Scanned with CamScannerm3 pote a 1% call ion of DCPIP i is added drop by drop to solution; the mixture is shaken gently after each drop. The DCPIP is added until the blue colour of the final drop does not disappear. The exact volume of DCPIP used is noted. The procedure is then repeated, starting with 2 cm3 of lemon juice instead of vitamin C solution. If more than 5 cm3 of DCPIP is completely decolourised, the juice is diluted and the test repeated. The volume of DCPIP that was decolourised by the lemon juic compared with the volume decolourised by the standard vit: calution # Scanned with CamScannerwill check the ngly acidic juices such as lemon juice, the DCPIP does not decolourise completely - the end-point is a pale pink. ~ To measure vitamin C content in a solid food, such as an apple, grind up the apple with some distilled water to extract the vitamin. Hypotheses / Evaluate: © Fresh fruit juice contains more vitamin C than old fruit juice. e Lemons contain more vitamin C than oranges. e Exposure to high temperatures (as in cooking) destroys vitamig __Pg 59 activity 7 si ee Scanned with CamScannerthrough nerves, and for other body function: » The total amount of energy that a person needs to keep healthy depends on their age and body size, and on the amount of activity they do. It also depends on the climate they live in: people in cold countries need more energy to maintain their body temperature. © Pg 61 Table 4.4 Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerA number of factors.affect the== activity of enzymes Temperature os bit] yiuy-lacy concentration e The presence of inhibitors. Scanned with CamScannerSUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION PAW omen eeonmae eon nr ONKOL eLomEN toa of some enzyme molecules will be empty, so the rate of reaction ST MX ohne Umer Reel teenexeleo Moet eL Ce CRIS Re rail Moxmntoneneo) sto UM Pan URNA geo RSTOCKS molecules and more active sites will be filled. As a result, the rate of reaction will increase. Notice that the curve becomes flatter or ‘levels off at high (eed Tec er-Teloh eRe MIULy-1er CMO U REM ae-Leiyer-U Mente Ceo) Iced tle MNT eomsUlorsex- [col Qnvon- meno ye eoer-Tatle=lcle) MESOneI(c Pye ue: (o eee: CO MOBI CeC MTU cU CULE CMLL Saty substrate concentration will not increase the rate of the reaction further. At this point, only an increase in enzyme Fees eon ert eCom mca Mita recetyeae heme coMey BUeeCOLU CODE MICRA ALI occu elem nen map Taereleor- Tear M MeN Reo e eRe RE LCS place — enzyme concentration is now the limiting taco Scanned with CamScannerTHE PRESENCE OFANHIBITORS Inhibitors are substances that reduce the rate of are called - a) Competitive inhibitors b) Non-competitive inhibitors . Scanned with CamScanner© €ompetitive inhibitors are molecules with a similar shape'to fests CMD MTL Conan Ree Coes Leommco) 2) Tava substrate from entering. However, this is temporary — the Prelit Ly icoyme TOMO MC OE UGA N Cee bier Leen Me miso) lea Ud is why these inhibitors are called competitive — the inhibitor and the substrate are competing for the active site. © The presence of the inhibitor slows the rate of reaction. The Fave eo men Reo ena Lame m LET cel eS Cah RCO sai- Lc} fe rleRoi cam ADAM Det iceman me Cols [ad [oirte- tae eon eL eRe MSU Se LCSD BTULLL DLO LC CSL} oi camo merous lO MOM UL RIA Zt Sag meer eum LAO Oe Pe esec ac) ee eee oe oe NEUTRON collide with an empty site. The enzyme's function is then inhibited. This is therefore known as competitive inhibition. Scanned with CamScanner(b) Inhibition Inhibitor y Scanned with CamScannerNon-competitive inhibitors ¢ Non-competitive inhibitors do not have a shape like that of the substrate . They do not attach to the active site, Leyte coos soa TUEKO MARYA ATMA ANDRE alec: RELY change the shape of the whole enzyme molecule, including the active site. The active site can no longer laa hye epost ven-le ae vone nCnK-Cou oot enKe COMO RM BETTS time, the enzyme will not be able to catalyse the reactior Vaimi mertereopecnatls (Rome sax-lce ete Kae HrceLercome soete Tar cMec Tate eta coma Caan Kos come US relative concentrations of inhibitor and substrate do not affect the rate of reaction. Scanned with CamScanner(a) Reaction eb-8 melas tice wt sti (b) Inhibition pala ‘setae a Scanned with CamScannerPeat er eee tennessee ene toy Petters uc Mela Cas Celt by Le BES e TsO SaL oe ob wide range of uses, for example ‘stain removers in biological detergents conversion of starch to glucose in the food indt rere e nou Lutes eve stots om Coen) emitter) Pentre sans manufacture of paper Eleearennsa eer ttc cere co hasnt lsc) Rn a ae access ete lm Deel Scanned with CamScannerImmobilised-Enzyme An immobilized enzyme is an enzyme attached to an inert material—such a: ium alginate . This can provide increased resistance to changes in conditions such as pH or temperature. Scanned with CamScannerUsing-an immobilised enzyme hasseveral Se eg S nce ‘adissolved enzyme: Se ee ocr meeeinierscm rrr: less likely todenature. Se Una vie lee ota) ee © Theenzymesare less likely to be broken down by organic solvents. The productsare uncontaminated by enzyme and can be collected petted eanerto 1 N SoU Tronra ane Moa <=) eco B tates e An industrial process can use columns of immobilised/enzyme, allowing large-scale production. Doo chara rel rre-teM orm terrae ley! aero Walesa eK eb ORs LZ) SOE methods involve attaching the enzyme molecules to the surfaceiof a material suchas porous glassor cellulose. Other methods Pro erect rire kona zn (one at ony one Sean Ud PoC Otome oi TSustro nC in cy Scanned with CamScannerThree uses of immobilised enzymes 1. LACTOS MILK = Milk contains a disaccharide sugar called lactose . Babies get their Seat opacdcteoe Kenyatta) elec) nutrition from mil which breaks down lactose into glucose and\galactose: = Many adults also drink milk and eat milk products such as butter and cheese. However, many adults are unable to produce lactase, so they cannot digest lactose. TI called lactose intolerance’. If a lactose-intolerant person drinks milk, the lactose is instead Draken Caan aoetiorevima anyattayycorlCentancriceleseec se person suffers from painful stomach cramps, nausea, diarrhoea: = Immobilised lactase can be used to produce lactose-free milk and milk products for lactose-intolerant people. The lactase is immobilised in porous beads and held ina column. Milk is passed through the column, where the lactase breaks down the lactose. Lactase is an expensive enzyme, and this methodmeans it can be Heyer tate neon tterare Ru Lodo suu Lays ented cekiey Scanned with CamScanner2. BREAKDOWN OF SUCROSE Sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose . The VAIN MT OMC he: LIoe IS oy Coxe Lela 1D) wort eo) CM-L Le Mba) down sucrose into its component monosaccharides. Invertase is used commercially to break down sucrose to produce a mixture of glucose and fructose, called ‘invert Suto = Invert syrup is widely used for sweetening products in the food and drinks industry. Commercial invertase is extracted from yeast and trapped in alginate beads. Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerDereon 3, TESTING FOR GLUCOSE IN BLOOD OR URINE Perea tensor merets Mtnrnntencone rst enact chs Spec eect intervals. This can be done initwo ways — using test strips or called glucose oxidase Prorat etter eco ema Hee enV yaa steno lyses the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxid (Reaction 1) glucose +O; — gluconic acid + H.0. TTNe Nee ea exec eee ee ns eo eee ete Ueno scr comicesetunee home al pyaar ila byes! ‘Reaction 2) ‘XHz + H:O2 — 2H,0 + X (colourless) (coloured) Cortana ie neon Te tu een ene rece | coloured when oxidised.) Oe ete ee omni eens eee a: oct COM eT TIT Cs Pee eee ener reread creme nes treaties talc presentin the sample of blood orurine. The glucose oxidase, peroxidase and XHz Preteen reo ce ley caster mu nent eecOm meteor Korat oie Rr plowUrecOruyr omy eroene ee seer you Ey Koti Cou Teacathscte tai \ Peenteon ec oon roscoe Scanned with CamScannerBiosensor. = Another way of measuring blood glucose is to use a Porno MMU ETS ESeveieryanetoassateisoLacepencelabyccr rvs (ert I hy measures the concentration of glucose, and gives a more accurate reading than using test strips. A drop of the person's blood is placed onto the probe of the biosensor. The biosensor uses the enzyme glucose oxidase . At the end) of the probe, the enzyme is immobilised in a gel attached to an instrument called an oxygen electrode. This measures the concentration of oxygen dissolved in a solution. When the drop of blood is placed on the probe, glucose in the blood diffuses into the gel. The enzyme breaks down this glucose , using up oxygen. The electrode measures the oxygen level and changes it into an electrical signal, which is converted’ into a reading of blood glucose concentration on a meter. Scanned with CamScannerContent from biology Sets Cree Te nen ee aC aseten RR ch PEE ECD Ut eee er ence eee mene esr crti ee een retin eet ei ener emcee uch aan OU seer es ees oe ieee ec RSE er iil OO reser teen CCU ete ear TU ROn LN cst Nett Rn Seana Peer Me ae) Rede ra gL) Ces eee onset er eee ae eu ao een isc) 2 ee een etre ee eee nC Renee os - Center Ca it cren re eee eee eee ak ons) eee ee nao ee Cerra eee aro Scanned with CamScanner