LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: + Describe the history of Art in Prehistoric Civilization; * Discuss the Medieval arts in Europe, + Identify the famous artists in Western Europe; and + Analyze the most common Paintings in Classical Greek.What is Western Art? The term Western Art largely describes the art of western Europe, but is also used as @ general category for forms of art that are now geographically widespread but that have their roots in Europe. According to the (Annenberg Foundation 2017), the human instinct to create art is universal. Art is an approach of a human being to communicate his/her beliefs and express ideas about his/her experiences.Leroi-Gourhan (1967) lists three primary domains of the expression of feeling associated to the first periods of humanity that may add to our Understanding of the beginnings of art such as Psycho-physiological impressions; Magic- religious, and techno- economic.Ast in Pre-historic Civilization The term pre-historic relates to the time before written history. ‘Writing in ancient Mesopotamia developed before 3000 B.C.E., encompassing various forms of visual culture such as paintings, sculpture, and architecture created prior to that time (Zucker, 2015). The earliest known decorative art forms can be traced back to ‘Africa, dating as far back as 100,000 B.C.E.Pre-historic art is characterized by four main periods: the Stone Age, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. ‘The artifacts from this era mainly ‘consist of small sculptures and cave paintings. These early forms of art served as a means of communication and adoration towards deities. Many archaeologists have identified Stone Age art, namely, petroglyphs (rock carvings and engravings): Pictographs (graphical imagery, symbols), ancient sculpture (totemic statues, ivory carvings), and megalithic arts (performances or any other works associated with the formation of stones).The oldest European cave art is the El Castillo Cave (Cave of the Castle) in Spain. This cave was discovered in 1903 by Hermilio Alcalde del Spanish archaeologist. Archaeologists argue that artwork inside this cave are probably a creation of Homo neanderthalensis. Other old cave painting sites in France include Lascaux, Grotte de Cussac, Pech Merle, Cave of Niaux, and Font-de- GaumeSTONE TOOLS FOR ART MAKING F°4 ‘Stone is formed based on the composition of minerals on it. PEBBLE TOOLS (Pebble Chopper) tis @ fst cuting device and considered as the oldest type of tool made by humans. BIFACIAL TOOLS -It's a hand ax prehistoric stone too flake with 2 faces or sides FLAKE TOOLS These are hand tools used during Stone age. BLADE TOOLS “These are a stone tool created by striking a long narrow flake froma stone core,The primitive art of the western world covers an extensive range of time and place over 1000 years A. ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS (ILLUMINATION) - They were colorful religious texts which often use gold and silver as their main feature. B. METALWORK - Metalworkers were highly skilled in creating religious objects for church decorations.C. SILVERSMITH AND GOLDSMITH -They were excellent artist who created new shapes of jewelry. D. MOSAIC -Itis a art of crafting figures with small pieces of colored glass. E. PAINTINGS -Artist who were skillful in leonography uses fresco and panel painting with a religious theme during the medieval period. F. BAYEUX TAPESTRY -Itis embroidery in colored wool.G. CERAMICS - They were hand shaped cooking pots jars,and pitchers. H. STAINED GLASS -It is usually applied exclusively to the windows: of medieval churches,castles,and cathedrals |. Heraldry -It is the manner of designing coats of arms and insignia.Famous Artists in Wester Europe The great artists introduced the advancement of arts during the middle periods. During this era, artists split away from the influences of the Byzantium art style and developed into the Gothic visual art. The Medieval painters and sculptors were founders of the movement towards greater realism which culminated in the Renaissance art style. Most famous artists during medieval period were Donatello, Giotto, Leon Battista Albert, Cimabue. Filippo Brunelleschi, Fra Angelico and Lorenzo GhibertDonatello (1386-1466) - Also known as Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi. Born: 1386 in Italy. Death: December 13, 1466. - Notable Works: David, Mary Magdalene, Madonna, Salome, Zuccone, St. Mark, St. John the Evangelist, St George and the Dragon. - Invented schiacciato {shallow relief), achieving spatial depth.Giotto di Bondone (1266-1337) - Born: About 1266 in Vespignano village, Florence. - Death: January 8, 1337, in Florence. Notable Works: Fresco cycle for the Cathedral of San Francesco in Assisi, mosaic over the entrance to St. Peter's Basilica.Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472) Born: February 14, 1404, in Genoa, Italy. Death: April 25, 1472, in Rome. Notable Works: Involved in the renovation of the papal palace and the Roman bridge of Acqua Vergine.Giovanni Cimabue (1240-1302) Born: 1240 in Florence. Death: 1302. Notable Works: Frescoes of New Testament scenes in the upper church of St. Francis of Assisi.Filippo Brunelleschi = (1377- 1446) Born: 1377 in Florence, Italy. - Death: April 15, 1446. Notable Works: Sculptor and goldsmith; involved in Florentine workshops.Fra Angelico (1395-1455) Also known as Beato Angelico. Born: 1395 in Florence, Italy. Death: February 18, 1455. Notable Works: Annunciation, The Madonna and Saints, Transfiguration of Christ painting.Lorenzo Ghiberti (1380-1445) Born: 1380 in Florence, Italy. Death: 1445. Notable Works: East Doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni. The bronze doors (Gates of Paradise).Most Common Paintings in Classical Greek During the classical era, most paintings were discovered in panels, tombs, and vases. They portrayed natural symbols with dynamic masterpieces about battle scenes, mythological figures, and everyday scenes. It also disclosed a grasp of linear perspective and naturalist illustration (Rayos, 2018).Familiar paintings in classical Greece are as follows: a. Kerch Vase Painting Red-figured pottery discovered in Kerch. Common motifs: Scenes from the life of women, mythological beings, or mythical stories/events. Technique: Polychromy which combined different colors especially the brilliant one in artisticmanner. . The shapes commonly found are: Krater, lebesgamikos, lekanis, pelikeb. Panel Painting Famous for altar pieces. Executed on flat panels of wood or metals. Earliest known old panel painting is the Pitsa Panel (540-530 B.C.E.). c. Tomb/Wall Painting Methods: Tempera (water-based) or encaustic (wax) as a method of fresco. Colors: Grind powder stains mixed with pure water, set with plaster to become a lasting part of the wall.AWE ey