OM49 ARH PRS RPT 00003 C01 Pipeline Transient Analysis

NNPC E&P LIMITED
PROJECT TITLE:
PROVISION OF FEED AND DED OF AROH 1 & 2 WELL JACKET AND AROH
FIELD MANIFOLD IN OML-49
DOCUMENT TITLE:
PIPELINE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
DOCUMENT NUMBER:
OM49-ARH-PRS-RPT-00003
C01 13.Jul.23 Approved For Design M.S. A.A./A.N. J.O.

A01 13.Jul.23 Issued for Approval M.S. A.A./A.N. J.O.
R01 05.May.23 Issued for Review M.S. A.A./A.N. J.O.
Rev Date Issued Purpose Originator Checker Approver
Company Approval: CONTRACTOR: PESO Energy Services Ltd.
Date:
Asset Location Discipline Designation Sequence Revision

Document No.
OM49 ARH PRS RPT 00003 A01
OM49-ARH-PRS-RPT-00003 PIPELINE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 4

1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Project Overview ............................................................................................................ 4
1.3 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.4 Abbreviation ................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Definition .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.0 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Order of Preference ....................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Industry Code and Standard ......................................................................................... 6
2.3 Project Reference Documents ...................................................................................... 6
3.0 SIMULATION INPUTS ............................................................................................................ 7

3.1 Well Properties ................................................................................................................. 7
3.2 Fluid Composition ........................................................................................................... 7
3.3 Process Conditions .......................................................................................................... 7
3.4 Aroh LP Wells Production Data ...................................................................................... 7
3.5 Aroh MP Wells Production Data .................................................................................... 8
3.6 Aroh HP Wells Production Data ..................................................................................... 8
3.7 Aroh Wells Test ................................................................................................................. 9
3.8 Assumptions ..................................................................................................................... 9
4.0 SIMULATION BASIS ............................................................................................................ 11

4.1 Simulation Software ...................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Thermodynamic Basis ................................................................................................... 11
4.3 Pipeline Material and Properties ................................................................................. 11
4.4 Environmental data ...................................................................................................... 11
5.0 SIMULATION METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS ................................................................... 12

5.1 Pipeline Size Verification............................................................................................... 14
5.2 Steady State Turndown Case Study ........................................................................... 20
5.2.1 Steady State Turndown Case Study LP Manifold ................................................ 20
5.2.2 Steady State Turndown Case Study MP Manifold .............................................. 22
5.2.3 Steady State Turndown Case Study HP Manifold ............................................... 23
5.3 Wax Appearance Temperature.................................................................................. 25
5.4 Aroh System Shutdown................................................................................................. 26
5.5 Flow Regime .................................................................................................................. 28
5.5.1 Flow Regime for Manifold ...................................................................................... 28
Page 2 of 34
5.5.2 Flow Regime for Flowlines ...................................................................................... 30
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................... 31
APPENDIX 1 – Fluid Composition .............................................................................................. 32
Page 3 of 34
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
As part of efforts aimed at improving crude oil evacuation from Aroh Well 1 and 2,
at OML-49, Nigerian National Petroleum Company Exploration and Production
Limited (NNPC E&P), a subsidiary of Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC)
Limited is embarking on the design of a well head platform to replace the
temporary platform that is used to access the well head.
In addition, NNPC E&P intends to install a 12-string onshore manifold for the 2 Wells
and additional future Wells to be tie-in for a seamless evacuation of crude from the
well heads through the export line.
PESO Energy Services have been contracted to carry out the FEED and DED of
Aroh 1 & 2 Well Jacket and Aroh Field Manifold in OML-49.
1.2 Project Overview
The Aroh field comprises of the Aroh 1 and 2 Wells installed in the Aroh Wellhead
platform in OML 49 which is located in the Northwestern Niger Delta. The Aroh 1
and 2 wells are dual completion wells with short and long strings each. Currently,
the four flowlines (1S, 1L, 2S and 2L) are routed directly to the HP, MP, LP and Test
headers in Oziengbe flowstation.
As part of efforts aimed at improving crude oil evacuation from Aroh Well 1 and 2
in OML-49, NNPC E&P intends to carryout demolition of the existing Aroh 1&2
Wellhead platform and design of a new wellhead jacket/platform and a 12-slot
field remote manifold. The field remote manifold shall be located close to the Aroh
wellhead platform to commingle the crude oil from the four Aroh flowlines (1S, 1L,
2S and 2L) and other future wells to be drilled within the Aroh field. The 12-slot
remote manifold system shall comprise of the HP, MP, LP and Test headers with the
flexibility to produce each of the flowlines into any of the respective header.
Commingled well fluid from the new Aroh field manifold will be bulk flowed to the
Oziengbe flowstation inlet manifold via dedicated HP, MP, LP and test bulklines.
1.3 Purpose
The purpose of this document is to
1. Re-confirm the pipeline size using OLGA as a traditional steady state tool.
2. Perform steady state parametric study to establish minimum turndown rate
and verify the effect of different production rates on the inlet pressure, liquid
hold-up, slug and liquid surge.
3. Perform shutdown simulation of the pipelines.
4. Check hydrate formation potential of pipeline during “no touch” time of up
to 48 hours after shutdown.
5. Perform normal start up simulations for the various pipelines operating cases
and determine surge volume due to start up.
6. Establish fluid flow regime.
Page 4 of 34
1.4 Abbreviation
API American Petroleum Institute
BOPD Barrel of Oil Per Day
BS&W Basic Sediment and Water
DED Detailed Engineering Design
E&P Exploration and Production
EoS Equation of State
FEED Front End Engineering Design
HP High Pressure
LP Low Pressure
MP Medium Pressure
OML Oil Mining Lease
RP Recommended Practice
THP Tubing Head Pressure
1.5 Definition
COMPANY Nigerian National Petroleum Company Exploration and
Production Limited (NNPC E&P)
CONTRACTOR PESO Energy Services Limited (PESO).
MUST/SHALL Indicates a mandatory requirement.
SHOULD Indicates a preferred course of action or strongly

recommended to comply with the requirements of this
specification.
MAY Indicates an acceptable course of action.
PROJECT Provision of FEED and DED of Aroh 1 & 2 Well Jacket and
Aroh Field Manifold in OML-49
Page 5 of 34
2.0 REFERENCES
2.1 Order of Preference
In case of conflict, the regulations, codes and standards shall be applied in the
following priority order:
1. Nigerian Government Legislation.
2. Project Specification and Data Sheets.
3. Company’s Specifications and Standards.
4. Industry Standards.
5. Contractor Codes and Working Standards.
Should there be any conflict between the above standards and the project
Specifications, the project Specifications shall take precedence.
2.2 Industry Code and Standard
The following latest codes, and standards shall be used as guidelines:
API RP 14C Recommended Practice for Analysis, Design, Installation and

Testing of Basic Surface Systems for Offshore Production
Platforms, 7th Edition.
API RP 14E Recommended Practice for Design and Installation of Offshore

Production Platform Piping Systems, 5th Edition.
2.3 Project Reference Documents
OM49-ARH-PRS-BOD-00001 Process Design Basis
OM49-ARH-PPL-BOD-00001 Pipeline Design Basis
OM49-ARH-SVY-RPT-00005 Meteorological Report
OM49-ARH-SVY-PLV-00002-00 Bathymetric Profile at Aroh Field
OM49-ARH-SVY-TPD-00001-00 Topographic Profile at Aroh field
Page 6 of 34
3.0 SIMULATION INPUTS
3.1 Well Properties
The following fluid compositions, hypothetical components and production data

for Aroh wells were used for the simulation model and shown in the Tables below.
3.2 Fluid Composition
The Aroh field fluid composition used are shown in Appendix 1.
3.3 Process Conditions
The operating and design data for the Oziengbe flowstation HP, MP, LP and test
headers are shown in below Table 3-1;
Table 3-1: Oziengbe Flowstation HP, MP, LP and Test Headers Process Conditions
S/N PARAMETERS HP Header MP Header LP Header Test Header

1480 @ 38°C 1480 @ 38°C 1480 @ 38°C
1 MAWP (psig) 150 @ 85°C
1370 @ 85°C 1370 @ 85°C 1370 @ 85°C
-1 @ 1480 -1 @ 1480
2 MDMT (°C) -1 @ 1480 psig 0 @ 150 psig
psig psig
Operating
3 350 – 450 200 40 - 70 40 – 450
Pressure (psig)
Operating
4 33 33 33 33
Temperature (°C)
3.4 Aroh LP Wells Production Data
The LP flowlines, header and bulkline was modelled considering a 12” LP bulkline
size assuming all Aroh 1 and 2 flowlines, including future 4 wells (dual flowlines
each) are producing via the LP header and bulkline.
For this simulation, the below Table 3-2; provide estimate of the total flow rate
expected.
Table 3-2: Estimated Flow Rate
S/N PARAMETERS Max. Flow

Rate (bopd)
1 Aroh 1S 955.3
2 Aroh 1L 955.3
3 Aroh 2S 1,628.1
4 Aroh 2L 2059.0
5 Future 8 Flowlines* 16,000
6 LP Bulkline Flow Rate 21,598
Page 7 of 34
*considering 2,000 bopd for each of the eight (8) future flowlines.
The Oziengbe flowstation LP header operating pressure ranges between 40 psig to

70 psig as per Table 3-1 while the minimum flowing THP was used for each of the
Aroh 1 and 2 flowlines as per Table 3-1 while the THT of 33 oC was used at the
flowlines.
3.5 Aroh MP Wells Production Data
The following MP simulation was modelled considering a 6” MP Manifold header

and a 8” bulkline and production from Aroh 3, 4 & 5 dual strings future wells. For this
case, it is assumed that all the future 3 wells (dual flowlines each) are MP wells and
producing via the MP header and bulkline.
For this case, the below Table 3-3 provide estimate of the total flow rate expected.

Rate (bopd)
1 Aroh 3S 2,000
2 Aroh 3L 2,000
3 Aroh 4S 2,000
4 Aroh 4L 2,000
5 Aroh 5S 2,000
6 Aroh 5L 2,000
7 MP Bulkline Flow Rate 12,000
*considering 2,000 bopd for each of the three (3) future flowlines.
The Oziengbe flowstation MP header operating pressure is 203 psig as per Table 3.1
while the Future wells flowing THP of 1500 psig was considered for each of the Aroh
future flowlines as provided by Client.
3.6 Aroh HP Wells Production Data
The following HP simulation was modelled considering a 4” HP header and a 6” HP

bulkline. For this case, it is assumed that only two (2) of the future wells (dual
flowlines each) are HP wells to be producing via the HP header and bulkline. For
this case, the below Table 3-4 provide estimate of the total flow rate expected.

Rate (bopd)
1 Aroh 4S 2,000
Page 8 of 34

Rate (bopd)
2 Aroh 4L 2,000
3 Aroh 5S 2,000
4 Aroh 5L 2,000
HP header and bulkline
5 8,000
flow rate
*considering 2,000 bopd for each of the two (2) future HP flowlines.
The Oziengbe flowstation HP header operating pressure is 350 psig as per Table 3-1
while the Future wells flowing THP of 1500 psig was assumed for each of the Aroh
future flowlines as provided by Client.
3.7 Aroh Wells Test
The following simulation have been carried out for the test header and bulkline
from the Aroh field remote manifold to Oziengbe flowstation:
1. Flowing of LP Wells via the test header and bulkline to Oziengbe flowstation test
header (Testing of LP well).
2. Flowing of MP Wells via the test header and bulkline to Oziengbe flowstation
test header (Testing of MP well).
3. Flowing of HP Wells via the test header and bulkline to Oziengbe flowstation test
header (Testing of HP well).
Case 1: this simulation considers testing of LP Wells by flowing via a 4” Test bulkline
with LP arrival pressure of 70 psig. In this case, well testing is assumed to be carried
out one LP well at a time. Hence, the worst case flow of 2,000 bopd for the future
wells have been used for the simulation.
3.8 Assumptions
The following assumptions have been considered for carrying out the process
simulation.
 Length of the HP, MP, LP and test bulklines from the remote manifold to the
Oziengbe flowstation is estimated as 8km.
 Process conditions of Aroh 1L well/flowline were not provided. Hence, it was

assumed to be same as Aroh 1S which was provided.
 Three (3) future wells were assumed in this hydraulic analysis with normal
operating capacity of 1000 bopd (per wellstring) and design capacity of
2000 bopd. The same MER data of Aroh 2L were assumed for the three (3)
future wells.
 Flowlines THP for the future wells are assumed to be 1500 psig.
Page 9 of 34
Based on the above assumptions, the process simulation should be rerun when the
information is available.
Page 10 of 34
4.0 SIMULATION BASIS
4.1 Simulation Software

The following simulation software was used for the process modelling:
 OLGA Version 7.2.3

 PVTsim Version 20
4.2 Thermodynamic Basis

The thermodynamics basis used for the OLGA simulation is the Peng Robinson (PR)
Equation of State. In generating the OLGA table file in PVTsim, Peneloux volume
correction was used to avoid inaccurate densities.
4.3 Pipeline Material and Properties

The table below gives the material definition used for carbon steel material in the
simulation
Table 4-1: Carbon Steel Properties
Heat Thermal Roughness

Density
Material Capacity Conductivity
[kg/m3] [mm]
[J/kg-C] [w/m-k]
Carbon
7850 500 45 0.508
Steel
4.4 Environmental data
Minimum sea temperature is given as 22°C, as stated in the Design Basis for the
Project.
Page 11 of 34
5.0 SIMULATION METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS
OLGA version 7.2.3 transient simulator was used for building and analyzing models
for the pipeline system. The fluid composition was made suitable for use in OLGA
via PVTsim. Table files are created in PVTsim to enable the transfer of
thermodynamic properties into OLGA software in useable format.
The model assumes that inlet to the system is a closed node and a mass source
that provides the specified flowrates is placed at the inlet nodes. These inlet nodes
represent the Aroh wells. Flowlines from nodes commingle at the inlet to pipelines.
The commingled point is represented as an internal node. The outlet node which is
the end of the pipeline is modelled as a pressure node with a specified outlet
pressure. The simulator back calculates the required parameters such as pressure,
temperature, velocity, liquid hold-up etc along the pipeline length to the pipeline
inlet node.
The figures below show the model schematic for the system for each of the
pipelines.
Figure 5-1: LP Production Pipeline
Page 12 of 34
Figure 5-2: MP Production Pipeline
Figure 5-3: HP Production Pipeline
Figure 5-4: Well Test Production Pipeline
Page 13 of 34
5.1 Pipeline Size Verification
Pipeline size was verified for the operating cases, using OLGA. The result for the gas velocity and erosional velocity as
obtained from OLGA is given in Table 5-1 below
Table 5-1: OLGA Result for Erosional Velocity
Erosional
Liquid Inlet Inlet Outlet Outlet Gas
NPS Velocity
Pipeline Flowrate Pressure Temperature Pressure Temp Velocity
(inches) Ratio
(bbl/day) (psig) (oC) (psig) (oC) (m/s)
(-)
LP
12 21,598 163 33 70 32 4.8 0.14
Bulkline
MP
8 12,000 309 33 203 32 2.7 0.16
Bulkline
HP
6 4,000 476 33 350 32 2.1 0.19
Bulkline
Test
4 2,000 288 33 70 32 1.9 0.12
Bulkline
The corresponding plots from OLGA are shown in the figures below
Page 14 of 34
Figure 5-5: LP Bulk line Pressure Profile
Figure 5-6: LP Bulk line Temperature Profile

Figure 5-7: LP Bulk line Erosional Velocity Ratio
Figure 5-8: MP Bulk line Pressure Profile
Page 16 of 34
Figure 5-9: MP Bulk line Temperature Profile
Figure 5-10: MP Bulk line Erosional Velocity Profile
Page 17 of 34
Figure 5-11: HP Bulk line Pressure Profile
Figure 5-12: HP Bulk line Temperature Profile
Page 18 of 34
Figure 5-13: HP Bulk line Erosional Velocity Profile
Figure 5-14: Test Bulk line Pressure Profile
Page 19 of 34
Figure 5-15: Test Bulk line Temperature Profile
Figure 5-16: Test Bulk line Erosional Velocity Profile
5.2 Steady State Turndown Case Study
The turndown simulation was carried out based on the maximum flowrate
from each well and turndown at 20%, 60%, 80%, and 90%. The plots below give
the inlet pressure at the flowlines, liquid holdup and surge liquid volume for
each of the manifolds.
5.2.1 Steady State Turndown Case Study LP Manifold
The first plot below give the inlet pressure at the LP Wells flowlines. The liquid
holdup and surge liquid volume for the LP manifold is also obtained at steady
state.
Page 20 of 34
Figure 5-17: LP Flowline Pressure at steady state turndown
Figure 5-18: LP Manifold liquid holdup at steady state turndown
The liquid hold up is same for turndown cases.

Page 21 of 34
Figure 5-19: LP Manifold liquid surge volume at steady state turndown
There is no liquid surge for all turndown cases.
5.2.2 Steady State Turndown Case Study MP Manifold
The first plot below give the inlet pressure at the MP Wells flowlines. The liquid
holdup and surge liquid volume for the MP manifold is also obtained at steady
state.
Figure 5-20: MP Manifold Pressure at steady state turndown
Page 22 of 34
Figure 5-21: MP Manifold liquid holdup at steady state turndown
Figure 5-22: MP Manifold liquid surge volume at steady state turndown
5.2.3 Steady State Turndown Case Study HP Manifold
The plots below give the inlet pressure at the MP Wells flowlines. The pressure,
liquid holdup and surge liquid volume for the MP manifold is also obtained at
steady state.
Page 23 of 34
Figure 5-23: HP Manifold Pressure at steady state turndown
Figure 5-24: HP Manifold liquid surge volume at steady state turndown
Page 24 of 34
Figure 5-25: HP Manifold liquid holdup at steady state turndown
5.3 Wax Appearance Temperature.
The wax appearance temperature plot was obtained using PVTsim. The plots
for the wax appearance pressure and temperature curve are shown below.
The wax plot below gives the pressure and temperature at which wax is
formed. It is the same for all flowlines, manifold and bulklines.
Figure 5-26: Wax PT Curve
Page 25 of 34
Figure 5-27: Wax Formation Curve
5.4 Aroh System Shutdown
The pipeline shut down after 12 hours of normal operation was simulated.
After a total shut down period (no-touch time) of 36 hours, the following
temperature trend was observed.
The minimum pipeline inlet and outlet temperatures reached after an

integration time of 48 hours (12 hours normal operation plus 36 hours shutdown
period) is 26OC and 20OC respectively for the HP pipeline, 18OC for the MP
pipeline and 22.17OC and 22.29OC respectively for the LP pipeline, as shown in
Figure 5.17, 5.18 and 5.19 below
Figure 5-28: Fluid Temperature Trend for Aroh HP Pipeline Shutdown

Page 26 of 34
Figure 5-29: Fluid Temperature Trend for Aroh MP Pipeline Shutdown
Figure 5-30: Fluid Temperature Trend for Aroh LP Pipeline Shutdown
Page 27 of 34
Figure 5-31: Fluid Temperature Trend for Aroh Test Pipeline Shutdown
5.5 Flow Regime
In general OLGA uses the following numbers to indicate flow regime.
Table 5-2: Flow Regime Indicator (ID)
NUMBER FLOW REGIME

1 Stratified
2 Annular
3 Slug
4 Bubble
The flow regime information for different flowrates is shown in the figures below
5.5.1 Flow Regime for Manifold
Figure 5-32: Flow Regime Indicator Plot for the LP bulk line for 21,598 bopd
Page 28 of 34
Figure 5-33: Flow Regime Indicator Plot for the MP bulk line for 12,000 bopd
Figure 5-34: Flow Regime Indicator Plot for the HP bulk line for 8,000 bopd
Page 29 of 34
Figure 5-35: Flow Regime Indicator Plot for the Test bulk line for 2,000 bopd
5.5.2 Flow Regime for Flowlines
Figure 5-36: Flow Regime Indicator Plot for the flow line
From the flow regime indicator, it is obvious that for the various pipeline
system, the pipeline is in stratified flow region (ID=1). showing no slug flow for
all the pipelines except for the LP bulk line where slugs appear about 2km
from the Oziengbe flowstation. Appropriate pigging schedule to be develop
to mitigate slug build up on the LP manifold.
Page 30 of 34
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The line sizing verification shows that the selected sizes of 12” for the LP bulk
line, 8” for the MP bulk line and 6” for the HP bulk line and 4” for the test
pipeline is adequately sized for the bulking system.
The shutdown of the pipelines was done after 12 hrs of operation, cool down
for 36 hours, and then start up to maximum capacity at 48 hrs. The liquid surge
volume was recorded.
After shutdown, the temperatures fell below the wax formation temperature
of 30°C, hence wax inhibitor injection is required for all the bulk lines.
Also, the flow regimes in the operating scenarios considered show flow ID = 1
shows flow which means no slug was formed in any of the pipelines except for
the LP bulk line case. The flow is in the stratified flow region for all other three
pipelines.
Page 31 of 34
APPENDIX 1 – Fluid Composition
Page 32 of 34
Page 33 of 34
Page 34 of 34

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NNPC E&P LIMITED

PIPELINE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

C01 13.Jul.23 Approved For Design M.S. A.A./A.N. J.O.

Company Approval: CONTRACTOR: PESO Energy Services Ltd.

Asset Location Discipline Designation Sequence Revision

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 4

2.0 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 6

3.0 SIMULATION INPUTS ............................................................................................................ 7

4.0 SIMULATION BASIS ............................................................................................................ 11

5.0 SIMULATION METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS ................................................................... 12

5.5.2 Flow Regime for Flowlines ...................................................................................... 30

6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................... 31

APPENDIX 1 – Fluid Composition .............................................................................................. 32

1.2 Project Overview

API American Petroleum Institute

BOPD Barrel of Oil Per Day

BS&W Basic Sediment and Water

DED Detailed Engineering Design

E&P Exploration and Production

EoS Equation of State

FEED Front End Engineering Design

OML Oil Mining Lease

THP Tubing Head Pressure

CONTRACTOR PESO Energy Services Limited (PESO).

MUST/SHALL Indicates a mandatory requirement.

SHOULD Indicates a preferred course of action or strongly

2.1 Order of Preference

1. Nigerian Government Legislation.

2. Project Specification and Data Sheets.

3. Company’s Specifications and Standards.

5. Contractor Codes and Working Standards.

2.2 Industry Code and Standard

The following latest codes, and standards shall be used as guidelines:

API RP 14C Recommended Practice for Analysis, Design, Installation and

API RP 14E Recommended Practice for Design and Installation of Offshore

2.3 Project Reference Documents

OM49-ARH-PRS-BOD-00001 Process Design Basis

OM49-ARH-PPL-BOD-00001 Pipeline Design Basis

OM49-ARH-SVY-RPT-00005 Meteorological Report

OM49-ARH-SVY-PLV-00002-00 Bathymetric Profile at Aroh Field

OM49-ARH-SVY-TPD-00001-00 Topographic Profile at Aroh field

3.0 SIMULATION INPUTS

3.1 Well Properties

The following fluid compositions, hypothetical components and production data

3.2 Fluid Composition

The Aroh field fluid composition used are shown in Appendix 1.

3.3 Process Conditions

S/N PARAMETERS HP Header MP Header LP Header Test Header

3.4 Aroh LP Wells Production Data

Table 3-2: Estimated Flow Rate

S/N PARAMETERS Max. Flow

The Oziengbe flowstation LP header operating pressure ranges between 40 psig to

3.5 Aroh MP Wells Production Data

The following MP simulation was modelled considering a 6” MP Manifold header

Table 3-3: Estimated Flow Rate

S/N PARAMETERS Max. Flow

3.6 Aroh HP Wells Production Data

The following HP simulation was modelled considering a 4” HP header and a 6” HP

Table 3-4: Estimated Flow Rate

S/N PARAMETERS Max. Flow

S/N PARAMETERS Max. Flow

3.7 Aroh Wells Test

 Process conditions of Aroh 1L well/flowline were not provided. Hence, it was