Namma Kalvi 12th Chemistry Study Material Tamil Medium 219232

Namma Kalvi
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P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

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CHEMISTRY IS IMPORTANT FOR OUR LIFE
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* cah;thf epidj;jhy; cah;e;jpl KbAk; *

12-Mk; tFg;G Ntjpapay;
1. cNyhftpay;
1. fdpkk; - jhJ NtWgLj;Jf.
fdpkk; jhJ
jdpj;j my;yJ Nrh;k epiyapy;
cNyhfj;ij mjpfk; nfhz;Ls;s
1. cNyhfj;ij nfhz;Ls;s
fdpkk;
,aw;if nghUs;
,jpypUe;J cNyhfj;ij vspjpy; ,jpypUe;J cNyhfj;ij vspjpy;
2.
gphpf;f KbahJ gphpf;fyhk;
3. vy;yh fdpkq;fSk; jhJf;fs; my;y vy;yh jhJf;fSk; fdpkq;fs; MFk;
4. mYkpdpaj;jpd; fdpkk; - fspkd; mYkpdpaj;jpd; jhJ - ghf;irl;
2. J}a cNyhfq;fis mjd; jhJtpypUe;J gphpj;njLf;Fk; gy;NtW gbfs; ahit?

• jhJit mlh;g;gpj;jy;
• gz;glh cNyhfj;ij gphpj;njLj;jy;
• gz;glh cNyhfj;ij J}a;ikahf;Fjy;
3. ,sf;fp vd;why; vd;d? ,Uk;ig Fe2O3 apypUe;J gphpj;njLg;gjpy; Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;ypd;
gad; ahJ?
• jhJtpy; cs;s cUfhj khRf;fis cUf;fp gphpf;f gad;gLk; nghUs;.
• Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; ,sf;fpahf nray;gLfpwJ
• ,J rpypf;fhit fhy;rpak; rpypNfl; vd;Dk; frlhf khw;WfpwJ.
4. fhp kw;Wk; CO Mfpa ,uz;by; ZnO xLf;f rpwe;j xLf;Fk; fhuzp vJ?
• fhp - ZnO xLf;f rpwe;j xLf;Fk; fhuzp
• fhuzk; - C apypUe;E CO2 cUthf fpg;]; fl;byh Mw;wy; FiwT
• vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpy; ZnO cUthjYf;fhd tiuNfhL fhh;gDf;F Nky;
cs;sJ.
• NkYk; CO MdJ ZnO it tpl mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ikAilaJ.
5. Eiukpjg;G Kiw kw;Wk; GtpaPh;g;G Kiwapy; vt;tif jhJf;fs;
mlh;g;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ v.fh jUf.
• Eiukpjg;G Kiw - ry;igL jhJf;fs; - fyPdh [PbS], [pq;f; gpshd;l; [ZnS]
• GtpaPh;g;G Kiw - Mf;irL jhJf;fs; - nts;sPaf;fy; , N`kill;

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6. khR my;yJ fdpkf;fopTfs; tiuaW.

jhJf;fSld; cs;s khRf;fshd ghiw kw;Wk; kz; Nghd;wit khR vdg;gLk;.
v.fh - SiO2
7. frL tiuaW
,sf;fpAld; khRf;fis Nrh;f;Fk; NghJ cUthtJ frL.
Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; rpypf;fhit fhy;rpak; rpypNfl; vd;Dk; frlhf khw;WfpwJ.
8. mlh;g;gpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? mlh;gpj;jypd; gy;NtW Kiwfisf; $W.

jhJf;fSld; cs;s khRf;fshd ghiw kw;Wk; kz; Nghd;witfis ePf;Fk;
nray; Kiw mlh;g;gpj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
1. Eiukpjg;G Kiw 2. GtpaPh;g;G Kiw
3. Ntjpf; fOTjy; 4. fhe;jg; gphpg;G Kiw
9. Gyj; J}a;ikahf;fy; Kiwapid tpthp.
• ,k;Kiw gpd;d gbfkhf;fy; Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

• khRs;;s cNyhfk; xU jz;L tbtpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
• ,e;j jz;L xU efUk; ntg;gg;gLj;jp %yk; ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; cNyhfk; cUFfpwJ.
• ntg;gg;gLj;jp cNyhf jz;bd; xUKidapy; ,Ue;J kWKidf;F efUk;NghJ
khRf;fSk; mjDld; efUfpwJ.
• ,r;nraiy kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nra;tjd; %yk; J}a;ikahd cNyhfk;
ngwg;gLfpwJ.
• v. fh. - rpypf;fhd;-Si, n[h;khdpak;-Ge.
10. epf;fiy J}a;ikahf;f gad;gLk; xU Kiwapid tpthp.
khz;l; Kiw
11. thA epiyikj; J}a;ikahf;fYf;fhd mbg;gilj; Njitfis jUf. v.fh jUf.

• vspjpy; MtpahFk; Nrh;kj;ij jUk; xU fhuzpAld; cNyhfk;
tpidg;gLj;jg; gLfpwJ.
• gpd; Mtpahd Nrh;kj;ij rpijtilar; nra;J J}a cNyhfk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
• v.fh - epf;fy; - khz;l; Kiw, ill;Nldpak; - thd; Mh;fy; Kiw

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12 mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpd;dhw; cNyhftpaiy tpsf;Ff.

`hy; n`uhy;L Kiw
• Neh;kpd; tha; : fhh;gd; jz;L
• vjph;kpd; tha; : fhh;gd; G+rg;gl;l ,Uk;G njhl;b
• kpd;gFsp : mYkpdh + fhy;rpak; FNshiuL
• ntg;gepiy : 1270 K
• kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd;NghJ J}a mYkpdpak;; vjph;kpd; thapy; gbfpwJ.
13. kpd;dhw; J}a;ikahf;fy; jj;Jtj;jpid xU cjhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.

• Neh;kpd; tha; : khR fye;j cNyhfk;
• vjph;kpd; tha; : J}a cNyhfk;
• kpd;gFsp : cNyhfj;jpd; cg;Gf;fiury; + ePh;j;j mkpyk;
• kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd;NghJ J}a cNyhfk; vjph;kpd; thapy; gbfpwJ.
rpy;thpd; kpd;dhw; J}a;ikahf;fy;
• Neh;kpd; tha; : khR fye;j rpy;th;
• vjph;kpd; tha; : J}a rpy;th;
• kpd;gFsp : rpy;th; iel;Nul; + iel;hpf; mkpyk;
• kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd;NghJ J}a rpy;th; vjph;kpd; thapy; gbfpwJ.
14. gpd;tUk; nray;Kiwfspd; gad;ghl;bid tpthp;

m. fhg;gh; gphpj;njLj;jypy; rpypf;fh
rpypf;fh ngh;u]; Mf;iril ngh;u]; rpypf;Nfl; vd;Dk; frlhf khw;WfpwJ.
M. mYkpdpak; gphpj;njLj;jypy; fpiuNahiyl;

fpiuNahiyl; fyitapd; cUF epiyiaf; Fiwf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
,. Eiu kpjg;G Kiwapy; Nrhbak; raidL
Nrhbak; raidL Fiwf;Fk; fhuzpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
,J kw;w cNyhf ry;igLfs; vz;nzapy; Eiuj;J tUtij jLf;fpwJ.

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15. Neh;kpd; khRf;fs; my;yJ MNdhL khRf;fs;; vd;why; vd;d?

• kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd; NghJ Fiwthd Neh;kpd;RikAila khRf;fs;
Neh;kpd; thapd; mbapy; jq;Ffpd;wd.
• mit Neh;kpd; khRf;fs; my;yJ MNdhL khRf;fs; vdg;gLk;.
16. thd;-Mh;fy; Kiwapy; ill;Nldpak; vt;thW J}a;ikahf;fg;gLfpwJ?
17. Gtp <h;g;G Kiw my;yJ XLk; ePhpy; fOTjy; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
• ed;F J}s; nra;ag;gl;l jhJ XLk; ePhpy; fOtg;gLfpwJ.
• Nyrhd khRf;fs; XLk; ePhpy; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ.
• fdkhd jhJf;fs; jdpNa Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ,k;Kiwapy; nts;sPaf;fy; mlh;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
18. tWj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
jhJit xU ciyapy; mjd; cUFepiyia tpl Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy;
mjpfsT Mf;rp[d; nrYj;jp Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; milar; nra;jy;.
19. fhw;wpy;yh #oypy; tWj;jiy tpthp;.

jhJit fhw;wpy;yh #oypy; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ ePh; kw;Wk; fhpkr;Nrh;kq;fs;
ntspNaWfpwJ.
20. cUf;Fjy; vd;why; vd;d?

jhJit ,sf;fp kw;Wk; mYkpdpak; Nghd;w xLf;Fk; fhuzpfisf; nfhz;L
mjd; cUF epiyia tpl mjpf ntg;g epiyapy; cUf;fg;gLfpwJ.
xt;nthUth; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk;
mtuth; jd;dk;gpf;ifNa fhuzk;…
ek;ik jtpu ek; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
jLf;f ahuhYk; KbahJ…..

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21. Eiu kpjg;G Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
• ry;igL jhJ - fypdh

• Eiu cz;lhf;Fk; fhuzp - igd; vz;nza;
• Eiu Nrfhpg;ghd; - Nrhbak; <j;ijy; rhe;Njl;
• Fiwf;Fk; fhuzp - Nrhbak; raidL
• J}s; nra;ag;gl;l jhJ ePh; kw;Wk; igd; vz;nzAld; fyf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• fhw;W nrYj;Jk; NghJ mjpfsT Eiu cz;lhfpwJ.
• jhJf;fs; EiuAld; Nrh;j;J Nky; gug;ig mile;J jdpNa Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• fdkhd khRf;fs; mbapy; jq;FfpwJ.
22. fhe;j gphpif Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
• ,k;Kiwapy; ngu;Nuh fhe;jj; jd;ikAs;s nts;sPaf;fy; jhJ mlh;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ed;F J}s; nra;ag;gl;l jhJ kpd;fhe;jg; gphpg;ghd; kPJ tpOkhW nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
• kpd;fhe;jg; gphpg;ghd; rf;fuq;fspd; topNa xU efUk; gl;il ,aq;FfpwJ.
• jhJtpy; cs;s fhe;jj; jd;ikAs;s nghUl;fs; rf;fuq;fSf;F mUfpy;
Ftpayhf tpOfpwJ.
• fhe;jj; jd;ikaw;w nghUl;fs; rf;fuq;fSf;F mg;ghy; tpOfpwJ.
23. Ntjpf; fOTjy; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gy;NtW Kiwfisf; $W.
• ed;F J}shf;fg;gl;l jhJ xU jFe;j fiug;ghdpy; fiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• jhJtpy; cs;s cNyhfk; mjd; cg;ghf khWfpwJ.
• fiuahj khRf;fs; mbapy; jq;FfpwJ.
• Ntjpf; fOTjypd; gy;NtW Kiwfs;
1. mkpy Ntjpf; fOTjy; 2. fhu Ntjpf; fOTjy;
3. raidL Ntjpf; fOTjy; 4. mk;Nkhdpah Ntjpf; fOTjy;
yl;rpak; ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy;..
myl;rpak; ,Uf;fhJ.
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24. raidL Ntjpf; fOTjy; Kiwapy; jq;fk; vt;thW gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ?

jq;fk; ePh;j;j Nrhbak; raidLld; Nrh;j;J raidL mizTr; Nrh;kkhf
khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
gpwF [pq; Nrh;j;J jq;fk; xLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J xLf;fp tPo;gbthf;fy; vdg;gLk;.
25. mYkpNdh ntg;g xLf;f Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

• FNuhkpf; Mf;irL - mYkpdpak; J}s; fyit xU jPf;fspkz; Fg;gpapy;
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
• Nghpak; nguhf;irL - nkf;dPrpak; J}s; fyit mjd; Nky; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ,e;j fyitia vhpA+l;Lk;NghJ mjpf msT ntg;gk; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
• ,jdhy; mYkpdpak;, FNuhkpf; Mf;iril xLf;FfpwJ.
26. Ra xLf;f tpidia tpthp.

rpy jhJf;fis tWf;Fk;NghJ xLf;Fk; fhuzp ,y;yhkNyNa cNyhfj;ij jUtJ.
27. thiy tbj;jy; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

• ,k;Kiwapy; J}a;ikaw;w cNyhfj;ij ntg;gg;gLj;jp Mtpahf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• fpilj;j Mtpia Fspur;nra;J J}a cNyhfk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
• v.fh. - Jj;jehfk;.
28. cUf;fpg; gphpj;jy; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
• mjpf nfhjpepiy cila khRf;fis, Fiwe;j nfhjpepiy cila
cNyhfq;fspy; ,Ue;J gphpf;Fk; KiwahFk;.
• khRs;s cNyhfk; vjph; mdy; ciyapy; rha;thd gFjpapy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• fhw;wpy;y #oypy; cNyhfk; mjpf ntg;gepiyapy; ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
• J}a cNyhfk; cUfp jdpNa Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• khRf;fs; mg;gbNa jq;fptpLfpd;wd.
• v.fh. - bd;, fhhPak;
29. fhh;gid nfhz;L xLf;Fk; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
cNyhfj;jpd; Mf;irL jhJit fhpAld; Nrh;j;J CJ ciyapy;
ntg;gg;gLj;jpdhy; cNyhfk; jdpNa gphpfpwJ.

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30. nfhg;gsf;fhg;gh; vd;why; vd;d?

fhg;gh; cNyhfj;jpypUe;J SO2 thA ntspNaWtjhy; mjd; Nky;Njhw;w mikg;gpy;
nfhg;gsq;fs; Nghy fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j fhg;gh; nfhg;gsf;fhg;gh; vdg;gLk;.
31. fhg;gh; mjd; jhJtpypUe;J vt;thW gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ?
1. jhJ : fhg;gh; igiul;
2. mlh;gpj;jy; : Eiu kpjg;G Kiw
3. tWj;jy; :
4. cUf;fp gphpj;jy; :
5. kpd;dhw; J}a;ikahf;fy; :
Neh;kpd; tha; : khR fye;j fhg;gh;
vjph;kpd; tha; : J}a fhg;gh;;
kpd;gFsp : CuSO4 + ePh;j;j H2 SO4
kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd;NghJ J}a fhg;gh;; vjph;kpd; thapy; gbfpwJ.
32. vypq;fk; tiuglk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad;fs; ahit?
ntg;g epiyapidg; nghUj;J mt;tpidfspd; jpl;l fl;byh Mw;wy; (∆G0)

kjpg;gpy; Vw;gLk; khWghLfis tiuglkhf Fwpg;gpLtJ vypq;fk; tiuglk; MFk;.
vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpd; gad;fs;
• vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpy; Ag2O kw;Wk; HgO Mfpait Nkw;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ.
vdNt mitfs; kpjkhd ntg;gepiyfspy; $l epiyg; G j; j d; i kaw; w it.
MfNt vt; t pj xLf; F fhuzpAk; gad; g Lj; j hky; mitfis xLf; f
,aYk; .
• vypq;fk; tiuglj;ij gad;gLj;jp xU cNyhf Mf;iril kw;nwhU
cNyhfj;jhy; xLf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd ntg;g ,af;ftpay; rhj;jpaj; jd;ikia
jPh;khdpf;f ,aYk;. v.fh - mYkpdpak; cNyhfk; Cr2O3 - ia xLf; F k; .
• vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpy; fhh;gdpd; Neh;NfhlhdJ ngUk;ghyhd cNyhf
Mf;irLfspd; Neh;NfhLfis ntl;LfpwJ. vdNt mj;jifa Mf;irLfis
mjpf ntg;gepiyapy; fhh;gdhy; xLf;f ,aYk;.

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33. vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?

• tpidapd; Ntfj;ij tpsf;ftpy;iy.
• Jid tpidfs; epfo;tjw;fhd rhj;jpaj;jd;ikia tpsf;ftpy;iy.
• tpidgLnghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tpidtpis nghUl;fs; rkepiyapy; cs;sNghJ
∆G - d; vy;yh epge;jidfSk; cz;ikay;y.
34. vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpypUe;J czug;gLgit ahit?
• cNyhf Mf;irL cUthFk; tpidf;F Neh;Fwp kjpg;G rha;T fpilf;fpwJ.
∆S vjph;Fwp kjpg;ig ngWfpwJ.
• fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL cUthFk; tpidf;F vjph;Fwp kjpg;G rha;T fpilf;fpwJ.
∆S Neh;Fwp kjpg;ig ngWfpwJ. vdNt fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL mjpf
ntg;gepiyapYk; mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ikAilaJ.
• MgO Nghd;w rpy cNyhf Mf;irLfSf;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;gepiyapy;
rha;tpy; jpBnud khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F epiykhw;wk; fhuzkhFk;.
35. cNyhftpaypd; kpd;Ntjpj; jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
mjpf tpidjpwd; nfhz;l cNyhfj;ij xg;gPl;L mstpy; Fiwthd tpidjpwd;
nfhz;l cNyhf madpfisf; nfhz;Ls;s fiurypy; Nrh;j;jhy;,
mjpf tpidjpwd; nfhz;l cNyhfk; fiurYf;Fs; nry;fpwJ.
o o
∆G = - nFE
n = vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if F = /ghuNl
o
E = Mf;rp[Ndw;w xLf;f ,izapd; kpd;Kid kpd;dOj;jk;
xU jd;dpr;irahd nray;Kiwf;F
o
E = Neh;Fwp kjpg;G
o
∆G = vjph;Fwp kjpg;G
36. mYkpdpaj;jpd;; gad;fs; ahit ?
• rikay; fyd;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• Mfha tpkhdq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• kUj;Jt cgfuzq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• cah; mOj;j kpd;fk;gpfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
37. [pq;f; (Jj;jehfk;) cNyhfj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit ?
• ,Uk;G JUg;gpbf;fhky; ghJfhf;f Jj;jehfKyhk; G+rg;gLfpwJ.
• kpd; rhjdg; nghUl;fs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
• Jj;jehfMf;irL - ngapd;l,; ug;gh;, kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
• Jj;jehf ry;igL - xspUk; ngapd;l,; xspUk; tpsf;Ffs; jahhpf;fg;
gad;gLfpwJ.

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38. ,Uk;gpd; gad;fs; ahit ?
• ntl;Lk; fUtpfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

• fhe;jq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• Nkhl;lhh; thfd gFjpg; nghUl;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• fl;blj;njhopypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
39. jhkpuj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit ?
• kpd;fk;gpfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

• Foha;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• jhkpuk; - jq;fk; cNyhff; fyit Mguzq;fs;; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
40. jq;fj;jpd;; gad;fs; ahit ?
• ehzaq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

• jhkpuk; - jq;fk; cNyhff; fyit Mguzq;fs;; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• iff;fbfhuq;fSf;F jq;f Kyhk; G+rg;gad;gLfpwJ.
• jq;f ehNdh Jfs;fs; - Nrhyhh; nry;fspd; jpwid mjpfhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

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2. P njhFjp jdpkq;fs; - I
1. P – njhFjp jdpkq;fspy; Kjy; jdpkq;fspd; Kuz;gl;l gz;Gfs; gw;wp $W.
P – njhFjp jdpkq;fspy; Kjy; jdpkq;fspd; Kuz;gl;l gz;Gf;fhd fhuzk;
• rpwpa cUtsT
• mjpf madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy;
• mjpf vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd;
• ntspf;$l;by; d Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; ,y;yhik.
v.fh.
• 13 Mk; njhFjp Nghuhd; - cNyhfg; Nghyp, kw;wit cNyhfq;fs;.

• 14 Mk; njhFjp fhh;gd; - mNyhfk;, gy;gpizg;Gfis cUthf;Fk;.
• 15 Mk; njhFjp iel;u[d; - ilahfhe;jj; jd;ikAilaJ, gy;gpizg;Gfis
cUthf;Fk;.
• 16 Mk; njhFjp Mf;rp[d; - <uZ %yf;$W, i`l;u[d; gpizg;ig
cUthf;Fk;.
• 17 Mk; njhFjp GShpd; - i`l;u[d; gpizg;ig cUthf;Fk;.
mjpf vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwDilaJ.
mjpf tpid GhpAk; jd;ikAilaJ.
-1 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia kl;Lk; cilaJ.
2. gpd;tUtw;wpw;F cjhuzk; jUf.
• INfhrh[d;fs; - Nghuhd;, mYkpdpak;, fhypak; , ,z;bak,; jhypak;.
• nll;uh[d;fs; - fhh;gd;, rpypfhd;, n[h;khdpak;, bd;, nyl;.
• epf;Nlh[d;fs; - iel;u[d;, gh];gu];, Mh;rdpf;, Mz;bkdp, gp];kj;.
• rhy;Nfh[d;fs; - Mf;rp[d,; ry;gh,; nrypdpak; , nly;YHhpak,; nghNyhdpak;.
3. P-njhFjpapd; cNyhfg; gz;ig tpthp.

• xU jdpkk; vyf;l;uhid ,oe;J mjd; Neh;kpd; madpia cUthf;Fk; jpwd;
cNyhfj; jd;ik vdg;gLk;.
• ,g;gz;G madpahf;Fk; Mw;wiyg; nghWj;J mikfpwJ.
• nghJthf njhFjpapy; NkypUe;J fPNo nry;Yk;NghJ madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy;
FiwfpwJ. vdNt cNyhfg; gz;G mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• NkYk; thpirapy; ,lkpUe;J tykhf nry;Yk;NghJ madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy;
mjpfhpf;fpwJ. vdNt cNyhfg; gz;G FiwfpwJ.
• vdNt P-njhFjpapy; ,lJGwk; fPo;gFjpapy; cs;sit cNyhfq;fshfTk;,
tyJGwk; Nky;gFjpapy; cs;sit mNyhfq;fshfTk; cs;sd.

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4. mYkpdpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J jhypak; tiu madpahf;Fk; vd;jhy;gp vt;thW khWfpwJ?

• kpff; Fiwe;j msNt khWfpwJ.
• fhuzk; - 1. Fiwe;j jpiwkiwT tpisT.
2. mjpf nraYW kpd;Rik.
3. d kw;Wk; f vyf;l;uhd; ,Ug;gJ.
5. Nghuhd; Vd; tof;fj;jpw;F khwhd Gjpa rfg;gpizg;Gfis cUthf;FfpwJ?

• rpwpa cUtsT
• mjpf madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy;
• fhh;gDld; xj;j vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd; kjpg;G.
6. Nghuhf;]; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
7. Nghuhf;]pd; ntg;g tpidia vOJ. (m) Nghuhf;]; kzpfs; vt;thW cUthfpwJ?
8. Nghhpf; mkpyj;jpd; ntg;g tpidia vOJ.
9. NghNul; cWg;ig vt;thW fz;lwptha;? (m) vj;jpy; NghNul; Ma;itf; $W.

Nghhpf; mkpyk; vj;jdhYld; mlh; fe;jf mkpyj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy;
tpidgl;L l;iu vj;jpy; NghNul; vDk; v];liu jUfpwJ.
,J gr;ir epwr; RlUld; vhpfpwJ.
10. Nghhpf; mkpyj;jpd; fhuj;Jtk; gw;wp tpthp.

• Nghhpf; mkpyk; typik Fiwe;j xU fhuj;Jt mkpyk;.
-
• ,J GNuhl;lhid toq;Ftjw;F gjpyhf OH madpia Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.
11. Nghhpf; mkpyj;ij vt;thW Nghuhd; iel;iulhf khw;Wtha;;?

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12. i`l;Nuh NghNuw;w tpidia vOJ.

ilNghNud; + My;fPd; <jh; l;iu My;ify; NghNud;
13. ilNghNud; mk;NkhdpahTld; GhpAk; tpidia vOJ. (my;yJ)

NghuNrhy; (fdpk ngd;rPd;) jahhpj;jiy vOJf.
ilNghNud; + mk;Nkhdpah NghuNrhy; (fdpk ngd;rPd;)
14. ilNghNud; cNyhf i`l;iuLfSld; GhpAk; tpidia vOJ.
15. Ma;tfj;jpy; Nghuhd; l;iu GSiuL jahhpj;jiy tpthp.
C6H5N2BF4 ∆ BF3 + C6H5F + N2

16. ilNghNudpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff
• ,uz;L BH2 myFfs; ,uz;L i`l;u[d; ghyq;fshy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• nkhj;jk; vl;L B-H gpizg;GfSk;, 12 ,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fSk; cs;sJ.
• ehd;F vyf;l;uhd;fis nfhz;L ,uz;L B-H-B ghy gpizg;Gfs; cUthfpwJ.
• ,g;gpizg;G 3c-2e gpizg;G vdg;gLk;.
3
• ,jpy; Nghuhd; SP ,df;fyg;G cilaJ.
• xU Nghuhd; mZtpd; ghjp epuk;gpa ,df;fyg;G Mh;gpl;lhYk; kw;nwhU Nghuhd;
mZtpd; ntw;W ,df;fyg;G Mh;gpl;lhYk;, i`l;u[d; mZtpd; ghjp epuk;gpa
S Mh;gpl;lhYk; Nkw;nghUe;jp B-H-B ghy gpizg;Gfs; cUthfpwJ.
• ,J thiog;go gpizg;G vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
17. Nghuhdpd; gad;fis vOJ.
• uhf;nfl; vhpnghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
• mZ ciyfspy; kl;Lg;gLj;jpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
• jhtu nry;Rthpy; Kf;fpa gFjpg;nghUshf cs;sJ.

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18. Nghuhf;]pd; gad;fis jUf.

• epwKs;s cNyhf madpfis fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.
• fz;zhb jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• ,sf;fpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
• czT gjg;gLj;jpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
19. Nghupf; mkpyj;jpd; gad;fis vOJ
• gsgsg;ghd kz;ghz;lq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• fz; kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.
• czT ghJfhg;ghdhf gad;gLfpwJ.
20. ilNghNudpd; gad;fis vOJ
• ce;jpfspy; cah; Mw;wy; vhpnghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
• xLf;Fk; fhuzpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
• cNyhfq;fis xl;l itf;Fk; Rlhpy; gad;gLfpwJ.
21. nkf;f/gp nray;Kiwapy; mYkpdpak; l;iu FNshiuL jahhpj;jiy tpthp.
2Al2O3 + 3C + 3Cl2 2AlCl3 + 3CO2

22. mYkpdpak; l;iu FNshiubd; gad;fis vOJ.
• rhaq;fs;, kUe;Jfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• fdpk vz;nza;fisr; rpijj;J ngl;Nuhy; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• ePuw;w AlCl3 g;hPly; fpuh/g;l; tpidfspy; tpidNtf khw;wpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
23. nghl;lh\; gbfhuk; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
• mYiel; gbfhuf; fy;iy ed;F J}shf;fp, ePh;j;j H2SO4 Nrh;j;J
nfhjpf;f itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• gpwF fzf;fplg;gl;l K2SO4 Nrh;j;J gbfkhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
24. vhpf;fg;gl;l gbfhuk; vd;why; vd;d?

• nghl;lh\; gbfhuj;ij 475 K - 500K ntg;gg; gLj;jpdhy; ePh; %yf;$Wfis
,oe;J cUtj;jpy; nghpjhfpwJ.
• ,J vhpf;fg;gl;l gbfhuk; vdg;gLk;.

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25. nghl;lh\; gbfhuj;jpd; ntg;g tpidia vOJ
26. nghl;lh\; gbfhuj;jpd; gad;fis vOJ

• ePiu Rj;jpfhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• ePh; xl;lhj Milfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• ,uj;j frpit jLf;Fk; kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.
• fhhfpjk; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
27. rq;fpypj; njhlh; Mf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gz;gpid vOJ
rq;fpypj; njhlh; Mf;fk; vd;gJ xU jdpkj;jpd; mZr;rq;fpyp cUthf;Fk; jpwd;.
gz;Gfs;
• jdpkj;jpd; ,izjpwd; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;FNky; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
• mNj jdpkj;Jld; Ra gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
• Ra gpizg;G typikahdjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
• kw;w %yf;$WfSld; tpidGhptjpy; ke;jj; jd;ikahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
28. fhh;gid cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fis tpsf;Ff.
• xNu ,aw;gpay; epiyikapy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gbf tbtq;fisg; ngw;Ws;s
jdpkq;fs; GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
• fhh;gdpd; GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; -
ituk;, fpuhigl,; fpuhg;gpd;,; Gy;yhpd;,; fhh;gd; ehNdh Foha;fs;.
29. fpuh/igl; - ituk; NtWgLj;Jf.
fpuh/igl; ituk;
1. kpUJthdJ fbdkhdJ
2. kpd; flj;Jk; kpd; flj;jhJ
3. jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cilaJ jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy
typik Fiwe;j thz;lh;thy;];
4. typik kpFe;j rfg;gpizg;GilaJ.
tpirAilaJ.
2 3
5. SP ,df;fyg;G cilaJ. SP ,df;fyg;G cilaJ.
mWq;Nfhd jl;ilahd jhs;
6. ehd;Kfp mikg;GilaJ.
mikg;GilaJ.
7. caTg; nghUshf gad;gLfpwJ. fz;zhbia ntl;l gad;gLfpwJ.

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30. Gy;yhPdpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

• ,J C50, C60, C70 Nghd;w %yf;$WfSld; $z;L tbt mikg;GilaJ.
• ,jpy; C60 %yf;$W fhy;ge;J tbt mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sJ.
,J gf;fpghy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ,jpy; 20 MW mZ tisaq;fSk;, 12 Ie;J mZ tisaq;fSk; cs;sd.
2
• ,jpy; cs;s fhh;gd; SP ,df;fyg;GilaJ.
• ,jpy; C - C gpizg;G ePsk; 1.44 Ao.
• ,J mNuhNkl;bf; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
31. fpuh/gPdpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
• ,J xw;iw jhs; tbtKilaJ.

• Njd;$L Nghd;w gbf mikg;ig cilaJ.
2
• ,jpy; cs;s fhh;gd; SP ,df;fyg;GilaJ
32. fhh;gd; ehNdh Foha;fspd; gad;fis vOJ

• kUe;Jfs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
• gygbfs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
• tpidNtf khw;wpahfg;; gad;gLfpwJ.
33. /gp\;\h; - l;Nuhg;\; njhFg;G tpidia vOJ.
fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL H2 / Cu / 50atm i`l;Nuh fhh;gd;
500 K - 700 K
CO + 3 H2 Cu / 50atm CH4 + H2O
500 K - 700 K
34. Mf;Nrh nray;Kiw tpidia vOJ.
fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL, i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; vj;jpyPDld; tpidGhpe;J
vj;jdhiy jUtJ.
35. cw;gj;jp thA vd;why; vd;d?

fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL i`l;u[d; nfhz;l fyit cw;gj;jp thA vdg;gLk;.

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36. CO (fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL) xU xLf;Fk; fhuzp. ,ij xU vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpthp.

fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL Fe2O3 -ia Fe Mf xLf;FfpwJ
37. Ma;tfj;jpy; fhh;gd; il Mf;irL jahhpj;jiy tpthp.
38. njhopw;rhiyfspy; fhh;gd; il Mf;irL jahhpj;jiy tpthp.

fy;fhpapy; mjpf msT fhw;W nrYj;jp fhh;gd; il Mf;irL jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
39. ePh; thA rkepiy tpidia vOJf.
40. fhh;gd; il Mf;irbd; Mf;rp[Ndw;wg; gz;ig vOJ.
41. fhh;gd; il Mf;irbd; mkpyg; gz;ig vOJ.

fhh;gd; il Mf;irbd; ePh;f;fiury; fhh;ghdpf; mkpyj;ij cz;lhf;Fk;.
42. CO kw;Wk; CO2 -tpd; tr mikg;Gfis tiuf.

• CO %yf;$W - Neh;Nfhl;L mikg;G;
• CO2 %yf;$W - Neh;Nfhl;L mikg;G
,yl;rpak; ,y;yhj tho;f;if, JLg;G ,y;yhj glifg; Nghd;wJ...

JLg;G vd;Dk; Kaw;rpia cUthf;fp nfhz;lhy;....
ntw;wp vDk; tho;f;ifg; glifr; rpwg;ghf nrYj;jyhk;!!!

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43. fhh;gd; il Mf;irbd; gad;fis vOJ.

• jPaizg;ghd;fspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
• Fsph; ghdq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• jhtu xspr;Nrh;f;ifapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
44. fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irbd; gad;fis vOJ.
• rpwe;j xLf;Fk; fhuzp.
• rpwe;j <dp. vdNt cNyhf fhh;gidy; Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;Fk;.
• ePh; thA, cw;gj;jp thA - njhopw;rhiyfspy; vhpnghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
45. rpypNfhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; jahhpj;jy; kw;Wk; tiffis tpsf;Ff.
• rpypNfhd;fs; vd;gJ fhpk rpypf;fhd; gygbahFk;.
• nghJthd tha;g;ghL R2SiO.
rpypNfhd;fspd; tiffs;
1. Neh;Nfhl;L rpypNfhd;fs;
,it R3SiCl ia ePuhw;gFg;gjd; %yk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

rpypNfhd; ,ug;gh; - nkj;jpypd; njhFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ
rpypNfhd; gprpd;fs; - rpypNfhd;fis fhpk gprpd;fSld; fye;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
2. tisa rpypNfhd;fs;
,it R2SiCl2 ia ePuhw;gFg;gjd; %yk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. FWf;F gpizg;G rpypNfhd;fs;
,it RSiCl3 ia ePuhw;gFg;gjd; %yk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
46. rpypNfhdpd; gz;Gfis $Wf.
• ePh; ntWf;Fk; jd;ikAilaJ.
• ntg;gk; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuj;ij flj;jhJ.
• ke;j Ntjpj; jd;ik nfhz;lit.

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47. rpypNfhdpd; gad;fis $Wf.

• ePh; tpyf;Fk; Milfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• caTg; nghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
• kpd;Nkhl;lhh;fSf;F kpd;fhg;G nghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
• ntw;wpl gk;Gfs; kw;Wk; vz;nza;j; njhl;bfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
• #hpa xspapdhy; ghjpf;fg;glhj ngapd;Lfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
48. [pNahiyl;Lfs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
• [pNahiyl;Lfs; vd;git mYkpdpak;, rpypf;fhd; kw;Wk; Mf;rp[idf;

nfhz;l Kg;ghpkhz gbf jpz;kq;fs;.
• rpypf;fhd; kw;Wk; mYkpdpak; mDf;fs; Mf;rp[Dld; ehd;Kfp mikg;gpy;
cs;sd.
• ,it ePNuwpa Nrhbak; mYkpNdh rpypf;Nfl;Lfs;.
• Ez;Jis mikg;Gilait.
• Nrhbak; madpfSk; ePh; %yf;$WfSk; ,j;Jisfspy; jsh;thf
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• ,it $Lfisf; nfhz;l Njd;$l;L gbf mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sd.
• Ez;Jisfs; topNa ePh; %yf;$Wfs; cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk; kpf vspjhf
efh;fpd;wd.
• ,it %yf;$W ry;yil Nghd;W nray;gLfpd;wd.
• ,tw;wpd; nghJ tha;g;ghL NaO. Al2O3. x SiO2. y H2O.
49. ,uz;lhk; thpir fhu cNyhfk; A-d; i`l; i uL MdJ B vd;w Nghuhdpd;
Nrh;kj;Jld; tpidGhpe;J C vd;w xLf;Fk; fhuzpiaj; jUfpwJ. A, B, C If;
fz;lwpf.
,uz;lhk; thpir fhu cNyhfk; A - Li
A-d; i`l; i uL + Nghuhd; Nrh;kk; (B) xLf;Fk; fhuzp (C)
2LiH + B2H6 2LiBH4
• A - Li
• B - B2 H 6
• C - LiBH4

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50. rpypNfl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.
4-
rpypf;fhd; kw;Wk; Mf;rp[id nfhz;l ehd;Kfp myFfs; [SiO4] ntt;NtW
tbtq;fspy; gpizf;fg;gl;L fpilf;Fk; fdpkq;fs; rpypNfl;Lfs; vdg;gLk;.

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3. P njhFjp jdpkq;fs; - II
1. ke;j ,iz tpisT tiuaW.
P njhFjpapy; NkypUe;J fPohfr; nry;Yk;NghJ,
• S -Mh;gpl;lhypy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; Ntjpg;gpizg;Gf;F cl;glhJ.
• P-Mh;gpl;lhypy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; kl;Lk; Ntjpg;gpizg;Gf;F cl;gLk;.
2. /g;Shpd; Vd; -1 Mf;rp[d; epiyia kw;Wk; ngw;Ws;sJ?
• rpwpa cUtsT
• mjpf vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd; kjpg;G.
3. /g;Shpd; Vd; mjpf tpidGhpAk; jd;ikiaAilaJ?
• rpwpa cUtsT
• mjpf vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd; kjpg;G
• F - F gpizg;G Mw;wy; kpff; FiwT
4. gpd;tUk; Nrh;kq;fspy; N`y[d;fspd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyapidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
5. N`y[d; ,ilr; Nrh;kq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mit vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

• xU N`y[d; kw;nwhU N`y[Dld; Nrh;e;J cUthFk; Nrh;kq;fs;
• v.fh. ClF, IF5
• Cl2 + F2 473K 2ClF

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6. N`y[d; ,ilr; Nrh;kq;fspd; gz;Gfis $Wf.

• ika cNyhf mZ nghpa mZthf mika Ntz;Lk;.
• ,uz;L N`y[d;fSf;fpilNa kl;Lk; ,it cUthFk;.
• ,it Ra madpahjYf;F cl;gLk;.
7. `Pypaj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?
• kpjf;Fk; gYhd;fspy; epug;g
• Mfha tpkhdq;fspd; lah;fis epug;g
• He - O2 fyit; ePhpy; %o; Fgth;fs; Rthrpf;f
• fpiuNahn[dpf; njhopy; El;gtpaypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
8. epahdpd; gad;fs; vOJ
• xspUk; Foy; tpsf;Ffspy;
• jhtuq;fs; tsh;tij J}z;l
• mjpf kpd;dOj;jj;jpypUe;J kpd;rhjdq;fis ghJfhf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
9. Mh;fhdpd; gad;fs; vOJ
• #lhd kpd;dpiofs; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; miltij jLf;FfpwJ.
• kpd; tpsf;Ffspd; MAl;fhyk; ePbf;fpwJ.
10. fpupg;lhdpd; gad;fs; vOJ
• xspUk; gy;Gfs; kw;Wk; xsph; tPr;R gy;Gfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
• tpkhd epiyaq;fspy; mZFk; tpsf;fhf gad;gLfpwJ.
11. nrdhd; kw;Wk; Nulhdpd; gad;fis vOJ
nrdhdpd; gad;fs;
• xspUk; gy;Gfs;, xsph; tPr;R gy;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nyrh;fspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
• Gifg;gl epGdh;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; mjpNtf kpd;gha;r;ry; tpsf;fhf gad;gLfpwJ.
Nulhdpd; gad;fs;
• Gw;W Neha; nry;fis mopf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
12. ke;j thAf;fs; Vd; mjpf madp Mf;Fk; Mw;wy; ngw;Ws;sJ?
• ke;j thAf;fspd; mZf;fU kpd;Rik mjpfk;
6
• epiyahd vyf;l;uhd; nP mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sJ
13. XeF2, XeF4, XeF6 vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

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14. HF xU typik Fiwe;j mkpyk; kw;wit typik kpf;fJ Vd;?

• HF gpizg;gpy; H kw;Wk; F f;F ,ilNa vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd;
NtWghL mjpfk;.
• ePh;f;fiurypy; HF gFjpasNt madpahfpwJ.
• HF gpizg;G typik kpf;fJ. mij gpsf;f mjpf Mw;wy; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
15. HF fz;zhb ghl;by;fspy; ghJfhf;fg;gLtjpy;iy Vd;? (my;yJ)
fz;zhbia mhpf;Fk; jd;ik vd;why; vd;d?
• ePh;k HF nkOF jltpa ghl;by;fspy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• fhuzk; - HF rpypfh kw;Wk; rpypNfl;Lld; tpidGhpAk;.
16. Ma;tfj;jpy; vt;thW FNshhpid jahhpg;gha;?
17. nlf;fhd; Kiwapy; FNshhpd; ngUkstpy; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

• 400 C -y; Fg;u]; FNshuiL cs;s mLf;Ffs; nfhz;l fydpy; fhw;W
O
kw;Wk; Mf;rp[d; tpidGhpe;J FNshhpidj; jUfpwJ.
18. ryitj; J}s; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

fhy;rpak; i`l;uhf;irL + FNshhpd; ryitj; J}s;
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O

19. FNshhpd; Fsph;e;j kw;Wk; #lhd NaOH cld; GhpAk; tpidia vOJf.
• FNshhpd; + Fsph;e;j NaOH Nrhbak; i`g; N gh FNshiul;
• FNshhpd; + #lhd NaOH Nrhbak; FNshNul;
20. FNshhpdpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w gz;ig vOJf.
21. FNshhpdpd; ntSf;Fk; gz;ig vOJf.
H2O + Cl2 HCl + HOCl

HOCl HCl + (O)
epwKs;s nghUs; + gpwtpepiy Mf;rp[d; epwkw;w tpisg; nghUs;
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22. njhLKiwapy; fe;jf mkpyk; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

S + O2 SO2
SO2 + O2 V2 O5 / 450OC 2SO3
SO3 + H2 SO4 H2 S2O7 H2O 2H2 SO4
23. fe;jf mkpyj;jpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w gz;ig vOJ.
24. fe;jf mkpyj;jpd; fhuj;Jtk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

• fe;jf mkpyk; ,U fhuj;Jt mkpyk;.
• ,J fhuq;fSld; tpidGhpe;J 2 tifahd cg;Gfis jUfpwJ
H2SO4 + NaOH NaHSO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

25. fe;jf mkpyj;jpd; ePh; ePf;Fk; gz;ig jFe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff.
26. fe;jf il Mf;irbd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w gz;ig vOJ.
27. fe;jf il Mf;irbd; xLf;Fk; gz;ig vOJ.
28. fe;jf il Mf;irbd; ntSf;Fk; gz;ig vOJ.
29. 15-Mk; njhFjp jdpkq;fspd; ,izjpwd; $l;L vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

2 3
nghJthd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - ns np
N P As Sb Bi
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 4p 5s 5p 6s 6p
30. A+hpahtpypUe;J mk;Nkhdpah jahhpj;jiy tpthp
A+hpahit ePuhw; gFj;jhy; mk;Nkhdpah fpilf;fpwJ.

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31. N`gh; Kiwapy; mk;Nkhdpah jahhpj;jiy tpthp

iel;u[d; + i`l;u[d; Fe mk;Nkhdpah
mjpf T Fiwe;j P
32. mk;Nkhdpahtpd; xLf;Fk; gz;ig vOJ.
33. M];thy;l; Kiwapy; iel;hpf; mkpyk; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
34. Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk; iel;hpf; mkpyk; Vd; kQ;rs; epwkhf khWfpwJ?

iel;hpf; mkpyk; ntg;gj;jpdhy; rpijtile;J iel;u[d;-il-Mf;irL, ePh; kw;Wk;
Mf;rp[dhf khWfpwJ. MfNt kQ;rs; epwkhf khWfpwJ.
35. iel;hpf; mkpyj;jpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w gz;ig vOJ.
36. iel;hpf; mkpyj;jpd; iel;Nuh Vw;w tpidia vOJ.
37. ,uh[ jpuhtfk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad;fis vOJ.

• %d;W gq;F mlh; HCl, xU gq;F mlh; HNO3 fye;j fyit
,uh[ jpuhtfk; vdg;gLk;.
• ,J jq;fk; kw;Wk; gpshl;bdj;ij fiuf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
38. gh];gu]pd; GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; gw;wp tpthp.
1.ntz; gh];gu]; 2.rptg;G gh];gu]; 3.Cjh gh];gu]; 4.];fhh;nyl; gh];gu];
ntz; gh];gu]; rptg;G gh];gu];
1 tp\j;jd;ik cilaJ tp\j;jd;ik mw;wJ
2 G+z;bd; kzKilaJ kzkw;wJ
3 ,Uspy; xspUk; ,Uspy; xspuhJ
miw ntg;gepiyapy; jhdhf miw ntg;gepiyapy; jhdhf
4
jPg;gw;wp nfhs;Sk; jPg;gw;wp nfhs;shJ
5 vhpA+l;Lk; ntg;gepiy FiwT vhpA+l;Lk; ntg;gepiy mjpfk;
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39. epd;nwhsph;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

ntz; gh];gu]; Mf;rp[Ndw;wkiltjd; fhuzkhf ,Uspy; xsph;fpwJ.
,e;epfo;r;rp epd;nwhsph;;jy; vdg;gLk;.
40. Ma;tfj;jpy; gh];gPd; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
41. gh];igdpd; Ntjpg;gz;Gfis tpsf;Fk; ,U rkd;ghLfisj jUf.

1. gh];igdpd; ntg;gtpidg; gz;G
2. gh];igdpd; xLf;Fk; gz;G
42. PCl5 [ ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ epfo;tJ ahJ?
43. gh];gu]; mkpyj;jpd; ntg;gtpidia vOJf.

gh];gu]; mkpyj;ij ntg;gg;gLj;jpdhy; gh];gPd; fpilf;fpwJ
44. rhy;Nfh[d;fs; p - njhFjp jdpkq;fshFk; fhuzk; $W.

• ,j;jdpkq;fspd; filrp vyf;l;uhd; p - Mh;gpl;lhypy; epug;gg;gLfpwJ.
2 4
• ,j;jdpkq;fspd; nghJthd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G ns np
45. Ma;tfj;jpy; XNrhd; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
• 20,000 V kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; 10% Mf;rp[d; thA XNrhdhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
• gpwF gpd;d fha;r;rp tbj;jy; %yk; J}a XNrhd; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
46. XNrhd; vt;thW mse;jwpag;gLfpwJ? (my;yJ)

XNrhdpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;wg; gz;ig tpthp.

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47. XNrhdpd; tbtikg;ig tpthp.

• XNrhd; %yf;$W tise;j tbtk; kw;Wk;
• Mf;rp[d; mZf;fSf;fpilNa rPh;ikahd cs;slq;fh gpizg;ig ngw;Ws;sJ.
48. N`hy;k;]; Kd;dwptpg;ghd;

• Jisaplg;gl;l ngl;bapy; fhy;rpak; gh];igL kw;Wk;
fhy;rpak; fhh;;igL epug;gp flypy; vwpag;gLfpwJ.
• ePh; ngl;bapy;; Eioe;J mtw;Wld;; tpidGhpe;J gh];gPidAk;,
mrpl;bypidAk; jUfpwJ.
• gh];gPd; kw;Wk; mrpl;bypd;; fhw;Wld; vhpe;J cz;lhFk; ngUk;Gif
flypy; cs;s fg;gy;fSf;F top fhl;l gad;gLfpwJ.
49. i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?
50. fe;jf mkpyj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?
51. iel;hpf; mkpyj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?
52. Mf;rp[dpd;; gad;fs; ahit?
53. fe;jf il Mf;irbd; gad;fs; ahit?

• Kb, gl;L, fk;gsp Mfpatw;iw ntSf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; gaph;fspy; fhzg;gLk; njhw;Wfis ePf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

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54. FNshhpdpd;; gad;fs; ahit?

• FbePiuj; J}a;ikahf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
• gUj;jp Jzpfs;, fhfpjk; kw;Wk; Nuahd; Mfpatw;iw ntSf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• jq;fk; kw;Wk; gpshl;bdk; Mfpatw;iw gphpj;njLj;jypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
55. gpd;tUk; Nrh;kq;fspd; ,df;fyg;G kw;Wk; mikg;ig vOJf.
tif Nrh;kk; ,df;fyg;G tbtk;
AX BrF, ClF sp3 Neh;NfhL
AX3 BrF3, ClF3, sp3d T tbtk;
AX5 BrF5, IF5 sp3d2 rJu gpukpL
AX7 IF7 sp3d3 Iq;Nfhz ,UgpukpL
56. gpd;tUk; Nrh;kq;fspd; ,df;fyg;G kw;Wk; mikg;ig vOJf.

m. iel;hpf; mkpyk; M. iel;u[d; ngd;lhf;irL
HNO3 N2O5

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,. Mh;j;Njh gh];gu]; mkpyk; <. Mh;j;Njh gh];ghhpf; mkpyk;

H3PO3 H3PO4
c. i`g;Ngh gh];gu]; mkpyk; C. i`g;Ngh gh];ghhpf; mkpyk;

H3PO2 H4P2O6
v. igNuh gh];ghhpf; mkpyk; V. gh];gPd; PH3

H4P2O7 3
sp - gpukpL tbtk;

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4a. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs;

1. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.
• njhFjp 3 Kjy; 12 tiu cs;s jdpkq;fs;.
• KOtJk; epug;gg;glhj d cl;$l;bid ngw;Ws;s jdpkq;fs;.
• ,j;jdpkq;fs; cUthf;Fk; Neh; madpfs; KOtJk; epug;gg;glhj
d cl;$l;bid ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
• s
njhFjpf;Fk; - p njhFjpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l jdpkq;fs;
• ,Uk;G, jq;fk;, rpy;th;...
2. Mth;j;jd ml;ltizapy; d njhFjpapd; ,lk; gw;wp tpthp.
• njhFjp 3 Kjy; 12 tiu cs;s jdpkq;fs; d njhFjp jdpkq;fs;.
• ,jpy; 4 thpirfs; cs;sd.
1. 3d thpir (Sc to Zn) 4 -Mk; thpir.
2. 4d thpir (Y to Cd) 5 -Mk; thpir.
3. 5d thpir (Hf to Hg) 6 -Mk; thpir.
4. 7-Mk; thpir thpirapy; cs;s jdpkq;fs; fjpupaf;f jd;ik nfhz;lit.
• Zn, Cd, Hg Mfpait KOtJk; epug;gg;gl;l Mh;gpl;lhy;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Mdhy; ,tw;wpd; gz;Gfs; ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fSld; xj;Js;sJ.
3. Kjy; ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fspd; madpahf;Fk; vd;jhy;gp khw;wj;ij tpsf;Ff.
• Sc apypUe;J Ti tiu mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• Ti apypUe;J Cr tiu khw;wkpy;iy.
• Cr apypUe;J Fe tiu mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• Fe apypUe;J Cu tiu rpwpjsT khw;wk; cs;sJ.
• Cu apypUe;J Zn tiu mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
4. 3d tupir jdpkq;fspd; khWgLk; Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyfis tpsf;Ff.
• 3d tupir jdpkq;fs; khWgLk; Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyfisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
• fhuzk; : ns kw;Wk; (n-1)d -fSf;fpilNaahd Fiwthd Mw;wy; NtWghL.
• vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ, Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyfspd;
vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• ,izahFk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ, Mf;rp[Ndw;w
epiyfspd; vz;zpf;if FiwfpwJ.
• njhlhpd; Jtf;fj;jpy; +3 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy epiyg;Gj; jd;ikAld; cs;sJ.
• njhlhpd; ,Wjpapy; +2 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy epiyg;Gj; jd;ikAld; cs;sJ.
• Kjy; jdpkk; Sc +3 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyiag; ngw;Ws;sJ.
• ika jdpkk; khq;fdPR +2 Kjy; +7 tiu ngw;Ws;sJ.
• filrp jdpkk; fhg;gh; +1 kw;Wk; +2 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
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5. 3d tupirapy; vj;jdpkk; +1 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia nfhz;Ls;sJ?

• fhg;gh; kl;Lk; +1 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia ngw;Ws;sJ.
10
• Vnddpy; fhg;gh; xU vyf;l;uhid vspjpy; ,oe;J epiyj;j 3d
+
Mh;gpl;lhiyf; nfhz;l Cu madpiaj; jUfpwJ.
6. 4d tupir jdpkq;fspd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyfis tpsf;Ff.
• 4d tupir jdpkq;fs; Mf;rp[d;, GShpd; kw;Wk; FNshhpDld; cUthf;Fk;
Nrh;kq;fspy; mjpfgl;r Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy +8 ia ngw;Ws;sJ. v.fh. RuO4
• Kjy; jdpkk; ,l;hpak; +3 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
• ika jdpkk; Uj;jPdpak; +2 Kjy; +8 tiu ngw;Ws;sJ.
• filrp jdpkk; fhl;kpak; +2 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
• rpy;th; kl;Lk; +1 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia ngw;Ws;sJ.
7. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fspd; mZ Muk; vt;thW Mth;j;jd ml;ltizapy;
vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ?
njhFjpapy; thpirapy; (njhlhpy;)
mZ Muk;; mjpfhpf;Fk; FiwAk;
NrUk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; Gjpa NrUk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; xNu $l;by;
fhuzk; $l;by; NrUk;. vdNt cl;fU NrUk;. vdNt cl;fU kpd;Rik
kpd;Rik FiwAk; mjpfhpf;Fk.;
8. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; mjpf cUF epiyiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ Vd;?

• mZf;fSf;fpilNa mjpf fth;r;rp tpir.
• typikahd cNyhf gpizg;G.
9. d - njhFjp jdpkq;fs; cNyhff; fyitia cUthf;f fhuzk; ahJ?

• xNu ,izjpwd; mikg;G kw;Wk; gbf mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sjhy;
xU cNyhfj;ij kw;nwhU cNyhfk; ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;J cNyhff;
fyitia cUthf;Fk;
• v.fh. jq;fk; - jhkpuk; cNyhff; fyit.
10. cNyhff; fyitia cUthf;f `pAk; - Nuhj;jhp tpjpiaf; $W.
• fiunghUs; kw;Wk; fiug;ghd; ,uz;Lk; xNu ,izjpwd; mikg;G kw;Wk;
gbf mikg;ig ngw;wpUf;fNtz;Lk;
• mitfspd; mZ Muq;fSf;fpilNaahd NtWghL 15% tpl Fiwthf
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
• mitfspd; vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd; NtWghL G+[;;aj;jpw;F mUfhikapy;
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

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11. fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ epwKs;sJ?
12. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; mizTr; Nrh;kq;fis cz;lhf;FtNjd;?

• rpwpa cUtsT
• mjpf Neh;kpd; mlh;j;jp
• vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw gy ntw;W (n-1)d Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
• v.fh - K4[Fe(CN)6]
13. ,ilr;nrUfy; Nrh;kq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
cNyhfq;fspd; mzpf;Nfhitj; jsj;jpy; cs;s ,ilr;nrUfy; Jisfspy;
fhh;gd;, i`l;u[d;, iel;u[d; Nghd;w rpwpa mZf;fs; ,lk;ngWtjhy;
fpilf;Fk; Nrh;kq;fs; ,ilr;nrUfy; Nrh;kq;fs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. TiC
14. ,ilr;nrUfy; Nrh;kq;fspd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
• fbdkhdit
• ntg;gk; kw;Wk; kpd; flj;Jk;
• mjpf cUFepiy cilait
• ,ilepiy cNyhfq;fspd; i`l;iuLfs; typik kpf;f xLf;fpfs;.
• cNyhf fhh;igLfs; Ntjp ke;jj; jd;ik cilait.
15. jpl;l kpd;Kid kpd;dOj;j kjpg;G tiuaW.
1 atm mOj;jk; kw;Wk; 273K ntg;g epiyapy; %yf;$W i`l;u[d;,
GNuhl;lhdhf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; milAk; NghJ kpd;fydpd; jpl;l kpd;dpaf;F
tpirapd; kjpg;G jpl;l kpd;Kid kpd;dOj;j kjpg;G vdg;gLk;.
16. 3d tupirapy; EO M3+ / M2+ kjpg;gpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis tpthp.

3+ 2+
• M kw;Wk; M madpfSf;fpilNaahd xg;gPl;L epiyg;Gj;jd;ikia jUfpwJ.
• Ti, V, kw;Wk; Cr Mfpatw;wpd; vjph;Fwp kjpg;gpy; ,Ue;J mitfs; cah;
Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyia ngw;Ws;sJ vd mwpayhk;.
3+
• epyg;Gj; jd;ikAila Cr madpia xLf;f mjpf vjph;Fwp EO cila
Jj;jehfk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
3+ 2+ 3+ 2+
• M / M d; mjpf EO kjpg;gpypUe;J M madpiaf; fhl;bYk; M madp
mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ik cilaJ vd mwpayhk;.
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17. rPf;yh; - ehl;lh tpidNtf khw;wp vd;gJ vJ? mjd; gad; ahJ?
• TiCl4 kw;Wk; l;iu My;ify; mYkpdpak; fye;j fyit rPf;yh; - ehl;lh
tpidNtf khw;wp vdg;gLk;.
• ,J gygbahf;fypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
18. ilah kw;Wk; ghuh fhe;jj; jd;ik NtWgLj;Jf.

ilah fhe;jj; jd;ik ghuh fhe;jj; jd;ik
1 jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cz;L jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy
2 fhe;jg; Gyj;jhy; tpyf;fg;gLfpd;wd fhe;jg; Gyj;jhy; <h;f;fg;gLfpd;wd
3 + 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
Cu , Zn Ni , Fe , Cu
19. Cr kw;Wk; Cu tpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig vOJ.

2 4
• Cr -d; vjpu;ghh;f;Fk; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 4s 3d
1 5
cz;ikahd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 4s 3d
2 9
• Cu -d; vjpu;ghh;f;Fk; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 4s 3d
1 10
cz;ikahd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 4s 3d
4+ 2+
20. Ce kw;Wk; Co madpfspd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig vOJf.
4+ 0 0 0
• Ce -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - [Xe] 4f 5d 6s
2+ 7 0
• Co -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - [Ar] 3d 4s
2+ 2+
21. Cu madp epwKs;sJ. Mdhy; Zn madp epwkw;wJ. Vd;?
2+ 9
• Cu -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - [Ar] 3d
jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cz;L. MfNt epwKs;sJ.
2+ 10
• Zn -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - [Ar] 3d
jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy. MfNt epwkw;wJ.
2+ 3+
22. Fe kw;Wk;; Fe ,jpy; vJ mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ik cilaJ. Vd;?
2+ 6
• Fe -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - [Ar] 3d
3+ 5
• Fe -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - [Ar] 3d
3+
• Fe -ghjp epug;gg;gl;l Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
MfNt mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ik cilaJ.

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4+ 2+
23. Mn ia tpl Mn mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ik cilaJ Vd;?
4+ 3
• Mn -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - [Ar] 3d
2+ 5
• Mn -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - [Ar] 3d
2+
• Mn -ghjp epug;gg;gl;l Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
24. Jj;jehfj;ijf; fhl;bYk; FNuhkpaj;jpd; Kjy; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; FiwT Vd;?
2 10
• Zn -d;; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 4s 3d
1 5
• Cr -d;; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 4s 3d
0 5
• FNuhkpak; xU vyf;l;uhid vdpjpy; ,oe;J 4s 3d vd;w epiyj;j mikg;ig
ngWfpwJ. MfNt FNuhkpaj;jpd; Kjy; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; FiwT.
3+ 3+
25. Cr MdJ typikahd Mf;rp[ndhLf;fp. Mdhy; Mn MdJ typikahd
Mf;rp[Ndw;wp tpsf;Ff.
3+ 0 3+ 0
• Cr -d; E = - 0.41 V Mdhy; Mn -d; E = + 1.57 V
• xU cNyhfj;jpd; jpl;l kpd; mOj;jk; mjpf vjph;Fwp kjpg;ghf ,Ue;jhy;,
mJ rpwe;j xLf;Fk; fhuzpahf nray;gLk;.
3+
• MfNt Cr MdJ typikahd Mf;rp[ndhLf;fp.
2+ 2+
26. Cr my;yJ Fe ,tw;Ws; vJ typikahd Mf;rp[ndhLf;fp?
2+ 0 2+ 0
• Cr -d; E = - 0.91 V Mdhy Fe -d; E = - 0.44 V
• xU cNyhfj;jpd; jpl;l kpd; mOj;jk; mjpf vjph;Fwp kjpg;ghf ,Ue;jhy;,
mJ rpwe;j xLf;Fk; fhuzpahf nray;gLk;.
2+
• vdNt Cr typikahd Mf;rp[ndhLf;fp.
0
27. jhkpuj;jpd; E kjpg;G Neh;Fwp kjpg;GilaJ fhuzk; $W.
2+
• Cr it fhl;bYk; jdpk epiy fhg;gh; mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ik cilaJ.
2+
• vdNt Cr vspjpy; jdpk epiy fhg;guhf xLf;fk; milfpwJ.
28. rph;Nfhdpak; kw;Wk; `hg;dpak; xj;jg; gz;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sd. Vd;?

yhe;jidL FWf;fj;jhy; 3d kw;Wk; 4d jdpkq;fs; Vwj;jho xj;j mZ
Muq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd. vdNt xj;jg; gz;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
29. jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; kw;Wk; fhe;ej; jd;ikia fzf;fpLf.

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30. FNuhikl; jhJtpy; ,Ue;J K2Cr2O7 vt;thW gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ?

• jhJ - FNuhikl;
• mlh;gpj;jy; - GtpaPh;g;G Kiw
• FNuhikl; + Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; O2 Nrhbak; FNuhNkl;
• Nrhbak; FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 Nrhbak; -il- FNuhNkl;
• Nrhbak; -il- FNuhNkl; KCl nghl;lhrpak; -il- FNuhNkl;
31. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjidia vOJ.

• nghl;lhrpak;-il-FNuhNkl;il FNshiuL cg;G kw;Wk; mlh; H2SO4 cld;
#LgLj;jpdhy;, MuQ;R rptg;G epw FNuhiky; FNshiuL Mtp fpilf;fpwJ.
,t;tpid gz;gwp gFg;gha;tpy; FNshiuL madpia fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.

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32. nghl;lhrpak; il FNuhNkl;bd; kPJ ntg;gj;jpd; tpisit vOJ
33. nghl;lhrpak; ngh;khq;fNdl;bd; ntg;g tpidia vOJ
34. nghl;lhrpak; il FNuhNkl;bd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w tpidia vOJ

• mNahilL madpia mNahbdhf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;fpwJ
• ry;igL madpia ry;guhf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;fpwJ
35. nghl;lhrpak; ngh;khq;fNdl;bd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w gz;ig tpsf;Ff.

• mkpy Clfk;
• fhu Clfk;
• eLepiy Clfk;
36. nghl;lhrpak; il FNuhNkl;bd; gad;fis vOJ.

• Njhy; gjdpLjypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
• rhakpLjy; kw;Wk; mr;Rj;njhopypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
• Mf;rp[Ndw;wpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
37. nghl;lhrpak; ngh;khq;fNdl;bd; gad;fis vOJ.
• Njhy; Neha;f;F kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.
• ePiu J}a;ikahf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
• Mf;rp[Ndw;wpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
38. mkpy, fhu kw;Wk; eLepiy Clfq;fspy; KMnO4 d; rkhd epiwiaf; fhz;f.

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4b. cs;-,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs;

1. cs; ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.
• (n-2) f Mh;gpl;lhypy; ,Wjp vyf;l;uhd; te;J NrUk; jdpkq;fs;.
• 4f thpir - yhe;jdha;Lfs; - Ce Kjy; Lu tiu cs;s 14 jdpkq;fs;
• 5f thpir - Mf;bdha;Lfs; - Th Kjy; Lr tiu cs;s 14 jdpkq;fs;
2. yhe;jdha;Lfs; kw;Wk; Mf;bdha;Lfs; jdpk thpir ml;ltizapy; ngw;Ws;s
,lj;jpid epWTf.
• yhe;jdha;Lfs; kw;Wk; Mf;bdha;Lfs; jdp thpir ml;ltizapd; fPNo
,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
• yhe;jdha;Lfs; - njhFjp 3 thpir 6 y; cs;sit - 4f thpir jdpkq;fs;.
Ce Kjy; Lu tiu cs;s 14 jdpkq;fs;
• Mf;bdha;Lfs; - njhFjp 3 thpir 7 y; cs;sit - 5f thpir jdpkq;fs;.
Th Kjy; Lr tiu cs;s 14 jdpkq;fs;
• thpirfspy; cs;s 14 jdpkq;fSk; xNu khjphpahd gz;Gfis ngw;Ws;sd.
3. Mf;bdha;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d? %d;W v.fh jUf.
• Mf;bdha;Lfs; - njhFjp 3 thpir 7 y; cs;sit - 5f thpir jdpkq;fs;.
• Th Kjy; Lr tiu cs;s 14 jdpkq;fs;.
• ,it midj;Jk; fjphpaf;f jdpkq;fs;.
• v.fh. - Th, U, Lr.
4. yhe;jdha;Lfs; kw;Wk; Mf;bdha;Lfspd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig vOJ.
0-14 0-1 2
• yhe;jdha;Lfs; - [Xe] 4f 5d 6s
0-14 0-2 2
• Mf;bdha;Lfs; - [Rn] 5f 6d 7s
5. yhe;jidL, Mf;bidLfspd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyfis gw;wp vOJ .
yhe;jidLfs; Mf;bidLfs;
nghJthd Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy +3 +3
gpw Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyfs; +2, +4 +2, +3, +5, +6, +7
6. rPhpak; (II) itf; fhl;bYk; ANuhg;gpak; (II) mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ikAilaJ Vd;?;
1 1 0
• rPhpak; (II) -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - [Xe]4f 5d 6s
7 0 0
• ANuhg;gpak; (II) -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - [Xe]4f 5d 6s
• ANuhg;gpak; (II) -ghjp epug;gg;gl;l Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

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37
3+ 3+
7. Gd kw;Wk; Lu madpfs; epwkw;wJ. Vd;?
3+ 7
• Gd - ghjp epug;gg;gl;l 4f Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
3+ 14
• Lu - KOtJk; epug;gg;gl;l 4f Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
• MfNt f - f ghpkhw;wk; epfo;tjpy;iy.
• vdNt ,t;tadpfs; epwkw;wit.
8. yhe;jidL FWf;fj;ij tpl Mf;bidL FWf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ. Vd;?
• 4f vyf;l;uhd;fspd; jpiu kiwg;G tpisT mjpfk;
• 5f vyf;l;uhd;fspd; jpiu kiwg;G tpisT FiwT.
9. Lu(OH)3 kw;Wk; La(OH)3 -y; mjpf fhuj;jd;ik cilaJ. vJ? Vd;?
• La(OH)3 -y; mjpf fhuj;jd;ik cilaJ.
3+
• fhuzk; - yhe;jidL FWf;fj;jhy; Lu madpapd; Muj;ij tpl
3+
La madpapd; Muk; mjpfk;.
• madp Muk; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ fhuj;jd;ik mjpfhpf;Fk;.
10. yhe;jidL FWf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tpisTfs; ahit?
yhe;jidL FWf;fk;
yhe;jidL thpirapy; yhe;jdj;jpypUe;J Yl;Brpak; tiu M3+madpfspd;
Muk; kw;Wk; gUkd; Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl tUtJ.
fhuzk; - cs; $l;bYs;s 4f vyf;l;uhd;fspd; rPuw;w jpiu kiwg;G.
yhe;jidL FWf;fj;jpd;; tpisTfs;
• madpfspd; Muk; kw;Wk; gUkd; FiwfpwJ.
• fhuj;jd;ik FiwfpwJ.
• xLf;Fk; gz;G FiwfpwJ.
• rfg;gpizg;Gg; gz;G mjpfkhfpwJ.
• ,uz;lhk; kw;Wk; %d;whk; thpirapy; cs;s d - njhFjp jdpkq;fspd;
gz;Gfs;; mjpf mstpy; xj;Js;sd.
11. yhe;jidL - Mf;bidL NtWghLfs; ahit?
yhe;jidLfs; Mf;bidLfs;
1. madpfs; epwkw;wit madpfs; epwKs;sit
mizTr; Nrh;kq;fis vspjpy; mizTr; Nrh;kq;fis vspjpy;
2.
cUthf;fhJ cUthf;Fk;
Mf;Nrh Neh; madpfis Mf;Nrh Neh; madpfis
3.
cUthf;fhJ. cUthf;Fk;
4. 4f vyf;l;uhd;fspd; 5f vyf;l;uhd;fspd;
gpizg;G Mw;wy; mjpfk;. gpizg;G Mw;wy; FiwT.
5. 4f vyf;l;uhd;fspd; 5f vyf;l;uhd;fspd;
jpiu kiwg;G tpisT mjpfk;. jpiu kiwg;G tpisT FiwT.
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5. mizTr;Nrh;kq;fs;
1. ,ul;il cg;G - mizTr; Nrh;kk; NtWgLj;Jf.
,ul;il cg;G mizTr; Nrh;kk;
fiury;fspy; vspa madpfshf fiury;fspy; vspa madpfshf
1
gphpifailAk; gphpifailahJ
madpfs; mjd; jdpj;jd;ikia madpfs; mjd; jdpj;jd;ikia
2
,of;fpd;wd ,og;gjpy;iy
,jpy; Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; ,jpy; vspa madp kw;Wk;
3
madpfs; cs;sd mizT madpfs; cs;sd
4 Nkhh; cg;G FeSO4.(NH3)2 SO4.6H2O K4[Fe(CN)6]
2. ika cNyhf madp tiuaW.
• mizT cl;nghUspd; ikag;gFjpapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; madp.
• ,it Y}ap mkpyq;fs;.
2+
• K4[Fe(CN)6] -y; ika cNyhf madp Fe
3. <dp tiuaW.
• ika cNyhf madpAld; ,ize;jpUf;Fk; mZf;fs; my;yJ mZf;fs;
mlq;fpa njhFjp.
• ,it Y}ap fhuq;fs;.
-
• K4[Fe(CN)6] -y; <dp CN
4. mizTf; Nfhsk; tiuaW.
• mizT madpapy; cs;s ika cNyhf madp kw;Wk; <dpia xUq;fpizj;jJ.
• ,it rJu milg;Gf;Fs; epfu kpd;RikNahL Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
4-
• K4[Fe(CN)6] -y; mizTf; Nfhsk; [Fe(CN)6]
5. mizTg; gz;Kfp tiuaW.
• ika cNyhf madpAld; ,ize;jpUf;Fk; <dpfs; Kg;ghpkhz ntspapy;
Fwpj;j jpirfspy; miktjhy; Vw;gLtJ mizTg; gz;Kfp vdg;gLk;;.
• K4[Fe(CN)6] -y; mizTg; gz;Kfp - vz;Kfp
6. mizT vz; tiuaW.
• ika cNyhf madpAld; ,ize;jpUf;Fk; <dpfspd; vz;zpf;if.
• K4[Fe(CN)6] -y; mizT vz; 6.
7. Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy (vz;) tiuaW.
• ika cNyhf madpapd; epfu kpd;Rik
Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; = +
(<dpfspd; vz;zpf;if X <dpapd; kPjhd kpd;Rik)
• K4[Fe(CN)6] -y; Fe -d; Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz; +2
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8. mizTr;Nrh;kq;fspd; tiffis vOJ.

<dpfspd; jd;ik mbg;gilapy; 2 tifg;gLk;
• Xhpd <dp mizTr;Nrh;kk;.
ika cNyhf madpAld; xNu xU tif <dpfs; kl;Lk; gpizf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
v.fh. K4[Fe(CN)6]
• gy; <dp mizTr;Nrh;kk;
ikacNyhf madpAld; xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tif <dpfs; gpizf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
v.fh. K4[Fe(CN)3 Br3]
9. mizTr; Nrh;kk; gw;wpa nth;dhpd; nfhs;if
xt;nthU cNyhf mZTk; ,Utif ,izjpwd;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
Kjd;ik ,izjpwd; ,uz;lhk; epiy ,izjpwd;
ika cNyhf madpapd;
ika cNyhf madpapd; mizT vz;.
Mf;rp[Ndw;w vz;.
madpAWk; ,izjpwd;. madpAwh ,izjpwd;.
jpir Nehf;fpa ,ay;G mw;wJ. jpir Nehf;fpa ,ay;G cilaJ.
vjph;kpd; madpfshy; kl;Lk; epiwT Neh; (m) vjph;kpd; madpfs; (m) eLepiy
nra;ag;gLk;. %yf;$Wfshy; epiwT nra;ag;gLk;.
nth;dhpd; nfhs;ifapd tuk;Gfs;

mizTr;Nrh;kq;fspd; epwk; kw;Wk; fhe;jg;gz;Gfis tpsf;ftpy;iy.
10. K4[Mn(CN)6] mizTr; Nrh;kj;jpw;;F gpd;tUtdtw;iw Fwp.
K4[Mn(CN)6]
ika cNyhf madpapd;
Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy +2
mizT vz; 6
-
<dpapd; jd;ik CN raNdh - typikkpf;f <dp
fhe;jg; gz;G ghuh fhe;jj; jd;ik (xU jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;)
vz;Kfp gbf Gyj;jpy; 5 o
vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G t2g eg

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11. gpd;tUk; <dpfis mtw;wpy; cs;s toq;fp mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd;

mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jf.
2-
m) NH3 M) en ,) OX <) gphpbd;
toq;fp mZf;fspd;
<dp <dpfspd; tif
vz;zpf;if
NH3 1 (1N) xU Kid <dp
en 2 (2N) ,U Kid <dp
2-
OX 2 (2O) ,U Kid <dp
gphpbd; 1 (1N) xU Kid <dp
12. mizTr;Nrh;kq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fl;likg;G khw;wpaq;fs; gw;wp vOJf.
mizT khw;wpak;
,U mizTf;Nfhsq;fspYk; <dpfspd; gq;fPL NtWgLtjhy; cUthfpwJ.
madp khw;wpak;
xNu %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilAk; fiurypy; NtWgl;l madpahFk; jd;ikAk;
nfhz;l Nrh;kq;fs;.
,izg;G khw;wpak;
,U top gpizg;GWk; <dpfs; jd;dplk; cs;s ntt;NtW toq;fp mZf;fspd;
%yk; ika cNyhf madpAld; gpizg;gpid Vw;gLj;JtJ.
[Cr(H2O)5 NO2] Br [Cr(H2O)5 (ONO)] Br
ePNuw;w khw;wpak; ( fiug;ghNdw;w khw;wpak; )
gbf mZf;Nfhitj; jsj;jpy; jdpj;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; ePh,; My;f`hy; Nghd;w
fiug;ghd; %yf;$Wfs; <dpfSld; ghpkhw;wk; miltjhy; cUthFk; khw;wpak;.
[Cr(H2O)6] Cl3 [Cr(H2O)5 Cl] Cl2 .H2O [Cr(H2O)4 Cl2] Cl 2H2O
Cjh epwk; ntsph; gr;ir epwk; mlh; gr;ir epwk;
13. mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; xsp Row;rp khw;wpaq;fis tpsf;Ff.
xsp Row;rp khw;wpaj;jpw;fhd epge;jidfs;
• xU %yf;$wpy; rPh;ikaw;w fhh;gd;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• nghUs; kw;Wk; mjd; Mb gpk;g mikg;G Nkw;nghUe;jhj jd;ikAilajhf
(ifuy; jd;ik) ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
• ,J ,Utifg;gLk;
1. tyQ;Row;wp (d) khw;wpak;
,J jsKidTw;w xspia tyg;Gwkhf Row;Wk;.
2. ,lQ;Row;wp (l) khw;wpak;
,J jsKidTw;w xspia ,lg;Gwkhf Row;Wk;.
+
• v.fh : [CoCl2(en)2]
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14. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; nfhs;ifia tpthp

• ika cNyhf madp mjd; mizT vz;Zf;F rkkhd ntw;W
Mh;gpl;lhiyg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
• ,t;ntw;W Mh;gpl;lhy;fs;, <dp Mh;gpl;lhy;fSld; Nkw;nghUe;jp
<jy;-rfg;gpizg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
• ,e;j mjpfgl;r Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; cNyhf - <dp σ gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
• Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; Nkw;nghUe;Jjy; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; typikahd
rfg;gpizg;G cUthFk;.
• ,df;fyg;G Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; ey;y jpir Nehf;fp mikAk; gz;ig ngw;Ws;sd.
• ika cNyhf madp jdpj;j ,izahfhj vyf;l;uhd;fis nfhz;bUe;jhy;
mr;Nrh;kk; ghuh fhe;jj;jd;ik cilaJ.
• midj;J vyf;l;uhd;fSk; ,ul;ilfshf fhzg;gl;lhy; mr;Nrh;kk; ilah
fhe;jj;jd;ik cilaJ.
• vz;Kfp mizTfspy; (n-1)d Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; ,df;fyg;ghjypy; <Lgl;bUg;gpd;
mit cs; Mh;gpl;lhy; mizTfs; MFk;.
nd Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; ,df;fyg;ghjypy; <Lgl;bUg;gpd; mit ntsp Mh;gpl;lhy;
mizTfs; MFk;.
• mizT vz; 2 - sp ,df;fyg;G - Neh;NfhL
• mizT vz; 4 - sp3 ,df;fyg;G - ehd;Kfp
15. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; (VB) nfhs;ifapd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?
• mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspd; epwq;fis tpsf;ftpy;iy.
• fhe;j jpUg;Gj; jpwid tpsf;FfpwJ. Mdhy; mjd; gpw $Wfis tpsf;ftpy;iy
• cs; Mh;gpl;lhy; kw;Wk; ntsp Mh;gpl;lhy; mizTfs; cUthjy; gw;wp vJTk;
tpsf;ftpy;iy.
16. gbf Gyf; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfisf; $Wf.
• ika cNyhf madp kw;Wk; <dpf;fpilNaahd gpizg;G madpg; gpizg;G.
• ika cNyhf madp kw;Wk; <dp kpd;Rik ngw;wpUg;gpd; mit Gs;sp
kpd;RikahFk;. eLepiyj;jd;ik vdpy; mit kpd; ,UKidfshFk;.
• jdpj;j epiyapy; ika cNyhf madpapd; Ie;J d Mh;gpl;lhy;fSk; rk
Mw;wYilaJ. Muk;gj;jpy; ika cNyhf madpiar; Rw;wp <dpfs; xU Nfhs
tbt vjph;kpd; Gyj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt cNyhf kw;Wk; <dpfspd;
vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,ilapyhd tpyf;F tpir fhuzkhf Ie;J d Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd;
Mw;wYk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• ika cNyhf madpia gpizg;gpd; jpirapy; <dpfs; mZFfpd;wd. ,jdhy;
mr;Rfspy; mike;jpUf;Fk; dx2 – y2 kw;Wk; dZ2 Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; Mw;wy;
mjpfhpj;J mit ,U tiffshf gphpfpd;wd. ,r; nray; gbfg;Gy gpsg;G
vdg;gLk;.
• ika cNyhf madpia <dpfs; mZFk;NghJ cNyhf kw;Wk; <dpfspd;
vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,ilNa fth;r;rp tpir Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; epfu Mw;wy; Fiwe;J
mizTr; Nrh;kq;fs; cUthfpd;wd.

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17. gbfg;Gy gpsg;G Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?
∆ = gbfg;Gy gpsg;G Mw;wy;
18. gbfg;Gy epiyg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; (CFSE) vd;why; vd;d?

<dpg;Gyk; kw;Wk; rkr;rPh;Gyk; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNaAs;s Mw;wy; NtWghL
gbfg;Gy epiyg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
CFSE (∆EO) = ( ELF) - ( EISO )
3+ 4+
19. Sc kw;Wk; Ti madpfs; epwkw;wJ Vd;?
o
• ntw;W d vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G cilaJ.
• jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy.
• d - d ,lg;ngah;r;rp ,y;iy.
+ 2+
20. Cu kw;Wk; Zn madpfs; epwkw;wJ Vd;?
10
• epiyg;Gj; jd;ikAila d vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G cilaJ.
• jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy.
• d - d ,lg;ngah;r;rp ,y;iy.
3+ 3+
21. [Ti (H2O)6] epwKilaJ Mdhy; [Sc (H2O)6] epwkw;wJ Vd;?
3+ o
• Sc ntw;W d vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G cilaJ.
jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy. d - d ,lg;ngah;r;rp ,y;iy.
MfNt epwkw;wJ.
3+
• Ti -y; jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cz;L. MfNt epwKilaJ
2+ 2-
22. [Ni (H2O)6] gr;ir epwKilaJ Mdhy; [Ni (CN)4] epwkw;wJ tpsf;Ff.
2+
• [Ni (H2O)6] -y; H2O typik Fiwe;j <dp - d vyf;l;uhid ,iz nra;ahJ.
jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cz;L. d - d ,lg;ngah;r;rp cz;L.
MfNt gr;ir epwKilaJ.
2- -
• [Ni (CN)4] -y; CN typik kpf;f <dp - d vyf;l;uhid ,iz nra;fpwJ.
jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy. d - d ,lg;ngah;r;rp ,y;iy.
MfNt epwkw;wJ.
23. fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;bd; ePh;f;fiurYld; jput mk;Nkhdpahitr; Nrh;g;gjhy; cUthFk;
mizT madp ahJ?
CuSO4 + 4NH3 [Cu (NH3)4] SO4
nll;uh mk;ikd; fhg;gh; (II) ry;Ngl;

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24. gpd;tUk; mizTr; Nrh;kq;fis mitfspd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwdpd; VWthpirapy;

vOJf.
i) Mg[Cr(NH3) Cl5] ii) [Cr(NH3)5 Cl]3 [CoF6]2 iii) [Cr(NH3)3 Cl3]
[Cr(NH3)3 Cl3] < Mg[Cr(NH3) Cl5] < [Cr(NH3)5 Cl]3 [CoF6]2
2- 2-
25. [CuCl4] rhj;jpakhdJ. Mdhy; [CuI4] rhj;jpakw;wJ Vd;?
2- 2+ +
• [CuCl4] -y; cs;s FNshiuL madp Cu -ia Cu madpahf xLf;Ftjpy;iy.
2-
vdNt [CuCl4] rhj;jpakhdJ.
2- 2+ +
• [CuI4] -y; cs;s mNahilL madp Cu -ia Cu madpahf xLf;FfpwJ.
2-
vdNt [CuI4] rhj;jpakw;wJ
26. [Co (NH3)5Cl] SO4 kw;Wk; [Co (NH3)5 SO4] Cl Mfpa mizTr; Nrh;kj;ij
NtWgLj;jp mwpa cjTk; xU Nrhjidiaf; $Wf.
• [Co (NH3)5Cl] SO4 - ry;Ngl; madpf;fhd Nrhjidapy;
Nghpak; FNshiuL fiurYld; ntz;zpw tPo;gbitj; jUk;.
• [Co (NH3)5 SO4] Cl - FNshiuL; madpf;fhd Nrhjidapy;
nts;sp iel;Nul; fiurYld; ntz;zpw tPo;gbitj; jUk;.
2– 2–
27. [Ni(CN)4] ilahfhe;jj; jd;ikAilaJ Mdhy; [NiCl4] ghuhfhe;jj;
jd;ikAilaJ. gbfGyg; gpsg;Gf; nfhd;if %yk; ,ij tpthp.
2–
• [Ni(CN)4] ilahfhe;jj; jd;ikAilaJ fhuzk; :
-
CN typik kpf;f <dp. vdNt d vyf;l;uhid ,iz nra;Ak;.
cah; Row;rp mizit cz;lhf;Fk;. jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,Uf;fhJ.
2–
• [NiCl4] ghuhfhe;jj; jd;ikAilaJ fhuzk; :
-
Cl typik Fiwe;j <dp. vdNt d vyf;l;uhid ,iz nra;ahJ.
Fiw Row;rp; mizit cz;lhf;Fk;. jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cs;sJ.
28. ehd;Kfp mizTfs; tbt khw;wpaq;fisg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy. Vd;?

ehd;Kfp mizTfspy; cs;s ehd;F <dpfSk; ehd;Kfpapy; mLj;jLj;j
Kidfspy; my;yJ rknjhiytpy; ,Ug;gjhy; mit tbt khw;wpaq;fisg;
ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy.

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29. ehd;Kfp miztpy; gbfg;Gy gpsg;ig glk; tiue;J tpthp.
• Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; ruhrhp Mw;wy; khwpypahf mika dx2 - y2 kw;Wk; dz2

Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; Mw;wy; 3/5Δt vd;w mstpy; FiwfpwJ.
• dxy, dyz kw;Wk; dzx Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; Mw;wy; 2/5Δt vd;w mstpy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• Δt vd;gJ ehd;Kfp gbfGyg; gpsg;G Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
30. vz;Kfp miztpy; gbfg;Gy gpsg;ig glk; tiue;J tpthp.
• Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; ruhrhp Mw;wy; khwpypahf mika dx2 - y2 kw;Wk; dz2

Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; Mw;wy; 3/5Δo vd;w mstpy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• dxy, dyz kw;Wk; dzx Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; Mw;wy; 2/5Δo vd;w mstpy; FiwfpwJ.
• Δo vd;gJ vz;;Kfp gbfGyg; gpsg;G Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
ntw;wpf;Fk; Njhy;tpf;Fk; rpW tpj;jpahrk; jhd;...

flikiar; nra;jhy; ntw;wp, flikf;F nra;jhy; Njhy;tp.

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31. cNyhf fhu;gidy;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffis tpthp.

cNyhf fhu;gidy;fs;
cNyhfk; kw;Wk; fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL ,ilapyhd mizTr; Nrh;kq;fs.;
v.fh. [Ni(CO)4]
cNyhf fhu;gidy;; tiffs;
miztpy; cs;s cNyhf mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; nghUj;J 2 tifg;gLk;.
1. xw;iw mZf;fU fhh;gidy;
xU cNyhf mZit kl;Lk; nfhz;lit - [Ni(CO)4]
2. gy mZf;fU fhh;gidy;
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l cNyhf mZit nfhz;lit - [Mn2(CO)10]
tbtikg;gpidg; nghUj;J 2 tifg;gLk;
1. ,izg;G ghyk; ,y;yhj fhh;gidy; - ,J 2 tifg;gLk;.
Kida fhh;gidy; <dpfis kl;Lk; nfhz;lit - [Ni(CO)4]
Kida fhh;gidy; <dp kw;Wk; cNyhfk; - cNyhfk; gpizg;G nfhz;lit -
[Mn2 (CO)10]
2. ,izg;G ghyk; cs;s fhh;gidy;
Kida fhh;gidy; <dp, ,izg;G ghy fhh;gidy; <dp kw;Wk;
cNyhfk; - cNyhfk; gpizg;G nfhz;lit - [Fe2 (CO)9]
32. cNyhf fhu;gidy;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gpizg;gpd; jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
• fhh;gidy; <dpapy; cs;s fhh;gd; mZthdJ ika cNyhf madpapd; ntw;W
d Mh;gpl;lhYf;F Xh; vyf;l;uhd; ,izia toq;fp M ← CO rpf;kh gpizg;ig
cUthf;Fk;.
• ,jdhy; cNyhf d Mh;gpl;lhy;fspy; vyf;l;uhd; mlh;j;jp mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• vdNt cNyhfk; d vyf;l;uhd; mlh;j;jpia <L nra;a mij kPz;Lk; <dpapd;
ntw;W Mh;gpl;lhYf;F ghpkhw;wk; nra;fpwJ. ,J π-gpd;gpizg;G vdg;gLk;.
• cNyhf fhu;gidy;fspy; <dpfspy; ,Ue;J cNyhf madpf;F rpf;kh gpizg;gpd;
topahfTk; kw;Wk; cNyhf madpapy; ,Ue;J <dpfSf;F π-gpd;gpizg;G
topahfTk; vyf;l;uhd; mlh;j;jp efh;fpwJ.
33. epiyg;Gj; jd;ik khwpyp tiuaW.
xU mizTr; Nrh;kj;jpy; cs;s xU <dpia kw;nwhU <dp gjpyPL nra;tjw;F
cs;s jil me;j mizTr; Nrh;kj;jpd; epiyg;Gj; jd;ikapd; mstPL MFk;.
epiyg;Gj; jd;ik khwpyp
epiyg;Gj; jd;ik khwpypapd; mjpfhpj;jhy; mizTr; Nrh;kj;jpd;

epiyg;Gj; jd;ik mjpfhpf;Fk;.
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34. mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspd; gad;fis tpthp

2+
• jhNyh ePyk; - Cu mizTr; Nrh;kk; mr;R ik jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• EDTA - <dp yhe;jidL gphpj;njLj;jypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
kUj;Jtj; Jiw
• Ca - EDTA - fhhPak; kw;Wk; fjph;tPr;ir clypy; ,Ue;J ePf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• rp]; gpshl;bd; - Gw;W Neha; fl;bfSf;F kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.
caphpay; Jiw
2+
• ,uj;j rptg;gZ - Fe - ghh;ighpd; mizTr; Nrh;kk;.
thAf;fis flj;j gad;gLfpwJ.
2+
• FNshNuhgpy; - Mg - ghh;ighpd; mizTr; Nrh;kk;.
jhtu xspr;Nrh;f;ifapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
2+
• fhh;ghf;]p ngg;bNl]; - Zn mizTr; Nrh;kk;.
nrhpj;jYf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
tpidNtf khw;wpfs;
• [Rh(PPh3)3Cl] - tpy;fpd;rd; tpidNtf khw;wp My;fPd;fspd; i`l;u[Ndw;w
tpidfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
• [TiCi4] + Al (C2H5)3 rpf;yh; - el;lh tpidNtf khw;wp <j;jPdpd; gygbahf;fy;
tpidapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
35. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jp [Co (C2O4)3]3– d; mikg;G
kw;Wk; fhe;jj;jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
7 2
Co -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d 4s
(C2O4)2- <dp gykw;wJ. vdNt vyf;l;uhd;fis ,izf;fhJ.
• jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;fs; cz;L - ghuh fhe;jj;jd;ik

2 3
• ,df;fyg;G - d sp mikg;G - vd;Kfp.

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36. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jp [Ni(CO)4] d; mikg;G kw;Wk;

fhe;jj;jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
Ni -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d8 4s2
CO <dp gyKs;sJ. vdNt ,izahj vyf;l;uhd;fis ,izf;fpwJ.
• jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,y;iy - ilah fhe;jj;jd;ik

• fhe;jj; jpUg;Gj; jpwd; = 0
3
• ,df;fyg;G - sp mikg;G - ehd;Kfp.
37. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jp [Ni(CN)4]2– d; mikg;G kw;Wk;

Ni -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d8 4s2
CN– <dp gyKs;sJ. vdNt ,izahj vyf;l;uhd;fis ,izf;fpwJ.

2
• ,df;fyg;G - dsp mikg;G - jsrJuk;
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38. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jp [Fe(CN)6]3– d; mikg;G

kw;Wk; fhe;jj;jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
6 2
Fe -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d 4s

2 3
• ,df;fyg;G : d sp mikg;G - vd;Kfp.
39. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jp [CoF6]3– d; mikg;G kw;Wk;

7 2
Co -d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d 4s
-
F <dp gykw;wJ. vdNt vyf;l;uhd;fis ,izf;fhJ.

3 2
• ,df;fyg;G - sp d mikg;G - vd;Kfp.

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40. ,izjpwd; gpizg;Gf; nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jp [Cr(NH3)3]3+ ghuh

–
fhe;jj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ. [Ni(CN)4]2 ilah fhe;jj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ vd;gij
tpsf;Ff.
NH3 <dp gykw;wJ. vdNt vyf;l;uhd;fis ,izf;fhJ.

2 3
• ,df;fyg;G - d sp mikg;G - vd;Kfp.
b ) [Ni(CN)4]2–
CN– <dp gyKs;sJ. vdNt ,izahj vyf;l;uhd;fis ,izf;fpwJ.

2
• ,df;fyg;G - dsp mikg;G - jsrJuk;
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41. mizTr; Nrh;kq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; IUPAC ngah;fs;

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6. jplepiyik
1. jplg;nghUs;fspd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
• tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tbtk; kw;Wk; fdmsit ngw;Ws;sd.
• fbdkhdit kw;Wk; mKf;f ,ayhjit.
• jplg;nghUs;fspd; mZf;fSf;fpilNa typikahd tpirfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• jplg;nghUs;fspd; mZf;fSf;fpilNaahd njhiyT FiwT.
2. jplg;nghUspd; tifg;ghl;il tpthp?
1. madpg; gbfq;fs; - NaCl

2. rfg;gpizg;G gbfq;fs; - ituk;
3. %yf;$W gbfq;fs; - FSf;Nfh];
4. cNyhfg; gbfq;fs; - jq;fk;
5. mZ jplg;nghUs; - ciwepiyapy; Mh;fhd;
3. jpirnahg;G gz;Gilait kw;Wk; jpirnahg;G gz;gw;wit vd;why; vd;d?
• xU jplg;nghUs; midj;J jpirfspYk; xNu khjphpahd ,aw;gz;Gfisg;
ngw;wpUe;jhy; mit jpirnahg;G gz;Gilait vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. - fz;zhb
• xU jplg;nghUs; midj;J jpirfspYk; ntt;NtW khjphpahd ,aw;gz;Gfisg;
ngw;wpUe;jhy; mit jpirnahg;G gz;gw;wit vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. - NaCl
4. gbftbtjplg;nghUs; - gbftbtkw;wjplg;nghUs; NtWgLj;Jf.
gbftbt jplg;nghUs; gbftbtkw;w jplg;nghUs;

1 Fwpg;gpl;l tbtKilaJ xOq;fw;w tbtKilaJ
2 cz;ikahd jplg;nghUs; Nghyp jplg;nghUs;
,jd; mZf;fs; xOq;fhf ,jd; mZf;fs; xOq;fpd;wp
3
mike;Js;sd mike;Js;sd
4 Jy;ypakhd cUFepiy cilait Jy;ypakhd cUFepiy mw;wit
5 jpirnahg;G gz;gw;wit jpirnahg;G gz;Gilait
6 v.fh. NaCl gbfk; v.fh. fz;zhb
eP Vioahf gpwg;gJ, cd; Fw;wkpy;iy.. .

VioahfNt ,wg;gJjhd;, cd; Fw;wk;.

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5. madpg; gbfq;fs; Vd; fbdkhfTk; cilAk; jd;ikiaAk; ngw;Ws;sd?

• madpg; gbfq;fs; Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; madpfis ngw;Ws;sd.
• ,e;j madpfs; typikahd epiykpd;dpay; fth;r;rptpirahy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
• v.fh. NaCl gbfk;
6. madpg; gbfq;fspd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
• fbdkhdit.
• ePhpy; fiuAk;.
• cUFepiy mjpfk;.
• jpz;k epiyapy; kpd; flj;jhJ.
• cUfpa epiyapy; kpd; flj;Jk;.
7. rfg;gpizg;G gbfq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
• ,g;gbfq;fspy; cs;s mZf;fs; Kg;ghpkhd fl;likg;gpy; rfg;gpizg;Gfshy;
gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. v.fh - ituk;.
• fbdkhdit.
• cUFepiy mjpfk;.
• kpff; Fiwthf ntg;gk; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jk;.
8. %yf;$W gbfq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
• %yf;$W gbfq;fspy; cs;s mZf;fs; eLepiy %yf;$Wfs; MFk;.
• ,k;%yf;$Wfs; typik Fiwe;j thz;lh;thy;]; tpirahy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• v.fh. FSf;Nfh];
9. %yf;$W gbfq;fspd; tifg;ghl;il tpthp.
1. Kidtw;w %yf;$W gbfq;fs;
• ,g;gbfq;fspy; cs;s %yf;$Wfs; typik Fiwe;j yz;ld; tpirahy;
gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• Fiwe;j cUFepiy cilait.
• v.fh. ehg;jyPd,; Me;jurPd;.
2. KidTw;w %yf;$W gbfq;fs;
• ,g;gbfq;fspy; cs;s %yf;$Wfs; typik kpf;f ,UKid - ,UKid
fth;r;rp tpirahy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• mjpf cUFepiy cilait.
• v.fh. jpl CO2, jpl NH3
3. i`l;u[d; gpizg;G %yf;$W gbfq;fs;
• ,g;gbfq;fspy; cs;s %yf;$Wfs; i`l;u[d; gpizg;ghy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• ,it nkd;ikahd jpz;kq;fs;
• v.fh. gdpf;fl;b, FSf;Nfh];.

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10. cNyhf gbfq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gz;Gfis tpthp.

• cNyhf gbfq;fspy; cs;s mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spfspy; Neh;kpd;RikAila
madpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• ,itfs; vyf;l;uhd;fs; epuk;gpa ntspapy; tputpAs;sd.
• v.fh. Cu, Fe, Au
cNyhf gbfq;fspd; gz;Gfs;
• fbdkhdit, gsgsg;ghdit.
• mjpf cUFepiy cilait.
• ntg;gk; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jk;.
11. gpd;tUk; jpz;kq;fis tifg;gLj;J.
m. P4 M.gpj;jis ,.ituk; <.NaCl c.mNahbd;
m. P4 - %yf;$W gbfk; M. gpj;jis - cNyhf gbfk;

,. ituk; - rfg;gpizg;G gbfk; <. NaCl - madpg; gbfk;
c. mNahbd; - %yf;$W gbfk;
12. myFf; $l;bid tiuaW.
xUgbfj;jpy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Njhd;wf;$ba Kg;ghpkhz vspa tbtikg;G.
13. mzpf;Nfhit jsk; tiuaW.
gbfj;jpy; cs;s mZf;fs; gbfk; KOtJk; rPuhd Kg;ghpkhz tbtikg;gpy;
fhzg;gLtJ mzpf;Nfhit jsk; vdg;gLk;.
14. mizT vz; vd;why; vd;d? sc, bcc, fcc mikg;Gfspy; cs;s xU mZtpd;
mizT vz; ahJ?
• gbfj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Jfisr; #o;e;J fhzg;gLk; mUfhik Jfs;fspd;
vz;zpf;if mj;Jfspd; mizT vz; vdg;gLk;.
• sc - 6, bcc - 8, fcc - 12
15. Kjy; epiy kw;Wk; Kjy; epiyaw;w myFf;$Lfs; tiuaW.
• xNu xUtif mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spia kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;s myFf;$L
Kjy; epiy myFf;$L vdg;gLk;. ,J VO tifg;gLk;.
• myFf;$l;bDs; $Ljyhf mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spia ngw;Ws;s myFf;$L
Kjy; epiyaw;w myFf;$L vdg;gLk;.
16. VO tifahd myF $l;bd; tiffis RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

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17. fdrJu myF $l;bd; tiffis glk; tiue;J mtw;wpd; mZf;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifia fzf;fpLf.
m. vspa fdrJuk; (sc)
M. nghUs;ika fdrJuk; (bcc)
,. Kfg;Gika fdrJuk; (fcc)
18. gpuhf; tpjp (m) gpuhf; rkd;ghL
• n - vjpnuhspg;gpd; gb,
• λ - X fjph;fspd; miyePsk; ,
• d - gbf jsq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT,
• Ѳ - vjpnuhspg;Gf; Nfhzk;.

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19. gbf FiwghLfs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; ed;ikfs; ahit?

• gbfj;jpy; cs;s mZf;fspd; xOq;fikg;gpy; cs;s rpy FiwghLfs;
gbfj;jpd; ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpapay; gz;Gfis ghjpf;fpwJ.
• ,it gbf FiwghLfs; vdg;gLk;.
• gbf FiwghLfs; 4 tifg;gLk;.
1. Gs;spf; FiwghLfs; 2. Nfhl;Lf; FiwghLfs;
3. ,ilr;nrUfy; FiwghLfs; 4. fdmsT FiwghLfs;
gbf Fiwghl;bd; ed;ikfs;
• ngh;Nuh fhe;jg; nghUs;fspd; fhe;jj; jd;ikia ngwr; nra;aNth my;yJ
,of;fr; nra;aNth ,aYk;.
• rpypf;fhd; gbfj;jpy; khRf;fisr; Nrh;j;jhy; mtw;wpd; Fiw kpd;flj;Jjpwd;
mjpfhpf;Fk;.
20. Gs;sp Fiwghl;bd; tifghl;il tpthp.
21. Ntjptpidf; $W tpfpj FiwghLfspd; tiffis tpthp. (my;yJ)

\hl;fp FiwghL kw;Wk; g;nuq;fy; FiwghLfis tpsf;Ff.
\hl;fp FiwghL
• gbfj;jpy; rk vz;zpf;ifapy; Neh; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; madpfs; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ.
v.fh : NaCl
• gbfj;jpd; Ntjptpidf; $W tpfpjj;jpy; ve;j khw;wKk; ,Uf;fhJ.
• Neh; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; madpfspd; cUtsT xNu khjphpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
• gbfj;jpd; mlh;j;jpia Fiwf;Fk;.

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g;nuq;fy; FiwghL
• mzpf;Nfhit jsj;jpd;; ,ilr;nrUfy; epiyapy; Xh; madp epug;g gLtjhy;
Vw;gLfpwJ.
v.fh : AgBr
• Neh; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; madpfspd; cUtstpy; mjpf NtWghL ,Uf;Fk;.
• gbfj;jpd; mlh;j;jpia ghjpf;fhJ.
22. cNyhfk; mjpfKs;s FiwghL; vd;why; vd;d?

• gbfj;jpy; vjph;kpd; madpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl cNyhf madpfspd;
vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ cNyhfk; mjpfKs;s FiwghL vdg;gLk;.
• v.fh : NaCl, KCl, ZnO
23. cNyhfk; FiwTgLk; FiwghL; vd;why; vd;d?
• gbfj;jpy; vjph;kpd; madpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl cNyhf madpfspd;
vz;zpf;if Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy; mJ cNyhfk; FiwTgLk; FiwghL vdg;gLk;.
• v.fh : FeO
24. khR FiwghL; vd;why; vd;d?
• gbfj;jpy; khRf;fisr; Nrh;g;gjhy; Vw;gLk; FiwghL khR FiwghL vdg;gLk;.
2
• v.fh. - AgCl gbfj;jpy; CdI2 khR Nrh;f;Fk;NghJ Cd +-madp Ag+-madpapd;
,lj;ij ngWfpwJ.
• MfNt gbfj;jpd; eLepiyj; jd;ikia guhkhpf;f Ag+madp mzpf;Nfhit
jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWfpwJ.
25. ZnO it ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ Vd; kQ;rs; epwkhf khWfpwJ?
2+
• ZnO it ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ Mf;rp[id ,oe;J Zn madp cUthfpwJ.
2
• cUthd Zn + madp kw;Wk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; gbfj;jpd; ,ilr;nrUfy; epiyapy;
,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
• ,jdhy; cNyhfk; mjpfKs;s FiwghL Vw;gLfpwJ.
26. nghjpTj; jpwd; tiuaW. sc, bcc, fcc - d; nghjpTj; jpwid vOJf.
sc - 52.31 %, bcc - 68 %, fcc - 74 %

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27. vz;Kfp kw;Wk; ehd;Kfp ntw;wplq;fis NtWgLj;Jf

vz;Kfp ntw;wplk; ehd;Kfp ntw;wplk;
1 MW Nfhsq;fis nfhz;lJ ehd;F Nfhsq;fis nfhz;lJ
2 fPo; mLf;fpy; %d;W Nfhsq;fSk; fPo; mLf;fpy; %d;W Nfhsq;fSk;
Nky; mLf;fpy; %d;W Nky; mLf;fpy; xU NfhsKk;
Nfhsq;fSk; cs;sJ. cs;sJ.
3 MW Nfhsq;fspd; ikaq;fis ehd;F Nfhsq;fspd; ikaq;fis
,izf;Fk;NghJ xU vz;Kfp ,izf;Fk;NghJ xU ehd;Kfp
cUthtjhy; Vw;gLk; ntw;wplk; cUthtjhy; Vw;gLk; ntw;wplk;
4 vz;Kfp ntw;wplq;fspd; ehd;Kfp ntw;wplq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
vz;zpf;if n 2n
28. myF $l;bd; mlh;j;jp vt;thW fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ?
29. vspa fdrJu mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

• Kg;ghpkhdj;jpy; xt;nthU mLf;Fk; AAAA tif ,Ughpkhd mikg;ig
cUthf;fpdhy; mJ vspa fdrJu mikg;ghFk;.
• ,uz;lhk; mLf;fpy; cs;s Nfhsq;fs; Kjy; mLf;fpy; cs;s Nfhsq;fSf;F
Neuhf Nkw;nghUe;jp mikfpd;wd.
• vdNt midj;J mLf;FfSk; xNu khjphpahf cs;sd.
• midj;J Nfhsq;fSk; midj;J jpirfspYk; xNu thpirapy; mikfpd;wd.
• ,jd; mizT vz; 6 MFk;.

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30. a. AAAA nghjpe;j mikg;G b. AB AB AB nghjpe;j mikg;G

c. ABC ABC nghjpe;j mikg;G
a. AAAA nghjpe;j mikg;G
• xU jpirapy; Neh;Nfhl;by; Nfhsq;fis mLf;fpaijg; Nghy ,U ghpkhzj;jpy;
mNj thpir kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Njhd;Wk; tifapy; mLf;Fjy;
• midj;J Nfhsq;fSk; nrq;Fj;J kw;Wk; fpilkl;l thf;fpy; xNu jpirapy;
mike;jpUf;FkhW gy thpirfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• xt;nthU Nfhsq;fSk; mUfhikapy; cs;s 4 Nfhsq;fis njhl;Lf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
b. AB AB AB nghjpe;j mikg;G
• ,k;Kiwapy; Kjy; thpirapy; cs;s Nfhsq;fSf;F fPo; fhzg;gLk;
,ilntspg; gFjpapy; ,uz;lhk; thpir Nfhsq;fs; nghUj;jp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• %d;whk; thpir - Kjy; thpir KiwapYk;,
ehd;fhk; thpir - ,uz;lhk; thpir KiwapYk; kPz;Lk; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
c. ABC ABC nghjpe;j mikg;G

• ,k;Kiwapy; ,uz;lhk; mLf;fpd; kPJ vz;Kfp Jisfspy; nghUe;JkhW
%d;whtJ mLf;fpd; Nfhsq;fis mLf;fyhk;.
• %d;whtJ mLf;F Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; mLf;Ffspy; ,Ue;J khWgl;bUf;Fk;.
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• ,e;j ABC ABC mikg;G fdrJu neUq;fpg; nghjpe;j mikg;G vdg;gLfpwJ.
cd;kPJ cdf;F ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jhy;...

Njhy;tp $l cd;id neUq;f gag;gLk;..
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31. nghUs;ika fdrJu mikg;gpd; (bcc) nghjpTj; jpwidf; fzf;fpLf.

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7. NtjptpidNtftpay;
1. tpidNtfk; tiuaW.
XuyF Neuj;jpy; xU Ntjptpidapy; cs;s tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwptpy;
Vw;gLk; khw;wk; mt;tpidapd; tpidNtfk; vdg;gLk;.
myF - Nkhy; yp-1 tp-1
2. ruhrhp tpidNtfk; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; tpidNtfk; tiuaW.
• tpid epfOk; NghJ xU FWfpa ,ilntsp Neuj;jpy; tpidapd; NtfkhdJ
mt;tpidapd; ruhrhp tpidNtfk; vdg;gLk;.
• tpid epfOk; NghJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; tpidapd; NtfkhdJ
mt;tpidapd; ruhrhp tpidNtfk; vdg;gLk;.
3. tpidNtf tpjp tiuaW.
tpidapd; Ntfk;, tpidNtf khwpyp kw;Wk; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwpT
Mfpatw;iw njhlh;GgLj;Jk; rkd;ghL tpidNtf tpjp vdg;gLk;.
4. tpidNtf khwpyp tiuaW.

tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwpT 1 Nkhy; Mf cs;sNghJ tpidapd; NtfkhdJ
tpidNtf khwpypf;Fr; rkk;.
k = tpidNtf khwpyp
5. tpidNtfk; kw;Wk; tpidNtf khwpyp NtWgLj;Jf.

tpidNtfk; tpidNtf khwpyp
1 XuyF Neuj;jpy; xU Ntjptpidapy; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwpT 1 Nkhy;
cs;s tpidgL nghUs;fspd; Mf cs;sNghJ tpidapd; NtfkhdJ
nrwptpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; tpidNtf khwpypf;Fr; rkk;.
2 tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwpT ,J xU tpfpj khwpyp.
FiwT my;yJ tpidtpis
nghUs;fspd; nrwpT mjpfhpg;ghy;
mse;jwpag;gLfpwJ.
3 tpidgL nghUs;fspd; Jtf;fr; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; Jtf;fr;
nrwpitg; nghWj;J mikAk;. nrwpitg; nghWj;J mikahJ.

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6. %yf;$W vz; tiuaW

xU mbg;gil tpidapy; <LgLk; tpidgL %yf;$Wfspd;
nkhj;j vz;zpf;if %yf;$W vz; vdg;gLk;.
7. tpidtif tiuaW
Nrhjid%yk; fz;lwpag;gl;l tpidNtf tpjpapy; cs;s nrwpT cWg;Gfspd;
mLf;Ffspd; $Ljy; tpidtif MFk;.
a b
tpid Ntfk; = K [A] [B]
tpid tif = a + b
8. tpidtif kw;Wk; %yf;$W vz; NtWgLj;Jf.
tpidtif %yf;$W vz;
1 Nrhjid%yk; fz;lwpag;gl;l xU mbg;gil tpidapy; <LgLk;
tpidNtf tpjpapy; cs;s nrwpT tpidgL %yf;$Wfspd; nkhj;j
cWg;Gfspd; mLf;Ffspd; $Ljy;. vz;zpf;if
2 G+[;akhfNth, gpd;dkhfNth, KO vz;zhf kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;
KO vz;zhfNth ,Uf;Fk;
3 xl;L nkhj;j tpidf;Fk; xt;nthU gb epiyf;Fk;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
4 Nrhjid kjpg;G Nrhjid kjpg;G my;y
9. mbg;gil tpidfs; vd;why; vd;d?

• xU tpidtop Kiwapy; mlq;fpAs;s xt;nthU jdpj;j gbepiyAk;
mbg;gil tpidfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
• mbg;gil tpidfs; mjd; %yf;$W vz; mbg;gilapy; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
10. tpidNtfj;ij jPh;khdpf;Fk; gb vd;gjid cjhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.
-
• I tpidNtf khw;wp Kd;dpiyapy; H2O2 rpijtiljy;.
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
• ,t;tpid ,U gb epiyfspy; epfo;fpwJ.
- -
gb-1 H2O2 + I H2O + OI - nkJthd gb
- -
gb-2 H2O2 + OI H2O + I + O2 - Ntfkhd gb
nkhj;j tpid: 2H2O2 2H2O + O2
-
• gb-1y; H2O2 kw; W k; I Mfpa ,uz; L tpidgL nghUl; f Sk; cs; s jhy;
,e; j gbepiyNa tpidNtfj;ij jPh;khdpf;Fk; gbahFk;.
• nkhj;j tpid ,U %yf;$W tpidahFk;.

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11. Kjy;tif tpidf;F rhd;Wfs; jUf
12. Nghyp Kjy;tif tpidia xU v.fh. Tld; tpsf;Ff.

• xU ,uz;lhk; tif tpidapy; xU tpidgL nghUspd; nrwpit
kw;nwhd;iw tpl mjpfkhf;fpdhy;, mJ Kjy; tif tpidahfpwJ.
,t;tpid Nghyp Kjy;tif tpid vdg;gLk;.
• mkpyj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; v];liu ePuhw;gFj;jy;.
13. G+[;atif tpid tiuaW. rhd;Wfs; jUf

• nrwpT vy;iy KOtJk; xU tpidapd; tpidNtfkhdJ tpidgL nghUl;fspd;
nrwpitg; nghWj;J mikatpy;iy vdpy; mt;tpid G+[;atif tpid vdg;gLk;.
• v.fh. 1. H2 kw; W k; Cl2 tpd; xsp Ntjptpid.
2. gpshl;bdk; Kd;dpiyapy; N2O rpijtiljy;.
3. mkpy Clfj;jpy; mrpl;Nlhdpd; mNahbNdw;w tpid.
14. miu tho;T fhyk; tiuaW.
xU tpidapy; tpidgLnghUspd; Muk;g nrwpT rhpghjpahff; Fiwtjw;F
MFk; fhyk; mt;tpidapd; miu tho;T fhyk; vdg;gLk;.
-3
15. xU Kjy;tif tpidapd; tpidNtf khwpyp 1.54 X 10 s-1 vdpy;; miutho;T
fhyj;ij fz;lwpf.
t1/2 = 0.6932 / k
-3
= 0.6932 / 1.54 X 10
= 450 s
16. fpsh;T nfhs; Mw;wy; tiuaW.
• tpidgL %yf;$Wfs; Fiwe;j gl;r Mw;wiy milar; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; Mw;wy;.
• fpsh;T nfhs; Mw;wy; = Fiwe;j gl;r Mw;wy; – Nkhjypy; <LgLk;
%yf;$wpd; Mw;wy;
17. mh;`Pdpa]; rkd;ghl;il tUtp
-Ea/RT
K = Ae
K = tpidNtf khwpyp, A = mjph;T fhuzp, Ea = fpsh;TW Mw;wy; ,
R = thA khwpyp, T = ntg;gepiiy (K).

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18. Nkhjy; tPjk; tiuaW.

xU ypl;lh; fd mstpy; xU tpdhbapy; NkhjYWk; %yf;$Wfspd;
vz;zpf;if Nkhjy; tPjk; MFk;
19. xU Ntjptpidapd; Ntfj;ij tpidNtf khw;wp vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ?
• xU Ntjptpidapd; Ntfj;ij khw;wg; gad;gLk; nghUs; tpidNtf khw;wp.
• tpidNtf khw;wpahdJ tpidapd; fpsh;T Mw;wiyf; Fiwf;fpwJ.
• vdNt tpidgL nghUspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• ,jdhy; tpidapd; Ntfk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• v.fh.
Fe - tpidNtf khw;wp
20. xU Ntjptpidapd; Ntfj;ij tpidgL nghUl;fspd; nrwpT vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ?
• Nkhjy; nfhs;ifg;gb tpidgL nghUl;fspd; nrwpT mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ
%yf;$WfSf;fpilNa Nkhjy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
21. xU Ntjptpidapd; Ntfj;ij tpidgL nghUl;fspd; jd;ik vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ?
• jpl kw;Wk; jput epiyapYs;s tpidgL nghUl;fistpl thA epiy
tpidgL nghUl;fspd; tpidapd; Ntfk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
• jpl Nrhbak; kw;Wk; jpl mNahbDf;F ,ilNaahd tpidia tpl
jpl Nrhbak; kw;Wk; thA mNahbDf;F ,ilNaahd tpid Ntfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
22. xU Ntjptpidapd; Ntfj;ij tpidgL nghUl;fspd; Gwgug;G vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ?
• Nkhjy; nfhs;ifg;gb tpidgL nghUl;fspd; Gwg;gug;G mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ
%yf;$WfSf;fpilNa Nkhjy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
23. Kjy;tif tpidf;fhd tpidNtfr; rkd;ghl;il tUtp.
A tpisnghUs;;
tpidNtfk; = K[ A] K - tpidNtf khwpyp

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t = 0 -y; tpidgLnghUspd; nrwpT = [A0]

t = t -y; tpidgLnghUspd; nrwpT = [A]
24. Kjy;tif tpidf;Fk; miutho;T fhyj;jpw;FKs;s njhlh;ig tpsf;Ff. (my;yJ)

miu tho;T fhykhdJ Kjy;tif tpidapd; tpidgL nghUl;fspd; Jtf;fr;
nrwpitg; nghWj;J mikatpy;iy vd;gij tpthp.

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25. A tpisnghUs;; vd;w G+[;atif tpidapd; tpidNtfr; rkd;ghl;il tUtp
A tpisnghUs;;
tpidNtfk; = K[ A] O K - tpidNtf khwpyp
t = 0 -y; tpidgLnghUspd; nrwpT = [A0]

t = t -y; tpidgLnghUspd; nrwpT = [A]
26. G+[;atif tpidf;Fk; miutho;T fhyj;jpw;FKs;s njhlh;ig tpsf;Ff.

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A0
K = -----------
2 t1/2
A0
t1/2 = -----------
2K
27. Nkhjy; nfhs;ifia tpsf;Ff.

• ,J thAf;fspd; ,af;ftpaw; nfhs;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
• ,f;nfhs;ifg;gb tpidgL nghUl;fspd; %yf;$WfSf;fpilNa Nkhjy;
epfo;tjhy; Ntjp tpidfs; epfo;fpd;wd.
• tpidNtfk; α xU ypl;lh; fd mstpy; xU tpdhbapy; NkhjYWk;

%yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if (Nkhjy; tPjk;)
• Nkhjy;fspd; vz;zpf;if α tpidgL nghUl;fspd; nrwpT
• Nkhjy; tPjk; α [A2] [B2]
• Nkhjy; tPjk; α Z [A2] [B2] ,q;F Z = khwpyp.
• tpid epfo Nkhjypy; <LgLk; %yf;$Wfs; Fwpg;gpl;lsT Fiwe;j gl;r
Mw;wiyg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J fpsh;T Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
• fpsh;T Mw;wiy tpl Fiwthd Mw;wiy cila %yf;$WfSf;fpilNa
Nkhjy; epfOk;NghJ mitfs; vt;tpj khw;wq;fSf;Fk; cl;gLtjpy;iy.
- Ea/RT
• tpid epfo fhuzkhf mikAk; Nkhjy; tPjk; f = e
-1
• 300 K ntg;g epiyapy; 100 KJ mol fpsh;T Mw;wYila xU tpidf;F
f = e - 40 = 4 X 10 -18
• vdNt 1018 Nkhjy;fspy; ehd;F Nkhjy;fs; kl;LNk tpisnghUshf
khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
• tpidgL nghUl;fs; Njitahd Mw;wiyg; ngw;wpUe;jhYk; rhjfkhd
jpirg;Nghf;fpy; Nkhjy;fs; epfo;e;jhy; kl;LNk mit tpidGhpAk;.

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8. madpr;rkepiy
1. mkpyk; - fhuk; NtWgLj;Jf.
mkpyk; fhuk;
1 Gspg;Gr; RitAilait frg;Gr; RitAilait
2 ePy ypl;k]; jhis rptg;ghf;Fk;. rptg;G ypl;k]; jhis ePykhf;Fk;.
ePH;f;fiurypy; i`l;u[d; ePH;f;fiurypy; i`l;uhf;rpy;
3
madpiaj; jUk; madpiaj; jUk;
4 v.fh. HCl, H2SO4 v.fh. NaOH, KOH
2. mh;`Pdpa]pd; mkpyk; - fhuk; gw;wpa nfhs;if kw;Wk; tuk;Gfisf; $W.

• mkpyq;fs; ePH;f;fiurypy; i`l;u[d; madpiaj; jUk;. v.fh. HCl, H2SO4
• fhuq;fs; ePH;f;fiurypy; i`l;uhf;rpy; madpiaj; jUk;. v.fh. NaOH, KOH
mh;`Pdpa]pd; nfhs;ifapd; tuk;Gfs;
• mrpl;Nlhd;, THF Nghd;w fiug;ghd;fspy; mkpy kw;Wk; fhug;gz;gpid
tpsf;ftpy;iy.
-
• OH madp ,y;yhj mk;Nkhdpah Nghd;w Nrh;kq;fspd; fhug;gz;gpid
tpsf;ftpy;iy.
3. nyshp-gpuhd;];ll; mkpyk;, fhuk; gw;wpa nfhs;if kw;Wk; tuk;Gfisf; $W
• mkpyk; - GNuhl;lhd; toq;fp.
• fhuk; GNuhl;lhd; Vw;gp.
nyshp - gpuhd;];ll; nfhs;ifapd;; tuk;Gfs;

• BF3, AlCl3 Nghd;w GNuhl;lhd;fis toq;f ,ayhj Nrh;kq;fspd;
mkpyg;gz;gpid tpsf;ftpy;iy.
4. Y}ap mkpyk; - Y}ap fhuk; vd;why; vd;d? ,uz;L v.fh jUf.
Y}ap mkpyk; Y}ap fhuk;
1 vyf;l;uhd; Fiw %yf;$Wfs; ,ul;il vyf;l;uhd; nfhz;l %yf;$Wfs;
2 Neh;kpd; madp vjph;kpd; madp
KidTw;w ,ul;il gpizg;ig fhh;gd; - fhh;gd; gy;gpizg;ig nfhz;l
3
nfhz;l %yf;$Wfs; %yf;$Wfs;;
-
4 v.fh - BF3, AlCl3, CO2, Fe2+ v.fh - NH3, H2O, F , CH2=CH2

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5. HClO4 %yf;$wpd; mkpyj;jd;ikf;fhd fhuzk; $W.

nyshp -g;uhd;];ll; nfs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; mjd; ,izfhuj;ij fz;lwpf.
+ -
HClO4 H + ClO4
HClO4 - GNuhl;lhid toq;Ftjhy; ,J mkpyk;.
+ -
HClO4 + H2O H3O + ClO4
+ -
H3O = ,iz mkpyk; ClO4 = ,iz fhuk;
6. ePhpd; madpg; ngUf;fk; tiuaW. miw ntg;gepiyapy; mjd; kjpg;ig jUf.
J}a ePhpd; i`l;u[d; madpr; nrwpT kw;Wk; i`l;uhf;rpy; madpr; nrwpT
Mfpatw;wpd; ngUf;Fj;njhif ePhpd; madpg; ngUf;fk; MFk;.
250 c -y; ePhpd; madpg; ngUf;fk;,
H
7. P tiuaW.
PH vd;gJ xU fiurypy; cs;s i`l;Nuhdpak; madpfspd; Nkhyhh; nrwptpd;
10 I mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l klf;ifapd; vjph; kjpg;G.
+
PH = - log10 [H3O ]
8. 0.001 M HCl - d; PH fzf;fpL.
-3
[H3O+] = 0.001 = 1x10 Nkhy; yp-1
PH = - log10 [H3O+]
-3
= - log10 [1x10 ]
-3
= - 1 x log10 [1x10 ]
= -1 x -3 = 3
9. 0.04 M HNO3 - d; PH fzf;fpL.
[H3O+] = 0.04 = 4x10-2 Nkhy; yp-1
PH = - log10 [H3O+]
-2
= - log10 [4x10 ]
-2
= - log10 [10 ] - log10 4
= 2 - 0.6021
= 1.40

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-3
10. 1.5 X 10 M Ba(OH)2 fiurypd; PH fzf;fpL.
-
POH = - log10 [OH ]
H OH
11. P kw;Wk; P ,ilapyhd njhlh;ig tpthp

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12. M];thy;bd; ePh;j;jy; tpjpia $W

typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; gphpif khwpypia, gphpif tPjk; kw;Wk;
mjd; nrwpTld; njhlh;G gLj;Jk; rkd;ghL.
α = gphpif tPjk; Ka = khwpyp C = nrwpT

13. M];thy;bd; ePh;j;jy; tpjpf;fhd rkd;ghl;il jUtp
α = gphpif tPjk; Ka = khwpyp C = nrwpT

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14. nghJ madp tpisT vd;why; vd;d?

typik Fiwe;e kpd;gFspapd; gphpif tPjk; nghJ madpiar; Nrh;g;gjhy; FiwtJ.
v.fh. Nrhbak; mrpl;Nll;il mrpl;bf; mkpyj;Jld; Nrh;f;Fk; NghJ,
mrpl;bf; mkpyj;jpd; gphpif tPjk; FiwfpwJ.
15. jhq;fy; fiury; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?
• typik Fiwe;j mkpyk; kw;Wk; mjd; ,izfhuk; my;yJ
typik Fiwe;j fhuk;; kw;Wk; mjd; ,izmkpyk; Mfpatw;wpd; fyit.
• jhq;fy; fiury; ,U tifg;gLk;
1. mkpy jhq;fy; fiury; - typik Fiwe;j mkpyk; + mjd; cg;G
mrpl;bf; mkpyk; + Nrhbak; mrpl;Nll;
2. fhu jhq;fy; fiury; - typik Fiwe;j fhuk; + mjd; cg;G
NH4OH + NH4Cl
16. jhq;fy; nray;Kiw gw;wp tpthp.
H
jhq;fy; fiurypy; mkpyk; my;yJ fhuk; Nrh;g;gjhy; cz;lhFk; P khw;wj;ij
jLf;f fiurypy; Vw;gLk; Ntjptpid.
Nrh;f;fg;gl;l mkpyk;, mrpl;Nll; madpAld; tpidGhpe;J mrpl;bf; mkpyj;ij

H
jUfpwJ. MfNt fiurypd; P kjpg;G khWtjpy;iy.
+
Nrh;f;fg;gl;l fhuk; H3O madpAld; tpidGhpe;J ePiuj; jUfpwJ.
rkd;ghL 1 + 2
17. jhq;fy;; jpwd; kw;Wk; jhq;fy; vz; gw;wp tpthp.

H
• jhq;fy; jpwd; vd;gJ xU ypl;lh; jhq;fy; fiurypd; P kjpg;ig XuyF khw;w
Nrh;f;fg;gLk; mkpyk; my;yJ fhuj;jpd; fpuhk; rkhd epiwfspd; vz;zpf;if.
• jhq;fy; jpwid mstpl gad;gLtJ jhq;fy; vz; (β).
dB = mkpyk; my;yJ fhuj;jpd; fpuhk; rkhd epiwfspd; vz;zpf;if

H
d(P ) = mkpyk; my;yJ fhuk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l gpd;dh; PH -y; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;.
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18. fiujpwd; ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

fiujpwd; ngUf;fk; vd;gJ rkd;gLj;jg;gl;l rkepiy tpidapy;, Ntjptpidf;$W
Fzfq;fis mLf;Ffshf nfhz;l gFjpf;$W madpfspd; Nkhyhh; nrwpTfspd;
ngUf;Fj;njhifahFk;.
19. fiujpwd; ngUf;fj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?

xU madpr; Nrh;kj;jpd; gFjpf;$W madpfisf; nfhz;l fiury;fis xd;whf
fyf;Fk;NghJ, me;j madpr; Nrh;kk; tPo;gbthFkh vd;gij jPh;khdpf;f cjTk;.
• madpg;ngUf;fk; = fiujpwd; ngUf;fk; (rkepiy)
• madpg;ngUf;fk; > fiujpwd; ngUf;fk; (tPo;gbthjy; epfOk;)
• madpg;ngUf;fk; < fiujpwd; ngUf;fk; (tPo;gbthjy; epfohJ)
20. n`d;lh;rd; - N`ry;ghf; rkd;ghl;il tUtp
,UGwKk; vjph; klf;if vLf;f

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21. gpd;tUk; ePhpa fiury;fspy; epfOk; tpidfspy; ,iz mkpy-fhu ,ul;ilfis

fz;lwpf.
22. m. Ca3(PO4)2 M. Hg2Cl2 -d; fiujpwd; ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;il vOJf.

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9. kpd; Ntjpapay;
1. Neh;kpd;Kid kw;Wk; vjph;kpd;Kid tiuaW.
Neh;kpd; Kid vjph;kpd;Kid
1 vjph;kpd;RikAilaJ Neh;kpd;RikAilaJ
2 Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; eilngWk; Mf;rp[ndhLf;fk; eilngWk;
3 vyf;l;uhd;fis toq;Fk; vyf;l;uhd;fis ngWk;
2. Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd; tiuaW.
xU Nkhy; kpd;gFsp fiurypd; flj;Jjpwd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd; vdg;gLk;.
3. rkhd flj;Jjpwd; tiuaW.

xU fpuhk; rkhd vil kpd;gFsp fiurypd; flj;Jjpwd; rkhd flj;Jjpwd;
vdg;gLk;.
4. kpd;gFsp flj;Jjpwid ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;

• ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ flj;Jjpwd; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
• fiurypd; ePh;j;jy; kjpg;G mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ flj;Jjpwd; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
• fiurypd; ghFepiyj;jd;ik; FiwAk; NghJ flj;Jjpwd; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
5. kpd;gFsp flj;Jjpwd; kPJ ntg;gepiyapd; ghjpg;ig tpsf;Ff
• ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ flj;Jjpwd; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
• fhuzk; - 1. madpfspd; ,af;f Mw;wy; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
2. madpfSf;fpilg;gl;l fth;r;rp tpir FiwAk;.
6. nrwpitg; nghWj;J Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwdpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ij tpthp.
typikkpF kpd;gFspapd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd;
• nrwpT mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ kpd;gFspapd; madpfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
madpfSf;fpilNa fth;r;rptpir mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
madpfspd; ghFepiy gpd;dpOit mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
MfNt Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd; FiwfpwJ.
• ePh;j;jy; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ madpfSf;fpilNa njhiyT mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
vdNt madpfSf;fpilNa fth;r;rptpir FiwfpwJ.
MfNt Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
typikFiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd;
• mjpf nrwptpy; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwdpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
ePh;j;jy; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ typikFiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; gphpifailjy;
mjpfhpf;fpwJ. MfNt Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwd; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
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7. ePh;j;jy; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ fiurypd; flj;Jjpwd; FiwfpwJ Vd;?

3
• ePh;j;jy; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ 1m fd mstpy; cs;s madpfspd; vz;zpf;if
FiwfpwJ.
• vdNt kpd;Ndhl;lk; cs;s madpfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; FiwfpwJ.
8. Nfhy;uh\; tpjpiaf; $W.
mstpy;yh ePh;j;jypy; xU kpd;gFspapd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwdpd; kjpg;ghdJ
mjd; gFjpf;$W madpfspd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwdpd; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;
9. Nfhy;uh\; tpjpapd; gad;fisf; $W.

• mstpy;yh ePh;j;jypy; typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwid
fzf;fplyhk;.
• typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; gphpif tPjj;ij fzf;fplyhk;.
• cg;gpd; fiujpwid fzf;fplyhk;.
10. mstpy;yh ePh;j;jypy; typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jjpwid
fzf;fpl Nfhy;uh\; tpjp vt;thW gad;gLfpwJ?
11. big - `Pf;fy; kw;Wk; Md;rhfh; rkd;ghl;il $W
A, B – khwpypfs;.
,it fiug;ghdpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; ntg;gepiyia kl;Lk; rhh;e;J mikfpd;wd.

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12 kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; gw;wpa /ghuNl tpjpfisf; $W.

/ghuNl Kjy; tpjp
kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd; NghJ kpd;thapy; gbAk; nghUspd; epiwahdJ, kpd;gFspapd;
topNa nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;Jf;F Neh; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
m = ZIT
m = epiw Z = kpd;Ntjpr; rkhdepiw I = kpd;Ndhl;lk; T = Neuk;
/ghuNl ,uz;lhk;; tpjp
xNu msT kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij ntt;NtW kpd;gFspf; fiurypd; topNa
nrYj;Jk;NghJ kpd;Kidfspy; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; nghUspd; msthdJ
mtw;wpd; kpd;Ntjpr; rkhd epiwf;F Neh; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
13. kpd;Ntjpr; rkhd epiw (Z) tiuaW.
• kpd;Ntjpr; rkhd epiw (Z) vd;gJ xU $Y}k; kpd;D}l;lj;jhy; kpd;Kidapy;
tpLtpf;fg;gl;l nghUspd; msT.
–1
• myF - KgC
14. kpd; Ntjpf;fyd; tiuaW. mjd; tiffs; ahit?
• kpd; Ntjpf;fyd; vd;gJ kpd; Mw;wiy Ntjp Mw;wyhfTk;, Ntjp Mw;wiy
kpd; Mw;wyhfTk; khw;Wk; mikg;ghFk;.
• ,J ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. kpd;dhw; gFg;Gf; fyd;: kpd; Mw;wiy Ntjp Mw;wyhf khw;Wk;.
2. fhy;thdpf; (m) Nthy;lh kpd;fyd; : Ntjp Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wk;.
v.fh - kpd; Nrkpg;Gf; fyd;
15. kpd;Nrkpg;Gf; fyd; tiuaW. mjd; tiffs; ahit?;
• epiyahd kpd;dOj;jk; nfhz;l Neh;kpd;Ndhl;l %yq;fs; kpd;Nrkpg;Gf; fyd;fs;
vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; ,Utiffs;
• Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; - nyf;yhQ;Nr kpd;fyd;
• Jiz kpd;fyd; - nyl; Nrkpg;G kpd;fyd;
16. kpd;gFspf; flj;Jjpwd; mstpLjypy; DC kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F gjpyhf
AC kpd;Ndhl;lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ Vd;?;
DC kpd;Ndhl;lk; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ fiury; kpddhw;gFj;jYf;F cs;shfpwJ.
vdNt AC kpd;Ndhl;lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
17. fhy;thdpf; kpd;fyj;jpy; Neh;kpd;KidahdJ vjph;Fwp nfhz;ljhfTk;,
vjph;kpd;KidahdJ Neh;Fwp nfhz;ljhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vd;?
• fhy;thdpf; kpd;fyj;jpy; Neh;kpd;KidahdJ, vyf;l;uhd;fis tpLtpj;J
cNyhf madpahf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; milfpwJ.
vyf;l;uhd;fis toq;Ftjhy; Neh;kpd;KidahdJ vjph;Fwpia (-ve) ngWfpwJ.
• fiurypy; cs;s madpfs; vyf;l;uhd;fis ngw;W cNyhfkhf xLf;fkile;J
vjph;kpd;Kidapy; gbfpd;wJ.
vyf;l;uhd;fis ngWtjhy; vjph;kpd;KidahdJ Neh;Fwpia (+ve) ngWfpwJ.

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o
18. 0.1M HCl kw;Wk; 0.1M KCl ,e;j ,uz;L fiury;fspy; vJ mjpf Λ
flj;Jjpwidf; nfhz;lJ?
o
• 0.1M HCl mjpf Λ flj;Jjpwidf; nfhz;lJ.
+ +
• fhuzk; : H madpapd; epiwahdJ K madpapd; epiwia tplf; FiwT.
+
vdNt H madpfs; mjpfkhf efUk; jpwidg; ngw;Ws;sd.
19. gpd;tUk; fiury;fis mtw;wpd; epak flj;Jjpwd;fspd; ,wq;F thpirapy;
thpirg;gLj;Jf.
i) 0.01M KCl ii) 0.005M KCl iii) 0.1M KCl iv) 0.25M KCl v) 0.5M KCl
epak flj;Jjpwd α fiury;fspd; nrwpT
0.5M KCl > 0.25M KCl > 0.1M KCl > 0.01M KCl > 0.005M KCl
20. ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;il ,Uk;Gf; fydpy; Nrkpj;J itf;f ,aYkh?
• Nrkpj;J itf;fKbahJ.
• fhuzk; : ,Uk;ghdJ Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; milAk;, fhg;gh; xLf;fkilAk;
o
vd;gij nfhLf;fg;gl;l E kjpg;G Fwpf;fpwJ.
21. kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd; mOj;jk; (EMF) tiuaW.
Neh;kpd;KidapypUe;J vyf;l;uhd;fis ntspNaw;wTk;, vjph;kpd; Kid Nehf;fp
vyf;l;uhd;fis ,Of;fTk; fhuzkhd tpir kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd; mOj;jk; (EMF)
vdg;gLk;.
22. kpd;Kid kpd;dOj;jk; vt;thW fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ?
kpd;fyj;jpd; kpd;Kid kpd;dOj;jk; vd;gJ Neh;kpd;Kid kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; Kid
kpd;dOj;jq;fspd; $Ljy; MFk;.
Ecell = (Eox)anode + (Ered)cathode
(Eox)anode = Neh;kpd;Kidapd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w kpd;dOj;jk;
(Ered)cathode = vjph;;kpd;Kidapd; xLf;f kpd;dOj;jk;
23. M1 kw;Wk; M2 cNyhfq;fspd; xLf;f kpd;dOj;jq;fs; KiwNa –xV kw;Wk;
+yV, vJ H2SO4 ypUe;J H2 thAit tpLtpf;Fk;?
• –xV xLf;f kpd;dOj;jk; H2SO4 ypUe;J H2 thAit tpLtpf;Fk;
• fhuzk; : mjpf Mf;rp[Ndw;w kpd;dOj;jk; nfhz;l cNyhfq;fs;
H2SO4 ypUe;J H2 thAit tpLtpf;Fk;
24. mhpkhdk; vd;why; vd;d? cNyhfq;fis mhpj;jypy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk;
Kiwfis $W
• <ug;gjj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy;, Mf;rp[Ndw;w xLf;f nray;Kiwfshy;
cNyhfq;fs; rPh;FiyAk; epfo;T mhpkhdk; vdg;gLk;.
• cNyhfq;fis mhpj;jypy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwfs;
1. cNyhfj;jpd; Nky;gug;gpy; tz;zk;;g+Rjy;.
2. [pq;f; Kyhk; g+Rjy;. 3. cNyhf fyitfis cUthf;Fjy.;

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25. jd;dpog;G ghJfhg;G Kiwgw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

jd;dpog;G ghJfhg;G Kiw (vjph;kpd;Kid ghJfhg;G)
• jd;dpog;G Neh;kpd;Kid - [pq;f;
• vjph;kpd;Kid - ,Uk;G
,jdhy; ,Uk;G ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. [pq;f; mhpj;jYf;F cs;shfpwJ.
26. mYkpdpak; Vd; Fiwthd Ntfj;jpy; mhpj;jYf;F cl;gLfpwJ?
3+
• Al madpfs; fhw;wpy; cs;s Mf;rp[Dld; tpidgl;L Al2O3 vDk;
ghJfhg;G mLf;if cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
• ,e;j mLf;F ghJfhg;G ciwahf nray;gl;L cs;gug;ig ghJfhf;fpwJ.
27. neh;d;];l; rkd;ghl;il jUtp
aA + bB cC + dD
-nF My; tFf;f

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28. rkepiy khwpyp kw;Wk; kpd;dOj;jk; (EMF) ,ilapyhd njhlh;ig tUtp.

ΔG = - RT lnKeq
Mdhy; ΔG = - nFEcell
- nFEcell = - RT lnKeq
29. jpl;l i`l;u[d; kpd;;Kid (SHE) gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

• jpl;l i`l;u[d; kpd;;Kid Nehf;fPl;L kpd;Kidahfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
• ,jd; emf kjpg;G G+[;[pak; Nthy;l;.
• ,J 1M HCl kw;Wk; 1atm i`l;u[d; thAs;s gpshl;bd kpd;Kidiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
o
• 25 c - y; i`l;u[d; thA fiury; topNa nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
• ,J Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd;KidahfTk; nray;gLfpwJ.
• Neh;kpd;Kid - Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
+ -
H2 2H + 2e Eo = 0 v
• vjph;kpd;Kid - xLf;fk;
+ -
2H + 2e H2 Eo = 0 v
30. tpidAwh kpd;Kidfisg; gad;gLj;jp cUfpa NaCl -d; kpd;dhw;gFj;jiy tpthp.
• kpd;dhw;gFg;Gf; fydpy; ,uz;L kpd;Kidfs; cUfpa NaCl -y;
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,it DC kpd;%yj;Jld; rhtp %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• kpd;Gyj;jpd; Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd;KidAld; kpd;Kidfs;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• Neh;kpd; Kid - Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
- -
2Cl Cl2 + 2e E0 = -1.36v
• vjph;kpd; Kid - xLf;fk;
+ -
Na + e Na E0 = -2.71v
• nkhj;j kpd;tpid
+ -
2 Na + 2Cl 2Na + Cl2 E0 = -4.07v
• E0 -d; kjpg;G vjph;Fwpahf ,Ug;gjhy; tpid jd;dpr;iraw;wJ.
• vdNt cUfpa NaCl -d; kpd;dhw;gFj;jiy epfo;j;j 4.07v I tpl mjpf
kpd;dOj;jj;ij nrYj;jNtz;Lk;.
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31. Nldpay; kpd;fyj;jpd; fl;likg;ig tpsf;Ff. fytpidia vOJf.
• Nldpay; kpd;fyj;jpy; ,uz;L miu kpd;fyd;fs; cs;sd.

1. Mf;rp[Ndw;w miukpd;fyd;
ePh;j;j [pq;f; ry;Ngl; fiurypy; [pq;f; cNyhfk; %o;f itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. xLf;f miukpd;fyd;
ePh;j;j fhg;gh;; ry;Ngl; fiurypy; fhg;gh; cNyhfk; %o;f itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,e;j ,uz;L miu kpd;fyd;fSk; xU cg;G ghyk; %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• [pq;f; kw;Wk; fhg;gh; gl;ilfs; xU fk;gp kw;Wk; ,izg;gp %yk;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• kpd;gFspf; fiury;fs; jiyfPohf ftpo;j;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s U tbt Foha;
%yk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• ,e;j U tbt Fohapy; mfhh;-mfhh; n[y;Yld; tpidAwh kpd;gFspfs; (KCl)
fye;j gir itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,izg;gpia %Lk;NghJ vyf;l;uhd;fs; [pq;f; gl;ilapypUe;J fhg;gh; gl;ilf;F
gha;fpwJ.
2+ -
Zn Zn + 2e
2+ -
Cu + 2e Cu
• nkhj;j kpd;tpid
2+ 2+
Zn + Cu Zn + Cu
cd; d hy; KbahjJ... NtW ahuhy; ?

,g; n ghOJ ,y; y hky; . .. NtW vg; N ghOJ?

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32. H2 - O2 vupnghUs; kpd;fyj;jpd; nray;ghl;il tpsf;Ff.
• vupnghUl;fis vhpg;gjhy; cUthFk; Mw;wiy kpd;dhw;wyhf khw;Wk; kpd;fyd;

vupnghUs; kpd;fyd; MFk;.
vupnghUs; / kpd;Kid / kpd;gFsp / kpd;Kid / Mf;rp[Ndw;wp
vupnghUs; : i`l;u[d;
Mf;rp[Ndw;wp : Mf;rp[d;
kpd;gFsp : ePh;j;j KOH
ntg;gepiy : 200o C
mOj;jk; : 20 - 40 atm
tpidAwh kpd;Kid : Ni kw;Wk; NiO nfhz;l Ez;JisAs;s fpuhigl;
• i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; Mf;rp[d; thAf;fs; KiwNa Neh;kpd;Kid kw;Wk;
vjph;kpd;Kidfspy; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
- -
2H2 + 4OH 4H2O + 4e
- -
2H2O + O2 + 4e 4OH
• nkhj;j kpd;tpid
2H2 + O2 2H2O

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10. Gwg;gug;G Ntjpapay;

1. ,aw;Gwg;gug;G fth;jypd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfis $Wf.
• fzg;nghOjpy; epfo;fpwJ.
• gy %yf;$W mLf;F cUthfpwJ
• mOj;jj;ij mjpfhpj;jhy; gug;G fth;jy; mjpfkhFk;
2. ,aw;Gwg;gug;G fth;jy; - Ntjpg;Gwg;gug;G fth;jy; NtWghLfs;
,aw;Gwg;gug;G fth;jy; Ntjpg;Gwg;gug;G fth;jy;
fzg;nghOjpy; epfo;fpwJ nkJthf epfo;fpwJ
kPs; jd;ikAilaJ kPs; jd;ikaw;wJ
gy %yf;$W mLf;F cUthfpwJ xw;iw %yf;$W mLf;F cUthfpwJ
mOj;jj;ij mjpfhpj;jhy;
mOj;jj;jpdhy; vj;jifa ghjpg;Gk; ,y;iy
gug;G fth;jy; mjpfkhFk;
ntg;gepiyia mjpfhpj;jhy; ntg;gepiyia mjpfhpj;jhy; gug;G fth;jy;
gug;G fth;jy; FiwAk; Kjypy; mjpfhpj;J gpwF FiwfpwJ
vyf;l;uhd; ,lkhw;wk; ,y;iy vyf;l;uhd; ,lkhw;wk; cz;L
3. Ntjpg;Gwg;gug;G fth;jypy; ntg;gepiyia mjpfhpj;jhy; gug;G fth;jy; Kjypy;

mjpfhpj;J gpwF FiwfpwJ. Vd;?
• Kjypy; fpsh;T mizT cUthtjw;F Fwpg;gpl;l msT Mw;wy;
Njitg;gLtjhy; gug;G fth;jy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• gpwF gug;Gfth; nghUspd; ,af;f Mw;wy; mjpfhpj;J gug;G ePf;fk;
eilngWtjhy; gug;G fth;jy; FiwfpwJ.
4. ,aw;Gwg;gug;G fth;jiyf; fhl;bYk; Ntjpg;Gwg;gug;G fth;jypd; gug;G fth;jy;
ntg;gk; mjpfk; Vd;?
• Ntjpg;Gwg;gug;G fth;jypy; thA %yf;$Wfs; Gwg;gug;Gld; tYthd
Ntjpg;gpizg;Gfis cUthf;Ftjhy; mjd; gug;G fth;jy; ntg;gk; mjpfk;.
• ,aw;Gwg;gug;G fth;jypy; gug;G nghUSf;Fk; gug;G ftug;gLk; nghUSf;Fk;
,ilNa thzlh;thy;]; tpir Nghd;w typik Fiwe;j tpirfs; nray;gLtjhy;
gug;G fth;jy; ntg;gk; FiwT.
5. jpz;kj;jpd; kPJ thA %yf;$Wfs; gug;G ftug;gLjiy ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?
1. gug;G nghUspd; jd;ik
2. gug;G fth; nghUspd; jd;ik
3. mOj;jk;
4. ntg;gepiy
5. nrwpT
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6. gug;G fth;jypd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit?

• gug;G fth;jy; xU jd;dpr;irahd nray;Kiw.
• gug;G fth;jy; xU ntg;gk; ckpo; nray;Kiw.
• gug;G fth;jy; midj;J tif ,ilg;gug;GfspYk; epfOk;.
7. NH3 my;yJ CO2 Mfpa ,uz;by; vJ fhpapd; Gwg;gug;gpy; vspjpy; ftug;gLfpwJ?
• NH3 fhpapd; Gwg;gug;gpy; vspjpy; ftug;gLfpwJ.
• fhuzk; - epiykhW ntg;g epiy mjpfk;.
8. /gpuz;l;ypr; gug;G fth;jy; rkntg;gf; NfhLfspd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?
• ,r;rkd;ghL Kw;wpYk; fw;gpjkhdJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l mOj;j vy;iyf;Fs; kl;Lk;
rhpahf mikfpwJ.
• k kw;Wk; n khwpypfspd; kjpg;Gfs; ntg;gepiyiag; nghUj;J khWtij
,r;rkd;ghL tpsf;ftpy;iy.
9. xU gbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wk; kw;Wk; gy gbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wk; tpthp.
xU gbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wk;
tpidgL nghUl;fs;, tpidtpis nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tpidNtf khw;wp Mfpait
xNu epiyikapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
gy gbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wk;

tpidgL nghUl;fs;, tpidtpis nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tpidNtf khw;wp Mfpait
ntt;NtW epiyikapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
10. tpidNtf khw;wp vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

xU Ntjptpidapd; Ntfj;ij khw;wg; gad;gLk; nghUs;.
Fe - tpidNtf khw;wp
11. tpidNtf khw;wpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit?
• tpidapd; Ntfj;ij khw;WtJ.
• Fiwe;j msNt Njitg;gLfpwJ.
• Njh;e;J nrayhw;Wk; jd;ikAilaJ.
• tpis nghUl;fspd; jd;ikia ghjpf;fhJ.
• J}shf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; mjpf jpwDld; nray;GhpAk;.

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12. tpidNtf khw;wpapd; nray;ghL kw;Wk; njwpTj;jpwd; gw;wp ePtph; mwptJ vd;d?
• xU tpidapd; Ntfj;ij khw;wp mikf;Fk; jpwd; tpidNtf khw;wpapd;
nray;ghL vdg;gLk;.
• xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpisnghUis cUthf;Fk; tpidNtf khw;wpapd; jpwd;
tpidNtf khw;wpapd; njwpTj;jpwd; vdg;gLk;.
13. xU nghUs; ey;y tpidNtf khw;wpahf jpfo gug;G ePf;fk; mtrpak; Vd;?
tpidNtf khw;wpapd; gug;gpy; Gjpa tpidgLnghUl;fs; gug;G ftug;gl,
Kjypy; cUthfpAs;s tpisnghUl;fs; gug;G ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
14. tiuaW. m) Cf;f tpidNtf khw;wp M) jsh;T tpidNtf khw;wp
,) jd; tpidNtf khw;wp
Cf;f tpidNtf khw;wp
• tpidapd; Ntfj;ij mjpfhpf;Fk;.
• N`gh; Kiwapy; mk;Nkhdpah jahhpj;jypy; ,Uk;G Cf;f tpidNtf khw;wp.
jsh;T tpidNtf khw;wp
• tpidapd; Ntfj;ij Fiwf;Fk;.
• H2O2 rpijtilAk; tpidapy; fpspruhy; jsh;T tpidNtf khw;wp.
jd; tpidNtf khw;wp
• tpid tpis nghUs;fspy; xd;W tpidNtf khw;wpahf nray;gLtJ.
• vj;jpy; mrpl;Nll;il ePuhw; gFf;Fk;NghJ cUthFk; Mf;rhypf; mkpyk;
jd; tpidNtf khw;wpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
15. cah;j;jpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
tpidNtf khw;wpapd; nray;jpwid mjpfhpf;f Nrh;f;fg;gLk; nghUs;.
Fe - tpidNtf khw;wp Mo - cah;j;jp

16. tpidNtf khw;wp er;Rf;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
tpidNtf khw;wpapd; nray;jpwid Fiwf;f Nrh;f;fg;gLk; nghUs;.
Fe - tpidNtf khw;wp H2S - er;R

17. fpsh;T ikaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
• tpidNtf khw;wpapd; Gwg;gug;G tOtOg;ghf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
• mjpy; gy jlq;fs;, tpupry;fs; kw;Wk; Kidfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• mjpYs;s mZf;fspy; mjpf fth;r;rp tpir kw;Wk; epiwTwh gpizg;Gfs;
cs;sd. ,it fpsh;T ikaq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

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18. tpidNtf khw;wk; gw;wpa gug;G fth;r;rp nfhs;if

,f;nfhs;if gygbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
,jd; gbepiyfs;
1. tpidgL nghUl;fs; tpidNtf khw;wpapd; Gwg;gug;ig Nehf;fp efh;jy;.
2. tpidgL nghUl;fs; tpidNtf khw;wpapd; gug;Gf; ftug;gLjy;.
3. tpidgL nghUl;fs; fpsh;T mizit cz;lhf;Fjy;.
4. fpsh;Tw;w mizT rpijtile;J tpidtpis nghUl;fs; cUthjy;.
5. tpidtpis nghUl;fs; gug;G ePf;fk; miljy;.
6. tpidtpis nghUl;fs; tpidNtf khw;wpapd; Gwg;gug;ig tpl;L tpyfpr;nry;Yjy;.
19. tpidNtf khw;wk; gw;wpa ,ilepiyr; Nrh;kf; nfhs;if
tpidgL nghUs; + tpidNtf khw;wp ,ilepiyr; Nrh;kk;
,ilepiyr; Nrh;kk;; + tpidgL nghUs; tpidtpis nghUs;
+
tpidNtf khw;wp
gb - I 2NO + O2 2NO2
tpidNtf khw;wp ,ilepiyr; Nrh;kk;
gb - II NO2 + SO2 SO3 + NO
tpidtpis tpidNtf khw;wp
nghUs;
20. nehjpfs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs; ahit?
nehjp tpidNtfkhw;wj;jpd; tpidtopKiwia tpthp.
• nehjpfs; Kg;ghpkhd mikg;ig nfhz;l rpf;fyhd Guj %yf;$Wfs;.
• caphpdq;fspy; epfOk; NtjptpidfSf;F tpidA+f;fpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
• Rf;Nuhi] FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk; /guf;Nlh]; Mf khw;Wk; nehjp ,d;th;Nl];.
nehjpfspd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs;
• Njh;e;J nrayhw;wf; $bait.
• gaDs;s kw;Wk; jpwDs;s khw;wk;;.
• tpidapd; Ntfj;ij 105 klq;Ffs; Ntfg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
H
• cfe;j P kw;Wk; ntg;g epiyapy; mjpf gl;r Ntfj;jpy; epfo;fpwJ.
• nehjpfspd; nray;ghl;il jLj;J er;Rg;gLj;j KbAk;.
tpidtopKiw
E = nehjp S = tpidgLnghUs; ES = fpsh;T mizT P = tpisnghUs;

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21. ehNdh tpidNtf khw;wk; gw;wp tpthp.

• fiuAk; gygbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wpfs;.
• Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l khw;wk; cilaJ.
• mjpfNtf nray;jpwDilaJ.
• kWRow;rp nra;ayhk;.
• Nkk;gl;l tpisr;riy jUk;.
22. [pNahiyl; tpidNtf khw;wj;jpd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfis tpthp.
• [pNahiyl;Lfs; Ez;Jisfis cila gbftbt ePNuwpa mYkpNdh
rpypNfl;Lfs; MFk;.
• ,it rpypf;fhd; kw;Wk; mYkpdpak; ehd;Kfpfshy; Mdit.
• rpypf;fhd; ehd;F ,izjpwd;fSk;, mYkpdpak; %d;W ,izjpwd;fSk;
nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ,jpy; mjpfsT vjph;kpd;Rik fhzg;gLfpwJ.
+ +
• ,e;j vjph;kpd;Rikia eLepiyahf;f H my;yJ Na Nghd;w madpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
+
• H nfhz;Ls;s [pNahiyl;Lfs; tpidNtf khw;wpfshf gad;gLfpd;wd.
ngl;Nuhypaj;jpypUe;J ngl;Nuhy; kw;Wk; Briyg; gphpj;njLf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
+
• Na nfhz;Ls;s [pNahiyl;Lfs; fhu tpidNtf khw;wpfshf gad;gLfpd;wd.
• [pNahiyl;Lfs; tbt njhpTj; jpwDilaJ.
$o;kq;fs;
23. $o;kf; fiury; kw;Wk; fsp Mfpatw;wpw;fpilNaAs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
$o;kf; fiury; fsp

1 gphpif Clfk; - ePh;kk; gphpif Clfk; - jpz;kk;
2 gphpif epiyik - jpz;kk; gphpif epiyik - ePh;kk;
3 v.fh. - ,q;f,; ngapz;l; v.fh. - ntz;nza;, ghyhilf; fl;b
24. fiug;ghd; tpUk;Gk; $o;kq;fs;, fiug;ghd; ntWf;Fk; $o;kq;fis tpl mjpf

epiyg;Gj; jd;ik tha;e;jit Vd;?
• fiug;ghd; tpUk;Gk; $o;kq;fspy; - gphpif epiyik kw;Wk; gphpif Clfk;
,ilNa tYthd fth;r;rp tpir fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• fiug;ghd; ntWf;Fk; $o;kq;fspy; - gphpif epiyik kw;Wk; gphpif Clfk;
,ilNa fth;r;rp tpir ,y;iy

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25. $w;iw gw;wp fUj;Jiuf;f :- $o;kk; vd;gJ xU Nrh;kk; my;y.

mJ Nrh;kj;jpd; xU epiyahFk;.
• nghUspd; Jfs; msit 1-200nm mstpw;F Fiwg;gjd; %yk; mij
$o;kkhf khw;wyhk;.
• $o;kk; Jfs;fspd; cUtsitg; nghUj;J mikfpwJ.
• $o;kk; vd;gJ gphpif epiyik kw;Wk; gphpif Clfk; nfhz;l xUgbj;jhd
fyitahFk;.
• vdNt $o;kk; vd;gJ xU Nrh;kk; my;y. mJ Nrh;kj;jpd; xU epiyahFk;.
26. fPo;f;fz;l $o;kj;Jfs;fspd; tbtq;fis vOJf.
m) As2S3 M) Fe(OH)3 ,) W3O5
m) As2S3 - Nfhs tbtk; M) Fe(OH)3 - jl;L tbtk; ,) W3O5 - jz;L tbtk;
27. tPo;gbit $o;kf; fiuryhf khw;w $o;kkhf;fp Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f;$w;iw tpthp.
(my;yJ) $o;kkhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.
• jFe;j kpd;gFspia Nrh;j;J xU tPo;gbit $o;kkhf khw;Wk; nray;
Ro;kkhf;fy; vdg;gLk;.
• v.fh.
28. bz;lhy; tpisT vd;why; vd;d?

• $o;kj;Jfs;fs; topNa xspf;fw;iwia nrYj;jpdhy; xspapd; jlk; Gyg;gLk;.
• fhuzk; : $o;kj;Jfs;fspd; xsp rpjwbf;Fk; gz;G.
• ,g;gz;G bz;lhy; tpisT vdg;gLk;.
29. gpnusdpad; ,af;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
gphpif Clfj;jpy; $o;kj;Jfs;fs; xOq;fpd;wp jphpAk; nray;.
fhuzk; : gphpif Clf %yf;$Wfs; $o;kj;Jfis xOq;fpd;wp NkhJtJ.
30. gpnusdpad; ,af;fj;jpd; gad;fis vOJf.
• mtNfl;Nuh vz;iz fzf;fplyhk;.
• $o;kq;fspd; epiyg;Gj; jd;ikia mwpayhk;.
• ,af;ftpaw; nfhs;ifia cWjpg;gLj;jyhk;.
31. n`y;k;N`hy;l;]; ,ul;il mLf;F (ghyk;) gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
• $o;kj;Jfspd; gug;gpy; Neh;kpd; madpfs; gug;G ftug;gLtjhy; Neh;kpd;Rik
mLf;F cUthfpwJ.
• ,e;j mLf;F vjph;;kpd;Rik madpfis gug;G fth;tjhy; ,uz;lhtJ mLf;F
cUthfpwJ.
• $o;kj;Jfs;fspd; kPJs;s ,j;jifa ,ul;ilkpd;Rik mLf;F n`y;k;N`hy;l;];
,ul;il mLf;F vdg;gLk;.

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32. kpd;dhw; rt;T+L guty; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

• $o;kf; fiury; eLepiyj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
• vdNt fiurypy; cs;s gphpif Jfs;fspd; kpd;Rikf;F rkkhd vjph;
kpd;Rikia Clfk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
• $o;kj;Jfs;fspd; ,af;fk; jil nra;ag;gLk;NghJ kpd;Gyj;jpy; $o;kj;Jfs;fs;
efUk; jpirf;F vjph; jpirapy; Clfk; efUk;.
• kpd;Gyj;jpy; gphpif Clfk; efUk; ,r;nray;Kiw kpd;dhw; rt;T+L guty;
vdg;gLk;.
33. VNDk; xU jphpjy; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
• $o;kj; Jfs;fspd; Jfs; jpul;ly; kw;Wk; mbapy; jq;Fk; epfo;T jphpjy; MFk;.
kpd;Kidf; fth;r;rp xU jphpjy; KiwahFk;.
• kpd;Kid fth;r;rp vd;gJ kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;Jk;NghJ $o;kj;Jfs;fs;
kpd;Kidia Nehf;fp efUk; nray;.
34. $o;k epiyapYs;s Fe(OH)3 kw;Wk; As2O3 Mfpatw;iw xd;whf fyf;Fk;NghJ
epfo;tnjd;d?
Neh;kpd;Rik nfhz;l Fe(OH)3 kw;Wk; vjph;kpd;Rik nfhz;l As2O3 Mfpatw;iw
xd;whf fyf;Fk;NghJ jphpe;J NghFk;.
35. gbfhuq;fs; Nrh;g;gjhy; ePh; Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vd;?
3+
gbfhuj;jpy; cs;s Al madpfs; ePhpy; cs;s khRf;fis jphpar; nra;tjd;
%yk; ePh; Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
36. eidf;fg;gl;l gbfhuj;ij Nja;f;Fk; NghJ ,uj;jf; frpT epWj;jg;gLtJ Vd;?
3+
gbfhuj;jpy; cs;s Al madpfs; ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s Gujq;fis eLepiyahf;fp
jphpar; nra;tjhy; ,uj;jf; frpT epWj;jg;gLfpwJ.
37. Ntjp Kiwapy; $o;kq;fs; jahhpj;jy;

1. ,ul;ilr; rpijT
2. Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
3. xLf;fk;
4. ePuhw;gFj;jy;

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38. gphpif Kiwapy; $o;kq;fs; jahhpj;jy;

1. ,ae;jpuj;jpy; rpijj;jy;
• jpz;kj;Jld; ePh;kk; Nrh;j;J $o;k Miyapy; ,lg;gLfpwJ.
• $o;k Miyapy; xd;iwnahd;W njhl;Lf;nfhz;L vjph;vjph; jpirapy;
Royf;$ba ,U v/F jfLfs; cs;sd.
• jpz;kj; Jfs;fs; $o;kj;Jfs; mstpw;F miuf;fg;gl;L gphpif Clfj;jpy;
Nrh;j;J $o;kk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• v. fh - $o;kfpuhigl;, mr;Rik
2. kpd;dhw;; rpijj;jy;
• rpwpjsT fhuk; Nghd;w epiyg;Gf; fhuzp cs;s ePhpy; %o;fpAs;s cNyhf
kpd;tha;fSf;fpilNa kpd;tpy; cUthf;fg; gLfpwJ.
• ePh; Fsph;tpf;Fk; fydhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ.
• kpd;tpy;ypd; mjpfgl;r ntg;gepiyapy; cNyhfkhdJ Mtpahfp Fsph;e;j ePhpy;
Fsph;tpf;fg;gLfpwJ
• Nfhy;L, rpy;th; Nghd;w cNyhfq;fspd; $o;kf; fiury;.
39. ghy;kq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?
• ghy;kq;fs; ePh;k - ePh;k $o;k mikg;Gfs;.
• ,uz;L ePh;kq;fis fyf;Fk;NghJ xU ePh;kk; kw;nwhU ePh;kj;jpy; gphpifaile;J
fpilf;Fk; $o;kk; ghy;kk; MFk;.
• ghy;kq;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;
1. vz;nza; gphpifaile;Js;s ePh; (O/W tif) - ghy;
2. ePh; gphpifaile;Js;s vz;nza; (W/O tif) - fphPk;
40. ghy;kq;fspd; gad;fs; %d;W $W.
• ghy;, fphPk,; ntz;nza; - ghy;kq;fs;
• kf;dPrpa ghy;kk; - tapw;W cghijf;F kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.
• Jzpfis ntSf;f gad;gLk; Nrhg;Gfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
• ,ug;gh; njhopypy; lah;fs;, bA+g;Gfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
41. ghy;kr; rpijT vd;why; vd;d? mjd; cj;jpfis vOJf.
• ghy;kq;fis ,uz;L jdpj;jdp mLf;Ffshf gphpf;Fk; nray;Kiw
ghy;kr; rpijT vdg;gLk;.
ghy;kr; rpijtpd; cj;jpfs;
• xU gFjpf; $iw kl;Lk; thiytbj;jy;.
• ika tpyf;F tpiria nrYj;Jjy;.
• kPnahyp miyfis gad;gLj;Jjy;.
• cah; mOj;jj;jpy; ntg;gg; gLj;Jjy;
• kpd;gFspiaf; Nrh;j;J kpd;Rikiaj; jfh;j;jy;.
“KbahJ> ,ayhJ vd; w thh; j ; i jfs;
khzth; f spd; mfuhjpapy; ,Uf; f f; $lhJ”

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11. i`l;uhf;rp Nrh;kq;fs; kw;Wk; <jh;fs;
1. i`bNuh NghNuw;w tpid
!! !
!2. fpspruhypd; ePh; ePf;f tpid (m) mf;Nuhypd; jahhpj;jy;
fpspruhy; KHSO4 (m) mlh; H2SO4 mf;Nuhypd;
!!! !
3. TNG jahhpj;jy;
4. lt; Kiw (m) FNshNuh ngd;rPdpy; ,Ue;J gPdhy; jahhpj;jy;

FNshNuh ngd;rPid fhuj;Jld; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ gPdhy; fpilg;gJ.
5. INrhGug;igy; ngd;rPd; (m) fpAkpdpypUe;J gPdhy; jahhpj;jy;
6. gPdhypypUe;J ngd;rPd; jahhpj;jy;

C6H5OH + Zn ∆ C6H6 + ZnO
!
P.KATHIRVEL, M.Sc, B.Ed, P.G. TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR, ERODE(Dt). Cell - 9150550110
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7. Nfhy;gpd; tpid
8. hPkh;- Bkh; tpid
9. gPdhypy; ,Ue;J gpf;hpf; mkpyk; jahhpj;jy;

gPdhy; mlh; HNO3 / H2SO4 gpf;hpf; mkpyk; (2,4,6 - l;iuiel;Nuh gPdhy;)
;
10. gpdhy;/g;jypd; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ? (m) jhypad; tpidia $W.
gPdhy; + jhypf; mkpy ePhpyp mlh; H2SO4 gpdhy;/g;jypd;
11. gPdhiy ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuLld; tpidgLj;j vd;d epfOk;? (m)

,izg;G tpidia vOJ. (m) gPdhypd; rha Nrhjidia vOJ.
!
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12. ];fhl;ld; - ngskd; tpid
13. gPdhypd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w tpid
14. gPdhypd; Mf;rp[ndhLf;f tpid
15. gPdhiy mdpyPdhf khw;Wjy;
16. gPdhYf;fhd Nrhjidfis vOJ.

1. gPdhy; eLepiy FeCl3 cld; Cjh epwj;ij nfhLf; F k;
2. gPdhy; ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuLld; MuQ;R rptg;G epw rhak; jUk;.
3. GNuhkpd; ePiu epwkpof;fr; nra;Ak;;.
17. tpy;ypak;rd; njhFg;G Kiw
JUg;gpbj;Jj; Nja;tijtpl...! cioj;J Nja;tJ NkyhdJ..!!
!
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18. ];th;d; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
19. fpisf;fhypd; ePh; ePf;f tpidfs;
20. ,iz khw;wpak; (nkl;lh nkhprk;)

xNu %yf;$W tha;ghl;ilAk;, xNu tpidj; njhFjpiaAk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
Mf;rp[d; mZTld;, ,Ugf;fKk; ,ize;Js;s My;ify; njhFjp khWgLfpwJ.
!
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21. Xhpiza, <hpiza, %tpiza My; f `hy; f is NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk;
tpf; l h; Nkah; Ma; T
Xhpiza My; f `hy; rptg; G epwk; nfhLf; F k;
<hpiza My; f `hy; eP y epwk; nfhLf; F k;
%tpiza My; f `hy; ve; j epwj; i jAk; nfhLf; f hJ.
Xhpiza My; f `hy; <hpiza My; f `hy; %tpiza My; f `hy;
CH 3 CH 2 - OH (CH 3 ) 2 CH - OH (CH 3 ) 3 C - OH
P/I 2 P/I 2 P/I 2
CH 3 CH 2 - I (CH 3 ) 2 CH - I (CH 3 ) 3 C - I
Ag NO 2 Ag NO 2 Ag NO 2
CH 3 CH 2 - NO 2 (CH 3 ) 2 CH - NO 2 (CH 3 ) 3 C - NO 2
HONO HONO HONO
CH 3 CH 2 - NO 2 (CH 3 ) 2 C - NO 2 epwkw; w J
 
NOH NO
KOH KOH
CH 3 CH 2 - NO 2 eP y epwk;

NOK
rptg; G epwk;
22. Xhpiza, <hpiza, %tpiza My; f `hy; f is NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk;

Y}fh]; M a; T
• %tpiza My; f `hy; cldb fyq; f y; j d; i k
• <hpiza My; f `hy; 5-10 epkplq; f spy; fyq; f y; j d; i k
• Xhpiza My; f `hy; ntg; g g; g Lj; j pdhy; kl; L k; fyq; f y; j d; i k
!
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12. fhh;gidy; Nrh;kq;fs; kw;Wk; fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyq;fs;
1. Nuhrd;kz;l; xLf;f tpid
mrpl;ily; FNshiuL + H2 Pd / BaSO4 mrpl;lhy;bi`L
BaSO4 – tpidNtf er;R

2. ];Bgd; tpid
3. XNrhd; gFg;G tpid

my;fPd; + O3 XNrhidL Zn/ H2O My;bi`L
4. vlhh;l; tpid
+
nlhYtpd; + CrO2Cl2 CS2 / H3O ngd;rhy;bi`L
5. fhl;lh;khd; - $r; tpid
6. /g;hPly; fpuhg;l;]; mrpl;ilNyw;w tpid

C6H6 + CH3COCl ePuw;w AlCl3 C6H5COCH3 + HCl
ngd;rPd; mrpl;NlhgPNdhd;
7. /g;hPly; fpuhg;l;]; ngd;irNyw;w tpid
C6H6 + C6H5COCl ePuw;w AlCl3 C6H5COC6H5 + HCl
ngd;rPd; ngd;NrhgPNdhd;
!
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8. /ghh;kypd; vd;gJ vd;d? mjd; gad; ahJ?
40% ghh;khy;bi`bd; ePh;f;fiury; /ghh;kypd; vdg;gLk;.
gad;fs; :
1. caphpay; khjphpfis ghJfhf;f 2. Njhy; gjdpLjypy;
9. My;bi`il fz;lwpAk; Nrhjidfis vOJf.
lhyd;]; fhuzpia xLf;Fk; (Ag+ → Ag)
/ngypq; fiuriy xLf;Fk; (Cu2+ → Cu)
ngdpbf; fiuriy xLf;Fk;
\p/g; fhuzpapd; ,sQ;rptg;G epwj;ij jpUk;gg; ngwr;nra;Ak;.
10. A+Nuhl;uhgpd; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ? mjd; gad; ahJ?
/ghh;khy;bi`L + mNkhdpah A+Nuhl;uhgpd; (n`f;rhnkj;jpypd; nll;ukpd;)
gad; : 1. rpWePuf Giu jLg;ghd;. 2. RDX ntbnghUs; jahhpf;f
11. mNahNlhghh;k; tpid
12. ngh;fpd;]; tpid

ngd;rhy;bi`L + mrpl;bf; ePhpyp CH3COONa rpd;dkpf; mkpyk;
C6H5CHO + CH3COOCOCH3 CH3COONa C6H5CH = CHCOOH + CH3COOH
13. Nehte[y; tpid

ngd;rhy;bi`L + kNyhdpf; mkpyk; gphpbd; / – H2O, – CO2 rpd;dkpf; mkpyk;
14. ngd;rhapd; FWf;f tpid
!
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15. fpisrd; - ];fpkpl; tpid
16. \pg; fhuk; jahupj;jy;
17. khyifl; gr;ir rhak
18. fpskd;rd; xLf;fk;
19. cy;g; - fp\;dh; xLf;fk;
20. mrpl;Nlhid gpdfhyhf khw;Wjy;
21. Nfhy;g; kpd;dhw; gFG;G – fhh;ghf;rpy; ePf;fk;
!
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22. v];luhf;Fjy; tpid
mrpl;bf; mkpyk;; + nkj;jdhy; mlh; H2SO4 nkj;jpy; mrpl;Nl;
CH3COOH + CH3OH mlh; H2SO4 CH3COOCH3 + H2O
23. khw;W v];luhf;Fjy; tpid
nkj;jpy; mrpl;Nll;; + vj;jdhy; H+ vj;jpy; mrpl;Nl;
CH3COOCH3 + C2H5OH H+ CH3COOC2H5 + CH3OH

24. fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyq;fSf;fhd Nrhjidfs;
ePy ypl;ki] rptg;ghf khw;WfpwJ.
Na2CO3 cld; Eiuj;Jg; nghq;FfpwJ.
My;f`hy; cld; mlh; H2SO4 Kd;dpiyapy; v];liuf; nfhLf;fpwJ.
25. ghh;kpf; mkpyj;jpd; xLf;Fk; gz;gpid tpthp (my;yJ)
ghh;kpf; mkpyk; kw;w mkpyq;fspy; ,Ue;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ?
My;bi`L kw;Wk; mkpyj; njhFjpfis ngw;Ws;sJ.

lhyd;]; fuzpia xLf;Fk;
ngypq; fiuriy xLf;Fk;
26. ngd;iry; FNshiuL NaOH ngd;iry; My;f`hy;
!
27. !ngd;iry; My;f`hy; ngd;rhapf; mkpyk;!
!
28. mrpl;bf; mkpyk; mrpl;bf; mkpy ePhpyp!
!
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29. mrpl;lhy;bi`bd; My;lhy; FWf;f tpid top Kiw
tpid topKiw
gb - I
gb - II
gb - III
• My;lhy; mlh; H2SO4 FNuhl;ldhy;bi`L;
30. FWf;F My;lhy; FWf;f tpid top Kiw
!
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31. fhd;dprhNuh tpidapd; tpid top Kiw
!
32. nfhOg;G mkpyq;fspd; fhy;rpak; cg;Gf;fis fha;r;rp tbj;jy;
!
fhy;rpak; ghh;Nkl; Δ ghh;khy;bi`L (nkj;jdy;)!
(fhy;rpak; nkj;jNdhNal;)!
Ca(COOH)2 Δ HCHO + CaCO3
fhy;rpak;; ghh;Nkl; + fhy;rpak; mrpNll; Δ mrpl;lhy;bi`L (vj;jdy;)!
Ca(COOH)2 + Ca(COOCH3)2 Δ CH3CHO + 2CaCO3
fhy;rpak; ghh;Nkl; + fhy;rpak; ngd;NrNal; Δ ngd;rhy;bi`L!
Ca(COOH)2 + Ca(COOC6H5)2 Δ C6H5CHO + 2CaCO3
fhy;rpak; mrpNll; Δ mrpl;Nlhd; !
(fhy;rpak; vj;jNdhNal;)!
Ca(COOCH3)2 Δ CH3COCH3 + CaCO3
fhy;rpak; ngd;NrNal; Δ ngd;NrhgPNdhd;; !
Ca(COOC6H5)2 Δ C6H5COC6H5 + CaCO3
fhy;rpak; mrpNll; + fhy;rpak; ngd;NrNal; Δ mrpl;NlhgPNdhd;!
Ca(COOCH3)2 + Ca(COOC6H5)2 Δ C6H5COCH3 + 2CaCO3
!
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13. fhpk iel;u[d; Nrh;kq;fs;
1. `hg;Nkd; ,wf;f tpid
2. Nfg;hpay; jhypikL njhFg;G Kiw
3. FNshNuh gpf;hpd; vd;gJ ahJ? vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ? mjd; gad; ahJ?

FNshNuh gpf;hpd; vd;gJ l;iu FNshNuh iel;Nuh kPj;Njd;.
gad; - Ez;Zaphpf; nfhy;yp

4. ilaNrh Mf;f tpid
Fsph; epiyapy; cs;s Nrhbak; iel;iul;, HCl y; fiuf;fg;gl;l mdpyPDld;
tpidGhpe;J ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuilj; jUtJ.
5. fhh;igy; mkPd; tpid (Xhpiza mkPid fz;lwpAk; Ma;T)
6. fhk;ngh;f; ngf;Nkd; tpid
7. fhl;lh;Nkd; tpid
8. rhz;l;Nkah; tpid
!
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9. fLF vz;nza; tpid
10. `hg;Nkd; fLF vz;nza; tpid
11. nrghl;bah; - nka;y;`p Kiw
12.ntt;NtW Clfq;fspy; iel;Nuh ngd;rPdpd; xLf;fk;
!
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13. Xhpiza, <hpiza, %tpiza mkpd;fis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;L.
Xhpiza mkpd; <hpiza mkpd; %tpiza mkpd;
iel;u]; N- iel;uNrh mkpid cg;Gfis
My;f`hiy jUfpwJ
mkpyk; jUfpwJ jUfpwJ
mrpl;ily; N- My;ify; N,N- il My;ify;

tpid ,y;iy
FNshiuL mrpl;likil jUfpwJ mrpl;likil jUfpwJ
fhh;igy; mkpd;
CHCl3 / KOH tpid ,y;iy tpid ,y;iy
cz;lhfpwJ
My;ify; INrhjNah
CS2 / HgCl2 tpid ,y;iy tpid ,y;iy
raNdl; cz;lhfpwJ
14. CH3NO2 tha;g;ghl;bw;F ,uz;L khw;wpaq;fs; cs;sd. ,t;tpuz;ilAk; vt;thW

NtWgLj;Jtha;? (my;yJ) ,aq;F rkepiy khw;wpak; gw;wp tpthp.
• iel;Nuh kPj;Njdpd; ,aq;F rkepiy khw;wpak;
• Xhpiza, <hpiza iel;Nuh Nrh;kq;fs; ,aq;F rkepiy khw;wpaq;fisg;

ngw;Ws;sd
• %tpiza iel;Nuh Nrh;kq;fspy; α- H mZ ,y;iy. vdNt ,aq;F rkepiy
khw;wpaq;fisg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy.
15. C4H9NO2 vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;by; mikAk; midj;J khw;wpaq;fisAk;
vOjp IUPAC ngahpLf.
CH3 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -NO2
1 - iel;Nuh gpA+l;Nld; 2 - iel;Nuh gpA+l;Nld; 2- nkj;jpy;-1-iel;Nuh

Gug;Ngd;
CH3 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -O -N = O
gpA+l;ily; iel;iul;
2-nkj;jpy;-2-iel;Nuh Gug;Ngd;
!
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14. caphpay; %yf;$Wfs;
1. fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfis jf;f rhd;Wld; tifg;gLj;J
fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs;
rh;f;fiufs; rh;f;fiu ,y;yhjit
Xh; ,d gygb gy,d gygb

xw;iw rh;f;fiufs; xypNfh rh;f;fiufs; rh;f;fiu rh;f;fiu
,ul;il Kk;ik nll;uh --------

rh;f;fiufs; rh;f;fiufs; rh;f;fiufs;
(Rf;Nuh];) (uhgpNdh];)
My;NlhRfs; fPl;NlhRfs;
(FSf;Nfh];) (/g;uf;Nlh];)
2. gpd;tUtdw;iw NkhNdh rhf;fiuLfs;, xypNfh rhf;fiuLfs; kw;Wk;
ghyp rhf;fiuLfs; vd tifg;gLj;J.
1. FSf;Nfh]; - NkhNdh rhf;fiuLfs;
2. /g;uf;Nlh]; - NkhNdh rhf;fiuLfs;
3. Rf;Nuh]; - xypNfh rhf;fiuLfs;
4. yhf;Nlh]; - xypNfh rhf;fiuLfs;
5. khy;Nlh]; - xypNfh rhf;fiuLfs;
6. ];lhu;r; - ghyp rhf;fiuLfs;
7. nry;YNyh]; - ghyp rhf;fiuLfs;
3. fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; nghJthf xspRow;Wk; jd;ikia ngw;Ws;sd. Vd;?
• fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfspy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rPh;ikaw;w
fhh;gd;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; mit xspRow;Wk; jd;ikia ngw;Ws;sd.
n
• rPh;ikaw;w fhh;gd;fs; n vdpy; khw;wpaq;fs; 2
• FSf;Nfh]py; cs;s rPh;ikaw;w fhh;gd;fs; 4 khw;wpaq;fs; 16.
4. gpd;tUk; rh;f;fiu D - rh;f;fiuah my;yJ L - rh;f;fiuah?
L - rh;f;fiu
!
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5. α - D - FSf;NfhiguNdh];, β - D - FSf;NfhiguNdh]; mikg;G
6. α – D - /g;uf;NlhiguNdh];, β - D - /g;uf;NlhiguNdh];; mikg;G
7. ngg;ilL gpizg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

Kjy; mkpNdh mkpyj;jpd; fhh;ghf;rpy; njhFjp, ,uz;lhk; mkpNdh mkpyj;jpd;
mkpNdh njhFjpAld; tpidgl;L ngg;ilL gpizg;G cUthfpwJ.
8. mydpdpd; Rtpl;lh; madp mikg;ig tiuf.
9. Gujq;fspd; Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy mikg;Gfis NtWgLj;Jf.

Kjy;epiy mikg;G ,uz;lhk; epiy mikg;G
1 ghypngg;ilL rq;fpypapy; ghypngg;ilL rq;fpypapy; mkpNdh
mkpNdh mkpyq;fspd; miktpl mkpyq;fs; fhh;gidy; - Mf;rp[Df;Fk;,
thpirahFk;. mkpNdh- i`l;u[Df;Fk; ,ilNa
i`l;u[d; gpizg;ig cUthf;FfpwJ.
2 Gujq;fspd; xl;L nkhj;j Jiz mikg;Gfs; -
mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghl;il α - RUs;, β - RUs;
khw;WfpwJ. Jiz mikg;Gfs;
,y;iy.
!
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10. Gujq;fspd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.
Gujq;fs; ,U tifg;gLk;. 1. ,iog; Gujq;fs; 2. FNshGyh; Gujq;fs;
1. ,iog; Gujq;fs;
• Neh;Nfhl;L mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sd.
• ePhpy; fiuahJ.
• ilry;igL - i`l;u[d; gpizg;ghy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• v.fh. - nfuhbd;, nfhy;yh[d;.
2. FNshGyh; Gujq;fs;
• Nfhstbt mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sd.
• ePhpy; fiuAk;.
• tpidA+f;fr; nray;ghLfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• v.fh. - ,d;Rypd;, nehjpfs;.
11. α - RUs; cUthjy; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
• α - RUs; Gujq;fspd; ,uz;lhk; epiy Jiz mikg;Gfs;
• mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; nrq;Fj;J RUs; mikg;gpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• 1-tJ mkpNdh mkpy fhh;gidy; - Mf;rp[Df;Fk;, 5-tJ mkpNdh mkpy
mkpNdh - i`l;u[Df;Fk; ,ilNa i`l;u[d; gpizg;ig cUthf;FfpwJ.
• mkpNdh mkpyq;fspd; gf;fr; rq;fpypfs; RUspd; ntspNa ePl;bf;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
• ,jd; xt;nthU Rw;wpYk; Rkhh; 3.6 mkpNdh mkpy $Wfs; cs;sd.
o
,jd; ePsk; 5.4 A
12. Gujq;fspd; ,ay;gpoj;jy; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
• Gujq;fspd; Kg;ghpkhz mikg;gpy; i`l;u[d; gpizg;G, ePh; tpyf;Fk; kw;Wk;
epiykpd;dpay; ,ilaPLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
H
• cah; ntg;gepiy my;yJ fiurypd; P I khw;Wtjhy; ,e;j ,ilaPLfis
rpijf;fKbAk;.
• ,it Kg;ghpkhz mikg;ig ,of;fr; nra;fpwJ.
• xU Gujk; mjd; Kjy;epiy mikg;G ghjpf;fg;glhky; cah;epiy mikg;ig
kl;Lk; ,of;Fk; epfo;T ,ay;gpoj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
• ,jdhy; caphpay; nray;ghLfs; Kw;wpYk; ,of;fg;gLfpwJ.
13. Gujq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.
• %yf;$Wfspd; ,af;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
• czh;Ntw;gpfshf nray;gLfpwJ.
• ,Uk;G Nghd;w cNyhfq;fis Nrkpf;fpwJ.
• ,d;Rypd; ,uj;j rh;f;fiu msit fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
• gy;NtW Neha;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fpwJ.
!
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14. nehjpfs; tiuaW.
• nehjpfs; Kg;ghpkhd mikg;ig nfhz;l rpf;fyhd Guj %yf;$Wfs;.
• caphpdq;fspy; epfOk; NtjptpidfSf;F tpidA+f;fpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
• tpidapd; Ntfj;ij 105 klq;Ffs; Ntfg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
• Rf;Nuhi] FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk; /guf;Nlh]; Mf khw;Wk; nehjp ,d;th;Nl];.
15. caphpdq;fspy; ypgpl;Lfspd; nray;ghLfs; ahit?
• ypg;gpl;Lfs; nry;fspd; xUq;fpize;j Mf;ff;$Wfs;.
• caph; mikg;Gfspd; Mw;wy; %yq;fs;.
• ePh;tho; capupdq;fspd; ghJfhg;G mLf;Ffs;.
• ,izg;G jpRf;fspy; ghJfhg;G mLf;Ffs;.
• nfhOg;G tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpy; ghy;kf;fhuzpfs;.
16. itl;lkpd;fs; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
1. nfhOg;gpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fs;
• ,e;j itl;lkpd;fs; nfhOg;G czTld; cwpQ;rg;gLfpd;wd.
• fy;yPuypy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• ,it ePhpy; fiutjpy;iy.
• v.fh- itl;lkpd;fs; A, D, E, K
2. ePhpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fs;
• ,tw;iw Nrkpf;f ,ayhJ.
• v.fh- itl;lkpd;fs; B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 ) kw;Wk; C.
17. gpd;tUk; Fiwghl;L Neha;fis cUthf;Fk; itl;lkpd;fspd; ngah;fis vOJf.
Fiwghl;L Neha;fs; itl;lkpd;fs;
khiyf;FUL A
nghpnghp B1
,uj;jNrhif B12
];fh;tp C
upf;fl;]; D
,uj;jk; ciwjy; K
18. `hh;Nkhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

• `hh;Nkhd;fs; jpRtpdhy; Ruf;fg;gl;L ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpy; fyf;fg;gLk; fhpkr;Nrh;kk;
• ,J kw;w nry;fspy; clypay; Jyq;fis J}z;LfpwJ.
• ,J nry;fSf;fpilNa rkpf;iQ %yf;$whFk;.
• v.fh. - ,d;Rypd;, ];Buha;L.
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19. `hh;Nkhd;fs; kw;Wk; itl;lkpd;fSf;fpilNaAs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
`hh;Nkhd;fs; itl;lkpd;fs;
1 jpRtpdhy; Ruf;fg;gLk; fhpkr;Nrh;kk; cztpd; %yk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;;
fhpkr;Nrh;kk;.
2 Gujq;fshfNth, ];Buha;LfshfNth Jiz nehjpfshf nray;gLfpd;wJ.
nray;gLfpd;wJ.
3 ,J kw;w nry;fspy; clypay; ,J caph; mikg;Gfspy; xU
Jyq;fis J}z;LfpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l nraiyr; nra;fpd;wJ.
4 v.fh. - ,d;Rypd;, ];Buha;L. v.fh. - A, B, C, D, E, K
20. DNA – RNA NtWgLj;Jf.
DNA RNA
1 ,ul;il ,io %yf;$W. xw;iw ,io %yf;$W
2 b Mf;Nrh upNgh]; rh;f;fiu upNgh]; rh;f;fiu
3 ,jd; tho;ehs; mjpfk; ,jd; tho;ehs; FiwT
4 epiyg;Gj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ epiyg;Gj;jd;ik mw;wJ
5 jhdhfNt ,ul;bg;gilAk; jhdhfNt ,ul;bg;gilahJ
21. nry;ypy; fhzg;gLk; RNA tpd; tiffs; ahit?
1. upNghNrhk; RNA 2. J}J RNA 3. ,lkhw;W RNA
22. vt;tifahd gpizg;Gfs; DNA tpYs;s xw;iw myFfis xd;whf ,Uf;f
itj;Js;sd?
DNA %yf;$wpy; xU epAf;spNahilbd; 3’ OH kw;Wk; kw;nwhU
epAf;spNahilbd; 5’ OH ,ilNa cUthFk; gh];Ngh ilv];lh; gpizg;G
DNA tpYs;s xw;iw myFfis xd;whf ,Uf;f itj;Js;sd
23. DNA Nuifg; gjpT gw;wp tpthp
• DNA Nuifg; gjpthdJ jdp egh;fSf;fpilNa cs;s nky;ypa fhu thpir
NtWghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
• ,k;Kiwapy; ,uj;jk;, kaphpio Nghd;w khjphpfspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l %yf;$whdJ
,ioapd; mr;rpy; nehjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spfspy; ntl;lg;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; ePskhd DNA Jz;lq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
• ,j;Jz;lq;fs; n[y; kpd;Kidf;fth;r;rp njhopy; El;gj;jpy; Muhag;gLfpd;wd.
• DNA Jz;lq;fis nfhz;Ls;s n[y; xw;Wjy; Kiwapy; ieyhd; fhfpjj;jpw;F
khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
• gpd;dh; ,e;j Jz;lq;fs; rpwpa X-fjpu; jfl;Lf;F mUfpy; itf;fg;gl;L
jw;fjph;tPr;R tiugl Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
• fjphpaf;f ryhif ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s VjhtnjhU Gs;spapy; fUk;Gs;sp
cUthfpwJ. ,g;Gs;spfspd; cUg;gbtkhdJ kw;w khjphpfSld; xg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
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24. FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk; /g;uf;Nlhrpd; mikg;G
FSf;Nfh]; /g;uf;Nlh];
%yf;$W tha;g;ghL C6H12O6 %yf;$W tha;g;ghL C6H12O6
P/HI cld; n- n`f;Nrid jUfpwJ. P/HI cld; n- n`f;Nrid jUfpwJ.

vdNt ,jpy; 6 fhh;gd; mZf;fs; vdNt ,jpy; 6 fhh;gd; mZf;fs;
cs;sJ. cs;sJ.
ePUld; eLepiyf; fiuriyj; ePUld; eLepiyf; fiuriyj; jUtjhy;
jUtjhy; -COOH njhFjp ,y;iy. -COOH njhFjp ,y;iy.
gphpbd; Kd;dpiyapy; mrpl;bf; mkpy gphpbd; Kd;dpiyapy; mrpl;bf; mkpy
ePhpypAld; ngd;lh mrpNll;il ePhpypAld; ngd;lh mrpNll;il jUtjhy;
jUtjhy; 5- OH njhFjp ,Uf;fyhk;. 5- OH njhFjp ,Uf;fyhk;.
NH2OH kw;Wk; HCN cld; NH2OH kw;Wk; HCN cld;

tpidGuptjhy; fhh;gidy; njhFjp tpidGuptjhy; fhh;gidy; njhFjp
,Uf;fyhk;. ,Uf;fyhk;.
lhyd;]; fuzp kw;Wk; /ngypq; GNuhkpd; ePUld; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
fiuriy xLf;Ftjhy; – CHO miltjpy;iy. vdNt – CHO njhFjp
njhFjp ,Uf;fyhk;. ,y;iy
GNuhkpd; ePUld; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
nra;jhy; FSNfhdpf; mkpyk; Na/Hg/H2O nfhz;L gFjp xLf;fk;
fpilf;fpwJ. vdNt – CHO njhFjp nra;jhy; rhh;gpl;lhy;, khdplhy;
%yf;$wpd; xU Kidapy; vgpkh;fspd; fyit fpilf;fpwJ. vdNt
,Uf;fyhk;. fPl;Nlhd; njhFjp cWjpahfpwJ.
mlh; HNO3 nfhz;L Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; HNO3 -dhy; Vw;wkile;J fpisf;fhypf;

nra;Ak;NghJ rhf;fhpf; mkpyj;ij mkpyk; kw;Wk; lhh;lhhpf; mkpyf;
jUtjhy; xU Xhpiza My;f`hy; fyit fpilf;fpwJ. vdNt ,jpy; -CO
njhFjp cs;sJ. njhFjp C-2 fhh;gdpy; ,Uf;fyhk;.
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26/!ne<xim!uip<uqz<!Oukqbqbz<!
1. kUe;J nghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mit vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
• kUe;J nghUl;fs; vd;gJ mij ngWgthpd; clypay; mikg;ig my;yJ
NehAw;w epiyia khw;wf;$ba Nrh;kq;fs;.
• kUe;Jfspd; tifg;ghL
1. Ntjp mikg;gpd; mbg;gil.
2. kUe;jpay; tpistpd; mikg;gpd; mbg;gil.
3. ,yf;F mikg;gpd; mbg;gil.
2. kd mikjpg;gLj;jpfs; clypy; vt;thW nray;Ghpfpd;wd?
• %isapYs;s Nlhigd; vDk; euk;Gj; J}z;ly; flj;jpia Klf;Ftjd; %yk;
ika euk;G kz;lyj;jpd;kPJ nray;Ghpfpd;wd.
• kd cisr;ry;, J}f;fkpd;ikf;F rpfpr;ir mspj;jy;
• Kf;fpa kd mikjpg;gLj;jpfs; - FNshrigd;, N`Nyhnghplhy;.
• rpwpa kd mikjpg;gLj;jpfs; - Ntypak;, My;g;uhNrhyk;.
3. typ epthuzpahfTk;, fha;r;ry; kUe;jhfTk; gad;gLk; Nrh;kq;fs;
• M];gphpd; (mrpl;ily; rhyprpypf; mkpyk;)
• ghuhrpl;lkhy; (mrpl;lkpNdh/gPd;)
4. M];gphpd;, ghuhrpl;lkhypd; %yf;$W mikg;G tha;ghL jUf.
M];gphpd; ghuhrpl;lkhy;
(mrpl;ily; rhyprpypf; mkpyk;) (mrpl;lkpNdh/gPd;)
5. Ngij jUk;, Ngij juhj kUe;J nghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.
• typepthuzpfs; (Nghij juhjit)
czh;it ghjpf;fhky; typia kl;Lk; Fiwg;git - M];gphpd;
• Xgpaha;Lfs; (Nghij jUgit)
typia ePf;fp J}f;fj;ij nfhLg;git - khh;gpd;, nfhf;ifd; .
kpff; Fiwe;j msT Nfhkh kw;Wk; caphpoj;jiy cUthf;Fk;.
6. mkpy ePf;fpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
• tapw;W vhpr;riy ePf;fg; gad;gLk; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; mkpy ePf;fpfs;.
• v.fh. nkf;dPrpak; i`l;uhf;irL, mYkpdpak; i`l;uhf;irL
7. vjph; caphpfs; (m) Ez;Zaph; vjphpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
• ghf;Bhpah, G+Q;irspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; rpy Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;
Ez;Zaphpfspd; tsh;rpij khw;wj;ij jLf;fpd;wd.
• v.fh. : ngd;rpypd;
• gad;fs; : epNkhdpah Ruk;, Rthr cWg;G Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;j.
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8. xt;thik KwpT kUe;Jfs; gw;wp tpthp.
• xt;thik tpisTfspy; ,Ue;J epthuzk; mspg;git.
• v.fh. nrl;hp[pd;, yPNth nrl;hp[pd;
9. Giu jLg;ghd;fs; vt;thW fpUkp ehrpdpfsplkpUe;J NtWgLfpwJ?
Giu jLg;ghd;fs;
• Ez;Zaph;fspd; tsh;r;rpia jLf;fpwJ.
• capUs;s jpRf;fspd; kPJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
• v.fh - mNahbd;
fpUkp ehrpdp
• Ez;Zaph;fspd; tsh;r;rpia jLf;fpwJ.
• capuw;w nghUl;fspd; kPJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
• v.fh - FNshhpd;
10 fUj;jil kUe;J nghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
• fUj;jhpj;jiy jLf;f cjTk; njhFg;G `hh;Nkhd;fs;.
• ,it fUj;jil khj;jpiufspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
• v.fh. - njhFg;G <];Nuh[d;, njhFg;G Gnuh[];l;Nuhd;.
11 czT gjdg; nghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
• Ez;Zaph;fspd; tsh;r;rp fhuzkhf nehjpj;jy; kw;Wk; czT nfLk;
nray;Kiwfisj; jLf;Fk; jpwDs;s Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;
• mrpl;bf; mkpyk; - CWfha; jahhpg;gpy;
Nrhbak; nkl;lh igry;igl; - fha;fwpfs;, goq;fis gjg;gLj;j
12. vjph; Mf;rp[Ndw;wpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
czTg; nghUl;fs; Mf;rp[Ndw;wkile;J Crpg;Nghjiyj; jLf;Fk; Nrh;kq;fs;.
v.fh- BHT (gpAl;ily; i`l;uhf;rp nlhYtpd;;)
BHA (gpAl;ily; i`l;uhf;rp mdpNrhy;;)
13. nraw;if ,dpg;G RitA+l;bfs; vd;why; vd;d?
• ,dpg;Gr;Rit cila, Cl;lr;rj;J ,y;yhj njhFg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fs;
• v.fh. - rhf;hpd;, ly;rpd;.
14. rh;f;fiu NehahspfSf;fhd ,dpg;Gfs; jahupf;fg;gad;gLk; ,dpg;G RitA+l;b vJ?
• ,dpg;Gr;Rit ngWtjw;fhf ru;f;fiufisg; Nghy gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nrh;kq;fs;.
• ,it rh;f;fiu gjpypfs; vdg;gLk;.
• ,it ,d;Rypd; cjtp ,y;yhkNyNa tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gLfpd;wd.
• v.fh - rhh;gplhy;, khdplhy;.
15. Nrhg;Gfs; Vd; fbd ePhpy; nray;Ghptjpy;iy?
fbd ePhpy; cs;s fhy;rpak;, nkf;dPrpak;, ,Uk;G Nghd;w jhJ nghUl;fs;
Nrhg;gpd; %yf;$Wld; tpidGhpe;J ePhpy; fiuahj tPo;gbit jUfpwJ.
,jdhy; Jzpfspy; mOf;F NghtJ fbdkhfpwJ.
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16. njhFg;G blh;n[z;l;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
njhFg;G blh;n[z;l;fs; My;ify; i`l;u[d; ry;Ngl;Lfspd; Nrhbak; cg;Gf;fs;.
,jd; 3 tiffs;
1. vjpuazp blh;n[z;l;fs; - Nrhbak; yhiuy; ry;Ngl;
2. Neuazp blh;n[z;l;fs; - n-n`f;rh nlf;ify; l;iunkj;jpy; NH4Cl
3. madpj;jd;ikaw;w blh;n[z;l;fs; - ngd;lh vhpj;hpily; ];baNul;
17. Nrhg;Gfs; kw;Wk; blh;n[z;l;fspd; mOf;F ePf;Fk; nray;ghl;bid tpthp.
• Nrhg;gpy; cs;s ghy;kpNll; madp ,UKid mikg;ig nfhz;Ls;sJ.

1. Kidtw;w gFjp - i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; gFjp
2. KidTg; gFjp - fhh;ghf;rpy; gFjp
• i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; gFjpahdJ ePiu ntWf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
,J vz;nza; kw;Wk; gpRf;fpy; fiufpwJ. Mdhy; ePhpy; fiutjpy;iy.
• fhh;ghf;rpy; gFjpahdJ ePiu tpUk;Gk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
• Jzpfspy; Nrhg;ig Nja;f;Fk;NghJ i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; gFjpahdJ vz;nza;
kw;Wk; gpRf;fpy; fiufpwJ.
• fhh;ghf;rpy; gFjpahdJ gpRf;fpd; Nkw;gFjpapy; ntspNa ePl;bf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,J ePhpdhy; tYthf ftug;gLfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf rpwpa
Ez;nfhOg;Gg;nghUs; jptiy cUthfpwJ.
• Jzpfis ePhpy; myRk;NghJ ,e;j Ez;nfhOg;Gg;nghUl;fs; Jzpfspy; ,Ue;J
tpLgl;L ePUld; ntspNaWfpwJ.
18. ,ug;gh; cuDhl;ly; (m) ty;fidahf;fy; vd;why; vd;d?
• ,aw;if ,ug;giu 1-10 % ry;gh; Nrh;j;J 100 - 1500 C ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ
,ug;ghpd; rp];-1,4-ghyp INrhgphpd; rq;fpypfs; ilry;igL gpizg;Gfshy; FWf;fg;
gpizf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F ty;fidahf;fy; vd;W ngah;.
• 1-3 % ry;giu nfhz;Ls;s ,ug;gh; kpUJthdJ, ePSk; jd;ikAilaJ.
• 3-10 % ry;giu nfhz;Ls;s ,ug;gh; fbdkhhdJ, nefpOk; jd;ikAilaJ.
19. gy;ypd gygbfs; Fwpj;J Fwpg;G tiuf.
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ntt;NtW tif xw;iwg;gb %yf;$Wfisf;
nfhz;Ls;s gygbahdJ gy;ypd gygbfs; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh - gpA+dh - S
20. kf;Fk; gygbfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.
• Rw;Wr;#oypy; fhzg;gLk; Ez;Zaphpfshy; vspjhf rpijf;fg;gLk; nghUl;fs;.
• ,aw;ifg; gygbfs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF jhkhfNt kf;Ffpd;wd.
• Mdhy; nraw;ifg; gygbfs; kf;Ftjpy;iy.
• v.fh. - ghyp yhf;bf;mkpyk;, ghyp fpisf;fhypf; mkpyk;.
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21 gpd;tUtdtw;iw Neh;Nfhl;L,, FWf;F, gy;ypd gygbfs; vd tifg;gLj;J.
Neh;Nfhl;L gygbfs; FWf;F gygbfs; gy;ypd gygbfs;
LDPE ieyhd; 6,6 gpA+dh - N
HDPE nlupyPd; gpA+dh - S
nl/g;yhd; Ngf;fiyl; epNahg;uPd;
Mh;yhd; (PAN) Nkyikd;
gygbfs; jahhpg;G kw;Wk; mjd; gad;fs;

22. ghyp vj;jpyPd; gygbfs;
,it <j;jPdpd; Nrh;g;G gygbahFk;. ,uz;L tifahd ghypj;jPd;fd; cs;sd.
1. LDPE - Fiw mlh;j;jp ghyp vj;jpyPd;
gad;fs; : 1. nghk;ikfs; nra;a,

2. kpd;fk;gpfSf;F fhg;Gg; nghUshf
2. HDPE - cah; mlh;j;jp ghyp vj;jpyPd;
vj;jpyPd; rPf;yh;-ehl;lh HDPE
273K / 6-7atm
gad;fs; : ghl;by;fs;, Foha;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
23. nl/g;yhd;
nll;uhg;SNuh vj;jpyPd; O2 / Δ nl/g;yhd;
gad;fs; : 1. nghUl;fspd; kPJ Nky; G+r;rhf G+r,

2. xl;lh rikay; ghj;jpuq;fs; nra;a gad;gLfpwJ.
24. Mh;yhd; (ghyp mf;upNyh iel;iuy; - PAN)
gad;fs; : Nghh;itfs;, ];ntl;lh;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

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25. nlhpyPd;
vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhy; + nlhpjhypf; mkpyk; nlhpyPd;
gad;fs; : 1. nraw;if ,ioahf 2. jiyftr fz;zhbia tYT+l;l

26. ieyhd; - 6,6
n`f;rh nkj;jpypd; il mkPd; + mbg;gpf; mkpyk;; ieyhd; - 6,6
gad;fs; : Jzp nea;a, ml;ilfs;; jahhpf;f.

27. gpA+dh - S
1,3 gpA+l;lhilaPd; + ];ilhpd;; gpA+dh - S
gad;fs; : lah;fs;, bA+Gfs; jahhpf;f.

28. gpA+dh - N
1,3 gpA+l;lhilaPd; + tpidy; raidL nlhpyPd;
gad;fs; : fiug;ghd;fspd; nfhs;fyd;fs;, ,lkhw;W gl;ilfs; jahhpf;f.
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wPjlBl<!Wlih<H!djmk<K”
[yV!hqxh<hqz<!kie<!gx<x!gz<uqbieK!
nh<hqxh<hqx<G!lm<Ml<!nz<zilz<!yVuEg<G!!!!!!!!!
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Namma Kalvi 12th Chemistry Study Material Tamil Medium 219232

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Namma Kalvi

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

CHEMISTRY IS IMPORTANT FOR OUR LIFE

nzG! !!!!!!!!himl<! hg<gl<!

21! Hxh<hvh<H!Oukqbqbz<! 93!

24! giql!jfm<v\e<!Osi<lr<gt<! 212!

25! dbqvqbz<!&zg<%Xgt<! 215!

26! ne<xim!uip<uqz<!Oukqbqbz<! 221!

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

* cah;thf epidj;jhy; cah;e;jpl KbAk; *

3. vy;yh fdpkq;fSk; jhJf;fs; my;y vy;yh jhJf;fSk; fdpkq;fs; MFk;

4. mYkpdpaj;jpd; fdpkk; - fspkd; mYkpdpaj;jpd; jhJ - ghf;irl;

2. J}a cNyhfq;fis mjd; jhJtpypUe;J gphpj;njLf;Fk; gy;NtW gbfs; ahit?

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

6. khR my;yJ fdpkf;fopTfs; tiuaW.

8. mlh;g;gpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? mlh;gpj;jypd; gy;NtW Kiwfisf; $W.

• ,k;Kiw gpd;d gbfkhf;fy; Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

11. thA epiyikj; J}a;ikahf;fYf;fhd mbg;gilj; Njitfis jUf. v.fh jUf.

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

12 mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpd;dhw; cNyhftpaiy tpsf;Ff.

13. kpd;dhw; J}a;ikahf;fy; jj;Jtj;jpid xU cjhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.

14. gpd;tUk; nray;Kiwfspd; gad;ghl;bid tpthp;

M. mYkpdpak; gphpj;njLj;jypy; fpiuNahiyl;

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

15. Neh;kpd; khRf;fs; my;yJ MNdhL khRf;fs;; vd;why; vd;d?

19. fhw;wpy;yh #oypy; tWj;jiy tpthp;.

20. cUf;Fjy; vd;why; vd;d?

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

21. Eiu kpjg;G Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

• ry;igL jhJ - fypdh

24. raidL Ntjpf; fOTjy; Kiwapy; jq;fk; vt;thW gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ?

gpwF [pq; Nrh;j;J jq;fk; xLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J xLf;fp tPo;gbthf;fy; vdg;gLk;.

25. mYkpNdh ntg;g xLf;f Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

26. Ra xLf;f tpidia tpthp.

27. thiy tbj;jy; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

30. nfhg;gsf;fhg;gh; vd;why; vd;d?

ntg;g epiyapidg; nghUj;J mt;tpidfspd; jpl;l fl;byh Mw;wy; (∆G0)

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

33. vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

38. ,Uk;gpd; gad;fs; ahit ?

• ntl;Lk; fUtpfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

• kpd;fk;gpfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

• ehzaq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

• 13 Mk; njhFjp Nghuhd; - cNyhfg; Nghyp, kw;wit cNyhfq;fs;.

3. P-njhFjpapd; cNyhfg; gz;ig tpthp.

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

4. mYkpdpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J jhypak; tiu madpahf;Fk; vd;jhy;gp vt;thW khWfpwJ?

5. Nghuhd; Vd; tof;fj;jpw;F khwhd Gjpa rfg;gpizg;Gfis cUthf;FfpwJ?

7. Nghuhf;]pd; ntg;g tpidia vOJ. (m) Nghuhf;]; kzpfs; vt;thW cUthfpwJ?

8. Nghhpf; mkpyj;jpd; ntg;g tpidia vOJ.

9. NghNul; cWg;ig vt;thW fz;lwptha;? (m) vj;jpy; NghNul; Ma;itf; $W.

10. Nghhpf; mkpyj;jpd; fhuj;Jtk; gw;wp tpthp.

11. Nghhpf; mkpyj;ij vt;thW Nghuhd; iel;iulhf khw;Wtha;;?

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

12. i`l;Nuh NghNuw;w tpidia vOJ.

13. ilNghNud; mk;NkhdpahTld; GhpAk; tpidia vOJ. (my;yJ)

14. ilNghNud; cNyhf i`l;iuLfSld; GhpAk; tpidia vOJ.

15. Ma;tfj;jpy; Nghuhd; l;iu GSiuL jahhpj;jiy tpthp.

C6H5N2BF4 ∆ BF3 + C6H5F + N2

• ,uz;L BH2 myFfs; ,uz;L i`l;u[d; ghyq;fshy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.