LESSONS based on the basic indicators namely: real income, health
and education (Todaro and Smith, 2012)
1. Global Divides
2. Characteristics of Global North and Global South
3. Theoretical Understanding of Global North and
Global South
4. Asian Regionalism
LESSON 1: GLOBAL DIVIDES
• Globalization has turned the world to be unequal
(Lindert and Williamson, 2001).
o This is characterized by the differences in the
status among nations based on their economic
capability and translated on their participation in
the world market.
• The most striking attribute of the global economy is
its utmost contrast. There are obvious
manifestations that there are existing social and
economic gaps between the world’s richest, and the
world’s poorest nations.
• According to the United Nations Development
Program (UNDP) (2014), the richest 5% of the
world’s people receive more than 100 times the
income of the poorest 5% and that the richest 1%
receives the income of the poorest half of the entire
world’s population. Moreover, it is believed that the
combined income of the 25 richest Americans
equates the income of the poorest 2 billion in the
entire world.
• The most widely used measure in the comparative
status of the socio-economic development is
presented by the UNDP by their annual series of
Human Development Reports known as the Human
Development Index (HDI) which was initiated in
1990.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
The Human Development Index (HDI) aimed to rank all
countries and determine the lowest human
development and the highest level of development
BASIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
• Gross National Income Per Capita (GNI) - This refers
to the total of all goods and services produced and
provided within a country’s borders, divided by its
population. The United nation adjusted this figure to
account for the cost of living in a country in order to
create the―purchasing power parity.
• Health - Health is measured based on the following:
(1) life expectancy at birth; (2) the rate of
undernourishment; (3) the under-5 mortality rate;
and (4) the crude birth rate
• Education - Literacy is the number of adult males and
females reported or estimated to have the basic
abilities and capability to read and write. It also
includes the number of years attended school
regardless of the quality of education received.
CRITICISMS OF HDI
The Human development index served its purpose of
improving the understanding of what accounts for
development. It clearly reflects the improvements and
failures that each country constitutes, based on the rising
and falling of their ranking.
There have been some criticisms posited on HDI because
it appears to have been adhered more on national
performance and ranking and less on the global
perspective and actual physical development. Moreover,
critics believe that it lacks on the technological aspects,
and contribution to human civilization. It was also been
1
questioned on the use of its statistical formula and technological advancement, political stability, zero
measurement errors, that led to further misclassification population growth and dominance of the world
of the countries (Wolff, Chong, and; Auffhammer, 2011). trade and politics.
➢ The Poor South/Global South - Refers to the
developing countries which represents mainly
BRANDT REPORT agrarian economies in Africa, India, Latin America,
and others that are not as economically sound and
Prior to the HDI there have been moves that created a politically stable. Tends to be characterized by war,
literal and visual division among the different countries conflict, and poverty.
in the world. One is the Brandt Report in the 1980' s
which was written by the Independent Commission THE NORTH THE SOUTH
headed by Willy Brandt to review international Controls 4/5 of the Has access to 1/5 of the
development issues in the 1980' s. The result formed the income earned anywhere world’s income.
in the world.
so called Brandt Line.
90% of the manufacturing As nations become
industries are owned by economically developed
and located in the north they may become part of
BRANDT LINE the “North” , regardless
of geographical location.
• The Brandt line is a simple graphic representation of Any nation that do not
the North and South economic divisions of the qualify for “developed”
various nations, which were based on GDP (Gross status are in effect
Domestic Product) per capita. deemed to be part of the
• It is a line that crosses at latitude 30° North, going “South” .
north of Africa and India, between North and Central
America, but it is lowered in the southern part to
include Australia and New Zealand, which appear LESSON 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF
above the line. GLOBAL NORTH AND GLOBAL SOUTH
• The implication of the Brandt Line is that the
countries in the Northern part of the world are LOCATING GLOBAL NORTH AND GLOBAL
extremely wealthy while those countries appearing SOUTH
and lying on the southern part of the line are
considered poor. The introduction of the Brandt line The report initiated by WILLY BRANDT resulted in the
initiated the use of the term―Global North‖ visual representation of the north and south through the
and―Global South‖ referring respectively to rich and so-called Brandt Line. This also gave rise to the
poor countries (Royal Geographical Society, 2020). geographical split of the world that led to the notion that
those countries lying on the northern hemisphere
adhere to industrial development while those countries
on the southern part are poverty-stricken nations.

DISCOVERING GLOBAL SOUTH

SOURCE GLOBAL SOUTH

Lisandro Claudio Global South is a concept
(2011) rather than a place. The term
➢ The Rich North/Global North - Refers to the ― global south and similar
developed societies of Europe and North America, categories are relevant and
which are characterized by established wealth, were used in the study of

2
 globalization. Moreover, the CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL NORTH AND GLOBAL
economists, scholars and SOUTH
economic activists made use Global North Global South
of the term ― global south, to Composed of wealthy, Comprised of poor
give emphasis and as industrialized, and countries.
reference on the global developed nations. Also,
differences in status of democratic, and capitalist
countries. countries
Matthew Sparke The Global South is Home to all G8 Members Africa, Latin America, and
(2007) everywhere, but it is also (USA, Japan, Russia, Italy, Developing Asia including
somewhere, and that United Kingdom, the Middle East.
somewhere, located at the Germany, France,
intersection of entangled Canada) Western Europe,
political geographies of Developed Parts of Asia,
dispossession and Australia, and New
repossession. Zealand.
Siba Grovogui (2011) The Global South is not a Technologically Advanced Lacks the right
directional designation or a technology
point due south from a fixed Highly Industrialized Politically Unstable
north. It is a symbolic Steady market and stable Economies are divided
designation meant to capture prices of commodities.
the appearance of the bond The North holds 1/4 of The South holds 3/4 of
that emerged when former the world population, and the world population and
colonial institutions that controls 4/5 of the has access to 1/5 of the
engaged in political projects income earned anywhere world income.
of decolonization and moved in the world.
toward the realization of a
postcolonial international
order.
Nour Dados and Global South refers in general
Rewyn Connell to the regions of Latin
(2012) America, Africa, Oceania, and
Asia. It is considered similar to
the terms ― Third World and
Periphery, that indicate
regions outside Europe and
North America. It refers to
mostly (though not all) low-
income and often politically
or culturally marginalized
countries.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN “GLOBAL SOUTH” AND
• The use of the phrase Global South symbolizes a “THIRD WORLD”
move from a central focus on development or Third World Global South
• Used during the Cold • Modern term replacing
cultural difference toward an emphasis on
War era. "Third World. "
geopolitical relations of power. North-South • Comprises of the • Represents developing
terminology emerged from a symbolic application of alliance of those countries, often with
categories to name patterns of riches, privilege, and countries in Africa and emerging economies.
development beyond large regions. in Asia that became • Reflects a shift from
Cold War-era
3
 newly independent geopolitics
after World War 2. contemporary
• In 1955, their leaders economic and political
gathered in Bandung, dynamics.
Indonesia and formed a
movement that agreed
not to meddle in the
cold war between the
First world and the
Second World.
• The alliance of the Third
World countries was
later joined by
countries from Latin
America. (Litonjua,
2010).
OTHER WAYS OF CLASSIFYING NATIONS
1. World Bank Classification System
2. United Nations Human Development Index
Rankings
3. United Nation’s Least Developed Countries
1. WORLD BANK CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
The International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD) known as the World Bank (Todaro
and Smith, 2012) has a very popular way of classifying
countries known as the World Bank’s Classification
System. It includes 210 economies with a population of
at least 30,000 which are ranked using their levels of
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.
THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM TYPICALLY DIVIDES
COUNTRIES INTO SEVERAL INCOME GROUPS, SUCH AS:
• Low-Income Countries (LICs): These are countries
with low per-capita gross national income. Low-
income countries include Afghanistan, Haiti, Malawi,
Niger, and Sierra Leone.
• Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): The GNI
per capita of these nations is quite low. Lower-
middle-income countries include India, Indonesia,
the Philippines, Egypt, and Vietnam.
• The nations that fall into the Upper-Middle-Income
Countries (UMICs) group have moderate to high
GNIs per capita. Upper middle-income countries
include China, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, South Africa,
and Turkey.
to • High-Income Countries (HICs): The GNI per capita is
high in these nations. High-income countries include
the United States, Canada, Germany, Japan,
Australia, and many countries in Western Europe.
WORLD BANK’S GROSS NATIONAL
CLASSIFICATION INCOME PER CAPITA
Low Income Countries Less than $976 in 2008.
(LICs)
Middle Income Countries Between $976 and $11,
(MICs) 906 in 2008.
Upper Middle Income More than $11, 906 in
Countries (MICs) 2008
• The Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), is a unique assembly among
governments of 37 member states with established
market economies working with each other, as well
as with more than 70 non-member economies to
promote economic growth, prosperity, and
sustainable development.
2. UNITED NATIONS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
INDEX RANKINGS
In 1993, the United Nations introduced the terms
developed and underdeveloped, a common division of
the world used particularly in analytical purposes based
on the concept of human development. Human
development is a standard of human well-being that
takes account of peoples ability to develop their full
potentials in accordance with their needs and interest.
TOP TEN AND BOTTOM TEN COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF HDI
RANKINGS UN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2019
4
 3. UNITED NATION’S LEAST DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES
Another widely used classification of nations is that of
the least developed countries. A designation used by the
United Nations that indicates that as of 2018 it included
47 countries, 34 of them in Africa, 8 in Asia, 3 from
Oceania plus Haiti. For inclusion, a country has to meet
each of three criteria: low income, low human capital
and high economic vulnerability.
G7, G8, AND G20
G7 (GROUP OF SEVEN)
• A group of seven nations that joined together in 1975
to resist the 1973 oil embargo by the Arabs as a
protest against the intervention of the United States
and the United Kingdom during the Yom Kippur War.
• The U.S.S.R., on the other hand while they were
approaching breaking up, was responsible in
providing the Arab nations with weapons, and
therefore was not invited to join the G7.
• The G7 was formally known as the Group of Seven
Industrialized Nations. Its members were Britain,
United States, France, Canada, Japan, Italy, and
Germany.
G8 (GROUP OF EIGHT)
The G7 was renamed to the G8 in 1997, when Russia was
added to the original seven-country line-up. Ever since
its inception, the G7 and G8 asserted several political and
economic policies that affected other countries.
G20 (GROUP OF TWENTY)
The latest instalment of the G8 is called the G20, a
greater coalition formed in 1999, which includes the
nations of Brazil, China, Saudi Arabia, Republic of Korea,
France, Australia, China, Canada, Germany, Indonesia,
Argentina, Turkey, India, Russia, South Africa, Mexico,
Japan, United Kingdom, United States, and the
European Union.
LESSON 3: THEORETICAL
UNDERSTANDING OF GLOBAL NORTH
AND GLOBAL SOUTH
• DEPENDENCY THEORY
• WALT W. ROSTOW’S MODERNIZATION THEORY
• REALISM
• LIBERALISM
• MARXISM
DEPENDENCY THEORY
• Created by Raúl Prebisch (an Argentinian politician
and economist) in the 1950s.
• Looks back on the patterns of colonial relations
which existed between the North and South and
emphasizes how colonized territories eventually
become poor caused by those relations (Litonjua,
2012).
• Theorists who advocate this idea believe that the
economies of ex-colonial states remain oriented
towards serving external rather than internal
demand. They are inclined in pleasing the foreign
nation even up to the extent of sacrificing their own
country’s welfare.
- The reason global division exists is because nations
depend on one another to meet their basic
necessities.
- During the colonial era, numerous peripheral nations
or colonies were founded with the intention of
extracting resources and generating revenue for the
colonial powers. These economic structures
frequently survive long after a nation attains
independence, with colonizer countries still
benefiting from the resources located in their ex-
colony states.
5
 LATIN AMERICAN STRUCTURALISM WALT W. ROSTOW’S MODERNIZATION
THEORY
• Also created by Raúl Prebisch around late 1940s.
• Dependency theory is closely related with Latin Rostow's modernization theory, which outlined historical
American Structuralism. It is the only school of progress in terms of a society ' s capacity to produce and
development economics emerging from the Global consume material goods, became a key foreign policy
South to be affiliated with a national research precept of the Kennedy administration. This pushes the
institute and to receive support from national banks idea that other nations should emulate and follow the
and finance ministries. United States of America, with its special ' way of life ‘,
- This theory reveals that for Latin American countries in promoting the modernization of other countries as a
to overcome poverty and unequal distribution of way for them to catch up with Western powers.
income, the government must create solutions and
• For the countries that could not keep up with the
policies to eradicate these. He suggested the
modernization trend remained to be poor and
government should actively encourage
underdeveloped
industrialization, income redistribution, and market
- According to Rostow's idea, other countries need to
control.
look up to the United States as the model of
modernity and success.
➢ The Structuralists defined dependency as the
- The Modernization Theory holds that, provided they
inability of a nation's economy to complete the
can follow the stages of economic growth, the Global
cycle of capital
South and any other impoverished nations will
accumulation without
eventually be as wealthy as or more so than the
reliance on an outside
Global North, contrary to Dependency Theory's
economy. Specifically,
assertion that the region will remain economically
peripheral nations
distressed and underdeveloped as long as it depends
were perceived as
on the Global North.
primary resource
exporters reliant on
core economies for
manufactured goods.

• This led the Structuralists to advocate for Import-

Substitution Industrialization Policies—aimed to
replace manufactured imports with domestically
made products.
o This is related to the advocacy of―Buy Pinoy
Products—which encourages the Filipinos to
support and acquire original Filipino goods and to
avoid imported products.
o Another program with the same purpose is the
―One Town, One Product—it is a promotional
type of program by the government of the
Philippines that is centered on the furthering of
the goods and products of Filipino towns, cities,
and regions. The Filipino government also
provides funding for small businesses.
• Stage 1 - Agriculture is mostly done for subsistence
in traditional societies. This indicates that the plants
and crops you harvest are meant for personal use
only—they are not meant to be sold.
• Stage 2 - Along with the invention of different
materials and practical equipment, structures like
irrigation systems have been built. These made
agriculture quicker and easier, allowing people to
grow more crops than they needed—and sell their
excess supply.

6
• Stage 3 - This stage is also known as the Industrial
Revolution. Factories are being built to cater to the
need for massive manufacturing and production of
goods. Machines and humans work side by side.
• Stage 4 - At this point, the economy is growing more
steadily and extensively.
• Stage 5 - As financial freedom rises, consumption
rises and recreational and leisure activities become
more important. Individuals are becoming more
materialistic and wasteful.
• Liberals assume that through trade economic
interdependence, division and war are less likely to
happen.
- From this perspective, governments can profit
from each other's alliances and partnerships on
a regional and global level. International
organizations and multilateral cooperation are
highly valued by liberalism as tools for handling
world issues—such as WHO, IMF, and WTO.

MARXISM
REALISM
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels - Authors of the
• Can be traced from Niccolo Machiavelli (during the
Communist Manifesto.
Renaissance) and Thomas Hobbes (around 1650s).
• Highlights the structures of economic power rather
• The most criticized perspective yet most dominant
than patterns of conflict and cooperation. Suggests
and influential. Realist vision is pessimistic—
inequalities in global system. As a state in Global
negative.
South engage in trading with the parts of Global
• It advocates that the international system is uneven,
North, this would only result to equal benefits
highly conflicting and marked by power struggle. It is
between the players because generally, the capitalist
based on how the human nature is characterized as
or industrialized countries in Global North tend to
being selfish and greedy.
dominate and exploit the global south.
- Marxism asserts that social class struggles—
• States prioritizes self-interest and that a nation is
particularly those between the proletariat
being judged by the ethics of responsibility rather
(working class) and the bourgeoisie (capitalist
than the morals of its principles.
class) are what have shaped historical history
- Realists typically believe that self-interest,
and that capitalism itself is a system that breeds
violence, and selfishness are ingrained in human
inequality and exploitation.
nature. There is always room for conflict and
- Marxist study of the Global North and South
instability since people cannot be trusted to act
frequently centers on the North's capitalist
morally or in the best interests of others.
powers' exploitation of the South's labor and
resources.
LIBERALISM

• Immanuel Kant from the Enlightenment era.

LESSON 4: ASIAN REGIONALISM
• Liberals are opposite of realists because of a more
optimistic view in international system.
• The offer that the principle of balance and harmony EVOLUTION OF ASIAN REGIONALISM
is found in all forms of social interactions.
➢ Year 1968
➢ Year 1989
• Reflected in Immanuel Kant’s belief, universal and
➢ Year 1997
perpetual peace is possible because states are
➢ Year 2010
capable of cooperation and value mutual respect.
- Liberalism believes that governments can attain 1968
stability and prosperity through collaboration,
diplomacy, and respect for international • The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
institutions and standards. was born.
7
• There were five original members: Indonesia,
Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
• The primary goal of the ASEAN is to merge Southeast
Asian Countries to fight against communism.
• The ASEAN was an outgrowth of the unsuccessful
SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organization) idea,
which was predicted as a type of Asian NATO (North
Atlantic Treaty Organization) organization against
communism.
1989
• Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was born
through the strong support given by the United
States of America.
• The APEC meeting was institutionalized with the aim
of monitoring and analysing regional markets and
institutions. To keep an eye on the governing rules
and norms for facilitating transparent and efficient
business transactions in the region. Its focus was
economic and its style was technocratic.
1997
• The ASEAN plus Three (Japan, Korea, and China) was
created. Japan, Korea and China were the major
economic powers during the time.
• In the 2000s, the tide of globalization swept through
East and Southeast Asia as well as the rest of the
world. The Three registered more than 50% of their
total trade as intraregional and started to support all
the countries within the region.
• In order to adapt to the challenges of globalization,
the proposal of ASEAN plus Six (Japan, Korea, China,
India, Australia and New Zealand) was formed thus
creating the EAST ASIAN SUMMIT.
2010
• The East Asian Summit added two more members,
the United States of America and Russia which
initiated a new phase in the Asian Regionalism.
• The year 2010 also marked great advances made by
two economic giants in the region namely USA and
China
• China started assertive maritime claims in East and
South China as well as the Bengal seas; coupled with
resource exploitations in Vietnam, Myanmar
Indonesia and India.
• USA initiated dialogues and military exchanges with
Vietnam, Indonesia and India which included
scientific, technological and scientific components.
THREE PROPOSITIONS THAT WOULD HELP
UNDERSTAND THE IDEAS OF ASIAN REGIONALISM
1. Geographical Asia is too diverse for cultural
2. Geographical Asia is too small for globalizing Asia
3. Geographical Asia is too conflictual internally for
strategic Asia
Globalization vs. Regionalization
Globalization is Regionalization happens
BORDERLESS in a SPECIFIC
GEOGRAPHICAL
PORTION of the world.
FACTORS OF GREATER ASIAN INTEGRATION
1. DRIVEN BY THE MARKET
- Asia facilitates interactions of a variety of
systems, institutions, social relations and
infrastructures.
- Asia facilitates interactions of a variety of
systems, institutions, social relations and
infrastructures.
- Thailand exports its grocery products to
different 24-hour convenience stores, while
Indonesia and Vietnam sell their bags and
clothing to the other parts of the region.
2. ESTABLISHMENT OF FORMAL INSTITUTIONS
- Asian Development Bank
3. ECONOMIC GRANTS AND OVERSEAS
DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
4. PRODUCTION NETWORKS —ONE COUNTRY
SPECIALIZED PRODUCTION
- PHILIPPINES – electronics and copper
- INDONESIA – palm oil, rubber, and natural gas
- SOUTH KOREA – machinery products and
motor vehicles
5. THE ASEAN BOND
- ASEAN + 3 Financial Ministers—Process
established two economic structures
- Chang Mai Initiative
- Asian Bond Market
8
6. ASEAN
- If European Union is rules-based, ASEAN
decides based on consensus or general
agreement. Unity in Diversity

ASIAN RESPONSE TO GLOBALIZATION AND

REGIONALIZATION AS A GROUP

1. Established the Asian Development Bank (ADB)

2. Worked on different forms of loans and grants
3. Shared information, especially on security like terror
groups:
4. Worked for the achievement of ASEAN Declaration

ASIAN RESPONSE TO GLOBALIZATION AND

REGIONALIZATION INDIVIDUALLY

1. Countries make bilateral and multilateral

agreements.
2. China, India, and Japan started a dialogue in
formulating visions, share goals and roadmap for
regional cooperation:
3. Indonesia, The Philippines, and Malaysia made use of
their available resources to combat the effects of
civilian victims like displacements
4. Santi Suk in Thailand created its own currency "bia "
regulated by a central bank in a village.
5. Some countries preferred traditional herbal
medicine, community-owned rice, and cooperative
shops.