Rima Jezukevičienė

Sveiki gyvi!
GRAMMAR
PARADIGMS

9 789955 156574
LSMU Leidybos namai
 Rima Jezukevi ien

Sveiki gyvi!
GRAMMAR
PARADIGMS

LSMU Leidybos namai

Kaunas, 2020
Aprobavo LSMU Kalbų ir edukacijos katedra ir LSMU leidybos komisija 2010-01-13.
Protokolas Nr. 1/10.

Recenzentai:
prof. dr. Dalija Gudaitytė
lekt. Sigita Morkevičienė

First published 2010

The fourth new and improved edition

Ketvirtoji papildyta ir pataisyta laida

Pirmasis leidimas 2010 m.

Leidinio bibliografinė informacija pateikiama Lietuvos nacionalinės Martyno

Mažvydo bibliotekos Nacionalinės bibliografijos duomenų banke (NBDB).

ISBN 978–9955–15–657–4 © Rima Jezukevičienė, 2020

eISBN 978–9955–15–656–7 © LSMU, 2020
Hello everybody!
This is a handbook, which introduces the parts of the Lithuanian
language system and presents examples of the main paradigms.
Don't worry, please, they are rather wide, and don 't try to memorize them
as they are presented here! You never need to use them in speech as draugas-
draugo-draugui-draug ...
Open this book during a lesson when you meet a new grammar form in a
text. Find its place in the system, compare it to what you already know. Use
it in a sentence or a phrase – slowly at first, thinking about its grammatical
meaning. After you repeat the new form several times in phrases (which are
really meaningful smallest units, both – lexical and grammatical) you just
start using it in speech unconsciously.
Author

Sveiki gyvi!
Tai parankin knygel , kurioje pateikiami svarbiausi paradigm
pavyzdåiai ir supDåindinama su kalbos sistemos dalimis.
Lentel s n ra skirtos mokytis atmintinai. Jums niekada neprireiks kalb ti
tokiais junginiais: draugas-draugo-draugui-draug ...
Atsiverskite ši knygel pratyb metu, kai tekstuose randate nauj
gramatin form . Stenkit s suvokti jos viet sistemoje, palyginkite su jau
išmoktomis formomis ir prad kite vartoti j tekste – iš pradåi l tai ir
s moningai, galvodami apie gramatin jos reikšm . Po to, kai jau daugyb
kart t form ištarsite ir parašysite prasminguose junginiuose –
mDåiausiuose reikšm (leksin ir gramatin ) turin iuose vienetuose – j s
tiesiog imsite vartoti j nebegalvodami.

Autor-

3
CONTENTS

Paradigms
Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Adjectives & ordinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Cardinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Numeral system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Basic notes
Lithuanian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Silent i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The verb b ti to be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Negative of b ti & eiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Basic verb forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Reflexive verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Nominative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Genitive attributive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Genitive partitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Genitive possessive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Personal & possessive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Genitive negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Dative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Dative as subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Accusative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Time accusative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Instrumental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Objective instrumental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Time instrumental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Locative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Time locative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4
 Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Masculine adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Cardinal numerals 1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Telling the time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Uncountable nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Degrees of comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Symbols & abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

5
 VERBS
Stem. 2nd basic stem 3rd basic stem 1st basic stem (INFINITIVE)

Mood . INDICATIVE (a real action or state at present, in the past or planned in the future). IMPERATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
(required action) (desireous,
PAST
Tense . PRESENT PAST FUTURE conditional action)
FREQUENTATIVE

Formative . -dav- -s- -k- -t-/- -

CONJUGATION

Ending type . -(i)a -i -o -o - -o -i -i

aš kalbu jau iu galiu mokau kalb jau mokiau mokydavau mokysiu moky iau
Singular

PARADIGMS
tu kalbi jauti gali mokai kalb jai mokei mokydavai mokysi mokyk mokytum
jis /ji kalba jau ia gali moko kalb jo mok mokydavo mokys mokyt
6

mes kalbame jau iame galime mokome kalb jome mok me mokydavome mokysime mokykime mokytume
Plural

js kalbate jau iate galite mokote kalb jote mok te mokydavote mokysite mokykite mokytum te
jie /jos kalba jau ia gali moko kalb jo mok mokydavo mokys mokyt

Reflexive forms (hidden endings)

aš kalbuosi jau iuosi ilgiuosi mokausi kalb jausi mokiausi mokydavausi mokysiuosi moky iausi
Singular

tu kalbiesi jautiesi ilgiesi mokaisi kalb jaisi mokeisi mokydavaisi mokysiesi mokykis mokytumeisi
jis /ji kalbasi jau iasi ilgisi mokosi kalb josi mok si mokydavosi mokysis mokyt si
mes kalbam s jau iam s ilgim s mokom s kalb jom s mok m s mokydavom s mokysim s mokykim s mokytum s
Plural

js kalbat s jau iat s ilgit s mokot s kalb jot s mok t s mokydavot s mokysit s mokykit s mokytum t s
jie /jos kalbasi jau iasi ilgisi mokosi kalb josi mok si mokydavosi mokysis mokyt si
 PREPOSITIONS

Destination referring to a point, volume or surface

iš (+Gen.) (+Acc.) nuo (+Gen.) iki (+Gen.) per (+Acc.) pro (+Acc.) aplink (+Acc.)

iš Kauno Kaun nuo stoties iki centro per gatv pro stot aplink koj
from Kaunas to Kaunas from the station till the centre across the street passing the station round the leg

per lang pro lang

through the window through the window

7
Destination & position referring to a point or surface
PARADIGMS

prie (+Gen.) prieš (+Acc.) priešais (+Acc.) uå (+Gen.) tarp (+Gen.) ant (+Gen.) po (+Instr.)

near / by before in front of after / behind between on / onto under

the zebra crossing the zebra crossing the theatre the zebra crossing me and you the table the table

outside
 PARADIGMS

NOUNS

Groups . -(i)as, -is, -ys -(i)us

Paradigms . 1 2 3 4 5

Gender . masculine

Nom. Kas? draug-as v j-as brol-is kambar-ys s n-us profesor-ius

Ko?
Gen. draug-o v j-o brol-io kambar-io s n-aus profesor-iaus
Kieno?
Dat. Kam? draug-ui v j-ui brol-iui kambar-iui s n-ui profesor-iui
Singular

Acc. K ? draug- v j- brol- kambar- s n- profesor-i

Instr. Kuo? draug-u v j-u brol-iu kambar-iu s n-um(i) profesor-ium(i)
Loc. Kur? draug-e v j-yje brol-yje kambar-yje s n-uje profesor-iuje
Voc. draug-e!* v j-au!* brol-i! kambar-y! s n-au! profesor-iau!

Nom. Kas? draug-ai v j-ai brol-iai kambar-iai s n- s profesor-iai

Ko?
Gen.
Kieno?
draug- v j- brol-i kambar-i s n- profesor-i
Dat. Kam? draug-ams v j-ams brol-iams kambar-iams s n-ums profesor-iams
Plural

Acc. K ? draug-us v j-us brol-ius kambar-ius s n-us profesor-ius

Instr. Kuo? draug-ais v j-ais brol-iais kambar-iais s n-umis profesor-iais
Loc. Kur? draug-uose v j-uose brol-iuose kambar-iuose s n-uose profesor-iuose
Voc. draug-ai! v j-ai! brol-iai! kambar-iai! s n- s! profesor-iai!

butas d stytojas griau iai pl. akiniai pl. cukrus sg. aliejus
euras gydytojas m nuo, arklys dangus sg. amåius
inkstas kelias Gen. m nesio dvynys lietus muziejus
kilogramas kraujas pirmadienis obuolys medus sg. skyrius
metai pl. sve ias plautis traukinys turgus
odontologas rugs jis åmogus sg.
pacientas šonkaulis (pl. åmon s )
vyras uåVienietis
* Some nouns of -(i)as paradigms have specific Voc. sg. forms:
a) agent nouns, e.g. gydytojas - gydytojau! d stytojas - d stytojau! (cf. profesoriau! )
b) names /surnames, e.g. Vytautas - Vytautai! Ponas Bal i nas - Pone Bal i nai!
c) diminutives, e.g. berniukas - berniuk! Vytukas - Vytuk!
** The difference between some paradigms (1/2, 4/5, 6/7) is a hard or a soft consonant before ending
(j or with the silent i ), e.g. lietus , pl. liet s (paradigm 4); profesorius, pl. profesoriai (paradigm 5).

8
 PARADIGMS

-(i)a - -is (Gen. -ies) ~uo ~uo, ~

6/7 8 9 10 11 12

feminine masculine feminine

mergin-a draug- ak-is aus-is dant-is vand-uo ses-uo

mergin-os draug- s ak-ies aus-ies dant-ies vanden-s seser-s
mergin-ai draug-ei ak-iai aus-iai dan -iui vanden-iui seser-iai
mergin- draug- ak- aus- dant- vanden- seser-

) mergin-a draug-e ak-imi aus-imi dant-imi vanden-iu seser-imi

mergin-oje draug- je ak-yje aus-yje dant-yje vanden-yje seser-yje
mergin-a! draug-e! ak-ie! aus-ie! dant-ie! vanden-ie! seser-ie!

mergin-os draug- s ak-ys aus-ys dant-ys vanden-ys seser-ys

mergin- draug-i ak-i aus- dant- vanden- seser-

mergin-oms draug- ms ak-ims aus-ims dant-ims vanden-ims seser-ims

mergin-as draug-es ak-is aus-is dant-is vanden-is seser-is

mergin-omis draug- mis ak-imis aus-imis dant-imis vanden-imis seser-imis

mergin-ose draug- se ak-yse aus-yse dant-yse vanden-yse seser-yse

mergin-os! draug- s! ak-ys! aus-ys! dant-ys! vanden-ys! seser-ys!

akademija d d m antis durys pl. debesis akmuo dukt ,

atostogos pl. keln s pl. avis naktis deguonis sg. kepenys pl. f Gen. dukters
dantenos pl. k d dalis paåastis geluonis liemuo moteris,
diena lietuv lytis pušis Gen. pl. -i raumuo Gen. moters
galva ligonin mintis šaknis petis / petys, ruduo
gydytoja pel mirtis šlaunis Gen. peties, smegenys pl. f
kalba sesel nosis å sis Instr. petimi, šuo, šuns
klinika uåVieniet pilis åuvis (other cases
liga åirkl s pl. stotis in paradigm 3)
marti, åmon s pl. m sultys pl. vagis,
Gen. mar ios (sg. åmogus ) šalis Gen. pl. -i
motina širdis åv ris,
negalia tulåis sg. Gen. pl. -i
paskaita
åmona

9
 ADJECTIVES & ORDINAL NUMERALS

Groups . I: -(i)as /-(i)a II: -is, -ys /- III: -us /-i

Paradigms 1 2 3 4

Nom. Koks? ger-as åDl-ias diGåiaus-ias didel-is didesn-is dešin-ys pagrindin-is grDå-us
Gen. Kokio? ger-o åDl-io diGåiaus-io didel-io didesn-io dešin-io pagrindin-io grDå-aus
Singular

Dat. Kokiam? ger-am åDl-iam diGåiaus-iam didel-iam didesn-iam dešin-iam pagrindin-iam grDå-iam
Acc. Kok ? ger- åDl-i diGåiaus-i didel- didesn- dešin- pagrindin- grDå-

PARADIGMS
Instr. Kokiu? ger-u diGåiaus-iu didel-iu didesn-iu dešin-iu pagrindin-iu grDå-iu
Masculine forms

åDl-iu
10

Loc. Kokiame? ger-ame åDl-iame diGåiaus-iame didel-iame didesn-iame dešin-iame pagrindin-iame grDå-iame

Nom. Kokie? ger-i åDl-i diGåiaus-i didel-i didesn-i dešin-i pagrindin-iai* grDå- s
Gen. Koki ? ger- åDl-i diGåiaus-i didel-i didesn-i dešin-i pagrindin-i grDå-i
Dat. Kokiems? ger-iems åDl-iems diGåiaus-iems didel-iems didesn-iems dešin-iems pagrindin-iams grDå-iems
Plural

Acc. Kokius? ger-us åDl-ius diGåiaus-ius didel-ius didesn-ius dešin-ius pagrindin-ius grDå-ius
Instr. Kokiais? ger-ais åDl-iais diGåiaus-iais didel-iais didesn-iais dešin-iais pagrindin-iais grDå-iais
Loc. Kokiuose? ger-uose åDl-iuose diGåiaus-iuose didel-iuose didesn-iuose dešin-iuose pagrindin-iuose grDå-iuose

ORDINAL Kelintas? pirmas tre ias *-inis adjectives

NUMERALS antras plural follows nouns
ketvirtas
etc.
 Paradigms 6 7 8 7

Nom. Kokia? ger-a åDl-ia diGåiaus-ia didel- didesn- dešin- pagrindin- grDå-i
Gen. Kokios? ger-os åDl-ios diGåiaus-ios didel- s didesn- s dešin- s pagrindin- s grDå-ios
Singular

Dat. Kokiai? ger-ai åDl-iai diGåiaus-iai didel-ei didesn-ei dešin-ei pagrindin-ei grDå-iai
Acc. Koki ? ger- åDl-i diGåiaus-i didel- didesn- dešin- pagrindin- grDå-i
Instr. Kokia? ger-a åDl-ia diGåiaus-ia didel-e didesn-e dešin-e pagrindin-e grDå-ia
Feminine forms

PARADIGMS
Loc. Kokioje? ger-oje åDl-ioje diGåiaus-ioje didel- je didesn- je dešin- je pagrindin- je grDå-ioje
11

Nom. Kokios? ger-os åDl-ios diGåiaus-ios didel- s didesn- s dešin- s pagrindin- s grDå-ios
Gen. Koki ? ger- åDl-i diGåiaus-i didel-i didesn-i dešin-i pagrindin-i grDå-i
Dat. Kokioms? ger-oms åDl-ioms diGåiaus-ioms didel- ms didesn- ms dešin- ms pagrindin- ms grDå-ioms
Plural

Acc. Kokias? ger-as åDl-ias diGåiaus-ias didel-es didesn-es dešin-es pagrindin-es grDå-ias
Instr. Kokiomis? ger-omis åDl-iomis diGåiaus-iomis didel- mis didesn- mis dešin- mis pagrindin- mis grDå-iomis
Loc. Kokiose? ger-ose åDl-iose diGåiaus-iose didel- se didesn- se dešin- se pagrindin- se grDå-iose

ORDINAL Kelinta? pirma tre ia

NUMERALS antra
ketvirta
etc.
 PRONOUNS
Non-gendered pronouns Gendered pronouns
Nom. Kas? aš tu -* jis pats koks kuris tas kitas
Gen. Ko? Kieno? man s, poss. mano tav s, poss. tavo sav s, poss. savo jo paties tokio kurio to kito
Singular

Dat. Kam? man tau sau jam pa iam tokiam kuriam tam kitam
Acc. K ? mane tave save j pat tok kur t kit
Masculine forms

Instr. Kuo? manimi tavimi savimi juo pa iu tokiu kuriuo tuo kitu
Loc. Kur? manyje tavyje savyje jame pa iame tokiame kuriame tame kitame
Nom. Kas? mes j s jie patys tokie kurie tie kiti
Gen. Ko? Kieno? m s j s j pa i toki kuri t kit
Dat. Kam? mums jums jiems patiems tokiems kuriems tiems kitiems
Plural

Acc. K ? mus jus juos pa ius tokius kuriuos tuos kitus

PARADIGMS
Instr. Kuo? mumis jumis jais pa iais tokiais kuriais tais kitais
Loc. Kur? mumyse jumyse juose pa iuose tokiuose kuriuose tuose kituose
12

Nom. Kas? ji pati tokia kuri ta kita

Gen. Ko? Kieno? jos pa ios tokios kurios tos kitos
Singular

Dat. Kam? jai pa iai tokiai kuriai tai kitai

Acc. K ? j pa i toki kuri t kit
Feminine forms

Instr. Kuo? ja pa ia tokia kuria ta kita

Loc. Kur? joje pa ioje tokioje kurioje toje kitoje
Nom. Kas? jos pa ios tokios kurios tos kitos
Gen. Ko? Kieno? j pa i toki kuri t kit
Dat. Kam? joms pa ioms tokioms kurioms toms kitoms
Plural

Acc. K ? jas pa ias tokias kurias tas kitas

Instr. Kuo? jomis pa iomis tokiomis kuriomis tomis kitomis
Loc. Kur? jose pa iose tokiose kuriose tose kitose
Also the pronouns: koks, -ia šis, ši šitas, -a visas, -a
* The reflexive pronoun sav s has no Nominative and no plural. joks, -ia anas, -a kelintas, -a
 CARDINAL NUMERALS

Specifically declined numerals 2-9 Like adjective -(i)as/-(i)a paradigms Like noun paradigms

Nom. keturi, -ios vienas dveji, -os ketveri, -ios šimtas* t kstantis
Gen. penki, -ios vieno treji, -os penkeri, -ios ... šimto t kstan io
S in g u la r

Dat. šeši, -ios vienam devyneri, -ios šimtui t kstan iui

Acc. septyni, -ios vien šimt t kstant
Instr. aštuoni, -ios vienu šimtu t kstan iu
Masculine

Loc. devyni, -ios viename šimte t kstantyje

Nom. du trys keturi vieni dveji ketveri šimtai t kstan iai
Gen. dviej trij keturi vien dvej ketveri šimt t kstan i

PARADIGMS
Dat. dviem trims keturiems vieniems dvejiems ketveriems šimtams t kstan iams
Plural

Acc. du tris keturis vienus dvejus ketverius šimtus t kstan ius

13

Instr. dviem trimis keturiais vienais dvejais ketveriais šimtais t kstan iais
Loc. dviejuose trijuose keturiuose vienuose dvejuose ketveriuose šimtuose t kstan iuose
Nom. viena vienuolika
Gen. vienos vienuolikos
Singular

Dat. vienai vienuolikai

Acc. vien vienuolika
Instr. viena vienuolika
Feminine

Loc. vienoje vienuolikoje

Nom. dvi trys keturios vienos dvejos ketverios dvylika ...
Gen. dviej trij keturi vien dvej ketveri devyniolika
Dat. dviem trims keturioms vienoms dvejoms ketverioms
Plu ra l

Acc. dvi tris keturias vienas dvejas ketverias

Instr. dviem trimis keturiomis vienomis dvejomis ketveriomis
Loc. dviejose trijose keturiose vienose dvejose ketveriose *Also milijonas, milijardas etc.
 PARADIGMS

NUMERAL SYSTEM
Cardinal (how many? how much?) Ordinal (which number?)
Kiek? Kelintas? Kelinta?

masculine feminine
masculine feminine masculine feminine
vieni metai vienos durys
1 vienas viena vieni vienos pirmas pirma
2 du dvi dveji dvejos antras antra
3 trys trys treji trejos tre ias tre ia
4 keturi keturios ketveri ketverios ketvirtas ketvirta
5 penki penkios penkeri penkerios penktas penkta
6 šeši šešios šešeri šešerios šeštas šešta
7 septyni septynios septyneri septynerios septintas septinta
8 aštuoni aštuonios aštuoneri aštuonerios aštuntas aštunta
9 devyni devynios devyneri devynerios devintas devinta
10 dešimt dešimtas dešimta
11 vienuolika vienuoliktas vienuolikta
12 dvylika dvyliktas dvylikta
13 trylika tryliktas trylikta
14 keturiolika keturioliktas keturiolikta
15 penkiolika penkioliktas penkiolikta
16 šešiolika šešioliktas šešiolikta
17 septyniolika septynioliktas septyniolikta
18 aštuoniolika aštuonioliktas aštuoniolikta
19 devyniolika devynioliktas devyniolikta
20 dvidešimt . dvidešimtas dvidešimta
30 trisdešimt . trisdešimtas trisdešimta
40 keturiasdešimt . keturiasdešimtas keturiasdešimta
50 penkiasdešimt . penkiasdešimtas penkiasdešimta
+ Gen. pl. -(i)
60 šešiasdešimt . šešiasdešimtas šešiasdešimta
70 septyniasdešimt . septyniasdešimtas septyniasdešimta
80 aštuoniasdešimt . aštuoniasdešimtas aštuoniasdešimta
90 devyniasdešimt . devyniasdešimtas devyniasdešimta
100 šimtas šimtas / šimtasis šimta / šimtoji
200 du šimtai dušimtas / dušimtasis dušimta / dušimtoji
1 000 t kstantis t kstantasis t kstantoji
9 000 devyni t kstan iai etc. etc.
10 000 dešimt t kstan i
1 000 000 milijonas
20 000 000 dvidešimt milijon
300 000 000 trys šimtai milijon
1 000 000 000 milijardas
5 000 000 000 penki milijardai
Examples of complex numerals
21 dvidešimt vienas, dvidešimt viena, dvidešimt vieni dvidešimt pirmas, dvidešimt pirma
52 penkiasdešimt du, penkiasdešimt dvi penkiasdešimt antras, penkiasdešimt antra
935 devyni šimtai trisdešimt penki, devyni šimtai trisdešimt penkios etc.

14
 BASIC NOTES

BASIC NOTES

Lithuanian The Lithuanian language belongs to the Indo-European family,

and is the most conservative language of the family. It was a
great surprise for linguists, when they found that Lithuanian
words, sounds and grammar forms are very close to those of
ancient classical Greek, Latin and Sanskrit, e.g.:
God
wolf
male person; husband
you are
eye
ear

The Lithuanian script uses the Latin alphabet with some

modifications – there are letters with diacritical marks , , ,
, , , ãå. No letters q, w, x.

Silent i In the position between a consonant and the back vowel a, o

and u (short or long) the Lithuanian letter i does not represent
any sound. This i shows softness of preceding consonants,
e.g.: a i , broliai, penkiolika. Let's call it silent.
Exception is a regular vowel i before a, o, u in loanwords from
written sources as fiziologija, psichiatras etc.

The Verb Present

b ti to be aš esu I am mes esame we are
tu esi you are j s esate you are
jis, ji yra he, she, it is jie, jos yra they are

Past
aš buvau I was mes buvome we were
tu buvai you were j s buvote you were
jis, ji buvo he, she, it was jie, jos buvo they were

Future
aš b siu I will be mes b sime we will be
tu b si you will be j s b site you will be
jis, ji bus he, she, it will be jie, jos bus they will be

15
 BASIC NOTES

Negative of The contraction of vowels happens in some old negative forms

b ti & eiti of verbs with beginning vowels e-, -, y-, e.g.:
ne + esu = nesu
ne + yra = n ra
ne + eiti = neiti
ne + jo = n jo

Basic Verb Infinitive, present and past are the basic forms of verbs, all the
Forms rest forms are derived from them. These three stems may be
very different, or they may not differ at all, e.g.:
Infinitive eiti to go gerti to drink valgyti to eat nešti to carry
Present eina goes geria drinks valgo eats neša carries
Past jo went g r drank valg ate neš carried
Infinitive is related neither to a tense, nor to a person. It is
always used together with another verb, or with the neuter
adjective.
Malonu susipaåinti. It s nice to meet you.
Man sunku vaikš ioti. For me it s difficult to walk.

– Prašom valgyti. Help yourself (= Eat, please).

– A i , aš nenoriu valgyti. Thank you, I don t want to eat.
– Bet reikia valgyti. But you have to eat.

Future The future tense uses the first form, an infinitive (= to do)
stem, and it has the future formative suffix -s- :
eiti, eina, jo
to go, goes, went

aš eisiu mes eisime

tu eisi j s eisite
jis, ji eis jie, jos eis
The formative -s- undergoes assimilation when it meets
another sibilant in the root of the word. In that case the
consonant s is spelt the same as pronounced:
s+s>s skristi + s aš skrisiu, jis skris
z+s>s megzti + s aš megsiu, jis megs
š+s>š nešti + s aš nešiu, jis neš
å+s>š gr åti + s aš gr šiu, jis gr š

16
 BASIC NOTES

In some verbs (usu. of two-syllable infinitive) long vowels , y

turn to short u, i – but just in the 3rd person future forms, e.g.:
b ti, yra, buvo Aš ia b siu, ir jis ia bus.
lyti, lyja, lijo Šiandien lyja ir rytoj lis.
gyti, gyja, gijo äaizda gerai gyja. Greit sugis.

Subjunctive The Subjunctive Mood is used for unreal, desirable or possible

action:
Jeigu nor tum te, aš parneš iau valgyti.
If you wish (= would like), I bring (= would bring) something to eat.

Subjunctive forms use the stem of infinitive and have the

formative suffix -t- (which appears as - - in the 1st person sg.
because of softness). Subjunctive forms have strange personal
endings, one ending even with a letter :
nor ti, nori, nor jo
aš nor iau mes nor tume
tu nor tum j s nor tum te
jis, ji nor t jie, jos nor t
Lithuanian conditional clauses may use subjunctive or future,
but the main clause and if-clause must have the same, cf:
Jei gal iau, skris iau namo kiekvien savaitgal .
If I could, I would fly home every weekend.
Jei gal siu, skrisiu namo kit savaitgal .
If I can, I will fly home next weekend.

Subjunctive forms nor iau, ar nor tum te, gal gal iau, gal
gal tum te etc. are very popular in everyday speech as polite
request and proposal:
– Nor iau paklausti.
May I ask? (= I would like to ask.)
– Nor iau atsigerti.
I would like to have some drink (= to drink).
– Gal nor tum te sul i ?
Would you like juice?

– Prašy iau mineralinio.

Please (= I would ask) mineral water.
– Gal gal tum te truput palaukti?
Will you please (= could you) wait a moment?

17
 BASIC NOTES

Imperative The imperative mood means ordering and request. It has the
formative suffix -k- (we can associate to command) and uses
the stem of infinitive. It has only three forms:
valgyti, valgo, valg
tu valgyk
mes valgykime
j s valgykite
2 sg. (tu) means informal request; 1 pl. (mes) is offering – let s
eat together; 2 pl. (j s) means formal, polite request – please
eat.
The Lithuanian language has a possibility to show recpect by
using the 2nd plural form when communicating to a single
person. That's why structures with prašau, prašom are not used
as often as English please. Compare two respectful sentences.
a. Formal enough: b. Very formal:
Duokite vien kavos. Prašau duoti vien kavos.
Though when meating a patient doctors always say prašau
s stis instead of imperative s skit s, s skite, atsis skite. These
polite imperative forms are good to use later, when a patient is
asked to sit, to lie down, to breathe in etc.
Reflexive Reflexiveness is a matter of meaning, not grammar at all. The
Verbs attached particle -si / -s (self-particle) reflects the subject-to-
object direction back from subject to subject.

18
 BASIC NOTES

Compare the sentences below.

Kas? K ?
Who? Whom?

Gydytojas gydo ligon .

A doctor treats a patient.

Gydytojas gydosi.
A doctor treats himself.

Mokytojas moko.
A teacher teaches.
Studentas mokosi.
A student studies.

Some reflexive verbs do not exist without the particle anymore:

GåLDXJWLV, ilg tis, juoktis etc.
The reflexive particle -si / -s closed endings, and these endings
stopped shortening. Thus reflexive forms preserved archaic
state of endings with diphthongs uo, ie and long . Compare
non-reflexive form endings to reflexive.
non-reflexive aš kalbu mes kalbame
reflexive aš kalbuosi mes kalbam s
non-reflexive tu kalbi j s kalbate
reflexive tu kalbiesi j s kalbat s
In derivative verbs with prefixes the particle -si / -s comes from
the end of the word to the place between a prefix and a root:
ruoškit s continue preparing, please

pasiruoškite finish preparation, get ready, please

Nominative A regular noun has 14 different forms (7 singular and 7 plural).

The nominative singular is the main form which represents a
noun in dictionaries.
Nominative stands for a subject in active clause, or for an
object in passive structure, e.g.:
Tas chirurgas operavo man apendicit .
That surgeon operated my (for me) appendicitis.
Apendicitas man operuotas prieš metus.
My appendicitis was operated a year before.

19
 BASIC NOTES

Nominative can show state, duty or other kind of predicate:

Profesorius Marcinkevi ius yra chirurgas.
Plau i uådegimas yra sunki liga.
Genitive Genitive may answer attribute question Koks? Kokia? and it
Atributive shows kind, quality, function, material, purpose, e.g.: Koks
universitetas?
sciences the university
of health of sciences

Lietuvos sveikatos moksl universitetas.

the university of Lithuania

– Koks ia kabinetas?
– ia rentgeno kabinetas.
– Kokia tai spinta?
– Tai knyg spinta.
Genitive The genitive case may describe the part of a whole or
Partitive indefinite amount (some of).
Reikia nusipirkti mineralinio vandens..
I need to buy (one or some bottles of) mineral water.
Prašau man kavos ir obuoli pyrago..
(A cup of) coffee and (a piece of) apple pie, please.

Genitive plural means amount in phrases with cardinal

numerals more than 9 (cf. daug åPRQi a lot of people), e.g.:
10 ct dešimt cent
15 min. penkiolika minu i
18 m. aštuoniolika met
520 g penki šimtai dvidešimt gram
150 ml šimtas penkiasdešimt mililitr
2315 Eur du t kstan iai trys šimtai penkiolika eur
Genitive Genitive forms may mean property, kinship, community
Possessive relationship etc.
– Kieno šitas kambarys?
– Brolio.
– Kas tas berniukas?
– Tai mano brolio s nus.

20
 BASIC NOTES

Personal & Personal pronouns have possessive pairs which originally are
Possessive their genitive forms.
Pronouns aš mano my mes m s our
tu tavo your j s j s your
jis jo his jie
j their
ji jos her jos

Genitive Genitive may denote absence, missing or lack, both subject and
Negative object, e.g.:
Ar gydytojas yra?
Ne, gydytojo n ra, jis operacin je.
– Ar turite recept ?
– Ne, recepto neturiu.
Genitive is used with verbs ieškoti ‘search’, laukti ‘wait’, nor ti
‘want’,
reik ti ‘need’ and some other which have hidden meaning
of absence (we are waiting for a doctor, so he is not here).
Ko j s laukiate?
Aš laukiu gydytojo Marcinkevi iaus.
Dative Indirect object (addressee) is the most common meaning of the
dative case.
Kas? K ? Kam?
Who? Subject What? Direct object To whom? Indirect object
Rasa rašo laišk d dei Martynui.
Rasa is writing a letter to uncle Martynas.

Dative as The age phrases include dative for denoting subject.

Subject Kiek jums met ?
How old are you?
Man dvidešimt penkeri.
I am 25.
Pacientui dvidešimt penkeri metai.
The patient is 25 years old.

Dative, instead of nominative, is used for subject also if it goes

with impersonal verbs or neuter adjectives which mean state,
e.g.:
Man skauda galv .
I have a headache.

21
 BASIC NOTES

Ar jums patinka dirbti ligonin je?

Do you like working in a hospital?
Ligoniui reikia ramyb s.
A patient needs quiet.
Jam sunku vaikš ioti.
It is difficult for him to walk.

Accusative The main function of the accusative case is to denote the direct
object in a clause.
The word order is free in Lithuanian, so an object may precede
a subject, as well as follow it. But the word order is important
for meaning – the subject or the object is moved to the end of a
sentence if we need to put emphasis on it, to answer a question
to the point.
Kas? K ?
Who? – Subject Whom? – Object

Gydytojas kvie ia pacient .

A doctor is calling the patient (him, but not his mother or brother etc.).

K ? Kas?
Whom? – Object Who? – Subject

Pacient kvie ia gydytojas.

The doctor (but not a nurse) is calling a patient.

Time A moment of event is usually said by nouns or noun phrases,

Accusative or by ordinal numerals in their accusative forms.
– Testas bus š penktadien .
We will have a test on this Friday.
– Kelint valand ?
At what time?
– Penkt .
At five.

Instrumental The first meaning of the instrumental case is an instrument,

means of action.
Tvarst kerpame åLUNO mis.
We cut a bandage with siscors.
– Kuo vDåLuojate paskaitas?
What transport do you use for going to lectures?
– VDåLuoju autobusu.
I go by bus.
22
 BASIC NOTES

Instrumental also means route, moving along:

– Eikite tuneliu.
Please walk along a tunnel.

– Kokia gatve vDåLXoja keturioliktas troleibusas?

– Savanori prospektu.

Objective The verbs sirgti, sk stis, dom tis and some other verbs take the
Instrumental instrumental case as object.
– Kuo skundåiat s?
What's wrong?
– Skauda kr tin .
I feel pain in my chest.
– Sesele, kuo skundåiasi pacientas?
Nurse, what's wrong with a patient? What does he complain about?
– Jis skundåiasi skausmu kr tin je.
He complains about pain in his chest.

– Kokiomis ligomis sirgote?

What diseases did you have?
– Sirgau plau i XåGHJLPu.
I had pneumonia.

Time The instrumental forms (usually plural) of words with time

Instrumental meaning show moment or regularity, e.g.:
Naktimis blogai miegu.
I sleep bad at nights.

– Ar rytais turite temperat ros?

Are you feverish in mornings?
– Ne, tik vakarais.
No, just in evenings.

– Kelintais metais gim te?

In what year were you born?
– Gimiau dut kstantaisiais metais.
I was born in 2000.

Locative The locative case has grammatical meanings of location

inside, place, sphere of activity, occupation:
– Kur j s gyvenate?
– Gedimino gatv je.
– Kur studijuojate?
– Universitete.

23
 BASIC NOTES

Time Time is one of locative meanings:

Locative Jaunyst je r kiau.
I smoked in my young days.
Namo gr šiu vakare.
I ll come back home in the evening.

Prepositions For historical reasons prepositions make stable phrases. The

best strategy is to memorize several phrases with each. Most
of prepositions require genitive forms, others take accusative,
and some prepositions take instrumental, e.g.:
+ Genitive + Accusative + Instrumental
be draugo apie draug su draugu
without a friend about a friend with a friend

Adjectives Adjective always has the same gender, number and case as the
noun in a phrase.
Geras butas. Turiu ger but . Gyvenu gerame bute.
Gera draug . Turiu ger draug . Mes geros draug s.
Sunkus egzaminas. Išlaikiau sunk egzamin .
Sunki liga. Diagnozavome sunki lig .
Adjectives fall into three groups according to their endings:
I. II. III.
-(i)as, -(i)a -is, - -us, -i
m f m f m f
Koks? Kokia? Koks? Kokia? Koks? Kokia?
geras, gerà didelis, didel brangùs, brangi
good big expensive

Masculine and feminine forms belong to their specific

paradigms. Adjectives -(i)as, -(i)a are in paradigms 1 (2)
masculine and in 6 (7) feminine. Adjectives -is, - are in
paradigms 3 masculine and in 8 feminine. Adjective group -us,
-i are in 4 masculine and in 7 feminine.

Masculine Endings of adjectives, numerals and pronouns seem to be so

Adjectives similar to nouns. No problem at all with feminine, they are the
same as feminine nouns (with exception of Nom. sg. -i). But
masculine gender of adjective-numeral-pronoun group has
four absolutely different endings – singular locative, singular
dative, plural dative and plural nominative.
24
 BASIC NOTES

Compare adjective, pronoun and numeral Loc. sg. to the same

case form of nouns..
Tas aukštas namas. Mes gyvename tame aukštame name.
That tall building. We live in that tall building.
– Kelintas ia aukštas? Kelintame aukšte j s gyvenate?
Which is the floor here? On which floor do you live?
– ia penktas aukštas. Aš gyvenu penktame aukšte.
Here is the fifth floor. I live on the fifth floor.
The -(i)as group adjectives and the adjective didelis have Nom.
pl. -i, cf. visi, kiti and numeral unit forms keturi to devyni.
– Kiek kainuoja tie dideli balti svog nai?
– Tie visi svog nai – penki eurai.
Cardinal Number words 1-9, also complex numerals with the last word
Numerals 1-9, agree with nouns in gender and case, e.g.:
1-9 1 Eur vienas euras
1 m. vieni metai (metai is a plural noun)
1 tablel viena tablel
1 durys vienos durys (durys is plural noun feminine)
5 Eur penki eurai
5 m. penkeri metai
5 min. penkios minut s
5 rungtyn s penkerios rungtyn s (plural noun feminine)
21 Eur dvidešimt vienas euras
21 m. dvidešimt vieni metai
27 m. dvidešimt septyneri metai
27 min. dvidešimt septynios minut s
1197 Eur t kstantis šimtas devyniasdešimt septyni eurai
Telling the Question Kiek? and cardinal numerals usually are used to ask
Time and tell the time (with an exception of one o'clock pirma). Also
ordinal are possible, though not popular.
– Kiek valand ? – Kelinta valanda?
What s the time? What s the time?
– Penkios valandos. – Penkta valanda.
It s five o clock. It s five o clock.

Uncountable Most uncountable nouns have only singular forms: kava, arbata,
Nouns aliejus, pienas, sviestas, varšk , grietin , grietin l , duona,
medus, cukrus, druska, m sa, jautiena, vištiena etc. Some have
only plural: ledai ice cream, sultys, lašiniai, miltai etc.
25
 BASIC NOTES

Gender Modern Lithuanian has two grammatical genders – masculine

and feminine. It lost the neuter gender long ago. Though
neuter forms of adjectives, some pronouns and ordinal
numerals were not completely forgotten, and they are still used
in speech with meaning of state, general condition, impression:
Nuostabu! Puiku!
Itƍs wonderful! Thatƍs great! / Ok!
Man blõga.
I feel sickness, I am nauseous.

Neuter forms are out of grammatical system, because they

have nothing to agree with – there are no neuter nouns
anymore. They are always lonely in sentences as they cannot
make phrases with nouns. And they have no cases, neither
singular nor plural.
Masculine Feminine Neuter

Šáltas oras. Šaltà diena. Šálta.

A cold weather. A cold day. It is cold.
Gražùs kambarys. Graži virtuvơ. ýia gražù!
A nice room. A nice kitchen. Here itƍs beautiful!

Neuter has the same intonation as masculine, cf. šáltas m, šaltà

f, šálta n; gražùs m, graži f, gražù n.
The II group adjectives (-is, -ơ ) do not have neuter.
Adverbs An adverb characterizes action or state and makes phrases
with verbs. Compare adjectival phrases to adverbial ones.
Koks studentas? Kaip jis mokosi?
How is a student? How does he study?
Adjectival phrase Adverbial phrase
Geras studentas gerai mokosi.
A good student well studies.

Many adverbs are derived from qualitative adjectives:

gerai well ĸ geras, -a good
tyliai silently ĸ tylus, -i silent

Degrees of We can compare the quality and intensity of actions, states or

Comparison features, so qualitative adverbs and qualitative adjectives have
degrees of comparison. Adverbs and neuter adjectives are close

26
 BASIC NOTES

in meaning, and their comparative and superlative degrees look

similar, too.
geriausiai
geriau
adverb gerai
geriausia
geriau
neuter adjective gӁra

Chemija man sekasi gerai. I am good at chemistry. I

Fizika man sekasi geriau negu chemija. am better at physics than
at chemistry. I am best at
Genetika man sekasi geriausiai. genetics.
Šiandien Kaune šlta. Today in Kaunas it is cold.
Vilniuje šalþiau negu Kaune. In Vilnius it is colder than
in Kaunas. In Varơna it is
Varơnoje šalþiausia. coldest.

Masculine and feminine comparative and superlative forms get

their regular gender endings. Comparative forms have a specific
suffix -esn-.
geriausias, -ia
geresnis, -ơ
adjective m, f geras, -a
Švedijoje oras šaltesnis negu Lietuvoje.
The weather in Sweden is colder than in Lithuania.

There is one adjective which has no positive degree at all, cf.

the phrases:
the eldest son vyriausias snjnus
the eldest daughter vyriausia duktơ
elder brother vyresnis brolis
elder sister vyresnơ sesuo

Comparative forms change their endings like didelis, didelơ

according to group II (-is, -ơ), paradigms 3 (masculine) and 8
(feminine). Superlative forms are changed like all adjectives in
the soft group I (-ias, -ia), paradigms 2 (masculine) and 7
(feminine).

27
SYMBOLS & ABBREVIATIONS

Nom. nominative (naming; positive subject; duty, existence)

Gen. genitive (attribute: of , property, origine; function; part of , some ;
absence, missing, lack; waiting, searching; avoiding, fear object)
Dat. dative (indirect object, addressee; function, purpose)
Acc. accusative (positive direct object; moment of time)
Instr. instrumental (tool, means; route; time)
Loc. locative (location inside, place; occupation, activity; time)
Voc. vocative (appealing)
pl. plural
sg. singular
f feminine
m masculine
O. object of the clause
S. subject of the clause
+Acc. followed by the required case form
- ending (infexion)
-ius the ending always after the silent i
-(i)as the ending (in some words after the silent i)
uo the historical stem which is considered an ending nowadays
2 number of a paradigm
II group of close paradigms
adj. adjective
adv. adverb
defin. definite adjective, numeral or pronoun
impers. impersonal verb
parad. paradigm
poss. possessive pronoun
refl. reflexive
destination
position
direction of movement (towards)
an arch shows the stem of a particular word form

28
LITERATURE

29
30
31
 Jezukevičienė, R.
Sveiki gyvi! Grammar paradigms: Universiteto pratybos /
Rima Jezukevičienė. – Kaunas: LSMU Leidybos namai, 2020. – 32 p. (iliustr.)

ISBN 978–9955–15–657–4
eISBN 978–9955–15–656–7

Šią mokymo knygą sudaro paradigmų lentelės ir gramatikos pagrindų komenta-

rai praktiniam lietuvių (užsienio) kalbos kursui. Ji skirta biomedicinos mokslų užsie-
nio studentams.

This study book includes Lithuanian elementary grammar paradigms and practi-
cal grammar comments. It is the course for biomedical foreign students.

Redagavo ir koregavo Rima Jezukevičienė

Piešė Rima Jezukevičienė
Maketavo Rūta Atie

2020 09 04. 2 spaudos l. Tiražas 100 egz. Užsakymo Nr. 248.

Išleido LSMU Leidybos namai, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas.
Spausdino UAB „Igmovila“, Laisvės al. 38A-12, LT-44240 Kaunas.
 Rima Jezukevičienė

Sveiki gyvi!
GRAMMAR
PARADIGMS

9 789955 156574
LSMU Leidybos namai