f ( 3 )=9 ; f ( 1 ) =1

f ( 3 )−f (1) 9−1

= =4
3−1 3−1
Ex: Let f ( x )=x −3 x
2

df
=? ? ?
dx
2
f ( x +h )=( x+ h ) −3( x+ h)
2
f ( x )=x −3 x

df f ( x +h ) −f ( x )
=lim
dx h → 0 h

( x +h )2−3 ( x +h )−[ x 2−3 x ]

¿ lim
h→ 0 h

2 2 2
x +2 xh+ h −3 x−3 h−x +3 x
¿ lim
h→ 0 h

2
2 xh+h −3 h
¿ lim =lim 2 x−3+ h=2 x−3
h→ 0 h h→0
Velocity: v ( t )=s' ( t ) ;
Accelẻation: a ( t )=v ' (t)

Ex: The position of a particle is given by the equation where is measured

in seconds and in meters. s=f (t )=t 3−6 t 2+ 9t
(a) Find the velocity at time t.
(b) What is the velocity after 2 s? After 4 s?
(c) When is the particle at rest?
(d) When is the particle moving forward?
(e) Find the acceleration at time and after 4 s.
(f) When is the particle speeding up? When is it slowing down?
y=f (x )
If f ' > 0 then f is increasing.
If f ' < 0 then f is decreasing.

the particle is speeding up

Case 1: moving forward v>0 a>0

Case 2: moving backward v<0 a<0
 ( uv )' =u' v + v' u

()
' '
u u v−v ' u
= 2
v v

'
[ f ( u ) ]x =f ' ( u ) .u ' (x)

Example: [ ( x 2 +3 x )3 ] =3 ( x 2+ 3 x )2 ( x 2+ 3 x )'
'

2
¿ 3 ( x + 3 x ) ( 2 x +3 )
2 ❑

Chain rule:
dy
y=f ( u ) → =f '(u)
du
du
u=u ( x ) → =u ' (x)
dx

dy dy du
= .
dx du dx
Ex:

y=ln(u)
3
u=x +sin x
dy
=? ? ? ? ?
dx

Solve
dy 1
y=ln(u)→ =
du u
3 du 2
u=x +sin x → =3 x +cos x
dx

dy dy du 1
= . = . ( 3 x +cos x )
2
dx du dx u
1
. ( 3 x + cos x )
2
¿ 3
x +sin x
Inverse function:
y=f ( x ) → x=g ( y )
g=f
−1
is called inverse function of f
Ex: y=f (x )=3 x+ 2
f ( 5 )=17
 f ( ? ? ? )=20
20−2
3 x+ 2=20 → x =
3

y−2
3 x+ 2= y → x=
3
−1 y−2
f ( y )=
3
Ex: y=f (x )=ln x
d −1
f =? ? ?
dx
dy 1
=
dx x

dx
=x
dy

"It is known that: The tangent line to a graph of the

function y=f(x) at the point M(a,f(a)) is defined by
y=f '(a)(x−a)+f (a).

Let f(x) = sin(x) and a point A(pi/2 , 1).

(a) Find the tangent line to the graph of f(x) at the point A.
(b) Without using any calculator, can you estimate
f(1.5)?
 . Calculate f(4.01)
y= √ x

Tangent line to the graph at M (4 , 2) :

1
y= x +1 (d)
4

Substituting x=4.01 into (d):

1
∗4.01+1 ≈ 2.0025
4

Tangent line = linear approximation = linearization : phương trình tiếp

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