights under ASTM E783 : 2018 Standard test vision lies and 2 entire spandrel lies containing an
Static Air Pressure method for field measurement of air intermediate vertical and an intermediate horizontal. Water penetration test by Static Pressure Difference
Difference — leakage through installed exterior 1. Subject each operable unit to five cycles of opening,
Method of Test windows and doors; and Examination of Test Specimen: closing, and locking prior to testing.
ASTM E1105 : 2015 Standard test 1. Conduct a detailed visual examination of the test 2. Adjust the water to spray rate to 5 l/min/m and the
method for field determination of specimen and the construction adjacent to the test minimum pressure shall be 200 kPa to 300 kPa.
water penetration of installed exterior specimen. 3. Maintain the water spray for 30 min.
windows, skylights, doors, and 2. Check the specimen gaskets before proceeding
curtain walls, by uniform or cyclic with the air leakage test.
static air pressure difference.
Preparation of Test Chamber
Fit the test chamber to the perimeter of the test
specimen to cover the entire assembly through
which air leakage is to be determined and a check
for water penetration is to be made.

AAMA Quality Assurance

501.2 and Diagnostic
Water Leakage Field
Check of Installed
Storefronts, Curtain
Walls, and Sloped
Glazing Systems 1. The test specimen shall not have any visible
defects Water penetration test by Static Pressure Difference
2. Appropriate size of specimen is usually a 1. Subject each operable unit to five cycles of opening,
minimum of 9.3 sqm closing, and locking prior to testing.
4
3. The specimen shall include, perimeter seals, 2. Adjust the water to spray rate to 5 l/min/m and the
typical splices, frame intersections, at least 2 entire minimum pressure shall be 200 kPa to 300 kPa.
vision lies and 2 entire spandrel lies containing an 3. Maintain the water spray for 30 min.
intermediate vertical and an intermediate horizontal.

22
 2.11 REVIEW MATRIX 2: ACTIVITY MAPPING FOR CURTAIN GLAZING
As per IS-15883 – Part 4, Quality management processes may be grouped under the following stages of project:
a) Pre-construction stage:
1. Project development,
2. Planning for construction, and
3. Tender action.
b) Construction stage
c) Commissioning and handing over stage
Project Development
Preliminary Design (Architectural
Elevations)
Selection of Suitable Glazing
System
Selection of Façade Consultant
Pre-Construction
Planning for Construction
Structural Design as per IS 875
(Part 1 & 3)
Shop Drawings
Detailed Specifications
Construction Stage Commissioning and handing over
Tender Action
Field Testing:
(1) Air penetration test as per ASTM E 783 at a minimum static-
air-pressure differential of 300 Pa; Test Area: One bay wide, but
Material Inspection:
not less than 30 feet (9.1 m), by one story of glazed aluminum
All materials shall conform to specifications and
curtain wall.
approved makes.
Issuance of RFQ (2) Water penetration test as per ASTM E 1105 at a minimum
static-air-pressure differential not less than 300 Pa and shall not
Source Quality Control:
evidence water penetration.
Third party inspection of the material is mandatory
Test Area: One bay wide, but not less than 30 feet (9.1 m), by one
story of glazed aluminum curtain wall, Perform at least three tests,
prior to [10, 35, and 70 percent completion]
Samples and Mock-ups:
Selection of Vendors (1) Sample of Sealant, accessories etc. Repair and Rework
(2) Mock-ups of size 300x300 or whichever mentioned
Field Quality Control:
A qualified testing agency shall be engaged to perform Cleaning
tests and inspections.
Process Checks:
(1) Check for/ Ensure Surface Preparation and Evenness
(2) Check for alignment and Levels
(3) Check for Jointing and sealants
(4) Check for Non-Conformance of Glass: Colouration,
Scratches, Breakages.
(5) Check for Non-Conformance of Aluminium:
Coloration, misalignment, movement of openable
panels, hardware issues
(6) Check for non-conformance of Sealants: all gaps are
properly filled
23
 2.12

CLIENT

FAÇADE
PROJECT

GLAZING
GENERAL
MANAGER
CHALLENGES

ARCHITECT

CONSULTANT

CONTRACTOR
CONTRACTOR

THIRD PARTY QA
·
·
·

X
X
X
X
Aesthetics & Design

·
·

X
X
X
X
X
Procurement of Consultants

·
·
·
·
·
·
X
Coordination Among Stakeholders

·
·

X
X
X
X
X
Contractor Expertise and Trained
Workers

·
·
·
·
·
X
X
Material Quality Control

24
·
·
·

X
X
X
X
Quality Control During Installation

·
·
·

X
X
X
X

Material Handling
Roles and Responsibilities of Consultants

·
·
·

X
X
X
X

Repairs and Reworks

·
·
·

X
X
X
X

Cost-effectiveness

·
·
·

X
X
X
X

Weather Resistance

·
·
·
·
·
X
X

Structural Integrity
·
·
·
·
·

X
X

Maintainability
·
·
·
·

X
X
X

Fire Safety
·
·
·
·

X
X
X

Timely Delivery
 Pre-Construction
Commissioning and
Stakeholder Project Planning for Construction Stage
Tender Action handing over
Development Construction
CLIENT Preliminary Design Approval of Design Selection of Vendors Approval of work
ARCHITECT Preliminary Design Concept Drawings Approval of work
1. Material Inspection
PROJECT Selection of Façade 2. Quality Control and Assurance
Issuance of RFQ Approval of work
MANAGER Consultant 3. Routine Quality Checks
4. Check for non-conformance
1. Structural Design
as per IS 875 (Part 1
1. Provide Sample and Mock-ups
FAÇADE & 3) & Detailed
2. Provide Technical support and Approval of work
CONSULTANT Specifications
Monitoring
2. Preparation of
Shop Drawings
GENERAL Coordinate with Façade Contractor Coordinate with Façade
CONTRACTOR (for Surface readiness) Contractor
1. Material Procurement
2. Installation of Curtain Wall
FAÇADE 1. Repair and Rework
3. In-Process Quality Checks
CONTRACTOR 2. Surafce Cleaing
4. Ensure proper weather sealing and
integration
1. Source Testing and Certification of
THIRD PARTY Materials QA Certification of field
QA 2. Field Testing (during installation) tests

25
Chapter 3: Data Collection

This chapter focuses on the collection of data required to analyse the objectives. The data
collection procedure has been specified in the previous chapter, including literature, site
visits, information from Suppliers/ Vendors and Case Studies. The detailed process followed
and data collected has been presented here.
1.1 Procedure for Data Collection
The data collection can be divided into two main stages: secondary data collection and
primary data collection.
Secondary data collection involves gathering information from existing sources, such as
journals, books, reports, and websites.
Primary data collection involves collecting new data from primary sources, such as surveys,
interviews, and observations.
1.8. Expert Interviews
Interview 1: For Façade Consultants and Fabricators

Alfa Facades (Delhi) Door Bhai (Lucknow)

Q1 Can you provide a Engineering Design, Engineering Design,

breakdown of the specific Shop Drawings, Shop Drawings,
tasks involved in the Supervision Supervision, Fabrication
glazing process as per your
scope of work?

Q2 How do you ensure that a) Aluminium e) Aluminium

the materials used in the Members: Static Members: Static
glazing process meet and Dynamic and Dynamic
specified standards and loading IS 875 loading IS 875
requirements? (Part 1 & 3), (Part 1 & 3),
Glass thickness: Glass thickness:
a) Structural integrity
Fire Resistance Fire Resistance
b) Wind Resistance IS 16231 (Part 3) IS 16231 (Part 3)
& ASTM E2190- &
c) Thermal Performance
08
f) Design winds
d) Weather Resistance
b) Design winds speed as per
speed as per geographical
geographical location: IS 875
location: IS 875 (Part 3)
(Part 3)

26
 c) ASTM E2190-08
d) Recommendatio
n for Hose test
for water
leakage, begin
testing as early
as possible i.e. 5
% of installation

Q3 Can you describe your NA Inspection – Quality

approach to ensuring Control – Client’s
proper installation Approval
practices and
workmanship quality

Q4 How do you address any Change/ Replacement Change/ Replacement

deviations from the
product specifications
during material
inspection?

Q5 What documentation and Dimensional Dimensional

reporting practices do you Accuracies, Visual Accuracies, Visual
follow to track quality Inspection, QMP Inspection, Plumb Test
control measures and Checklists
project progress?

Q6 How do you ensure that Material Inspection (on- Material Inspection (on-
the materials used in the site), Source Quality site)
glazing process meet Control
specified standards and
requirements?

Q7 Can you provide examples Novotel, Bhubaneshwar; BBD University

of similar glazing projects Vadodra Airport, Lucknow
you have completed in the Agartala Airport
past?

Q8 Are there any training and ISO 9001

certifications your
personnel possess related
to glazing works?

27
 1.2 Identified Case-Studies:
The following case-studies have been identified for this research, each case-study has a
different characteristic, be it construction techniques, materials, slab area, slab cycle and
variation in construction equipments used.
To understand the processes involved in Glazing Works we conducted Case-Studies, details
of case-studies are as follows:

 Case-Study 1: AIPL Masterpiece, Gurugram.

 Case-Study 2: WHO Building, New Delhi

Other identified Case-Studies:

 NBCC Nauroji Nagar, ITO

 AIPL Autograph, Gurugram
 Ithium Mixed use Complex, Sector 74, Noida

1.9. Identification of Quality Management Practices in Glazing Works

In CPWD AOR following items are specified,
25.1 Providing and supplying aluminium extruded tubular and other aluminium sections as
per the architectural drawings and approved shop drawings
25.2 Designing, fabricating, testing, protection, installing and fixing in position semi (grid)
unitized system of structural glazing (with open joints) for linear as well as curvilinear
portions of the building for all heights and all levels
25.3 Providing, assembling and supplying vision glass panels (IGUs)
25.4 Extra for openable side / top hung vision glass panels (IGUs)
25.5 Providing, fabricating and supplying shadow box for fixing in the spandrel portion of
the structural glazing
25.6 Providing and supplying Spandrel Glass Panels comprising of 6 mm thick heat
strengthened monolithic float glass of approved colour and shade so as to match the colour
and shade of the IGUs
25.8 Design supply & installation of suspended Spider Glazing system designed to withstand
the wind pressure as per IS 875 (Part-III)
For this research me shall focus on Semi-Grid unitized system of structural glazing.
Process mapping for Glazing works was derived from LITERATURE, QC REPORTS,
CASE STUDIES AND EXPERT INTERVIEWS, relevant sources have been discussed
later.

Sl. Quality Management Source / References

no Practice
.

1 Material Inspection (on-site) QMP Checklist (CW & AIPL), Expert Interview
(Alpha Façades), (Pragya, 2023), (CMHC, 2004)

28
2 Pull-out & Alignment Tests QMP Checklist (AIPL), (CMHC, 2004)

3 Alignment and Plumb Test QMP Checklist (CW & AIPL), Expert Interview
(Alpha Façades, Door Bhai), (Pragya, 2023),
(CMHC, 2004)

4 Water Penetration Test QMP Checklist (CW & AIPL), Expert Interview
(Alpha Façades, Door Bhai), (Pragya, 2023),
(CMHC, 2004)

5 Visual Inspection QMP Checklist (CW & AIPL), Expert Interview

(Alpha Façades, Door Bhai), Site Visits(AIPL),
(Pragya, 2023), (CMHC, 2004)

1.10. PROCESS FLOW FOR EXECUTION OF CURTAIN WALL

29
 1.11. Identification of Performance Requirements
KPIs define what to measure, they pinpoint the specific areas of performance you want to
compare. They provide a clear focus for your benchmarking
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS CHECKS BY PROJECT MANAGERS

Sl. no. Parameters Measurement Method

1 Water Tightness (IS 18459, IS 18434) Water Penetration Test

2 Air tightness (IS 18434) Air Leakage Test

3 Functional (Energy, Light, Heat and U-value

Acoustics) performance (IS 16231-
Part 2) SHGC

Visual Light Transmission

4 Wind resistance (IS 18473, IS 875) Design Wind Speed considered

5 Fire Safety (16231 part 3) Thickness of Glass as per

requirements

6 Design Compliance Structural Stability Calculations

It includes adherence to:

Shop Drawings
a) Architectural Design
Material Inspection
b) Engineering Design (Seismic,
Wind Load IS 875 Compliant)
Dimensional Accuracy as per shop
c) Specifications drawings
d) Workmanship (Alignment/
Evenness) Alignment and Evenness

e) Clean (Stain/ Scratchproof) Evenness of Sealant Joints

Finish
Stain and Scratchproof Finish

Reworks Done due to breakage and

scratches

7 Total Wastage (due to breakages, Total wastage per unit area

excess framing materials etc.)

30
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS CHECKS BY FAÇADE CONSULTANTS &
FABRICATORS

Sl. no. Parameters Measurement Method

1 Weather Proof Water Penetration Test

2 Quality of Sealant Source Quality Control

Pre-Construction Testing

3 Cost Effectiveness Minimum Fabrication cost

4 Design Compliance Structural Stability

It includes adherence to: Calculations
a) Architectural Design
b) Engineering Design (Seismic, Shop Drawings
Wind Load IS 875 Compliant)
c) Specifications Material Inspection
d) Workmanship (Alignment/
Evenness)
Dimensional Accuracy as per
e) Clean (Stain/ Scratchproof) Finish
shop drawings

Alignment and Evenness

Evenness of Sealant Joints

Stain and Scratchproof Finish

Reworks Done due to breakage

and scratches

5 Fabricator’s Qualifications and Non-Conformance

Certifications

6 Guarantee Minimum years

7 Minimum Rework Minimum Damages and

Breakages causing rework

8 Total Wastage (due to Total wastage per unit area

breakages, excess framing
materials etc.)

31
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS CHECKS BY CLIENTS / CUSTOMERS

Sl. no. Parameters Measurement Method

1 Weather Proof Water Penetration Test

2 Guarantee Minimum years

3 Cost Effectiveness Minimum Fabrication cost

4 Functional (Energy, Light, Heat and Low U-value

Acoustics) performance
Low SHGC

High Visual Light Transmission

5 Green Building Requirements Recycled Content

Low VOC Limit

Low Embodied Energy

6 Design Compliance Dimensional Accuracy as per shop

drawings
It includes adherence to:

a) Architectural Design Alignment and Evenness

b) Workmanship (Alignment/
Evenness of Sealant Joints
Evenness)

c) Clean (Stain/ Scratchproof) Stain and Scratchproof Finish

Finish

7 Fabricator’s Qualifications and Non-Conformance

Certifications

8 Minimum Rework Minimum Damages and Breakages

causing rework

9 Total Wastage (due to breakages, excess Total wastage per unit area
framing materials etc.)

32
IDENTIFICATION OF KPIs
KPIs are the quantifiable metrics that are essential for effective benchmarking
KPIs should be:
• Aligned with the goals: What are the most important objectives for your activity?
• Measurable: Can you quantify the KPI with accurate data?
Actionable: Can you use the KPI to drive change and improvement?

Key Factors Measurement unit

Performance
Indicators

KPI 1 Workmanship Dimensional Accuracies % per 100 sqm of work

KPI 2 Zero Waste Total Waste generated % per 100 sqm of work

KPI 3 Weatherproof Air & Water Penetration % per 100 sqm of work

KPI 4 Training and Reduction in Rework % per 100 sqm of work

Qualifications (Non-Conformance cost)

KPI 5 Guarantee Repair, Maintenance, No. of Years

Replacement

33
 1.12. Checklist for Data Collection

KPI 4:
KPI 1: KPI 2: Zero KPI 5:
KPI 3: Weatherproof Training and
Façade Workmanship Waste
Qualification
Guarantee
Sl no. Project Name Location Area
Type
Dimensional % Air % Water % of Non-
Waste % No. of Years
Accuracy (%) Penetration Penetration Conformance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

34
Chapter 4: Data Analysis

1.3 Case-Study 1: AIPL Masterpiece, Gurugram.

FNS.45 : Checklist for Glazing Work

Date of Inspection 04.02.2024

4th floor elevation 1 grid B to

Reference
J

Reference drawing no .

(A) Pre & process checks

Check for plumb, line & level of frame

1 Yes No N/A
fixed.

Is the appropriate number of fasteners

2 Yes No N/A
fixed with appropriate frequency?

Is the size and brand of the fastener same

3 Yes No N/A
as per the specification?

4 Has the fastener fully gone deep and not Yes No N/A

35
 peeping out?

Are the glass type, thickness, and

5 specification correct as per the Yes No N/A
requirement?

(B) Post checks

Are the closing and opening functions

6 Yes No N/A
smooth?

Check whether glass fixed is in correct

7 Yes No N/A
position w.r.t frame ?

Is the hardware locking smooth and

8 Yes No N/A
unlocking is easy or without efforts?

Gap between frame & wall is filled

9 properly by sealant/material specified in Yes No N/A
BOQ specification.

No handles are loose on the doors or any

10 Yes No N/A
hardware elements are not missing?

(C) Observations

Any corrective actions required Yes No N/A

Require Signature

Items Issues Conforming Non- To be

Conformin answered
g

10/10 0 08 02 NA

1.4 Case-Study 2: WHO Building

36
37
 1.5 Data from site visits

KPI 4:
KPI 1: KPI 2: Zero KPI 5:
KPI 3: Weatherproof Training and
Project Façade Workmanship Waste
Qualification
Guarantee
Sl no. Location Area
Name Type
Dimensional % Air % Water % of Non-
Waste % No. of Years
inaccuracy (%) Penetration Penetration Conformance
AIPL Straight +
1 Gurgaon 4500sqm 05% 05% NA NA 05% 10
Signature Parametric
WHO
2 New Delhi 3600sqm Straight 05% 02% NA NA
Building
NBCC
Straight +
3 Nauroji New Delhi 15000sqm
Curved
Nagar
4
5
6
7

38
39