Introduction

Urban Planning

What is urban planning ?

Where is urban planning level ?
 How can we deal with urban planning issues?
Urban Planning Definitions

Urban planning is a try to create the right climate that allows

communities to find the necessary means to achieve an appropriate
framework of living for its population, which provides the comfort and
welfare in cities.

Urban planning is setting out a plan to achieve community aims in a

particular functional form for a geographical region in a certain period.
It is also interested in management, regulations, economic,
engineering and built environment.
Where is urban planning level?

First Level
(National Planning)

Third Level Second Level

(Urban Planning) (Regional Planning)

The three levels of planning

 Where is urban planning level?

National Planning

It shows the level of It focuses on the It defines the general

national policy planning economic and policy of the state in
for the distribution of social aspects of housing and utilities,
urban communities the state education, health,
urban and rural entertainment and
agriculture industry etc
..
 Where is urban planning level?

Regional Planning

Regional Planning Studies: This level is It defines the urban

1) The study of natural discussed much centers of the territory
resources more detailed than and their numbers,
2) The study of social the previous one for sizes, distribution,
sources the distribution of functions and their
3) The study of economic urban communities relationship to each
sources (urban and rural). other.

This level is
subjected to the
road network,
transport and
regional traffic which
connects the urban
communities.
Where is urban planning level?

Urban Planning

Urban planning studies: It is designed here to control

1. Land Use the conduct of the city or
2. Population densities village entity
3. Building height
4. Proportion of land cover It is considered the cultural,
buildings political, social and physical
5. Site Planning characteristics
6. Design of infrastructure
projects Urban units are
7. Design of public service Independent for each other
projects and at the same time are
8. Housing Projects part of the territory to which
9. Road networks they belong.
Planning

The first user to this term are economic sanctifiers 200 years ago
through addressing economic growth. It is a scientific manner aims to
present the solutions and alternatives to overcome the current or
excepted problems facing communities. This can be within organized
plan that has clear politics and aims during a certain period taking into
account the possibilities and limitations in the community.

The urban planning term was appeared by professor Bent Flybeirg at

the University of Oxford based on research conducted by the effect of
the radical political forces in urban planning.
Urban Planning Stages

Urban Planning Stages

First stage
Org chart (Structural plan)

Second stage
Detailed planning

Third stage
Environmental Design

Fourth stage
Project Planning
 Org chart – City Level

It is intended to draw the outline facing urban development operations: the

residential, commercial, tourist, industrial, recreational uses and services
other that are consistent with the nature and circumstances of the city and
meet the needs of its residents.

Conditions

The preservation of the aesthetics in order to provide a healthy and

safe residential environment functioning on the face fullest.

A controlled study allows the provision of good sites for public

services: airports, railways, networks of streets and major public
utilities.
Org chart – City Level

Conditions

Study of archaeological and historical sites in order to achieve

proper and secured exploitation and their maintenance.

It deals with all the natural elements located in the local units
integrated whole and not part.

It has to be a comprehensive, integrated and achieving its

architectural needs over the long term.

It is based mainly on integrated environmental, social, economic

and urban studies.
Org chart – City Level

Structural planning consists of a set of maps are classified

as follows:

Land use maps showing the residential, commercial, industrial,

recreational, tourist and archaeological and agricultural areas

Maps of the road network and main streets, airports, railways,

waterways and seaports

Public services site maps such as schools, hospitals and

administrative buildings, parks, playgrounds and parks.

Public utilities networks maps such as water, sanitation and

electricity, gas and telephone.
 Detailed planning - the level of part of the city

It includes the preparation of the detailed planning projects for areas

that are within the structural planning of the city or village.

Detailed planning is interested in;

 Building heights and its architectural style, population intensity and the number
of built units.

 Housing in terms of location and type of residential neighborhoods that achieve

density assumed by the structural planning of the urban fabric.

 Commercial centers and industrial hubs.

 Green areas in terms of green surfaces form, or any other cosmetic elements.

 Buildings and land use.

 Study of road network and traffic planning.

 Planning and design of parking places in terms of their numbers, types, levels
and efficiency.
Environmental Design

It examines landscape architecture, such as design of walkways and

materials used for the floors, and the types of afforestation according to its
functions, such as the use of windbreaks.

Studying how to irrigate landscaping and trees and its distribution in the
streets as part of the overall design

• studying water elements and exploitation in the natural and artificial

lakes form for recreation.

• studying the ideal situation for the general seats in the gardens of the
visual and functional aspect
Project Planning

It interests in the physical, chemical, and engineering and geological

sciences, or economics, according to the qualitative study of the
project.
Contemporary Urban Planning Stages

Urban Planning allows the development of city according to deliberate and

specific goals which meet the generations needs, and so by drawing on
urban planning guidelines.

The contemporary urban planning at three stages:

1. Data collection
2. Data Analysis
3. Submission of proposals
 Data collection

The initial study phase includes the collection of statistical

information relating the natural, social and economic data within the
selected site.

The process is done in a scientific way, where is the selection of

sources;

Such as maps which should be studied, and various charts and

statistical bulletins issued by government departments, agencies or
research centers.
Data Analysis

The data collected subject to study, arrange and analyze, as they

are addressed in the post for the extraction of deductive curves and
tables with certain connotations represent the key that gives an
opportunity to formulate several scenarios.

It required at this stage to adopt the precision, clarity and brevity of

the final extracts formulation.
Submission of proposals

Proceeding from the results and analytical extraction of the previous phase,
planner or architect can embark on programming his proposals of the
housing, facilities, equipment, green spaces, plazas .... and others, so as to
meet the needs of the city in the foreseeable future.
 Master Plan

Master plan preparation is considered one of the most important terms of

reference for urban planning.

The master plan plays an important role for delivering sustainable

communities through providing the means which address the multi-faceted
issues for making places successful.

The Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE)

(2012) defined a master plan as;

“a comprehensive long-term plan whose aims are to guide

development and growth of a region or community. It sets out proposals,
analysis and recommendations for buildings, land uses, movement,
spaces, community facilities and other infrastructural elements in four
dimensions (social, environmental, economic and governance) and
matches these aspirations with an implementation strategy.”
Historical introduction

This section highlights the most important planning theories to develop

cities planning 3500 BC ago.

Cities planning theories started with creating the first cities 3500 BC ago.

The planning was for the communities.

In the 20th century, the governments began to solve the main problems
facing cities.
Genesis and development of city planning

Miletus, ancient Greek city of western Anatolia, some 20 miles (30 km) south
of the present city of Söke.

It is considered of the first cities.

Before 500 bc, Miletus was the greatest Greek city in the east.

Hippodamos is considered to be the “father” of urban planning, the

namesake of Hippodamian plan of city layouts (grid plan).

Miletus
 Antiquity

Many of them also built fences around their settlements to protect it from
invaders.

The public buildings, collections and memorial among the most prominent
evidence of urban planning in antiquity. The Athens and Rome were
particularly famous public memorial buildings.

Historians believe that Hippodamos developed the first theories of urban

planning. his work includes plans for land use and locations of roads and
buildings in Miletus city.
 Medieval times

Many people built fences around their settlements in the Middle Ages from the
fifth century to the sixteenth centuries century in order to protect them.

They also quote fences and trenches of the cities built by the Muslims in
Andalusia, such as Madrid and Seville, Granada and other.

Population growth has led to overcrowding in populated settlements, leading

to the demolition of the old fences and building new walls far from it.

Some settlements left the ancient fences in its place, and residential
neighborhoods were built outside these fences.

Christian religion played an important role in the life of Europeans in the

Middle Ages. It reflected its effects on the city planning. This is evident in the
main church site in downtown.
 Renaissance

During the Renaissance, urban planners started to design parts of the cities at
large dimensions. They created space areas to overcome the overpopulation,
such as wide public squares in front of St. Mark's Church in Venice city in Italy,
St. Peter's Church in Vatican City and the palace and the beautiful gardens near
Versailles near Paris.

Haussmann plan for the city of Paris (1853-1870) is the most of the evidence on
the direction of urban planning for the construction of large dimensions.
Hausmann has designed “the Great City” which includes wide streets and public
squares and symmetry.

Paris
Renaissance

Most cities in North America when it was a colony smaller and less detailed
than European cities like the city of Charleston in South Carolina, and the
city of Philadelphia, the city of Savannah, in the state of Georgia, and
Washington.

Washington city “Federal City “ was planned by Pierre Charles L'enfant in

1791. The plan specified that its wide radiation streets would be laid out in a
grid.

Washington
Renaissance

Buckingham offered a Sketch of the Plan of the Model Town

in 1849, which consists of 10,000 persons

The Model Town

The Industrial Revolution era.

The Industrial Revolution was at the mid of the eighteenth century and the
beginning of the nineteenth century.

According to that, American and European cities population increased rapidly;

where they left thousands of the farms workers to migrate to the cities to work
in factories, therefore cities become overcrowded, dirty, and suffer from noise.

Many people living near the factories in unsanitary housing and population
density is high.

The social reformers began calling for the government to improve conditions for
people in the cities, so they suggested the creation of new housing areas with
gardens and space areas, and new housing in areas separated from each
other.

The government took some steps to regulate the quality of housing and
improve cities.
Planning theory of the industrial age city

There is a set of key principles to create and plan of the industrial age city,
they also put a picture for the organic planning of the city body to be
converted into clear and specific use cells. These cells are divided into two
main types in terms of form:

1- The ring planning

2- The linear planning
 The linear planning

The Linear city - Sorya Matta (1882)

The city concept and its reasons

Matta tried to offer a solution to traffic problem in his city that takes linear
form, which was based on the axis base. This axis focused the public
services as well as it considers the main artery for traffic. The city is a long
bar including a railway line linking the cities to each other, and the
residential units were distributed on both sides.
The linear planning

The Linear city - Sorya Matta (1882)

The road network

It only consists of a major one road that is where the services are
concentrated and number of walkways through the residential units.
These walkways is closed to provide a safety element in the housing
units.

The distribution of land uses

When distributing the residential units on both sides, the residential units
are located in the center of agricultural areas, and all of services needed
by the local community are concentrated both sides.
Advantages and Disadvantages of linear city

The city growth and form

Of the most important characteristic of the city is easy to grow towards large
distances. The direction was growing with the main road direction of the city
on both sides of the road in the identified direction, and thus distinct from the
garden city in solving the problem of growth.

Advantages of linear city

1. Growth flexibility in the city
2. The intensity of connection between the services
3. The linear city led to multiple active.
4. Separating residential areas from industrial areas

Disadvantages of linear city

1. Increase the economic cost for Infrastructure, which increased due to the
ease of growth
2. Lack of equal distribution of services
The ring planning

The first planning appeared is that was put by Howard (Garden City, 1898).
City planning and Satelitte Towns by Raymond (1922).
Federal City by Erik Gloeden (1926).
Gaston Bardet project (1929).

Gaston Bardet project (1929).

Federal City by Erik Gloeden (1926)

 The attempt of reformation in the
nineteenth and twentieth century

Progressive projects in the nineteenth century

They emerged in the nineteenth century, but they were not implemented
except little of them, and they were a residential groups interspersed with
green surfaces and fitted with some essential public services.

Attempts to reform the cosmetic trend

They began the emergence of a book of technical regulations for urban
planning authored engineer Austrian Camillositle 1889, which is considered
as a turning point in the history of modern city planning where he presented
some guidance are: (1) the need to abandon traditional treatment of cities and
the call to the need to link the buildings in harmonic relationship; (2) advocate
for the need to link buildings in a consensual relationship; (3) streets, squares
design were entered into as an element of the city.

Attempts to reform and improve the living conditions of the population, it is

divided into two parts
1- The movement of Garden City and its aftermath.
2- Theoretical plans to organize cities.
 Garden City

Accordingly, ‫ا‬Howards proposed to

create a new city for this purpose,
and he called the garden - City of
tomorrow.

Letchworh city - 1898

The emergence of the idea :

At the end of the 19th century, it appeared an English Book to Howard ,
which he called the (tomorrow). He called for a new idea for Town
Planning on a new foundation, which was built on the idea of the
question: city or village can provide fully life circumstances.
Garden City

The idea of the city and its causes.

Due to the lack of aesthetic industrial cities and overcrowding
population and irregular growth, he created a garden city and make
it in a ring shape. City center is surrounded by a green belt,
followed by a residential area, green belt, main road, green belt, an
industrial area then railway line and eventually the city was
surrounded by the outside green belt.

The road network in the city

1. imposition of a pivotal ways divided into six sections and stem
from the center and branch off that intersect the main roads.
2. The presence of factories and markets near the railway.
3. linking the city of Satelitte Towns through transport routes.
 Garden City

It was identified with the following conditions:

The land property is to its residents together.

Identifying its population about 32 thousand people

If there was a need to housing more than this number, the solution would be
by establishing a central city and its population about 58 thousand people.

 smaller cities surround the central city's (Garden - City).

Central city linked to the surrounding towns by a circular network of railway

and a radioactive road network.

The city is surrounded by farms and natural land to connect the city and the
countryside.
Garden City

Advantages of Garden city

1. Separating industrial areas from residential areas

2. Rural compound of the city
3. Making the city as circle to achieve the best distances
within the city.

Disadvantages of Garden city

1. Overlapping uses
2. The city lost its goals.
3. The presence of factories controlled the city, if the city
has grown, this will make them inside housing, leading
to contamination.
Satellite Towns (1922)

The emergence of the idea

After the emergence of the Garden city of tomorrow theory and the beginning
of its implementation, there appeared some changes and developments by
Raymond Uwin for getting a better solutions and finding full comfort to the
population. As a result, Satelitte Towns theory emerged, which separated the
work movement from the population movement.

Satellite Towns
Satellite Towns (1922)

The idea:
Creating a private city of industry surrounded by other cities for social life and
housing as follows:
1. Satellite cities were created around the industrial cities planned within a
radius of 15 km.
2. The population of each city between 3000-10000 for housing.
3. Each city is surrounded by free agricultural zones separating the city from
the neighboring Satalitte Towns and the central city.
4. The concentration of all types of industry just in the central city.
5. As a result of making the industry in the central city, there was increasing
the pressure on the road network around the central city due to the times
going in and out from the work to the entire population in each of the cities.

Main Features:
1. A small city in size
2. Does not represent the main services but rather represents the
basic services.
3. It is considered a small town or suburb.
4. It is one of the factors that helped to solve the central city's
problems
Satellite Towns (1922)

They have become limited in function to sleep only because the

population are in the central city for work. As a result, it is noted that the
city has gone through three phases of evolution are:

The first generation (sleep towns): it was fully based on the Mother City
(Central) in all of its business and its needs, and the towns therefore were
sleeping only.

The second generation: it moved type of the light industry to the town in
order to find some kind of movement and vitality of city with the town's
dependence on the mother in major industries.

The third generation: in the towns, all needs of industry and services and
other were available and autonomous in all their needs and requirements.
Modern city planning

The city of tomorrow – The city of three million people (1922)

Le Corbusier presents two imposing schemes for urban reconstruction — the
"Voisin" scheme for the center of Paris, and his more developed plans for the
"City of Three Million Inhabitants," which envisioned, among other things, 60-
story skyscrapers, set well apart, to house commercial activities, and
residential housing grouped in great blocks of "villas."

He assumed that the number of people who will live in the city with a million
people, and two million others live in the wooded suburbs of the city. .

The city of tomorrow 1922

The city of tomorrow

Le Corbusier had formulated the basic principles of planning this city:

1. Remove the narrow streets.
2. vacate the land of the city center for the reconstruction of the high
buildings
3. increase construction density.
4. Expansion of wooded land.
5. classification of transportation and traffic organization at different levels
The city of tomorrow

The idea of the city and its causes

Ideas adopted by Le Corbusier are represented in the environmental
integration and reducing pollution.

Movement Network
He linked underground and above-ground movement using parking,
buses and railway stations. It is possible to make them on two levels and
keep the city from pollution by putting a green belt around the buildings
and moving factories outside the city with the survival of some light
industries within the city.

The city form and its growth

Whenever the city horizontal spread whenever the infrastructure facilities
were increased.
The city of tomorrow

The positives of the city

1. He took into account the preservation of the environment, where he had
worked the green belt and the road network of underground.

2. He did not differentiate between the layers of society.

3. The vertical expansion to maintain the population size, leading to non

freeze it.

The negatives of the city

1. He did not talk about land use fully.

2. He did not mention the relationship between city and around.

3. He viewed that the development of the city is converted from rural

communes to the city by skyscrapers.
 Modern city planning

Frank Lioyed right (The Broad arce city - 1920)

This city was described organic city depends on the distribution of offices, shops,
housing and social services, farms, gardens, industries along the main roads. The
city is a four square miles is home to 4100 extended family along the main road.
The Broad arce city - 1920

The city idea and its causes.

1. The idea of city summarized in the design of planning network on the
basis that the city as a bio-member is going to grow naturally.
2. The city divided into cells, the people was the basic cell.
3. The separation of footpaths and Automated traffic, also the residential
models in the cells was identified.

The city form and the road network

1. The separation of road networks for pedestrians and vehicles.
2. Making factories outside the city on the road side.
3. Making services close to neighborhoods on the road.

Advantages of city Disadvantages of city

1. Making the city as an 1. The theory led to multiple
integrated system. classes.
2. Correlation strength of the 2. If a part of the city was
parts of city each other. messed, the whole city
would been messed.
Modern city planning

‫مدينة كيبل‬

Reticulate Expansion - geometric The Organic City

multiplication, Hilberseimer, 1920 , Reichew,1925
Modern city planning

The City Beautiful, Burnham, 1893 La-City Industriall, Granier, 1912

Modern city planning

Super Block, Stein and Wright, 1927 Radburn, Stein, 1928

Modern city planning

Islamabad, Doxiades, 1959 Brazilia, Doxiades, 1959