SCIENCE REVIEWER
movement (motility).
Reproductive system- responsible for the
process reproduction
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male Reproductive System- is the collection of
reproductive organs that functions mainly for the
production of sperm cells and the delivery of
sperm cells into the vagina.
Scrotum- is externally made up of skin and
internally made up of muscle. When the
temperature rises, the muscle relaxes, causing
the scrotum to hang loose. When the
temperature drops, the muscle constricts,
causing the scrotumto tighten. These responses
to temperature maintain the optimal temperature
for sperm cell production.
Testes- are located inside the scrotum. Each
testis is about 4 to 5 cm long and is composed of
cone-shaped lobules that contain seminiferous
tubules where the sperm cells develop.
Epididymis- is tightly coiled series of threadlike
tubules that form a comma-shaped structure on
the posterior side of the testes. When sperm cell
exit the testes, they enter the epididymis where
they are temporarily stored before ejaculation
Vas Deferens- is a long muscular tube that
conveys mature sperm from the epididymis to
the ejaculatory duct.
Seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that
connect to the vas
deferens near the bladder's base. The seminal
vesicles produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that
provides energy to sperm and assists in sperm
Ejaculatory Duct- extends to the prostate gland
and joins with the urethra.
Prostate Gland- secretes seminal fluid, which
combines with the sperm cells to form semen.
During ejaculation, the prostate gland shuts off
the connection between the urinary bladder and
the urethra to help propel the semen through the
urethra.
Bladder- is located in front of the rectum and
above the prostate gland in men. The bladder's
walls relax and expand to hold urine and
contract and flatten to discharge urine through
the urethra.
Urethra is a passageway for both urine and
semen. However, these two fluids do not exit the
urethra at the same time.
Penis- is the male organ of copulation, which
transfers sperm cells to the vagina.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
female reproductive system is the collection of
reproductive organs that functions mainly for the
production of egg cel, receiving of sperm cells,
and nourishment and develapment of the
embryo.
Ovaries- are suspended by a ligament in the
pelvic cavity. Each ovary contains ovarian
follicles, which contain the immature egg cells.
Fallopian Tubes- extend from the ovaries to the
uterus. Fertilization occurs in the part of the
fallopian tube near the ovary.
Uterus- is hollow and highly muscular organ
that expands during pregnancy. The zygote is
implanted in the wall of the uterus, where it
develops and grows.
cervix- is a muscular organ that connects the
uterus to the vagina.
Vagina- or birth canal, is a uterine cavity that
extends from the uterus to the outside of the
body. It is the female organ for copulation. It is
also the passage for menstrual flow and
childbirth
Vulva- external
Mons pubic- rounded mass of fatty tissue
Labia mojora- outer lips
Labia minora- fleshy inner lip
Clitoris- sexual pleasure
Urethral openning- small slit
Vaginal opening- connects thur vagina
Hymen- pleas of tissue
Puberty- is the period of physical changes in
adolescents as their bodies reach sexual
maturity.
MALE: occurs between ages 12 to 16
start to make sperm cell - SPERMATOGENESIS
FEMALE: occurs between ages 10 to 14
start to develop/release eggs - OOGENESIS
What causes these changes?
Hormones
● chemical messengers secreted directly to
the bloodstream and regulated by the
endocrine system to their target organs
● both boys and girls make the same sex
hormones
● Testes (Male) Ovaries (Female)
● Boys make a lot of testosterone and not
so much estrogen.
● Girls make lots of estrogen, not so much
testosterone.
● TESTOSTERONE - MALE | ESTROGEN -
FEMALE
Testes- the testes are paired organs, they are
located outside the pelvic cavity and are housed
in the scrotal sac
Testosterone - helps in the production of sperm
and the development of male secondary sex
characteristics
Physical changes
● Growth spurt
● Face, underarm and pubic hair growth
● Ejaculation
● Deeping of voice
● Enlagrement of genitials
● Increase in lean music mass
Ovaries- two paired organs located in the pelvic
cavity (lower abdomen)
Estrogen - responsible for female secondary sex
characteristics and maintaining the body shape
Progesterone- helps in pregnancy (growth of
uterine lining)

Physical Changes
● Growth spurt
● Underarm and pubic hair growth
● Vaginal discharge
● Breast development
● Menstruation
● Increase in fat mass
OTHER HORMONES INVOLVED IN THE MALE
& FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
Pituitary Gland
Prolactin/Oxytocin- stimulates milk production
Follicle-stimulating Hormone- stimulates
growth of the ovarian follicle, stimulates sperm
production
Luteinizing Hormone- stimulates ovulation and
production of estrogen and progesterone
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
● natural monthly changes that prepare a
woman’s body for pregnancy
● only occurs in females
● hormones are the chemicals that control
it
● The cycle lasts an average of 28 days but
may vary between 20 and 40 days.
Several hormones that are involved in a
woman's menstrual cycle:
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)- is
responsible for the development of the follicles.
LH (luteinizing hormone)- stimulates egg
release.
Estrogen- is involved in the repairing and
thickening of the uterine lining.
Progesterone- keeps the uterine lining in place
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENSTRUAL PHASE (day 1-7)- Via the vagina,
the uterine wall's internal lining and other bodily
secretions are eliminated during menstruation. It
typically lasts three to seven days
FOLLICULAR PHASE (day 1-14)- The pituitary
gland releases a follicle-stimulating hormone
during this phase.
OVULATION (day 14)- As estrogen is released
during the follicular phase, the brain produces
gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which causes
the pituitary gland to generate more luteinizing
hormone.
LUTEAL PHASE (day 15-28)- The follicle from
which the mature egg burst (known as the
yellow body of the ovary or corpus luteum)
released a large amount of progesterone and
some estrogen during this period.
Menopause- is the time in a woman’s life when
her period stops. It usually occurs naturally, most
often after the age of 45.
Common issues accompanying the menstrual
cycle:
● Cramps
● Dysmenorrhea (painful periods)
● Irregular periods
● Excessive bleeding
● Bleeding outside the menstrual period
Treatments for common menstruation
problems:
Medicine- Prescribing painkillers or hormone
treatment (e.g. birth control pills, Thyroid
hormone treatment, etc.)
Surgery- is considered a last resort. It includes
Cyst removal.
CALENDAR METHOD (best method is Febuary
Method)
Problem 1
In a 28-day regular cycle, a woman has a
menstrual period of about 5 days. For the month
of May, her last menstrual day fell on the 5th
day of May 2023.

Exercises:
1. Plot the 5-day menstrual dates. (red)
2. Determine the estimated ovulation day of the
woman. (blue)
3. Identify the fertile days of the woman.
(yellow)
4. Mark the infertile days in the calendar. (green)
5. Estimate the woman’s menstrual days for
September. (red)
endocrine system- is the collection of glands
that produce hormones.
Hormones- are chemical signaling molecules
secreted by glands, and are transported in the
bloodstream to target organs or other cells
Glands- can be cells, tissues, or organs that
secrete hormones directed to a specific receptor
and help regulate the body

HYPOTHALAMUS
● located at the base of the brain
● stimulates the release of hormones
● in the pituitary gland

in a 28-day regular cycle, a woman has a

menstrual period of about 5 days. For the month
of August, her last menstral day fell on the 9th
day of August 2023.

Dopamine- provides an intense feeling of

reward
Somatostatin- inhibits the pituitary gland's
secretion of GH and TSH

Hormones and their functions
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)–
controls the secretion of the TSH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) –
stimulates the production of FSH and LH
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) –
initiates the secretion of the ACTH
PITUITARY GLAND
• located below the brain, controlled by the
hypothalamus
• controls many functions of the other endocrine
glands - "MASTER GLAND"
• consists of two lobes - anterior and posterior
Hormones and their functions (Anterior
Pituitary Gland)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) –
responsible for the production and secretion of
glucocorticoids, the hormones released by the
adrenal gland
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – it targets
the ovaries by initiating the development of the
follicles in the ovary (monthly)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) – initiates ovulation;
also controls the secretion of progesterone and
estrogen
Growth hormone (GH) – promotes the release
of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which are
responsible for the production of proteins in the
body; maintains muscle and bone mass for
growth; also helps in healing injuries and repair
of tissues
hyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – helps in
producing and secreting the thyroid hormones by
thyroid gland
Prolactin – affects the mammary glands by
initiating and maintaining the production of milk
during pregnancy
Hormones and their functions (Posterior
Pituitary Gland)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – causes the
kidneys to decrease urine production, which
helps in conserving more body water; also
known as vasopressin
Oxytocin – activated during and after giving birth
targets the uterus to cause it to contract during
giving birth; also controls milk secretion in the
breasts after giving birth
PINEAL GLAND
• located below the corpus callosum, in the
middle of the brain
• produces the hormone melatonin that is
responsible for the body’s circadian rhythms and
reproductive processes
THYROID & PARATHYROID GLAND
• located in front of the neck, below the larynx
(voice box)
thyroid– butterfly-shaped gland that is
composed of the right and left lobes
parathyroid– found in the posterior surface of
the thyroid gland

Hormones and their functions (Thyroid)
Triiodothyronine (TH3) and Thyroxine (TH4)-
responsible for protein synthesis; regulation of
oxygen use, metabolism, and growth; and the
development of body
Calcitonin – responsible for maintaining the
calcium level in the body
Hormones and their functions (Parathyroid)
Parathyroid hormone or Parathormone– the
major regulator of the calcium, magnesium, and
phosphate levels in the body (for bones, kidneys,
and intestines)
THYMUS
● located in the upper part of the chest
● releases thymopoietin for immune
responses
PANCREAS
• located in the duodenum of the small intestine
• produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate
glucose levels of the body
Hormones and their functions
Insulin – helps in lowering the amount of
glucose in the blood when it is too high
Glucagon – helps in increasing the level of
glucose in the blood when it is too low
ADRENAL GLAND
● located on top of each kidney
● divided into the adrenal medulla and
adrenal cortex
Hormones and their functions (Adrenal
medulla)
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine
(noradrenaline) – released during strenuous
activities, such as exercise; control the heart rate,
blood pressure, blood level, and breathing rate
Hormones and their functions (Adrenal cortex)
Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoids)– maintain the
balance of minerals in the body such as sodium
and potassium
Cortisol and Corticosterone (Glucocorticoids)–
break down proteins and triglycerides needed by
the body; help in the formation of glucose; have
anti-inflammatory effects; cause suppression of
immune responses
Androgens– secreted by both males and
females, but is an important hormone especially
for females because they are converted into
estrogen
Gonads- produce sex cells or gametes
ovaries– located in the pelvic cavity
testes– found in the scrotum
Hormones and their functions (Ovaries)
Estrogen – responsible for female secondary sex
characteristics and maintaining the female body
shape
Progesterone– with the help of other hormones,
helps in pregnancy, lactation, and menstrual
cycle
Hormones and their functions
(Testes)Testosterone– helps in the production of
sperm and the development of male secondary
sex characteristic