‫ا‬

:‫ء‬ ‫عا‬
:‫ا ء‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫( د‬١-١ (١

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: !" # $ ‫( ا ('ول ا‬٢-١
!‫د ا‬

‫آ ت ا دة‬ ‫'م‬+! ‫ا‬ )‫ا‬

c1 .V ‫ة‬23 ٠ ٠ ٠ /'0 ‫ا‬
c1 .V − x ‫ة‬23 x x x ‫ا !) ل‬
c1 .V − x ‫ة‬23 xf xf xf / 45 ‫ا ) ا‬
: 65 ‫ا )' و‬ ! ‫ه ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬93 ‫ة‬23 !: ‫أن ا ء‬ (-1-3
x max = C1 .V :<=>?‫'م ا‬+! ‫⇐ ا‬ C1 .V − x max = 0
x f = n( H 3O + ) = H 3 O + .V [ ] :#/ 45 ‫'م ا‬+! ‫وا‬

τ=
xf
=
[H O ].V = [H O ] = 10
3
+
3
+
10 − pH − 3, 01
= 0,0977 = 9,77 × 10 −2 : #/ 45 ‫'م ا‬+! ‫ ا‬0:@
=
−2
−2
x max C1 .V C1 10 10
.#"‫ آ‬2 A ‫ إذن ا !) ل‬τ < 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Qr =
−
[
C 6 H 7 O6 × H 3 O + ][ :
]
! ‫ رج ا‬G (٤-١
[C 6 H 8O6 ]
[ ] [
H 3 O + = C 6 H 7 O6 =
− xf
V
]
= 10 − pH
c .V − x f xf
[C 6 H 8 O6 ] = 1 = c1 − = c1 − 10 − pH
V V
[
Qr = 6 7 6
−
C H O × H 3O ][ +
=
(10 ) ]
− pH 2
= −2
(10 −3, 01 2
)
= 1,058 × 10 − 4 ≈ 1,06 × 10 − 4
[C 6 H 8O6 ] c1 − 10 − pH
10 − 10 −3, 01

. K = Qr ,éq = 1,06 × 10 −4 : ! ‫ا ا‬H4 @‫و‬2+ ‫ ا ! ازن ا‬J

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
−
C 6 H 8 O6 + HO − → C 6 H 7 O6 + H 2 O (١-٢ (٢
( aq ) ( aq ) ( aq ) (l )

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
⇐ C A .V A = C B .VBE : K3 ! ‫> ا‬L ‫ل‬LG M (٢-٢
C B .V BE 1,5 × 10 −2 × 9,5
= CA = = 1,425 × 10 − 2 mol / L
VA 10
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:‫ص‬2+ ‫ ا‬#3 ‫ دة‬P ‫ر ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫( آ‬٣-٢
n = c A .V = 14,25 × 10 mol / L × 0,2 L = 2,85 × 10 −3 mol
−3

:‫ص‬2+ ‫ ا‬#3 ‫ دة‬P ‫ر ا‬ ‫ا‬ "!‫آ‬

−3
<" ‫)! ي‬R ‫ص‬2> ‫ آ‬#5 C 500 M ! 3 :! ‫ ا‬m = M .n = 176 g / mol × 2,85 × 10 mol ≈ 0,5 g = 500mg
. ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ M 500mg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
−
C 6 H 8 O6 + C 6 H 5 COO − ⇔ C 6 H 7 O6 + C 6 H 5 COOH (١-٣ (٣
( aq ) ( aq ) ( aq ) ( aq )
− − pkA1
K A (C 6 H 8 O6 / C 6 H 7 O6 ) K 10
Qr = −
= A1 = − pkA2 = 10 pkA2− pkA1 = 10 4, 2− 4,04 ≈ 1,41
K A (C 6 H 5 COOH / C 6 H 5 COO ) K A 2 10
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(٢-٣
 .‫ازن‬ #3 #43. Qr ≈ K : ‫ ر ن‬S! ? ( ‫ا‬
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RC TS+ ‫ ا‬#/ 5U 2 MR2 ! ‫ا‬

(١
uc + u R = U : 5R' ، M)X ‫ دارة ا‬#3 ‫ات‬2 ! ‫ ا‬3 ‫ > @ ن إ‬V 0S! (١-١
du dq d (c.u c ) du
u R = R.c c ⇐ i= = = c. c :‫و‬ u R = R.i :
dt dt dt dt
du c duc
u c + R.c =U : #"R ‫> ا و < آ‬L ‫ ا‬Y0= H‫و‬ u R = R.c :‫أي‬
dt dt
du c
uc + τ = U : " ! ‫)= "< ا د ا‬53 τ = R.c : Z@
dt
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
t
−
u c ( t ) = U (1 − e τ
) (٢-١
t
du c du c U −τ
uc + τ =U : " !‫د ا‬ ‫ ا‬#3 R ! = e : ‫إذن‬
dt dt τ
t t t t t
− U − − − −
τ = R.C ، " !‫د ا‬ " u c ( t ) = U (1 − e τ
) :‫ إذن‬τ e τ
+ U (1 − e τ ) = Ue τ
+ U − Ue τ
=U
τ
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
u c = U = 300V : [/‫\ م ا 'ا‬5 ‫ ا‬#3 (٣-١
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1
E c = cU 2 = × 120 × 10 − 6 × (300) 2 = 5,4 J (٤-١
2 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@‫ ا `_و‬/ 24 ‫ > ا‬S ‫ن ا‬ Eo = 1,5V : ‫آ‬2) 24 ‫ ا‬6 > ‫د‬ S ‫ة ا‬2^ 0 ' ‫ ا‬M)^ '5 (٥-١
1 1
E c = cE O = × 120 × 10 −6 (1,5) 2 = 0,135. × 10 −3 J < 5 J : aJ ‫ ا‬#3
2

2 2
.‫ ا ض‬aJ M)X ‫ا ا د‬H‫ ا ! ل ه‬M R ? # ! ‫و‬
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(٢
(١-٢

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. τ = 1,2ms <" =)@ @ (٢-٢
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
τ 1,2 × 10 −3 s
r= = = 10Ω ⇐ rc = τ (٣-٢
c 120 × 10 −6 F
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:c J ‫ ا‬MR2 ! ‫ا‬
(١
(١-١
 : /'0 ‫وط ا‬2X ‫ل ا‬LG M
r Vox = Vo. cos α
VO ( t = o \)" ‫' ا‬5 ) M !0‫آ‬2 4 2: ‫ ا‬4(!
Voy = Vo. sin α
r
.f+3 P 4@‫ة ز‬2 ‫ ا‬Z` ، 4!‫آ‬2 ‫ل‬LG
r r
P = m.aG :#"R ‫ آ‬T! M 5 #@ J ‫ @ ن ا‬+ ‫ ا‬M ‫ة‬20 ‫> ا‬L ‫ا‬
dv x
v x 4++) #! ‫" ا‬ !‫د ا‬ ‫ ا‬#‫وه‬ =0 ⇐ 0 = m.a x : <" =)@ ox ‫ ط "< ا ) ر‬+ g
dt
Vx = Vo. cos α : ‫ن‬93 65 ‫ و‬v x = C te ⇐
dv y
v y :‫" ل‬ !‫د ا‬ = − g ⇐ aY = − g ⇐
‫ا‬ − P = m.a x : <" =)@ oy ‫ ط "< ا ) ر‬+ g
dt
C ' = Vo. sin α ⇐ v y = Vo. sin α : t = 0 \)" ‫' ا‬5 5R' /'0 ‫وط ا‬2X ‫ل ا‬LG M V y = − g .t + C ' : ‫ن‬93 65 ‫و‬
V y = − g .t + Vo. sin α : # ! ‫و‬
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: <" =)@ /'0 ‫وط ا‬2X ‫ ر ا‬0! (٢-١
 x = Vo.(cos α ).t
1 x2 
y = − g. 2 + x.tgα :‫ ر‬: ‫د ا‬  1 2
2 Vo . cos α 2
 y = − 2 g .t + Vo.(sin α ).t
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: y B <" =)@ ‫ ر‬: ‫ د ا‬#3 R ! x B = 15m 5R' (٣-١
2
1 x (15) 2
y B = − g . 2 B 2 + x B .tgα = −0,5 × 10 × 2 + 15.tg 20 = −0,796 + 5,459 = 4,66m < 5m
2 Vo . cos α 40 . cos 2 20
.‫ة‬2(X ‫'م‬S=! ‫ة‬2 ‫ا‬
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
y = y Q = 0 ‫ و‬x = OQ = 120m ‫ ن‬Q ‫ة‬2 ) ‫ ا‬#3 ‫ة‬2 ‫ ا‬2 f+: '5 α = 24° R‫ "_او‬0:5 (٤-١
:‫ ر‬: ‫د ا‬ #3 ‫ض‬ [U
2
86272.5 1 120
2
= 53,43 ⇐ 0 = − 10. 2 + 120.tg 24
VO 2 Vo . cos 2 24
VO = 40,2m / s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(٢
:#+3 ‫! ى ا‬: ‫ ق ا‬3 ‫ة‬2 ‫آ ا‬2 ‫( درا‬١-٢
r r
. P 4@‫ و ز‬R ‫! ى‬: ‫ ا‬2 Uj! ‫ة‬2 ‫ ا‬Z`
r r r
P + R = m.aG : #"R ‫ آ‬T! M 5 #@ J ‫ @ ن ا‬+ ‫ ا‬M ‫ة‬20 ‫> ا‬L ‫ا‬

d 2x
‫آ‬2) " !‫د ا‬ ‫ ا‬#‫ وه‬m 2 + f = 0 :‫ أي‬0 − f = ma x : <" =)@ ox ‫ ط "< ا ) ر‬+ g
dt
.‫ة‬2 ‫آ_ >= ر ا‬2
 − f − 2,25 × 10 −2
+!: ‫ة‬2 ‫آ ا‬2 ‫ أذن‬a x = = −3
= −0,5m / s 2 : 5R' + : ‫> ا‬L ‫ل ا‬LG M (٢-٢
m 45 × 10
. kl 0! ‫ة @!\ م‬2 m!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v = at + v1 : 2: ‫ل دا ا‬LG M (٣-٢
0 = −0,5.(4) + V1 ⇐ 4 s :‫ ل‬R‫ و‬: 5 ‫ل 'ة ز‬LG ‫ة‬2 ) ‫ ' إ < ا‬5 2: ‫ة‬2 ‫= ا‬
. V1 = 2m / s
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: # ^g‫ ط ا‬X5 nR‫ر‬j! ‫ ا‬: ١ MR2 ! ‫ا‬
:o! ! ‫( د ا‬١-١
Z = 7 ‫ و‬A = 14 ⇐ 6 C → −1 e + Z X
14 0 A

C → −10 e+ 147N
14
6

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: ‫ وي‬5 ‫ا ا !) ل ا‬H‫ > ه‬l(٢-١
∆E = ∆m.c = [m( N ) + m(e) − m(C )].c = [14,0076 + 0,00055 − 14,0111].c 2 = −0,00295u.c 2
2 2

= −0,00295 × 931,5( MeV / c 2 ) × c 2 = −2,7479 MeV ≈ −2,75MeV

ln 2 ln 2
λ= = = 3,39 × 10 −7 Jours −1 (١-٢ (٢
t1 / 2 5600 × 365 Jours
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a a
ln = −λ .t ⇐ = e −λ .t ⇐ a = a o .e − λ .t : 5R' (٢-٢
ao ao
a a 28,7
− ln ln o ln
ao a = 21,8
t= = = 811171,5427 Jours ≈ 2222ans + 141,5 jours
λ λ 3,39 × 10 −6
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. ‫د‬L ‫ ا‬0> 5 ٢٢٢ # ‫ا‬ 5 : ‫ ا‬o>2A(٣-٢
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