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Short Notes Capsule by Shubham Sir
Short Notes Capsule by Shubham Sir
Short Notes Capsule by Shubham Sir
Conceptual (C)
Topic
Numerical (N)
▪ Yellow Means High Priority
Iriigation & Methods C+N
▪ White Means Medium Priority
Water Requirement of Crops C+N ▪ Green Means Average Priority
Soil Moisture C+N
Water Logging & Reclamation C+N
Canal Design C +N
Seepage Theory C +N
Cross Drainage Works C
Reservoirs C
Spillways C
About Me
Shubham Aggarwal
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Advantages of Irrigation
1. Increase in Food Production
2. Elimination of Mixed Cropping
3. Generation of Hydro-Electric Power
4. Improving Domestic Water Supply
5. Inland Navigation
Dis-Advantages of Irrigation
1. Over Irrigation leads to Water Logging
2. Over Irrigation may lead to Creation of Climatic
Conditions which are favourable to Public Health Issues
Like: Malaria, Dengue, etc.
3. Seepage of Nitrates into Ground Water.
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Types of Irrigation
Surface Irrigation
• Flow Irrigation
• Lift Irrigation
Sub-Surface Irrigation
• Natural
• Artificial
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Types of Irrigation
Surface Irrigation
Flow Irrigation Irrigation in Which constant & Continuous
(PERENIAL) water supply is maintained
(Controlled Irrigation )
Flow Irrigation In this Soil is kept submerged & flooded with
(FLOOD) water so as to cause through saturation
(Un-Controlled Irrigation )
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Technique Suitable
Techniques of Water Distribution
Water is Directly Applied into root zone of plants
Evaporation & Percolation losses are considerably
Drip / Trickle reduced
Irrigation It is used where heavy demand of irrigated water is
present.
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Answer. D
Sarkari Answer
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18 – 26 High Sodium
ESE 2011
Q2. An identified source of irrigation water has ion
concentrations of Na+, Ca+2 and Mg+2 as 20,10
and 8 mili equivalents per litre, respectively. The
SAR of this water is approximately
A. 2.06
𝑵𝒂+
B. 6.67 SAR = 𝟐 𝟐
+
𝑪𝒂 +𝑴𝒈
C. 2.67
𝟐
D. Zero
Answer: B
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SODIC Soils
If SAR is greater than 15% , then it will be sodic soil
and wont be good for irrigation.
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Leaching
It is the process of removal of alkali salts dissolved in irrigation water by
flooding the land with an adequate amount of water.
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Note:
• If Useful Rainfall is more, Duty of same amount of
Irrigation water will be more
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Answer: C
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𝐕𝐔
𝛈𝐚 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐕𝐟
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Answer. A
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Time factor It is the ratio of number of days the canal has actually run to
irrigation period.
Capacity factor It is the ratio of mean supply discharge to the full supply
discharge.
𝐈𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐑𝐚𝐛𝐢 𝐒𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐨𝐧
Crop Ratio =
𝐈𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐊𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐟 𝐒𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬
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𝐕𝐔
𝛈𝐚 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐕𝐟
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Methods to Determine Cu :
Direct Method Indirect Method
Tank Lysimeter Method Blaney Criddle Method
Filed Experimental Method Hargreaves Class A PAN Method
𝐝
Inflow Outflow Method𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − 𝐃 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Penman’s Equation
Soil Moisture Method
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Methods to Determine Cu :
Indirect Method
Blaney Criddle Method
𝐤. 𝐩
𝐂𝐮 = [𝟏. 𝟖𝐭 + 𝟑𝟐]
𝐝
𝟒𝟎
𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃
Hargreaves Class A PAN
𝐂𝐮
Method K=
𝐄𝐩
(Preffered)
Penman’s Equation
Based on Energy & Mass
Transfer Approach
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1. 𝝋-Index
It is the average rainfall above which rainfall volume = Run off
volume
P−Q P − Q − IL
− Index = cm / hr w − Index = cm / hr
tw
t
2. W-Index
This is average infiltration rate during the entire period of rainfall
If Rainfall Intensity > Infiltration Rate
w - Index is more accurate than ϕ-Index
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= Cu – Re + Le
Le = Leaching requirement
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Answer. D
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ESE 2006
10. Consider the following terms relating to irrigation requirements :
1. Consumptive irrigation requirement
2. Net irrigation requirement
3. Field irrigation requirement
4. Gross irrigation requirement
For a given set up, which one of the following is. the correct
relation?
A. 1>2>3>4
B. 1<2<3<4
C. (1=2)<3<4
D. 1<(2=3)<4
Answer: B
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Soil Water
Term description
Permanent It is the state of soil when
𝐤. 𝐩 plants fail to extract
Wilting Point 𝐂𝐮 =for their
sufficient water [𝟏.requirements.
𝟖𝐭 + 𝟑𝟐]
𝐝
𝟒𝟎
(PWP) 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Temporary It is the phenomena𝐃that the soil water content at
Wilting Point which the plant wilts at K 𝐂𝐮 but recovers during
daytime
=
night or when water is 𝐄𝐩added to soil.
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Soil Water
Term description
Available
𝛄𝐝 . 𝐝
Moisture 𝐝𝐰 = [𝐅. 𝐂. −𝐏. 𝐖. 𝐏. ]
𝛄 𝐝
(dw) 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
RAM 𝐃
Part of Available Moisture which is easily extracted by
plants which is APPROX 75𝐂𝐮– 80% of available
Readily K=
𝐄𝐩
Available Moisture.
Moisture RAM = Permissible Depletion×Available Moisture
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Answer: D
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Answer: D
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Answer: A
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Answer: A
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Type of Canal
Canal Type Based on Alignment
Watershed / Aligned along any Natural Shed
Ridge Canal 𝛄𝐝 . 𝐝
𝐝𝐰 = [𝐅.Saves
𝐂. −𝐏. 𝐖.of
cost 𝐏.Construction
]
𝛄 𝐝
Contour Canal 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − ×Aligned
𝟏𝟎𝟎 Along Contour
𝐃
Natural Drainage always flow
𝐂𝐮 at right angles to the contour lines
K=
𝐄𝐩 Only One side
Irrigates
Side Slope Canal Aligned at Right Angles to Contour
Such Canal Run parallel to Natural Shed
Avoid the construction of Cross Drainage Structures.
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Design Of Canal
CANAL
UNLINED LINED CANAL
𝛄𝐝 . 𝐝
Alluvial Non-Alluvial𝐝𝐰 = 𝛄 [𝐅. 𝐝
𝐂. −𝐏. 𝐖. 𝐏. ]
Canal Canal 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃
𝐂𝐮
They designed on the basis of K=
𝐄𝐩
1. Kennedy’s Theory
2. Lacey’s Theory
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Manning’s Constant
If Manning's Constant is not given :
Manning's Constant Material
𝛄𝐝 . 𝐝
0.022 – 0.025 𝐝𝐰 = Good
[𝐅. Earthen
𝐂. −𝐏. 𝐖. 𝐏. Channel
]
𝛄 𝐝
𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
0.025 – 0.030 𝐃Poor Earthen Channel
𝐂𝐮
0.015 – 0.018 Concrete
K= Earthen Channel
𝐄𝐩
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2. Critical Velocity
V = 0.55 MD 0.64 𝐝
𝛈 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐝
M = Critical velocity ratio 𝐃
D = Trial depth 𝐂𝐮
K=
𝐄𝐩
3. Area Required 𝐐
Area=
𝐕𝐨
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Velocity (V) 𝐝
Silt Factor (f) 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃
Hydraulic Radius (R) 𝐂𝐮
Area (A) K=
𝐄𝐩 𝐐
Wetted Perimeter (P) Area=
Bed Slope (S) 𝐕
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𝐝
𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃
𝐂𝐮
K=
𝐄𝐩
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𝐝
𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃
𝐂𝐮
K=
𝐄𝐩
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ESE 2004
Q18. What is the regime scour depth for a channel in
soil with silt factor unity and carrying 8 m2/s of
discharge intensity in accordance with Lacey's
regime theory?
A. 3.6 m
B. 4 m
C. 5.4 m
D. 25.6 m (RSMSSB JE)
Answer: C
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ESE 1997
19. For medium silt whose average grain size is 0.16
mm, Lacey's silt factor is likely to be
A. 0.30
B. 0.45
C. 0.70
D. 1.32 (UPPCL AE)
Answer: C
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ESE 2014
20. A channel designed by Lacey's theory has a
velocity of 0.88 m/sec. The silt factor is 1.1. Then
hydraulic mean depth will be
A. 1.95 m
B. 1.76 m
C. 1.63 m
D. 1.50 m
Answer: B
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ESE 2002
21. Consider the following: Garret's diagram for the
design of irrigation channel is based on
1. Kennedy's theory
2. Lacey's theory
3. Kutter's formula
4. Manning's formula
Which of these are correct?
A. 1 and 3
B. 1 and 4
C. 2 and 3
D. 2 and 4
Answer: A
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Answer. B
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𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑀𝐵
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = =
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑀𝐿
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Term Description
Forms of Precipitation
Precipitation Size
Type
Rain Droplet size is 0.5 – 6 mm
Drizzle Droplet size < 0.5 mm
Rainfall intensity < 1 mm/hr
Hail Lumps of ice size > 8 mm
Snow Density = 0.1 gm/cc
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Run off
Run off co-efficient – k =
Rain fall
k = 0.46 in India.
Answer. A
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Answer. D
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Answer. B
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Answer. C
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Answer: B
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ESE 2007
38. Which one of the following is the purpose of
providing the downstream sheet pile in a
barrage?
A. To control failure due to piping by high value of
exit gradient
B. To control failure due to scour
C. To stop failure due to sliding
D. To stop failure due to uplift pressure
Answer: A
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ESE 2005
39. Denehy's groyne is a special type of groyne which
is :
A. Pointing upstream
B. Pointing downstreams
C. Hockey type
D. T-headed
Answer: D
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ESE 2005
40. The base width of a soil gravity dam is 25 m. the
material of the dam has a specific gravity of 2.56
and the dam is designed as an elementary profile
ignoring uplift. What is the approximate
allowable height of the dam ?
A. 64 m
B. 40 m
C. 164 m
D. 80 m
Answer: B
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ESE 2002
43. Acidic soils are reclaimed by
A. leaching of the soil
B. using limestone as a soil amendment
C. using gypsum as a soil amendment
D. provision of drainage
Answer: B
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