ADVANCE TEST 3 Solution

ADVANCE TEST – 3
GENERAL STUDIES – 3
1. Do you think that multi-year budgeting is the need of the hour in India? Critically examine the statement.
(10 Marks, 150 Words)
Approach to the answer:

Decode the Question: The question seeks the opinion of the student regarding whether multi-year budgeting
is currently necessary in India. The student is expected to provide their perspective on whether adopting a
multi-year budgeting approach would be beneficial for the country's financial planning and resource allocation.
Introduction: Briefly introduce multi-year budgeting.
Body: Mention the issues associated with Single year budgeting followed by benefits of adopting a multiple year
budgeting.
Conclusion: Summarize the topic and conclude with a way forward.
Answer: Multi-year budgeting is defined as the development and formal adoption of expenditure and revenue
document that spans two or more years.
Currently, GoI adopted annual budgets present the revenue and expenditure projections for twelve months only.
This approach requires the government to plan, approve, and execute their budgetary plans on a yearly basis,
typically aligning with the government's fiscal year.
Advantages of Multi-Year Budgeting over Single-Year Budgeting:

 Limited long-term planning: Single-year budgeting restricts comprehensive long-term planning,
hindering strategic initiatives and infrastructure development.
 Multi-year budgeting allows for a long-term vision and projected expenditure, enabling better long-
term planning and development.
 Inefficient resource allocation: Yearly budgeting can lead to suboptimal allocation of resources, focusing
on short-term priorities and potentially neglecting critical sectors and long-term investments.
 Multi-year budgets enable efficient allocation of public resources by aligning current and future
budgets, ensuring optimal resource distribution.
 Lack of stability: Single-year budgets create instability in government programs and policies, making it
challenging to achieve consistent, sustained development and effectively address complex challenges.
 A multi-year budget provides stability and continuity by providing estimates for forthcoming years,
allowing for better program planning and execution.
 Limited fiscal discipline: The annual budgeting process may lead to a myopic focus on short-term goals,
reducing accountability and hindering efforts towards fiscal discipline and efficient use of public funds.
 Multi-year budget reinforces fiscal discipline by aligning expenditure commitments with available
resources and generating fiscal outcomes in different economic conditions.
 Incomplete evaluation of outcomes: Single-year budgeting makes it difficult to assess the long-term
impact of policies and programs, hindering the evaluation of their effectiveness and the implementation
of necessary adjustments.
 Multi-year budget facilitates a comprehensive analysis of schemes and programs, enabling better
evaluation of outcomes and informed decision-making.
However, there are various challenges associated with adopting a multi-year budget such as the difficulty in
forecasting revenue and expenditure for multiple years, administrative capacity to monitor and implement, lack
of flexibility for unseen expenditures due to certain emergencies etc.
Therefore, it is important to address these challenges before multi-year budgeting is implemented. Also, it can be
adopted on a gradual basis starting with a single ministry/department to analyze the changes better.
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2. The presence of inclusive growth within an economy eliminates the necessity for a Universal Basic Income.
Discuss in the context of India. (10 Marks, 150 Words)

Decode the Question: The question expects the student to analyze whether the existence of inclusive growth
in India's economy renders a Universal Basic Income unnecessary, considering the specific context and
circumstances of the country.
Introduction: Briefly introduce the concept of inclusive development and Universal Basic Income.
Body: Give arguments in favor and against UBI in promoting inclusive development.
Answer: Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a provision of periodic and unconditional cash payment to all citizens.
Rapid expansion of direct cash transfers linked to the national biometric database and small basic income
experiments have galvanized an extensive debate on UBI. Many have argued that the focus should be on inclusive
growth rather than moving towards UBI. This can be further understood through the following arguments:
Inclusive growth preferred over Universal Basic Income (UBI):

 Inclusive growth promotes productivity, wages, and income for all, benefiting marginalized sections,
whereas UBI may not address specific needs or root causes of inequality.
 Inclusive growth avoids potential disincentives to work and productivity that UBI can create, encouraging
individuals to seek employment and engage in entrepreneurial activities.
 Inclusive growth tackles inequality at its core, while UBI redistributes income through taxation, which
may inadvertently benefit the already privileged segments of society.
UBI can promote inclusive growth through:

 UBI redistributes income to provide a basic level of financial security, which can empower individuals and
reduce poverty, contributing to inclusive growth.
 UBI addresses income disparities, ensuring a minimum level of support for all, and allowing individuals to
invest in education, healthcare, and entrepreneurial endeavors, promoting inclusive growth.
 UBI replaces ineffective anti-poverty programs and subsidies, enabling more efficient resource allocation
and reducing distortionary effects, thereby fostering inclusive growth.
In a diverse country like India, a one-size-fits-all UBI may not effectively address the unique challenges and
requirements of different communities, necessitating more localized and customized solutions. Instead of relying
solely on UBI, a combination of targeted interventions, skill development programs, and infrastructure
investments can provide individuals with better opportunities for upward mobility and economic empowerment.
3. Discuss the importance of mechanizing agriculture in India for improving agricultural productivity and rural
development, and outline the main obstacles faced in adopting mechanized farming methods.

Decode the Question: This question expects the student to discuss the significance of mechanizing agriculture
in India for enhancing agricultural productivity and rural development. You should also outline the primary
obstacles encountered in the adoption of mechanized farming methods, providing a comprehensive analysis of
both aspects within their response.
Introduction: Briefly introduce the concept of Agri-Mechanization and relevant examples.
Body: Highlight the importance of Farm Mechanization and factors which hinders mechanization
Answer: Farm/Agri mechanization is the process of replacing human and animal labor with machines in the
agriculture sector. The use of tractors, threshers, harvesters, pump sets etc. are all steps towards farm
mechanization.
Importance of Farm Mechanization:

 Increased Productivity and thus improved farm income
 Various surveys show that productivity per hectare is comparatively higher on a mechanized farm than
that of a non-mechanized farm.
 It also reduces post-harvest losses.
 It cuts production costs in the long run. This would not only contribute to reduced food inflation but
can also contribute to increasing competitiveness of India's Agri exports.
 Mechanized deep ploughing increases soil fertility and helps in controlling weed.
 Increasing area under cultivation as it can also make many fallows not cultivable land cultivable.
 Contribute to Sustainability:
 Better Water Use Efficiency with the help of drip irrigation, sprinklers etc.
 Efficient stubble management is possible with mechanized solutions like happy seeders, inversion
ploughing etc.
 Solves the problem of labor bottlenecks during the peak period.
 Further, as per the World Bank estimates percentage of agricultural workers of the total work force
would drop to 25.7 percent by 2050 from 58.7% in 2001. Farm mechanization should be able to solve
the future shortage of workforce in the agriculture sector.
 Skilled Employment: It has the potential to create skilled jobs in rural areas. Under employed people can be
moved away from manual agriculture labor to skilled work with proper skill training intervention.
Status of farm mechanization in India: As per NABARD, penetration of mechanization in farm activities is
between 40-45%. Countries like USA (95%), Brazil (75%), and China (57%) have higher level of mechanization.
Factors which hinder mechanization:

 Small and Fragmented landholdings: Around 86% of landholdings in India are small and marginal. It makes
it challenging to adopt and utilize large scale mechanized equipment effectively.
 High Cost of Machinery: The cost of purchasing, operating, and maintaining Agri machinery including
tractors, harvester, and irrigation equipment, can be often beyond the financial reach of small and marginal
farmers, leading to limited adoption.
 Infrastructural Challenges like poor roads, lack of power supply, and limited storage and processing facilities
hamper the effective utilization of farm equipment.
 Poor Technological Awareness and skill gaps about operating and repairing machinery acts as a barrier to
adoption.
 Availability of abundant unskilled and affordable labor force also discourages farmers from investing in
mechanization, especially when the cost benefit ratio is not favorable.
 Regional and Crop Specific Variations: The diversity of crop types and agro climatic conditions necessitates
the availability of region specific and crop-specific mechanization solutions, which may not always be readily
available.
 Limited Research and Development (R&D): Insufficient research and development activities, related to
agriculture mechanization hinder the development of suitable machinery for diverse farming needs.
To increase the penetration of Agri-mechanization, a multipronged approach will be required. It includes steps to
consolidate landholding, innovative rental models, increased R&D and local industries, and development of human
resources.
4. What are the major factors hindering the efficiency of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India.
Highlight the initiatives taken by the government to reform the PDS in India. (10 Marks, 150 Words)

Decode the Question: This question expects the student to identify and discuss the major factors that hinder
the efficiency of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India. Additionally, you should highlight the initiatives
undertaken by the government to reform and improve the functioning of the PDS in the country. The response
should provide a comprehensive analysis of both aspects, addressing the challenges and the corresponding
reforms.
Introduction: Start with the introduction about public distribution system (PDS) in India.
Body: Highlight the factors hindering the efficiency of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India followed by
Initiatives taken by the government to reform the food grain distribution system in India
Conclusion: Summarize the topic and conclude on a positive note or else conclude with a way forward.
Answer: The Public distribution system (PDS) evolved as a system of management of scarcity and for distribution
of food grains at affordable prices. PDS is operated under the joint responsibility of the Central and the State
Government.
Factors hindering the efficiency of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India:
• Corruption and Leakage: Complaints of foodgrains being siphoned off by middlemen is common.
• Inaccurate targeting of beneficiaries: PDS system has often missed the most vulnerable sections and
complaints of well-off section in rural areas getting the advantage of PDS are frequent.
 Ration Cards are issued only to households that have a proper registered residential address. This
means that many poor who are homeless and others without proper residential addresses (e.g.,
migrant laborers) are automatically left out of the food security system.
• Heavy losses in storage and transportation: Lack of sufficient storage facilities with FCI and inadequate
transport facilities leads to heavy transit losses.
• Later and Irregular arrival of grains in fair price shops: The villagers are poorly informed and certainly
not in advance. The poorest among the poor may not even have cash ready now stock arrives.
• WTO's Agreement on Agriculture also puts restriction on the amount of subsidy that can be given to
farmers. PDS system may lead to the violation of the norms.
• Nutritional challenges due to lack of focus on food diversity: PDS system primarily focuses on
distribution of wheat and rice.
• Digitization of PDS is also facing challenges due to lack of digital literacy, internet connectivity issues and
infrastructural challenges.
• Increased fiscal burden: Government procures wheat and rice at MSP and then makes it available at very
low prices to poor families. The food subsidy burden of government in FY 2023 was more than Rs 2 lakh
crores.
Initiatives taken by the government to reform the food grain distribution system in India:
• Aadhaar Integration: Linked Aadhaar to PDS, reducing leakages, and streamlining the system for efficient
service delivery.
• Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Transferred food subsidies directly into beneficiaries' bank accounts,
minimizing leakages, corruption, and enhancing transparency.
• Integrated Management of Public Distribution System - (IM-PDS): Integrate PDS system/portals of
states/UTs with Central Systems/portals with and aim to introduction of national portability, and de-
duplication of ration cards/beneficiary etc.
• One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) Scheme: Enabled beneficiaries to access entitled food grains from
any FPS nationwide, ensuring portability and convenience.
• Use of Technology: End-to-End Computerization, deployed electronic weighing machines, GPS tracking,
mobile apps, and digitized ration cards to enhance transparency and efficiency.
• Social Audits and Community Participation: Conducted social audits involving beneficiaries and civil
society organizations to ensure transparency and accountability.
• Reforms in Procurement and Storage: Modernized procurement processes, improved storage facilities,
and reduced food grain wastage through better management practices and infrastructure investment.
• Reduce population covered under PDS: The coverage should reduce from 67% of the population to 40%
as recommended by Shanta Kumar Committee.
These measures aim to enhance the efficiency, transparency, and accountability of the food grain distribution
system in India. With sustained and continuous efforts, the food grain distribution system can be further
improved, leading to better outcomes and positive impact on the lives of the people.
5. What do you understand by Nanotechnology? Elaborate the potential areas of its application in serving
humanity in general and the health sector in particular. (10 Marks, 150 Words)

Decode of the Question: Nanotechnology: manipulating matter at the nanoscale. Applications: medicine, drug
delivery, diagnostics, tissue engineering, imaging, therapeutics, disease prevention.
Introduction: Define the Nanotechnology
Body:
Part-A: Potential areas of its applications in various sectors
Part-B: Potential areas of its application in health sector
Conclusion: Conclude with government measures, policies with holistic approach.
Answer: Nanotechnology is a field of science and technology that involves the manipulation and control of matter
at the nanoscale level, typically in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.
 Nano-scale materials and structures have distinct properties that can be utilized to create new materials
and advance technologies.
Potential Areas of its application in serving humanity in general:

Electronics and Computing:
 Nanoscale Transistors: For instance, carbon nanotube transistors are being explored as a potential
replacement for traditional silicon-based transistors.
 Flexible Electronics: Nanomaterials like graphene and nanowires enable the fabrication of flexible
electronic devices, such as bendable displays and wearable sensors.
Energy and Environment:
 Solar Energy: Nanotechnology plays a significant role in enhancing solar energy capture and conversion.
Nanoscale materials, such as perovskite nanoparticles, are used in the development of efficient solar cells.
 Energy Storage: Nanomaterials are employed in the development of high-performance batteries and
supercapacitors with improved energy density, charging rates, and longevity.
 Environmental Sensors: For example, Nano sensors can be used to monitor air quality, water
contamination, and soil pollution.
Water and Food Safety:
 Water Purification: Nanomaterials like graphene oxide membranes and nanoparticles can remove
contaminants from water, including heavy metals, organic pollutants, and bacteria.
 Food Packaging: Nanotechnology packaging enhances food safety and freshness with antimicrobial
nanocomposite films for extended shelf life.
Materials Science and Engineering:
 Lightweight and Strong Materials: Nanotechnology creates lightweight, high-strength materials like
carbon nanotubes and graphene for aerospace, automotive, and construction.
 Self-Cleaning Surfaces: Nano-coatings with self-cleaning properties repel dirt, water, and oils. They are
used in various applications, including building exteriors, car coatings, and textiles.
Environmental Remediation:
 Soil and Water Remediation: For example, nanoparticles of zero-valent iron (nZVI) are used to remediate
groundwater contaminated with heavy metals and chlorinated solvents.
Potential Areas of its application in Health Sector:

Drug Delivery:
 Targeted Therapy: For instance, researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay developed
targeted liposomes loaded with anti-cancer drugs for precise delivery to tumor cells.
 Controlled Release Systems: At the Indian Institute of Science, researchers developed a nanogel-based
system for sustained release of anti-inflammatory drugs.
Diagnostics and Imaging:
 Biosensors: In India, researchers have developed nano-sensors for the detection of various diseases, such
as tuberculosis and diabetes, providing cost-effective and point-of-care diagnostic solutions.
 Imaging Agents: Indian scientists have explored the use of gold nanoparticles and quantum dots as
imaging agents for applications such as cancer imaging and tracking stem cells.
 Point-of-Care Diagnostics: Indian scientists utilize nanotechnology to create portable nano-diagnostic
devices for rapid disease detection, including malaria and dengue, in resource-limited areas.
 Liquid Biopsies: In India, nanotechnology enables non-invasive detection of disease biomarkers in body
fluids, including the use of nanomaterials for cancer detection.
Nanomedicine for Infectious Diseases:
 Antimicrobial Nanomaterials: Indian researchers use nanotechnology to develop antimicrobial

nanomaterials like silver nanoparticles and graphene composites for wound healing and drug-resistant
pathogens.
Thus, Nanotechnology enhances technology in IT, homeland security, medicine, transportation, energy, food
safety, and environmental science. At Nano India 2022, experts explored its applications for national development,
including safe drinking water, materials, sensors, and drug delivery.
6. Evaluate the efficacy of the National Clean Air Program (NACP) in addressing the pollution issue in India.

Decode the Question: The question expects the student to evaluate the effectiveness of the National Clean Air
Program (NACP) in tackling the pollution problem in India and provide a concise assessment of its impact.
Introduction: Start with some objective of NCAP
Body:
Part-A: Various steps taken by NCAP.
Part-B: Key issues in addressing the pollution issue.
Conclusion: To conclude with positive feedback.
Answer: Article 21 of Indian constitution declares Right to Life as a fundamental right, which includes clean and
pollution free environment (M.C. Mehta v. Union of India). In pursuance of the objective, The NCPA was started as
pollution control initiative in Jan 2019, with objective to:
 Ensure implementation of prevention, control, and abatement measures of air pollution.
 Improve the monitoring network.
 Enhance public awareness regarding air pollution and capacity building measures.
Steps taken under NCAP to tackle the air pollution:

 Improve air quality in 131 cities in 24 States/UTs by engaging all stakeholders.
 Targeted approach by setting good practice of air pollution reduction targets - The programme envisages
to achieve reductions up to 40% Particulate Matter10 (PM 10) concentrations by 2025-26.
 More comprehensive Action Points with detailed indicators to enhance the potential impacts.
 Health on Board: by supporting for health impact studies.
 Collaborative approach: Bringing Citizens, scientific community, private sector, and government together.
Performance so far:
 As per NCAP Report, there has been marginal or no improvement in air pollution levels in 32 cities since
2019.
 As per Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), only 38 of the 131 cities achieved their annual
pollution reduction targets.
 Only 180 stations have been installed instead of 1500 stations over the last four years.
Key Reasons for dismal performance:

 Absence of legal backing: Thus, unable to take action/impose penalty in case of violation.
 Absence of compliance mechanism: Lack of well-trained personnel for inspection makes implementation
difficult.
 Data related hurdles: Due to substandard monitoring stations; lack of appropriate methodology to
leverage real-time data.
 Urban-Rural Disparity in terms of air quality monitoring: Only a small section of country's population is
being monitored effectively.
 Absence of robust fiscal and funding strategy: Only Rs 300 crores has been allocated, which is very little
for the magnitude of challenge.
There is need for legal backing, appropriate funding, better data collection & analysis etc. to make NCAP more
effective and to achieve the goal of reducing particulate matter levels in 132 cities by 20-30% by 2024.
7. What are the factors contributing to the high occurrence of floods in India? Suggest measures to effectively
manage and mitigate the floods. (10 Marks, 150 Words)

Decode the Question: The question expects the student to identify and explain the factors responsible for the
frequent floods in India. Additionally, it expects you to propose measures for effective flood management and
mitigation, considering the context of the country.
Introduction: Define flood and its data in India
Body: Highlight the factors contributing to floods then suggest measures to manage and mitigate the floods
Conclusion: To conclude with positive case studies or feedback.
Answer: Flood refers to a natural disaster characterized by the overflowing of water onto land areas that are
usually dry. It occurs when the volume of water in rivers, lakes, or other water bodies exceeds their carrying
capacity, leading to the inundation of surrounding areas.
 As per Rashtriya Barh Aayog (National Flood Commission), 23 out of 35 states and union territories in the
country are subject to floods and recognized 40 million hectares of the terrestrial region as flood prone.
Assam, West Bengal and Bihar are amongst the high flood-prone states of India.
Factors contributing to floods in India:

 Monsoon Rainfall: Excessive and prolonged rainfall can result in the swelling of rivers and subsequent
flooding. For example, the devastating floods in Kerala in 2018 were caused by unusually heavy monsoon
rains.
 Himalayan Rivers: The 2013 Uttarakhand floods, triggered by heavy rainfall in the region, resulted in
significant damage and loss of lives.
 Cyclones and Tropical Storms: Coastal regions of India are vulnerable to cyclones and tropical storms,
which can bring heavy rainfall and storm surges leading to coastal flooding. For instance, Cyclone Fani in
2019 caused flooding in parts of Odisha and West Bengal.
 River Interlinking and Dam Failures: Inadequate maintenance, structural failures, or mismanagement of
dam operations can result in sudden releases of water, causing downstream flooding. The breach of the
Machhu Dam in Gujarat in 1979 caused catastrophic flooding in the town of Morbi.
 Urbanization and Encroachments: Cities like Mumbai and Chennai have experienced severe flooding due
to unplanned urban expansion and obstruction of natural drainage channels.
 Climate Change: Changing climate conditions can lead to more intense rainfall and subsequent flooding.
Examples include the floods in Chennai in 2015 and in Bihar in 2020, which were attributed to heavy rainfall
associated with climate change.
Measures to mitigate the floods:

 Flood Forecasting and Early Warning Systems: The Central Water Commission's flood forecasting
network, supported by advanced technologies and river gauging stations, proved effective during the 2019
Kerala floods and 2020 Assam floods, with timely alerts disseminated through mobile networks.
 Improved Infrastructure and Drainage Systems: Constructing reservoirs, dams, and well-designed
drainage systems have aided water management during heavy rainfall, as seen in the Bhakra-Nangal Dam
in Himachal Pradesh and the Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand, mitigating downstream flooding.
 Afforestation and Watershed Management: Promotion of afforestation and watershed management,
including tree plantation along riverbanks, has reduced flood intensity, as evidenced by the successful
Kosi River Valley Afforestation Project in Bihar and the Yamuna Action Plan in Delhi.
 Resilient Infrastructure Design: The Sabarmati Riverfront Development project in Ahmedabad
constructed flood-resistant infrastructure, including elevated walkways and flood protection walls,
ensuring resilience during floods.
 Community Awareness and Preparedness: During cyclones like Phailin in 2013 and Fani in 2019, the early
warning system and community awareness played a crucial role in minimizing casualties and ensuring
timely evacuations.
 International Cooperation and Data Sharing: The Brahmaputra River Information and Flood Management
System (BRIFMS) was established as a joint initiative between India and China to exchange hydrological
data during the monsoon season.
To minimize the damage caused by floods, flood control and management planning along with potential impact
of climate change need to be integrated into development planning for the country.
8. Discuss the role of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in building resilience and reducing the impact of natural
disasters in India. (10 Marks, 150 Words)

Decode the Question: The main demand of the question is to discuss the role of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
in India specifically, highlighting how it contributes to building resilience and mitigating the impact of natural
disasters.
Introduction: Give a brief about disaster profile or vulnerability of India.
Body: Highlight the need for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and its significance for India.
Conclusion: Summarize the answer and conclude on positive note or else conclude with way forward.
Answer: Around 59 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high intensity; over 12
percent of its land is prone to floods and river erosion; close to 5,700 km of the 7,516 km long coastline is
vulnerable to cyclones and tsunamis; 68 per cent of the cultivable area is vulnerable to drought and hilly areas
are at risk from landslides and avalanches.
In this context, Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) gains significance in a disaster-prone country like India. DRR is that
part of the broader Disaster Management Cycle that aims to reduce the risks of disaster occurrence through
enhancing the resilience of communities and societies to natural and human-made disasters through risk
assessment, preparedness, mitigation, and capacity-building efforts.
Need for DRR in India:

 Disproportionate effects on developing countries: Mortality and economic losses from disasters become
disproportionately higher for developing countries like India owing to mitigation and recovery costs bearing
a greater proportion of the country’s resources.
 High Incidence: India ranks among the top three countries in the world that bore the maximum brunt of
natural disasters in recent years.
 High Impact on Human Life: As per UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, around 79,732 people lost their
lives, and 108 crore people were affected in 321 incidents of natural disasters in India between 2000-2019.
 Huge Economic Costs: As per the Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight Report, the global economy suffered
a loss of $232 billion due to natural disasters in 2019, out of which, India’s losses form a sizable part.
Significance of DRR for India:

 Promotes better understanding of disaster risk: Systematic study and analysis of disaster risk and
vulnerabilities shall help in better understanding of risk profile of any marked area.
 Strengthens disaster management governance: It shall promote more effective integration of disaster risk
knowledge into sustainable development policies, planning and programming at all levels of governance.
 Encourages investment in disaster reduction for resilience: By advocating for development and
strengthening of institutions and mechanisms at all levels, especially community level, it can contribute to
building disaster resilience.
 Enhances disaster preparedness: It involves systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches into the
design and implementation of emergency preparedness, response, and recovery programs in the
reconstruction of affected communities.
India has aligned its National Disaster Management Plan with the approaches promoted globally by the United
Nations, in particular the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. In addition, India recently
adopted the Prime Minister's ten-point agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction in India.
9. Cyber-attacks have emerged as a major threat to internal security. Highlight the challenges associated with
cyber-attacks in the context of national security. (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Decode the Question: The main demand of this question is to discuss the challenges linked to cyber-attacks in
the context of national security, emphasizing their significance as a major threat to internal security and the
implications they pose for safeguarding the nation.
Introduction: Define cyber-attack and give some relevant data.
Body: Highlight various threat posed by cyber security to internal security of India then mention challenges
associated with cyber-attack.
Answer: Cyber threats are harmful activities committed with the intent of destroying, stealing, or disrupting
data and digital life in general. Computer viruses, data breaches, and Denial of Service (DoS) assaults are
examples of these risks.
Cyber-attacks as threat to internal security:

 Cyber terrorism: A premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems,
computer programs, and data which results in violence. Or financial damages.
 Stealing digital Data: Personal and professional data like customer information and intellectual property
rights can result in loss of hundreds of crores to the businesses and loss of trust of customers.
 Stealing personal data of citizens of a country and using them to target specific groups, manipulating
elections etc.
 Cyber warfare: The actions by any nation or international organization to attack and attempt to damage
another nation’s computers or information networks.
 Critical Infrastructure: Hacking critical infrastructure like nuclear power plants, defense installation
controls and commands, transport and energy infrastructure can create havoc to the economy and
security of nation.
Challenges associated with cyber-attacks:

 Lack of specialists: Globally, India ranks 2nd in terms of the number of Internet users after China (Internet
World Stats, 2017). However, India has limited of cyber-security specialists, when compared to internet
user base.
 Lack of robust law enforcement mechanisms: India’s approach to cyber security has so far been ad hoc
and unsystematic. Despite several agencies, policies and initiatives, their implementation has been far
from satisfactory.
 Lack of Coordination: Due to the existence of too many agencies with overlapping functions in the field
of cyber security, coordination between these agencies is poor.
 National cyber security policy, 2013 has not been updated despite significant changes in the cyber security
environment, digital penetration, and associated threats.
 Private sector participation remains limited in India's cybersecurity structures.
 Import dependence on cyber and communication equipment makes them vulnerable to cyberattacks.
To tackle these threats recent initiatives like booting domestic manufacturing and import from “trusted sources”,
NCIIPC, CERT-IN, NCCC, Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative and Cyber Crisis Management Plan have been launched
to prevent, respond, and swiftly mitigate cyber-attacks.
10. Intelligence sharing, and international cooperation is crucial in addressing the challenges posed by external
state and non-state actors to India's internal security. Comment (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Decode the Question: The main demand of this question is to acknowledge the significance of intelligence
sharing and international cooperation in effectively addressing the security challenges posed by both external
state and non-state actors to India's internal security.
Introduction: Define external state and non-state actors
Body: Write various challenges posed by external state and non-state actors then highlight benefits of
intelligence sharing and international cooperation.
Answer: External state actors refer to foreign governments or their intelligence agencies that may engage in
activities that pose a threat to India's internal security.
 Non-state actors, on the other hand, are entities or groups that are not affiliated with any government but
still have the capability to impact India's internal security, such as terrorist organizations or transnational
criminal networks.
 Located in a hostile neighborhood with geopolitical conflicts, India’s internal security faces multiple
challenges from state and non-state actors:
Challenges posed by External state actors:

 Incursion in border areas as seen by Chinses army in Doklam and Galwan.
 Infiltration and capturing of strategic locations to cut-off Kashmir valley as seen during Kargil conflict.
 Spying and cyber snooping to get information about strategic installations and technologies- Honey
trapping experts from DRDO, BARC by ISI.
Challenges posed by External non-state actors:

 Terror attacks within India like 26/11 Mumbai attacks, Pathankot Airbase attack etc.
 Weapons, explosives, and narcotics trafficking within India.
 Supplying counterfeit currencies within India to weaken the economy and monetary system.
 Supporting left-wing insurgents and secessionists within India to destabilise India from within.
Benefits of Intelligence sharing and international cooperation:

 Enhanced Situational Awareness: Availability of prior information and intelligence about designs of
potential risks.
 Strengthened Alliances:
 Availability of weapons and other platforms in times of tensions and conflicts. Israel’s modifying Indian
fighter jets during Kargil conflict.
 Technological cooperation for real-time information sharing. e.g.- USA providing information about
Chinese activities in Doklam.
 Putting sanctions on nations involved in supporting terrorism: Pakistan under Grey list of FATF.
 Operational Coordination: Cooperation facilitates joint operations, enabling synchronized efforts to
counter shared security challenges.
 Timely and Effective Response: Sharing intelligence enables swift responses to be emerging threats,
enabling proactive measures and rapid decision-making.
India continues to cooperate with regional and global partners like USA, Russia, Israel, France, Germany, and Japan
in the field of intelligence sharing and cooperation to secure India against external state and non-state actors.
11. What is the status of the Indian aviation industry, and how can the transition to a Public-Private Partnership
(PPP) model in the Indian Airways sector be managed carefully to foster its growth and development?

Decode the Question: This question expects the student to provide an overview of the status of the Indian
aviation industry. The student should also discuss the potential benefits with transitioning to a Public-Private
Partnership (PPP) model in the Indian Airways sector. The response should highlight the need for careful
management to ensure the growth and development of the industry through the PPP model.
Introduction: Introduce in brief about Indian aviation industry
Body: Highlight the status of Indian Aviation Industry, reasons for PPP model in aviation sector and what
cautions need to take ensure sustainable PPP model in Aviation sector.
Conclusion: Either summarize the topic and conclude on a positive note or else conclude with a way forward.
Answer: The civil aviation industry in India has emerged as one of the fastest growing industries in the country
during the last three years. India is expected to overtake China and the United States as the world's third-largest
air passenger market in the next ten years, by 2030.
Status of Indian Aviation Industry:

 Domestic traffic contributes around 69% of the total airline traffic in South Asia and India’s airport
capacity is expected to handle 1 billion trips annually by 2023.
 In FY22, airports in India pegged the domestic passenger traffic to reach 166.8 million, a 58.5% YoY
increase, and international passenger traffic to reach 22.1 million, a 118% YoY increase, as compared to
FY21.
 As of 2022, India had 131 operational airports. India has envisaged increasing the number of operational
airports to 220 by 2025. The number of PPP airports is likely to increase from five in 2014 to 24 in 2024.
 According to DPIIT, FDI inflow in India’s air transport sector (including air freight) reached US$ 3.61 billion
in FY 2022.
Initiatives by government to promote Aviation Industry:

 The government has allowed 100% FDI under the automatic route in scheduled air transport service,
regional air transport service, and domestic scheduled passenger airlines.
 NABH (NextGen Airports for Bharat) - Nirman is a government initiative to expand airport capacity more
than five times to handle billions of trips a year, in the next 10-15 years.
 AAI Startup Policy: Delivering a framework & mechanism for the interaction of AAI with internal and
external stakeholders that catalyze innovation at airports and leveraging technology for addressing
challenges and enhancing the delivery of services to passengers.
 UDAN-RCS scheme has been launched by the government which aims to increase air connectivity by
providing affordable, economically viable, and profitable travel on regional routes.
 AAI and other Airport Developers have targeted a capital outlay of approximately Rs. 98,000 crores in the
airport sector in the next five years.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in the Indian Airways sector offers several compelling reasons:
 Infusion of Capital: PPPs attract private investments, providing a significant source of funding for
infrastructure development, modernization, and expansion of airports, airlines, and related services.
 Enhance operational efficiency: PPPs can bring private sector expertise, efficiency, and innovation to the
aviation sector which will reduce costs and enhance overall efficiency.
 Risk Sharing: By engaging private partners, the risks associated with aviation projects can be shared.
Private partners assume some of the financial and operational risks, relieving the burden on the
government.
 Improved Service Quality: Private partners have incentives to deliver superior services, leading to
enhanced facilities, better maintenance, shorter wait times, and improved passenger amenities.
 Employment Opportunities: With private investments and expansion of infrastructure, there is a potential
for increased employment generation.
 Economic Growth and Connectivity: The development and expansion of airports and airlines facilitates
better connectivity, both domestically and internationally. This can boost tourism, trade, and economic
growth, attracting investments and contributing to regional development.
Some reasons to manage PPP carefully in Indian Aviation sector:

 Strategic Planning: Careful strategic planning to identify the sectors or services suitable for PPP, ensuring
alignment with aviation policies.
 Regulatory Framework: Establishing a robust regulatory framework is essential to govern the PPP
arrangements, addressing issues such as pricing, service quality, and competition to protect consumer
interests.
 Transparency and Accountability: Implementing transparent processes for selecting private partners,
conducting fair bidding processes, and ensuring accountability in contract management is vital to prevent
potential misuse of public resources.
 Risk Allocation: Clear delineation of risks between public and private partners is necessary to avoid undue
burden on the government or taxpayers.
 Financial Viability: Considering factors such as revenue-sharing models, return on investment, and the
ability of private partners to deliver quality services while ensuring profitability.
 Public Interest Safeguards: Protecting public interests, such as affordable and accessible air travel, should
be a core consideration during the PPP transition.
The progress of the aviation sector in India has been remarkable, with significant growth, infrastructure
development, and government initiatives aimed at enhancing connectivity and affordability. AAI and other Airport
Developers have targeted a capital outlay of approximately Rs. 98,000 crores in the airport sector in the next five
years for continuous improvements, technological advancements, and enhanced passenger experiences.
12. Despite reducing poverty, the 1991 reforms led to sectoral imbalances and increased inequalities. Economic
Reform 2.0 must prioritize key areas to effectively address these challenges. (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Decode the Question: This question expects the student to discuss the need for prioritizing key areas of
improvement in Economic Reform 2.0, considering the sectoral imbalances and increased inequalities that have
resulted from incomplete structural reforms despite the significant poverty reduction achieved in the 1991
economic reform.
Introduction: Introduce in brief about 1991 economic reforms and relevant
Body: Highlight the reasons behind lack of comprehensive structural reforms; how 1991 reforms led to sectoral
imbalance; show evidence that inequalities have increased post-economic period and conclude with measures
under economic reforms 2.0
Answer: The 1991 economic reforms transformed Indian economy by shedding the socialist principles of state’s
economic intervention and license raj. A World Bank study revealed that poverty declined by 1.36% per annum
after 1991.
While economic growth in India brought about notable development, the country's economic reforms fell short
of implementing comprehensive structural changes.
Comprehensive structural reforms remain incomplete because:

 Partial liberalization of industries: Many sectors remained heavily regulated, hindering competition and
productivity growth.
 Inadequate labor market reforms: Stringent labor laws persisted, limiting flexibility, and discouraging job
creation and investment.
 Slow agricultural sector reforms: Insufficient changes in agriculture prevented efficiency gains and
modernization, impeding rural development.
 Limited financial sector reforms: Banking sector reforms were incomplete, leading to inefficiencies, non-
performing assets, and limited access to credit.
 Weak governance and corruption: Governance reforms lagged, leading to corruption, red tape, and
uncertainty, deterring domestic and foreign investments.
 Lack of comprehensive tax reforms: Complex tax structures persisted, burdening businesses, and
hindering investment and economic growth.
Lack of comprehensive structural reforms resulted in sectoral imbalances and increased inequalities.
Sectoral imbalances are in the form of growth inequities in various sectors. The growth has been concentrated
only in some areas in the services sector such as telecommunication, IT, finance, entertainment, travel and
hospitality, trade etc., whereas vital sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing industry continue to struggle.
Other aspects of sectoral imbalances are:

 Post-reforms economic growth was disproportionately led by the service sector. The share of services in
GDP has risen from 28% in 1950s, 44% in 1990s to 54% in 2000s.
 Reforms did not lead to sustained growth in the manufacturing sector. After an acceleration in the mid-
1990s, growth slowed in the decade’s second half. The contribution of the manufacturing sector to GDP
has remained almost stagnant.
 The share of agriculture in GDP declined after economic reforms. Data shows that the agricultural share
in GDP has declined by 7.3% since the 1991 reforms.
The evidence shows that inequalities have increased post-economic period:

 According to Oxford report, the richest 1% of Indians own 58.4% of the country’s total wealth, and 10% of
richest Indians own 80.7% of the country’s total wealth.
 Another report, by Council of Social Development, reported six-fold increase in India’s wealth inequality
between 2000 and 2017.
 The Gini coefficient measured in terms of consumption for rural areas increased from 0.29 in 1993-94 to
0.31 in 2011-12 and from 0.34 to 0.39 in urban areas. The India Human Development survey revealed that
the Gini coefficient in income (rural + urban) was 0.52 in 2004-05 and increased to 0.55 in 2011-12.
 The economy witnessed a period of jobless growth.
To overcome the imbalances and inequalities mentioned above, following areas should be the focused during
reform 2.0:
 Macro-Economic Reforms: It should include- controlling current account deficit, balancing growth, and
inflation, increasing tax revenues by broadening the tax base, and managing debt by setting up a separate
Debt Management Office.
 Social Sector Reforms: Should focus on- reducing wealth and income inequality by raising the minimum
wage, reducing gender pay gap, raise female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) and focus on health,
education and skilling.
 Market Reforms: Should include- infrastructure development, factor markets reforms including land,
labor and energy reforms, industrial and bureaucratic reforms (PSUs, PSBs), easing regulations toward
ease of doing business and encouraging new-generation entrepreneurs and start-ups by creating
opportunities.
 Agricultural Reforms: Should focus on- integration of the agricultural market, rationalization of supply
chain, encouraging the formation of cooperatives and boosting agricultural exports.
India's past economic reforms resulted in a significant transformation of the economy and positively impacted the
lives of millions. To ensure inclusive growth and reduce inequalities, it is imperative for India to embark on
Economic Reforms 2.0.
13. What do you mean by Minimum Support Price (MSP). Analyze MSP’s role in mitigating market risks and
encouraging agricultural investment. (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Decode the Question: This question expects the student to define the concept of Minimum Support Price (MSP)
and analyze its role in mitigating market risks and promoting agricultural investment. You should provide a
comprehensive analysis of how MSP functions, its impact on farmers' income stability, and its influence on
encouraging agricultural investments and productivity.
Introduction: Start with the introduction about Minimum Support Price (MSP).
Body: Highlight MSPs’ role in mitigating market risks and encouraging agricultural investment. Also suggest
measures to address those risks.
Conclusion: Summarize the topic and conclude on a positive note.
Answer: MSP is a government-fixed price to protect farmers from low market prices, ensuring income security
and stabilizing the agricultural sector. It aims to prevent distress sales, procure food grains, and support public
distribution. Recently, MSP were hiked between 5-10% from last season, to ensure remunerative prices to growers
for their produce and to encourage crop diversification.
MSP's role in mitigating market risks:

Positive:
 Price stability: MSP provides farmers with a guaranteed minimum price, protecting them from price
fluctuations and ensuring income stability.
 Risk reduction: MSP acts as a safety net during bumper crop years, preventing distress sales and shielding
farmers from market uncertainties.
 Income security: By setting a floor price, MSP safeguards farmers' income and protects them from market
volatility and exploitation by middlemen.
 Planning certainty: MSP allows farmers to make informed production and investment decisions, knowing
they have a minimum price assurance.
Negative:
 Distortionary effects: MSP can create market imbalances and distort price signals, leading to inefficiencies
and overproduction of certain crops.
 Limited coverage: MSP primarily benefits farmers growing crops covered under its scheme, leaving out
those cultivating non-MSP crops.
 Encourages monoculture: MSP can lead to a focus on specific crops such as wheat and rice, reducing
diversification and sustainability in agricultural practices.
MSP's role in encouraging agricultural investment:

Positive:
 Price assurance: MSP guarantees a minimum price for farmers' produce, encouraging them to invest in
farming activities with confidence.
 Risk reduction: MSP mitigates market risks, reducing the uncertainty associated with agricultural
investments and encouraging long-term planning.
 Financial security: MSP provides a safety net for farmers, ensuring a stable income stream that enables them
to access credit and invest in their farms.
Negative:
 Distortionary effects: MSP may lead to overproduction of certain crops, resulting in market imbalances and
price distortions.
 Input cost concerns: MSP might not adequately address the rising costs of agricultural inputs, impacting
farmers' profitability and investment capacity.
 Infrastructure gaps: Insufficient procurement infrastructure and storage facilities hinder the efficient
implementation of MSP, limiting its impact on investment.
Measures to mitigates market risks and encourages agricultural investment:

 Futures and Options Market: Promote agricultural commodity futures and options to hedge against price
volatility, reducing uncertainty and encouraging investment.
 Market Intelligence: Establish systems for disseminating market information, empowering farmers to make
informed decisions, reduce risks, and boost investment confidence.
 Crop Diversification: Encourage growing multiple crops to mitigate price volatility and environmental risks,
making agricultural investment more resilient.
 Contract Farming and Price Assurance: Promote contracts with price guarantees above MSP, ensuring
income security and incentivizing agricultural investment.
 Access to Credit: Improve farmers' access to formal credit, loans, and insurance, enabling investment in
inputs, technology, and infrastructure to reduce risks.
 Infrastructure Development: Invest in rural infrastructure like irrigation, storage, transportation, and
market yards to reduce post-harvest losses, improve market access, and encourage investment.
 Public-Private Partnerships: Foster collaborations among government, private sector, and farmer
organizations to facilitate investment, technical assistance, and sustainable practices in agriculture.
The government is taking proactive steps to reform the MSP system which contributes to the overall growth of
the agricultural sector, supports rural development, etc. It is a vital tool for ensuring food security, empowering
farmers, and strengthening the agricultural economy.
14. Discuss the measures undertaken to promote and support the growth of the Food Processing Industry (FPI)
in India. To what extent have government initiatives effectively addressed the challenges faced by the FPI in
India? (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Decode the Question: This question expects the student to discuss the measures implemented to promote and
support the growth of the Food Processing Industry (FPI) in India. The student should also evaluate the
effectiveness of government initiatives in addressing the challenges faced by the FPI.
Introduction: Introduce a brief background to the Food Processing Industry (FPI).
Body: Highlight the measures undertaken to promote and support the growth of FPIs; To what extent these
initiatives help in promoting and boosting FPI sector; highlight the challenges faced by FPI sector.
Answer: Food processing industries involved in the transformation of raw agricultural produce into processed
food products through activities, including cleaning, grading, packaging, cooking, preserving, and value addition
to agricultural commodities.
Measures undertaken to promote and support the growth of FPIs:

• Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana: It aims to develop Argo-Marine processing and Development of
Agro-processing clusters. Setting up Supply-chain infrastructure for efficient movement of farm produce.
• Establishing mega food clusters and Mega Food Park
• Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Sector: Support the manufacturing entities in
expanding their capacities to become global food manufacturing giants.
• Pradhan Mantri Formalization of Micro Food Processing Enterprise (PM FME) provides credit linked
subsidies to individuals/SHGs/FPOs etc. for food processing infra development.
• Strengthening of Food testing Infrastructure in India by upgradation of FSSAI labs and setting up of new
labs in the country.
• Scheme for Human Resources and Institution - Skill Development (SHRISD)
• Operation Green - ensuring subsidized transportation and storage for fruits and vegetables.
• 100% FDI is permitted under the automatic route for the food processing sector.
• MoFPI, GoI have
signed MoU with
Japan, Italy,
Vietnam, and
Taiwan for
promotion of
investment in the
Food Processing
Sector.
To what extent these initiatives helping in promoting and boosting FPI sector:
 Encouraged Private player participation – as government allowed 100% FDI in FPI sector.
 Boost Export: India created history in agriculture and processed food exports by exporting products worth
US$ 25.6 billion in FY22.
 Increased focused on perishable commodities: exports of processed fruits and vegetables grew by 59.1%.
 Integrated development of Tomato, Potato and Onion (TOP) crop in value chain because of Operation
Green.
 A total of 22 perishable commodities were added in the list by FY2022.
 FPIs constitute around 10.7% and 8.8% of gross value added in the agricultural and manufacturing sectors.
 Active branding and marketing of local products in international Markets.
 Increased FDI: Rs 11,096 crores invested in FPI sector by FY2022.
 Generated direct/indirect employment for around 5 lakh employees.
 The FPI sector has been growing at an average annual growth rate of around 9.99%.
FPI sector still facing some challenges:

• Entry Barriers - Capital Intensive nature of the sector becomes an entry barrier and prevents small players
to enter the sector.
• Small Size of Indian Companies -> less R&D and marketing compared to Nestle, PepsiCo etc. -> Difficult
to compete.
• Lack of skilled human resource -> hampers growth of the sector
• Poor Market Reforms (for e.g., in APMCs) in the Agri Sector -> Hinder availability of raw material
• Slow pace of growth in contract farming and land leasing reforms
• Infrastructure Deficiencies in transportation, storage etc. also led to lots of losses and made our food
processing sector less competitive.
Way forward:
 Strengthening Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS), a platform for facilitating the
financing/discounting of trade receivables of MSMEs through multiple financiers.
 Financial assistance and incentives to promote the entry of small players into the food processing sector.
 Government-sponsored R&D and marketing support for small Indian companies to enhance
competitiveness.
 Skill development programs and vocational training to address the shortage of skilled human resources.
 Comprehensive market reforms in the agricultural sector to improve the availability of raw materials.
 Accelerated implementation of contract farming and land leasing reforms to boost growth.
 Investments in infrastructure development for transportation and storage to reduce losses and enhance
competitiveness.
Keeping this in mind, government has taken various initiatives to promote FPIs in India. Now, the focus should be
on ensuring the effective implementation of these schemes through proper investment, clear focus, and strong
political will.
15. What significant progress has been achieved in applied biotechnology through research and development,
and how can these breakthroughs contribute to enhancing the welfare of society? (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Decode the question: The question expects the student to highlight the significant advancements made in
applied biotechnology through research and development. It also expects to explain how these breakthroughs
can contribute to improving the overall well-being and welfare of society, considering the practical applications
of biotechnology in various fields.
Introduction: Define biotechnology and write some facts.
Body:
Part-A: Mention some significant progress in applied biotechnology.
Part-B: Biotechnology enhances the welfare of society.
Conclusion: Conclude with recent government schemes and policies with positive feedback.
Answer: Applied biotechnology refers to the use of biological systems, organisms, or their derivatives to develop
products, processes, or technologies that have practical applications in various fields.
 It involves applying principles of biology, genetics, molecular biology, and other related disciplines to solve
real-world problems and improve human life.
 India is among the top 12 destinations for biotechnology globally and 3rd largest biotechnology destination
in the Asia Pacific Region.
Significant progress in applied biotechnology through R & D:

Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals:
 Development of Recombinant Insulin: Recombinant DNA technology transformed diabetes treatment by
using genetically engineered microorganisms to produce insulin, ensuring a more dependable and
abundant supply.
 Gene Therapy: Gene therapy advancements offer promising treatments for genetic disorders like spinal
muscular atrophy and hemophilia, with potential for long-term and curative effects.
Agriculture and Crop Improvement:
 Genetic Modification of Crops: Genetic engineering has produced GM crops like Bt cotton, GM maize,
and GM papaya with enhanced traits, yielding higher productivity and reduced pesticide dependence.
 Molecular Breeding: Biotechnological tools like marker-assisted selection and genomic selection expedite
crop improvement, leading to the development of improved varieties with higher yields, nutrition, and
environmental resilience.
Industrial Biotechnology:
 Enzyme Production: Biotechnology enables large-scale production of enzymes for industries like textile,
detergent, and food processing, offering environmentally friendly and efficient alternatives to traditional
chemical processes.
 Biofuel Production: Biotechnological advancements enable the production of biofuels like bioethanol and
biodiesel, derived from renewable sources through biomass conversion, reducing fossil fuel dependency
and greenhouse gas emissions.
Environmental Sustainability:
 Bioremediation: Biotechnological methods utilize microorganisms to remediate contaminated
environments by degrading pollutants like hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and pesticides in soil, water, and
air.
 Waste Management: Biotechnology is vital in waste management, employing microorganisms to
decompose organic waste through composting and anaerobic digestion, reducing waste volume and
producing renewable biogas.
Personalized Medicine:
 Pharmacogenomics: Pharmacogenomics utilizes genetic information to personalize drug therapies,
tailoring treatments and dosages based on an individual's genetic makeup to optimize efficacy and
minimize side effects.
Biotechnology enhances the welfare of Society:

Farmers:
 Bt Cotton: Bt cotton adoption in India has positively impacted vulnerable communities, enhancing income
and livelihoods of farmers in states such as Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh.
Women:
 Low-cost Sanitary Napkins: The "FLOH (For Life on Earth) Tampons" project, developed by an Indian
startup, utilizes biotechnology to produce low-cost and biodegradable sanitary napkins made from
bamboo fiber.
 Biotechnology-based Nutritional Supplements: Biotech-based Horlicks Pro-Height Protein Plus by GSK
Consumer Healthcare supports growth and development with essential nutrients, including proteins,
vitamins, and minerals.
Children:
 Rotavirus Vaccine: Indigenous rotavirus vaccines, Rotavac and Rotasiil, developed using biotechnology,
have transformed child health by providing affordable protection in India.
Youth:
 Biotechnology-based Skill Development: For instance, the Biotechnology Skill Enhancement Program
(BiSEP) in Karnataka provides training to disadvantaged individuals especially in rural youth, enhancing
skills for biotech industries and promoting empowerment.
Entrepreneurs:
 Biotechnology Business Incubators: For instance, the Biotechnology Ignition Grant (BIG) scheme by the
Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) aims to support and mentor innovative ideas
from startups and entrepreneurs.
 Bio-entrepreneurship: For example, the development of low-cost biofertilizers using microbial
biotechnology has allowed small-scale farmers, particularly those from marginalized sections, to reduce
their dependence on expensive chemical fertilizers.
Thus, the Biotech Start-up Expo (2022), LOTUS-HR, and WETLAB are dedicated to enhancing the biotechnology
sector through flagship programs like Make in India and Start-up India. Their efforts aim to stimulate growth,
innovation, and entrepreneurship in the biotech industry.
16. Additive manufacturing has many advantages over subtractive manufacturing. Discuss the uses of additive
manufacturing in different fields. Mention the issues related to Additive manufacturing in India.

Decode the Question: The question expects the student to discuss the advantages of additive manufacturing
over subtractive manufacturing and explore the various applications of additive manufacturing in different
fields. Additionally, it expects to highlight the specific issues related to additive manufacturing in the context
of India.
Introduction: Define additive manufacturing and subtractive manufacturing
Body:
Part-A: Advantages of additive manufacturing over subtractive manufacturing
Part-B: Uses of additive manufacturing in different fields
Part-C: Issues related to additive manufacturing.
Conclusion: Conclude with government measures with positive feedback.
Answer: Additive manufacturing is the process of making 3D objects from a digital file, so this process is famously
known as 3D printing too. In an additive process a 3D object is created by laying down successive layers of material
until the object is created.
 Subtractive manufacturing is the conventional method of manufacturing which is cutting out or hollowing
out a piece of metal or plastic with, for instance, a milling machine.
Advantages of Additive Manufacturing over Subtractive Manufacturing:

 Accelerated prototyping: Additive manufacturing (AM) expedites product development by enabling the
creation of many varying prototypes that can be produced faster and cheaper in comparison to lengthy
traditional methods.
 Energy savings: AM uses fewer resources by requiring less ancillary equipment, reducing waste material
compared to conventional manufacturing processes with higher energy needs.
 Environment benefits: Additive manufacturing (AM) reduces waste and saves energy, making it an
environmentally friendly choice for businesses improving manufacturing sustainability.
 Material waste reduction: AM starts from scratch, adding material to create parts, reducing waste by
using only the necessary substance, unlike conventional manufacturing that involves removing material
from larger pieces.
Uses of Additive Manufacturing (AM) in Different Fields:

 Aerospace: AM is used to produce lightweight aircraft components, such as turbine blades, fuel nozzles,
brackets, and structural parts, allowing for improved performance and fuel efficiency.
 For instance, Airbus has employed 3D printing to produce parts such as brackets, hinges, and fuselage
components.
 Automotive: AM enables the production of complex geometries and customized parts, including
prototypes, interior components, engine components, and lightweight structures.
 For instance, Grippers can be 3D printed with intricate shapes and patterns to achieve optimal
grasping and manipulation of objects in manufacturing and assembly processes.
 Healthcare: AM is used to produce patient-specific medical implants, prosthetics, surgical guides,
anatomical models, and dental aligners, leading to improved patient outcomes and personalized care.
 For example, 3D printing is used to create implants such as cranial plates, hip and knee implants, spinal
cages, and dental implants.
 Education and Research: AM is used in educational institutions and research labs for teaching design and
engineering principles, prototyping, and conducting experiments in various fields.
 Electronics: AM is employed in the production of electronic components like circuit boards, antennas,
sensors, and customized casings, enabling miniaturization, prototyping, and functional integration.
 Energy: AM is used in the energy sector for producing components for renewable energy systems, such
as wind turbine blades, solar panels, and fuel cells, enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability.
Issues related to Additive Manufacturing:
 High cost of equipment and material due to dependence on import: Building a 3D printer can be costly,
and resource companies are reluctant to use 3D printed parts without warranty coverage.
 Lack of formal industry standards: Since 3D printing is a very niche and new domain, there are no global
qualifications and certification norms.
 Risk of Job Losses: In the initial meetings on the subject, there was a lot of resistance on whether this
technology would eat into the jobs of highly skilled workers in the medical equipment or aerospace
technology sectors.
 Lack of skilled manpower.
 Uncertainty in the regulatory and legal framework
Government of India has launched ‘National Strategy for Additive Manufacturing (NSAM)’ to address the above
concerns and to develop domestic capabilities and to reskill professionals which will reduce cost and improve
adoption. This strategy aims to capture 5% of Global market share of 3D printing and add $ 1 billion to GDP by
2025.
17. Highlight the evolution of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and its importance for developmental
projects in India. Also, provide a critical assessment of the draft EIA 2020 notification on environmental
protection measures in India. (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Decode the Question: The question expects the student to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution
and development of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in India, emphasizing its significance for
developmental projects. Furthermore, it expects a critical assessment of the draft EIA 2020 notification,
specifically focusing on its effectiveness in ensuring environmental protection measures in the country.
Introduction: Define the EIA and its historical evolution
Body:
Part-A: Reasons for importance of EIA
Part-B: Mention of draft EIA, 2020 and its critical analysis
Conclusion: To conclude with positive feedback.
Answer: As per UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a tool
used to identify the environmental, social, and economic impacts of a project to decision-making.
Importance of EIA for developmental projects:

 Environmental Protection and Conservation: EIA identifies and assesses potential environmental
impacts, aiding in project design and implementation to minimize adverse effects on ecosystems and
biodiversity.
 Sustainable Resource Management: EIA promotes the efficient and sustainable use of natural resources,
such as water, land, minerals, and energy, in developmental projects.
 Mitigation of Environmental Impacts: It ensures that projects incorporate pollution control measures,
waste management plans, and measures to mitigate habitat loss and ecological disruption.
 Social and Community Considerations: EIA acknowledges the significance of social aspects, assessing
potential impacts on communities, livelihoods, and local infrastructure.
 Legal Compliance and Regulatory Framework: EIA is mandatory in India for developmental projects,
ensuring compliance and providing a transparent framework for project approvals.
 Sustainability and Long-Term Benefits: EIA ensures project sustainability, minimizing risks, disruptions,
disputes, and reputational damage through environmental considerations and impact mitigation.
Difference between EIA, 2006 and Draft EIA, 2020:
EIA 2006 Draft EIA 2020

Categorization The 2006 notification classified projects into The draft notification introduced a new
of Projects two categories: Category A and Category B. categorization system. It divided projects into
Category A projects required mandatory EIA, three categories: Category A, Category B1,
while Category B projects underwent and Category B2. Category A projects require
screening to determine if an EIA was national-level EIA, Category B1 projects
necessary. require state-level EIA, and Category B2
projects are exempt from EIA.
Exemptions The 2006 notification did not provide explicit The draft notification introduced exemptions
exemptions for any specific projects. for certain projects. It exempted several
activities, such as defense and security-
related projects, inland waterways, and some
expansion projects, from the mandatory EIA
process.
Public The 2006 notification required a minimum of The draft notification reduced the minimum
Consultation 30 days for public consultation for Category time frame for public consultation to 20 days
A projects and 45 days for Category B for Category A projects and 30 days for
projects. Public hearings were mandatory for Category B1 projects. It also exempted several
specific projects. projects from the requirement of public
hearings.
Post-Facto The 2006 notification did not explicitly The draft notification introduced provisions
Clearance address the issue of post-facto clearance for for post-facto clearance. It allowed projects
projects that had started without obtaining that had commenced without prior clearance
prior environmental clearance. to retrospectively seek approval.
Online The 2006 notification did not specifically The draft notification emphasized online
Submission address online submission of project submission of project documents and
documents or online monitoring. introduced provisions for online monitoring
and compliance reports.
Critical Analysis of Draft EIA 2020 notification:

 Weakening of Environmental Safeguards: The Draft EIA Notification 2020 introduces exemptions that
may allow certain projects to bypass the EIA process.
 Limited Public Participation: Shortened public consultation time frames in the Draft EIA Notification
2020 limit meaningful engagement and hinder diverse perspectives.
 Excessive Centralization of Power: Critics argue that the Draft EIA Notification 2020 centralizes power
with the central government, diminishing the role of state governments in project categorization and
scrutiny.
 Weaknesses in Compliance and Enforcement: Concerns have been raised regarding the Draft EIA
Notification 2020's inadequate monitoring, compliance, and enforcement mechanisms, risking
environmental impacts and public trust erosion.
 Inadequate Consideration of Climate Change: The Draft EIA Notification 2020 lacks explicit provisions
for assessing projects' greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on climate change, attracting criticism.
Suggestions:
 Strengthen Environmental Safeguards: Reinstate the environmental safeguards present in the EIA 2006
notification to ensure rigorous assessment of potential environmental impacts.
 Enhance Public Participation: Increase the time frame for public consultation to allow sufficient
opportunity for meaningful engagement and participation by affected communities and stakeholders.
 Incorporate Climate Change Considerations: Include explicit provisions for assessing the climate change
impact of projects and their contribution to greenhouse gas emissions.
 Promote Sustainable Development: Integrate sustainable development principles, promoting resource
efficiency, waste management, renewable energy, and biodiversity conservation in project design and
implementation.
To balance ease of doing business and environmental sustainability, an Independent EIA Authority can be
established, along with a centralized data bank for transparent project information access.
18. Explain the concept of net-zero emissions and its significance in the context of COP26. Outline some
measures to achieve net-zero emissions and discuss the potential challenges associated with their
implementation. (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Decode the Question: The question expects the student to provide an explanation of the concept of net-zero
emissions and its relevance to COP26. Additionally, it expects to outline measures that can be taken to achieve
net-zero emissions and discuss the potential challenges that may arise during their implementation, considering
the context of climate change and global efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
Introduction: Define the Net Zero Emissions
Body:
Part-A: Significance of Net-Zero Emissions
Part-B: Some measures to achieve Net-Zero Emissions
Part-C: Potential challenges
Conclusion: To conclude with positive feedback
Answer: In the context of COP26, net-zero emissions aim to achieve a balance between emitted and removed
greenhouse gases by reducing emissions and offsetting through removal or compensation.
Significance of Net-Zero Emissions:

 Financial Sector Alignment: The financial sector, through initiatives via Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net
Zero (GFANZ), is adopting net-zero commitments and promoting sustainable investments to drive the
transition to a greener economy.
 Nature-Based Solutions: For instance, initiatives like the African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative
(AFR100) aim to restore 100 million hectares of degraded land in Africa by 2030, providing both carbon
sequestration and sustainable livelihood opportunities for local communities.
 Industry Transformation: Companies like Microsoft, Apple, and Amazon committing to net-zero
emissions drive innovation and investment in renewable energy and low-carbon technologies.
 Youth and Civil Society Engagement: Youth movements like Fridays for Future and the Sunrise Movement
have urged ambitious climate action, highlighting intergenerational equity and a sustainable future.
 International Collaboration: The Race to Zero campaign (under UNFCCC) facilitates collaboration among
cities, businesses, investors, and regions, promoting knowledge sharing and accelerating the transition to
net-zero emissions.
Some Measures to achieve Net Zero Emissions Strategy:

 Race To Zero Campaign: It is a global campaign uniting businesses, cities, regions, and investors to
accelerate the transition to a decarbonized economy and support the goals of the Paris Agreement.
 Mission Innovation: Mission Innovation is a global initiative of 24 countries and the EU aimed at advancing
clean energy innovation, including carbon capture, clean materials, and renewable hydrogen.
 Net-Zero targets: More than 70 countries have promised to become Net Zero by the middle of the century
i.e., by 2050. Other nations like China & India have committed that they will turn Net-Zero by 2060 and
2070 respectively.
 Changes to Lifestyle for the Environment (LiFE): LiFE is India's initiative urging individuals, industries,
and governments worldwide to adopt sustainable practices, scale green markets, and implement
supportive policies.
 Increased transparency and accountability: The UN formed an Expert Group to enhance standards for
net-zero commitments by non-State entities and urged them to submit credible transition plans for faster
implementation.
 Steps taken by India: India unveiled its Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy at the UNFCCC
conference and initiated the National Hydrogen Mission.
Challenges faced in the implementation of Net-Zero Emission Strategy:

 Common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR): Developing countries argue that the net-zero strategy
neglects the principle of CBDR considering historical emissions by developed nations.
 Climate Finance: The failure of developed nations to fulfil their commitment of providing $100 billion
annually in climate finance, as pledged under the Paris Agreement, significantly hampers the ability of
developing nations.
 Different goals: Various nations have set different targets for achieving Net-Zero emissions, such as G7
by 2050, China by 2060, and India by 2070.
 Issues with this concept: According to IPCC, cumulative emissions rather than reaching net zero is the
determining factor in achieving the Paris Agreement. According to Oxfam, these net zero carbon targets
may be a distraction from the priority of cutting carbon emissions.
 Issues with the methods: Net-Zero emissions plans depend on unproven technologies like carbon capture
and storage and land use practices that may be impractical due to land constraints.
The updated framework, along with government initiatives like tax concessions and the Production Linked
Incentive scheme, will boost India's manufacturing capabilities, exports, and green job opportunities in sectors
like renewable energy and clean technologies. This will help India set an example by balancing energy use and
climate goals.
19. Discuss the social, economic, political, and ideological dimensions of naxalism in India. Highlight the factors
that led to a decline in Naxal violence and affected areas in recent times. (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Decode the Question: The main demand of this question is to discuss the multidimensional aspects of Naxalism
in India, including social, economic, political, and ideological dimensions. Additionally, it requires highlighting
the factors contributing to the decline in Naxal violence and its impact on affected areas in recent times.
Introduction: Define Naxalism or Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)
Body: Write various factors which leads to Naxalism or Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) in India. Then highlight
various initiatives taken by the government which lead to decline in Naxal violence and affected areas in recent
times.
Answer: Naxalism or Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) is an insurgent and separatism movement based on the ideology
of Maoism. It originated from Naxalbari village in West Bengal and aims at violent overthrow of the state. Former
PM Manmohan Singh termed naxalism as the single biggest security challenge faced by the country.
Social factors
 Continuation of social discrimination based on caste and ethnic identities.
 Exploitation and misbehavior with the female members of weaker sections of the society.
 Attempts by the affluent class to maintain traditional hierarchies in a changed global scenario.
Economic factors
 Limited economic opportunities in the hinterlands and tribal areas.
 Stark economic inequalities that continue to expand.
 Land acquisition 4 mega projects resulting in displacement of tribals.
Political factors
 Apathy of the political class towards marginalized sections and population in the hinterland.
 Lack of true representation Tribals, Dalits and other marginalized communities.
 Poor functioning of the Gram sabhas, Tribal councils and autonomous councils.
Ideological Factor:
 The ideology remains attractive in a society with a history of discrimination and prevailing socio-
economic inequalities.
 Many well-meaning liberal intellectuals fall prey to the Maoist propaganda without understanding the true
nature of Maoist insurgency doctrine which glorifies violence and believes in adopting the military line to
capture power.
Factors leading to decline in Naxal violence in recent times:
 Security Approach: Modernization of Police force scheme, targeting senior leadership, strengthening
state Intelligence Bureaus (SIBs) etc.
 Developmental Approach: Better health and education facilities in affected areas, aspirational district
programs, MGNREGA, Eklavya Residential schools for tribal children, entrepreneurship through TRIFED
etc.
 Centre-state cooperation: in security domain through funding under security related Expenditure (SRE)
scheme, Multi-Agency Centres, deployment of CRPFs etc, Bastariya battalion in Chhattisgarh etc.
 Central Government Initiatives: 14 specialized CoBRA battalions of CRPF to assist the states, use of UAVs and
mini-UAVs, CPI (Maoist) banned under UAPA, SAMADHAN initiative etc.
 State-specific initiatives: Specialized units to tackle naxalism like Andhra Pradesh (Greyhounds),
Jharkhand (Jaguar), Maharashtra (C-60) etc.
 Disillusionment with ideology: Dur to development initiatives of central and state governments, Naxalites
targeting civilians, mobility in search of employment etc.
There is need for center and states to regularly cooperate and coordinate in both security and developmental
initiatives to completely eradicate the threat of naxalism.
Additional Information:
Data:
 The number of districts contributing approximately 90% of the LWE violence, categorized as “Most LWE
Affected Districts”, came down to 30 from 35 in 2018 and further to 25 in 2021.
 Steadfast implementation of this policy has resulted in a consistent decline in violence in LWE affected
areas. Incidents of LWE violence have reduced by 77% from high of 2213 in 2010 to 509 in 2021, Shri Rai
added.
 Similarly, resultant deaths (Civilians + Security Forces) have reduced by 85% from high of 1005 in 2010
to 147 in 2021.
Initiatives:
 Government of India (GoI) approved a ‘National Policy and Action Plan to address LWE’ in 2015.
 For improving telecommunication connectivity, 2,343 mobile towers have been installed and work order
issued for another 2,542.
 Rs 3105 crore has been released to the Most LWE Affected Districts under ‘Special Central Assistance
(SCA)’ scheme to fill critical gaps in public infrastructure and services. More than 11,600 km roads have
been constructed in LWE affected areas under specific schemes.
 Further towards educational empowerment, 47 Industrial Training Institutes and 68 Skill Development
Centers have been approved under “Skill Development Scheme in 47 Districts affected by LWE”.
 For financial inclusion, 1,258 Bank Branches, 1,348 ATMs and 22,202 Banking Correspondents have been
established in Most LWE Affected Districts and 4,903 Post Offices have been opened in 90 LWE affected
districts in the last seven years.
20. Discuss how technologies are helping in detecting and preventing money laundering. Elaborate measures
to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (15 Marks, 250 Words)

Decode the Question: The main demand of this question is to discuss the role of technologies in detecting and
preventing money laundering. Additionally, it requires elaborating on measures at the national and international
levels to address the problem of money laundering effectively.
Introduction: Define the concept of Money laundering.
Body: Highlight the role of technology in detecting and preventing money laundering then suggest Measures
to tackle the problem of money laundering.
Conclusion: Summarize the answer and conclude on a positive note.
Answer: Money laundering is the process of hiding the source of money obtained from illegal sources and
converting it to a clean source, thereby avoiding prosecution, conviction, and confiscation of the criminal funds.
It is an illegal exercise that converts black money into white money.
Role of technology in detecting and preventing money laundering:

 Artificial Intelligence can identify patterns of transactions, behaviors, and anomalies rapidly, which helps
in analyzing the results, investigating root causes and prevent money laundering.
 Big data has enabled organizations to move away from just tracking financial crime at a transaction level
and to ‘map out’ strings of transactions, which allows easier tracing of original sources of illicit activity.
 With big data, financial institutions gain a clearer understanding of the trail of illicit gains from illegal
activities and tracing individuals, entities and supply chains involved in the laundering process.
 Anti-Money Laundering screening software helps financial institutions check the details of senders and
receivers. Any doubtful individual can be red-flagged and promptly tracked.
 Machine Learning (ML) helps organizations and government agencies in detecting and understanding the
evolving methods and patterns used by launderers and devising the strategies accordingly to prevent
them.
Measures to tackle the problem of money laundering:
At national Level:
 Foreign Contribution Regulation Act to regulate and scrutinize the foreign funding of persons and
institutions/ organizations in India.
 The prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) to combat the menace of money laundering.
 PMLA allows the Central Government to enter into an agreement with foreign governments for enforcing
the provisions and exchange of information for the prevention of any offence under PMLA.
 Linking bank accounts with PAN card and Aadhaar for better tracking of financial transactions.
 A PAN card has been made mandatory for any transaction above Rs. 50,000.
At international levels:
 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
1988 was the first major initiative in the prevention of money laundering.
 Forty Recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering, 1990
 Basel Committee on Banking Regulations and Supervisory Practices to guarantee that banks are not
used to hide or launder money obtained via illicit or unlawful activity.
 The council of Europe Convention creates a common policy about money laundering, provides a
common description of money laundering, and provides means for dealing with it.
 Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering with the goal of establishing high standards and
promoting the efficient implementation of legal, regulatory, and operational measures to combat money
laundering and terrorist financing.
 Interpol created the Interpol Money Laundering Automated Search Service (IMLASS) to aid anti-money
laundering efforts by building a database and tracking, connecting, and identifying suspects and
tracking the flow of unlawful funds.
 Political Declaration and Global Program of Action adopted by the United Nations General Assembly
in 1990.
 UN Global Program against Money Laundering founded in 1997 to increase the efficiency of all
international measures to prevent money laundering via technical cooperation services provided to
governments.
Strict enforcement at the national and cooperation at the global level, supported by modern technologies,
remain the key to detecting and preventing the menace of money laundering.

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ADVANCE TEST – 3

Approach to the answer:

Advantages of Multi-Year Budgeting over Single-Year Budgeting:

Approach to the answer:

Inclusive growth preferred over Universal Basic Income (UBI):

UBI can promote inclusive growth through:

Approach to the answer:

Importance of Farm Mechanization:

Factors which hinder mechanization:

Approach to the answer:

Approach to the answer:

Potential Areas of its application in serving humanity in general:

Energy and Environment:

Water and Food Safety:

Potential Areas of its application in Health Sector:

Diagnostics and Imaging:

Nanomedicine for Infectious Diseases:

 Antimicrobial Nanomaterials: Indian researchers use nanotechnology to develop antimicrobial

Approach to the answer:

Steps taken under NCAP to tackle the air pollution:

Key Reasons for dismal performance:

Approach to the answer:

Factors contributing to ﬂoods in India:

Measures to mitigate the ﬂoods:

Approach to the answer:

Need for DRR in India:

Signiﬁcance of DRR for India:

Approach to the answer:

Cyber-attacks as threat to internal security:

Challenges associated with cyber-attacks:

Approach to the answer:

Challenges posed by External state actors:

Challenges posed by External non-state actors:

Beneﬁts of Intelligence sharing and international cooperation:

Approach to the answer:

Status of Indian Aviation Industry:

Initiatives by government to promote Aviation Industry:

Some reasons to manage PPP carefully in Indian Aviation sector:

Approach to the answer:

Comprehensive structural reforms remain incomplete because:

Other aspects of sectoral imbalances are:

The evidence shows that inequalities have increased post-economic period:

Approach to the answer:

MSP's role in mitigating market risks:

MSP's role in encouraging agricultural investment:

Measures to mitigates market risks and encourages agricultural investment:

Approach to the answer:

Measures undertaken to promote and support the growth of FPIs:

FPI sector still facing some challenges:

Approach to the answer:

Signiﬁcant progress in applied biotechnology through R & D:

Biotechnology enhances the welfare of Society:

Approach to the answer:

Advantages of Additive Manufacturing over Subtractive Manufacturing:

Uses of Additive Manufacturing (AM) in Different Fields:

Approach to the answer:

Importance of EIA for developmental projects:

Difference between EIA, 2006 and Draft EIA, 2020:

EIA 2006 Draft EIA 2020

Critical Analysis of Draft EIA 2020 notiﬁcation:

Approach to the answer:

Signiﬁcance of Net-Zero Emissions: