"The struggle for one’s individuality

is only possible in modern society

where religio-theological traditions
are gradually replaced by rational
and scientific calculations;

CLIFFORDGEERTZ
• The new found freedom threatens the
very authenticity of the self
• Alienation (Marx)
• Objectification of the body
• Dehumanization of the self
necessary to sustain
life.

FRIEDRICH NIIETZSCHE
Post-Modern View of theSelf
Self is a narrative, a text writtenand rewritten

"Every little piece of information that you post on

the internet - the messages you write, the
website you visit, the files you download, the
e-mail addresses you contact, the books, tapes,
CDs, and airplane tickets you order on the
Internet, and the credit card numbers you give -
all become the raw data from which someone out
there can piece together an identity, a virtual
version of who you are."

NICOLAGREEN
Global migration produces multicultural identities
Post-modern selves are “pluralized” selves
Post-Modern View of theSelf
"If the modern problem of identity
was how to construct an identity
and keep it solid and stable, the
"postmodern problem of identity' is
primarily how to avoid fixation and
keep the options open. In the case
of identity… the catchword of
modernity was creation; the
catchword of postmodernity is
recycling."

ZygmuntBauman
 "The unity of the self is
not something that is pre-
given to individuals. It is
something that they must
accomplish through
conscious effort."

FRIEDRICHNIETZSCHE
Individuals must fashion, care for,
and cultivate themselves, in order to
transform them into a beautiful work
of art (Nietzsche)

“There are no facts,

only interpretations”
-Nietzsche
Self-creation is formed within "imagined
communities"

Selves, as bodies moving in space, obtain their nature from

cultural traditions, embodied in various social institutions.
These are preserved in collective narrative, which becomes the
reservoir for the project of self creation.

The most important reservoir for self-identity is

national identity.
The self emerges from social interaction
As we develop this ability, at first we can take
only the roles of significant others,
individuals who significantly influence
our lives, such as parents or siblings.
The “I” is the self as subject, the active,
spontaneous, creative part of the self.

In contrast, the “me” is the self as

object. It is made up of attitudes we
internalize from our interactions with
others.
As our self gradually develops, we internalize the
expectations of more and more people. Our ability to
take the role of others eventually extends to being able
to take the role of “the group as a whole.”

GENERALIZED OTHERS
refers to our perception of how
people in general think of us.
I MI TATI O N (PREPARATORY)
Underthe age of 3, we can onlymimic others. We do not yet have
a sense of self separate from others, and we can only imitate
people’s gestures and words.

PLAY
During the second stage, from the ages of about 3 to 6, we
pretend to take the roles of specific people .

TEAM GAMES
Thisthird stage, organizedplay, or team games, beginsroughly
when we enter school. The significance for the self is that to
play these games,we must be able to take multiple roles.
 The image of ourselves is
largely a reflection of how
people react to us
1. We imagine how we appear to those around us.
2. We interpret others’ reactions.
3. We develop a self-concept.

NOTE:
• Development of the self does not depend on accurate
evaluations.
• Although the self-concept begins in childhood, its
development is an ongoing, lifelong process.
When we are labelled and
other’s view and expectation
of us are affected by that
labelling.

SELF FULFILLING PROPHECY

A self-fulfillingprophecy is a belief
that comes true because we are
acting as if it is already true.
 If we are repeatedlylabelled
by others

We adopt what others’ labels explicitly into our self-

concept

Occurs when individuals turn prejudice directed

toward them by others onto themselves
We determine our own social and
personal worth based on how we
stack up against others we
perceive as somehow faring
better or worse.

• Social comparison occurs when there

are no objective benchmarks on
which we can rely on.
• We use our social comparison to
determine our skills or abilities.
SPREAD LOVE, NOT HATE ☺
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING.
God bless!