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ANTENNA
ANTENNA
Microstrip patches have various types of shapes. Before designing, the shape of antenna
should be determined first. In this project, rectangular shape has been chosen as final design
because from simulations the return loss of rectangular is higher than circle and hexagon shape.
(a)
In this project, a rectangular shape has been chosen as final design because from the
simulations the return loss of rectangular is higher than circle and hexagon that shows in figure
3.8. During simulations, all this design has been optimized to achieve the specification of
microwave sensor design. So, based on the simulations hexagon and circle shape are quite
difficult to reach the specifications and from that, rectangular shape was proposed to design the
microwave sensor.
Figure 3. 1: Comparison of three different shapes
Rectangular -10.027
Circle -5.513
Hexagon -5.493
The value of width and length of antenna should be calculated by using equation (3.1) and
equation (3.3). But, before the length of the patch has been calculated, the effective dielectric
constant in equation (3.2) should be determined first because it is related with the patch length’s
formula. Based on the theoretical calculation, there is some different value compared to
simulation results. To obtain the operating frequency 2.4 GHz, the value of patch width and
patch length should be optimized until S11 results achieved the frequency.
√ √
8
C 2 ¿ 3 X 10 2
¿ 38.39 mm
Patch width , W =
2 fr Ԑr +1 2 ( 2.4 GHz ) 4.3+ 1
(3.1)
4.3+1 4.3−1 1
Ԑr+ 1 Ԑr −1 1 ¿ +
√
Effective dielectric constant , Ԑeff = + 2 2 1.6 ¿ 3.99
2 2 √¿ ¿ ¿ [1+12 ]
38.39
(3.2)
∆ L=0.412 h
( w
( Ԑeff +0.3 )
h
+ 0.624 )
¿ 0.412 h
( 3.99+ 0.3 ) (
38.39
1.6
+ 0.624 )
¿ 0.76 mm
( Ԑeff −0.258 ) ( +0.8 ) ( 3.99−0.258 ) ( +0.8 )
w 38.39
h 1.6
8
C 3 X 10
Patch length , L= −2 ∆ L¿ −0.76¿ 29.769 mm(3.3)
2 fr √ Ԑeff 2 ( 2.4 GHz ) √ 3.99
1.3 Comparison of rectangular design with DGS and without DGS
This part will discuss simple rectangular with DGS or without DGS. There is some difference
in graph simulation if DGS method is applied on the sensor. Every time the design of sensor is
changed, the frequency also changes. Because of that, the design must be optimized to achieve
the target frequency. Parameter sweep option in CST software is very helpful to analyze the
frequency shift and from that parametric study can be observed. Figure 3.11 shows comparison
of design using DGS or without using DGS technique while figure 3.12 shows the optimization
process.
Next, figure 3.13 shows the design of rectangular patch with DGS method. The DGS method
is applied on this sensor because it wants to increase the quality factor of microwave sensor.
1.3.1 Simulation of rectangular design with and without using DGS method
Based on the simulations, it’s proved that DGS technique can increase the returns loss and
improve quality factor. But, for this simple design still cannot achieve a narrow bandwidth.
Figure 3. 5 : Simulation of rectangular patch with and without DGS
1.4 Comparison of rectangular design with inset feed and DGS method
This part will discuss the inset feed with DGS or without DGS technique that will be use in
this project. There is some difference in graph simulation if DGS method is applied on the
sensor. Every time the design of sensor is changed, the frequency also changes. Because of that,
the design must be optimized to achieve the target frequency. Figure 3.12 shows inset feed
Figure 3. 6 : Rectangular design with inset feed and without DGS method
Based on the parametric study shown in table 3.4 if the sensor wants to achieve 2.4 GHz with
the same dimension of patch width and length likes before inset feed, the value width of inset
feed will be too small. So, by increasing the value of patch length to 29.56 mm and at the same
time also increasing the value of inset feed width to 7.7 mm the frequency can be reached.
Table 3.4: parametric study of inset feed without DGS method
Inset feed Inset feed Patch width Patch length Frequency (GHz)
width length
Next, figure 3.16 shows the design of sensor with inset feed and DGS technique. The DGS
method is applied on this sensor because it wants to increase the quality factor of microwave
sensor. In this design the dimension of inset feed is not changed, only the dimensions of ground
plane would be modified to achieve the target frequency 2.4GHz. The final dimension width and
Based on the simulations when the sensor applying DGS method the bandwidth will become
narrow. In theory, if the return loss is more than -30dB so the microwave sensor will be a good
match. Quality factor is very important because it is a key parameter that describes the
performance of sensor.
Microwave sensor designs have their own parameters such as frequency, patch length, patch
width and other dimensions. The dielectric constant of the material should be considered.
Parameter Values