Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology (2022), 12(1): 52-59

DOI: https:doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.3819.2022

Preference of Broiler Chicken for Cassava-Moringa Based Diet

ERVYNNA CHRISTY BANDONG1, LYDIA TOH2 & ANDREW ALEK TUEN*3

1
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak,
Malaysia; 2Betterlin Health Products Sdn Bhd, No. 50, SL37, Siburan Commercial Centre, 17 th Mile Kuching-
Serian, Road, 94200 Kuching; 3Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia
Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author: email: aatuen@gmail.com
Received: 19 August 2021 Accepted: 21April 2022 Published: 30 June 2022

ABSTRACT

The poultry industry is under pressure from the rising cost of imported feed ingredients. In order for the industry
to be profitable and sustainable, it has to reduce the cost of production by using locally available feedstuff. A study
was carried out to evaluate feed preference of broiler chicken for cassava root chip, for three diets made by mixing
different proportion in percentage of cassava root chip and ground Moringa leaf (90:10, 80:20, 70:30) and compare
it to the preference for commercial starter diet. These diets were offered as free choice to five 20-days old chicken,
one at a time over a period of five days. The three feed preference criteria assessed were (i) the visiting frequency
to each diet station, (ii) time spent feed at each diet station, and (iii) amount of different treatment diet consumed.
The hypothesis is that the preferred food will be visited more often; the chicken will spend longer time feeding on
it and therefore consume it more. We found that broiler chicken consumed cassava root chip the least (2 g), visited
it less often (9 visits) and spent less time (3.5 minutes) feeding on it. In contrast, feed consumption (6.12 g) and
time spent (17 minutes) was highest for mixed diet containing 80% cassava and 20% Moringa leaf meal. Visiting
frequency was highest for commercial starter diet (29 visits) and second highest (24 visits) for mixed diet of 80%
cassava: 20% Moringa and 70% cassava: 30% Moringa. It is concluded that broiler chicken preferred the diet
containing 80% cassava root chip and 20% Moringa leaf meal among all diets on offer.
Keywords: Broiler chicken, cassava root chip, feed preference, Moringa leaf meal
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of
the author(s) is properly cited.

INTRODUCTION million MT demanded by the livestock industry.

Poultry meat (1.59 million metric tonnes in
2019) and egg (9 billion per year) is a very
important component of livestock industry in
Malaysia (Department Veterinary Services,
2020). It is cheaper than other protein sources
such as beef, lamb or pork, and consumed by
most people due to the absence of racial and
religious prohibition. Per-capita consumption of
poultry meat in Malaysia is currently about 50
kilograms, which is the highest in Asia and third
highest in the world (Ferlito, 2020; Hirschmann,
2021).
The cost of feed accounts for about 70% of
the cost of poultry production, so to make the
industry cost-effective, competitive and
sustainable, we should address this cost of feed
issue first (Thirumalaisamy et al., 2016;
Abdurofi et al., 2017). The magnitude of the
issue can be seen from 2017 statistics during
which Malaysia produces about 80,000 metric
tonnes (MT) of grain corn compared to 3.7
To meet this demand Malaysia has to import all
the grain corn required, mainly from Brazil and
Argentina, worth RM 3 billion. Grain corn
import rose from 3.7 million MT in 2017 to 4.1
million MT in 2020. This situation is clearly
unsustainable and undesirable, hence the
government is looking for ways to increase local
production by learning from our neighbour
Indonesia who are almost self-sufficient in grain
corn production (Nazmi et al., 2021).
The preferred strategy should be to depend
less on imported feed ingredients such as corn
(energy source) and soybean meal (protein
source) and promote the production and use of
locally produced feedstuff. Cassava has been
identified and suggested as partial replacement
for corn especially in areas where it is readily
available (Morgan & Choct, 2016) while
Moringa oleifera has been tested in a feeding
trial with poultry in South Africa (Sebola et al.,
2015).
Bandong et al. 2022 Preference of chicken for cassava-Moringa diet
An important criterion to the use of
alternative feedstuff is whether its taste, colors
and textures will influence the acceptability and
hence food intake of the ration. If it is not
preferred by the chicken, then it may reduce food
intake and hence affect the production level,
which is detrimental to the industry. Hence, the
usefulness of locally alternative feedstuff is
dependent on whether chicken would readily
consume it or not. For example, cassava root
chip is a locally produced feedstuff, which mean
it should be relatively cheap compared to corn.
However, due to it lacking many nutrients
particularly protein, amino acid and mineral
(Garcia & Dale, 1999; Chauynarong et al., 2009;
Bhuiyan & Iji, 2015), it must be supplemented
with a good source of protein. One such source
is Moringa leaf meal whose crude protein
content have been reported to range from 23-
43% (Wu et al., 2013; Bin & Chen, 2020). The
problem is there has been no investigation on the
modern poultry breed’s preference for cassava or
whether preference for it can be enhanced
through addition of Moringa leaf meal.
The main aim of this study is to determine the
food preference of broiler chicken for diets
containing different ratios of cassava root chips
and Moringa leaf meal diet. Food preferences
were evaluated according to the following
criteria: (i) frequency of visit to each diet station
(ii) duration of feeding bout at each diet station,
and (iii) consumption of each diet. In addition,
the nutrient content of cassava root and Moringa
meal was also determined. Commercial starter
feed was used as the benchmark for preference.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chicken Breed
Broiler chicken breed used for this study was
Cobb. This is the main broiler breed in Malaysia,
accounting for 98.77% of the total parent stock.
As and when required, one chicken at a time was
bought from QL Livestock Farm in Bau and
brought home. It was kept in a modified cage
(refer to experimental design below), fed with a
commercial starter diet and they were used for
the preference trial when they are about 20 days
old. At this age, the digestive tract of the chicken
is already well developed and matured enough to
handle new dietary manipulation (Santos et al.,
2019). At the start of the preference trial, each
chicken was weighed using a Pesola MS500
53
spring balance and weighed again at the end of
the preference trial.
Experimental Design
A standard dog cage (76 cm x 54 cm) was used
to house the chicken prior to and during the
experiment. It was placed at the back of the
house under a roof to protect the chicken from
direct sunshine and rain. The base of the cage
and lower sidewall was covered with recycled
carboard boxes to reduce draught and prevent
chill. A 25-watt light bulb was suspended 33 cm
above the base area and turned on at night to
keep the chicken warm. The cage was furnished
with five feeding bowls into which the different
types of diet were placed (the location of each
bowl represents a station, explained below), and
one water bowl. These bowls were made from
recycled mineral water bottle, which was cut
about 5 cm from the bottom.
Experimental Diet
The feedstuff used in this trial were commercial
broiler feed (Starter pellet 201, Gold Coin),
cassava root meal and Moringa leaf meal.
Moringa was supplied by Betterlin Health
Products Sdn. Bhd. The experimental diets were:
(A) commercial food pellet 100%, (B) cassava
root chips 100%, (C) 90% cassava root chips +
10% Moringa leaf powder, (D) 80% cassava root
chips +20% moringa leaf powder, and (E) 70%
cassava root chips + 30% with Moringa leaf
meal. During the preference trial, each chicken
was offered free choice 10 g of each diet, giving
a total of 50 g of total feed offered to each
chicken per day.
Experimental Procedure
During the preference trial, any left-over food
from the previous day was removed. Then 10
grams of each diet was weighed and put into its
designated bowl. At 8 am all the diet was offered
simultaneously to the chicken and its feeding
behavior was recorded until 9 am. At 9 am the
food left in the bowl was weighed and put back
in the cage at the same position. The position of
the bowl in the cage was rotated daily during five
days observation period to ensure that its
position does not influence the preference for the
diet in the bowl. Due to limitation in space, the
trial was done with one chicken at a time, each
Bandong et al. 2022 Preference of chicken for cassava-Moringa diet 54

chicken entered the trial for 5 days to allow for The data was analysed using Kruskal-Wallis test,
diet rotation mentioned above. and if there is significant difference it was tested
further using Dunn’s post hoc test.
Nutritional Analysis of Feed Sample
RESULTS
Nutritional analysis of feed samples used in this
experiment was carried out at the Animal Weight Gain
Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Resource
Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia During the experiment, all the chicken showed
Sarawak (UNIMAS). All the feed samples were increment in their body weight over the 5 days
kept dry in force draught oven which was of observation period (Table 1). Although all
maintained at 80 ℃. Analysis was done in chicken had access to the same diet, chicken #1
triplicate and the average values are expressed and #3 gained the most weight while chicken #4
on dry matter basis. Briefly, ash was determined gained the least weight.
by incinerating the samples at 500 oC for 5 hours, Table 1. Live weight of broiler chickens used in the
while organic matter (OM) was determined by trial
difference, ie. OM = 100 – % Ash. The ash was
then dissolved in dilute HCl for mineral analysis. Replicates Initial Final Gain
Crude fibre was determined by using the fibre
Weight (g) Weight (g) (g/day)
bag method (Gerhadt Analytical System, nd).
The sample inside the fibre bag was subjected to Chicken #1 316.8 449.6 132.8
consecutive digestions by weak H2SO4 followed Chicken #2 380.1 427.8 47.7
by weak NaOH, and the residue remaining after
washing was dried, weighed, ashed and then the Chicken #3 328.8 459.0 130.2
ash was weighed. Crude protein was determined Chicken #4 459.9 465.0 5.1
by the Kjedahl method (Thiex et al., 2002).
Chicken #5 476.0 549.0 73.0
Crude fat was determined by extraction using
diethyl ether (AOAC 945.16, 2005). Mean 392.3 470.1 77.8
Phosphorous was determined on the ash solution
using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Thermo Nutritional Analysis of Feedstuff
Scientific, model GENESYS 50) and readings
taken at 420 nm wavelength (Dragičević et al., The nutrient content of Moringa leaf and twig
2011). Calcium and magnesium determination meal, Cassava root chip and commercial starter
were done on a diluted solution of sample ash diet is presented in Table 2. Cassava root chip
using atomic absorption spectrophotometer have a low crude protein content (3.21%), low
(Analytik Jenna, model novAA800) according to ash (3.75%) and therefore lower concentration of
method described by Siong et al. (1989). phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. It is also
low in crude fibre content, meaning it will be
Data Collection highly digestible and therefore suitable as source
of energy for chicken. Moringa leaf meal has the
Data that were collected during the experiment best nutrient content, with high crude protein
to assess food preference include; (i) number of content of 26.49% and relatively low crude fibre
visits by each broiler chicken to a diet station, (ii) content of 9.34%. It is equal to or better than the
duration of each feeding visit by each broiler commercial starter diet in terms of ash content,
chicken to a diet station, (iii) total amount of time crude fat, crude protein and calcium content. In
each chicken spent at each diet (=sum of contrast, the Moringa twig sample has a much
duration of each visit) and (iv) total amount of lower crude protein content (9.32%) and higher
each diet consumed during the first hour of crude fibre content (41.47%) than the leaf
feeding. sample. The big difference in crude fiber content
between Moringa leaf and twig sample (9.34%
vs. 41.47%) is expected. The twig sample is
composed of woody material with high content
of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which
Data Analysis provide structural strength to the plant.
Bandong et al. 2022 Preference of chicken for cassava-Moringa diet 55

Time Spent at and Number of Visits to Each
Station by Broiler
In this preference trial, it was hypothesised that
the chicken would spend more time at a diet that
it prefers and also visit or feed on that preferred
diet more frequently. Table 3 shows the chicken
spent the most time feeding on diet D (mean
1024 seconds) and least at diet B (mean 208
seconds). Kruskal-Wallis test shows that the
time spent feeding on each diet is significantly
different (H = 13.056, p = 0.011), with the time
spent feeding on cassava (diet B) being
significantly less than on moringa-based diets D
and E (Dunn’s post hoc test, p = 0.009).
The data on visiting frequency suggests that
the chickens visited commercial pellet (diet A)
and diet containing 20% moringa (diet D) more
than the other treatment diets and visited diet B
(cassava root chips) the least (Table 4).
However, Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the
medians are not significantly different from each
other.

Table 2. The nutrient composition of Moringa leaf and twig meal and Cassava root chip (all values on dry matter
basis)

Moringa leaf Moringa twig Cassava root chip Commercial feed *

Organic matter, % 92.02 88.18 96.25 NA
Ash, % 7.98 11.82 3.75 8
Crude fibre, % 9.34 41.47 1.76 5
Crude fat, % 35.81 38.71 12.84 5
Crude protein, % 26.49 9.32 3.21 21
Phosphorous, mg/g 3.83 3.02 1.06 4
Calcium, mg/g 19.69 7.52 0.73 8
Magnesium, mg/g 4.95 2.33 0.80 NA
Notes: *The nutrient content for Commercial feed is as per printed on the bag. NA = not available.

Table 3. Time spent (seconds) at each treatment diet by each broiler chicken during the first hour of observation.
A = commercial pellet, B = cassava root chip, C = 90 Cassava:10 moringa leaf, D = 80 cassava:20 moringa leaf,
E = 70 cassava:30 moringa leaf

Treatment Diet

A B C D E

Chicken #1 894 295 485 498 600

Chicken #2 265 310 363 681 726
Chicken #3 446 164 979 1064 998
Chicken #4 540 3 903 1308 1370
Chicken #5 1306 269 845 1569 1212

Mean 690.2ac 208.2a 715ac 1024bc 981.2bc

Standard Error 184.9 57.3 122.2 196.7 144.1

Notes: Treatment means with different superscript letters are significantly different at p=0.05 (Dunn’s post hoc
test)
Bandong et al. 2022 Preference of chicken for cassava-Moringa diet 56

Table 4. Visiting frequency to each feed station by each chicken broiler. A = commercial pellet, B = cassava root
chip, C = 90 Cassava:10 moringa leaf, D = 80 cassava:20 moringa leaf, E = 70 cassava:30 moringa leaf
Treatment Diet
A B C D E
Chicken #1 10 4 3 3 5
Chicken #2 5 3 2 2 4
Chicken #3 5 2 7 9 9
Chicken #4 5 0 2 5 4
Chicken #5 4 0 3 5 2
Median 5 2 3 5 4

Table 5. Consumption (g) of treatment diet by broiler chicken within the first hour of observation. A = commercial
pellet, B = cassava root chip, C = 90 Cassava:10 moringa leaf, D = 80 cassava:20 moringa leaf, E = 70 cassava:30
moringa leaf.
Treatment Diet
A B C D E
Chicken #1 4.5 5 5 9.9 6
Chicken #2 5 2.5 1.5 3 3.1
Chicken #3 5 1.4 3.8 4.4 3.9
Chicken #4 9.9 0.1 4.7 5 7
Chicken #5 6 1.3 5.2 8.3 5.5
Mean 6.08 2.06 4.04 6.12 5.1
Standard error 0.985 0.827 0.678 1.285 0.708

Food Consumption because this is the recommended diet used in

In this preference trial, it was hypothesised that
the chicken will consume more of the diet that it
preferred. Table 5, which shows the treatment
means for amount of food consumed within the
first hour of observation, suggests that
consumption of cassava root chips is lower than
the control or the cassava-moringa diet.
However, Kruskal-Wallis tests (H = 8.805, p =
0.06) indicated that the treatment means were
not significantly different from each other.
DISCUSSION
Dietary Preference
Choice feeding experiment has been used to
assess the willingness of animals to consume
experimental diets in a “free choice” situation
thus determining their preference for, or the
palatability of different feeds (Meier et al.,
2012). In this study, each chicken was offered
five different diets simultaneously in separate
feeding trays inside a cage. Renaud and Peterson
(1989) suggested that this is a better approach in
order to reduce feeding biases and interactions
that may occur if more than one chicken were
present together. Commercial starter diet was
used as a benchmark in this preference trial
commercial farms throughout Malaysia and one
that the chickens were fed with before they enter
the trial. The data used for preference trial is
amount of food consumed within the first hour.
This is to avoid observer fatigue and chicken
feeding on food that is not their preferred just
because their preferred food is finished.
The main finding of this preference trial is
that mixing Moringa leaf meal with cassava root
chips resulted in positive influence on all three
preference indicators (food consumption, total
time spent feeding on the diet, visiting
frequency) used in this trial, with time spent
feeding on cassava chip being significantly less
than on the other diets. Diet containing 20%
Moringa was equal to or better than the
commercial diet in terms of interest and
consumption by the chicken. Each visit to the
feeding station, each peck and consumption adds
to the variety of information that is gained via
visual, olfactory and tactile stimuli which is
processed by the chicken to decide whether to
like or dislike the food. The rapidity of the
foraging decision expressed by chickens (within
1 hour) suggested that both visual and olfactory
cues were involved in their initial choices
(Chagneau et al., 2006). As the chicken started
to peck and eat the food, the taste buds in their
Bandong et al. 2022 Preference of chicken for cassava-Moringa diet
oral cavity provided further information on the
taste of the food, which may either motivate the
chicken to continue eating leading to what we
see as food preference or elicit an aversive
reaction leading to rejection of the food (Gentle,
1971; Roura et al., 2013; Neves et al., 2014).
Although chicken have fewer taste cells, they
have more taste buds per oral area compared to
mammal (Roura et al., 2013). This sense of taste
is the result of chemical compounds present in
the food.
Nutritional Value
The chemical compounds in the food that are
useful to the chicken for maintaining their body
function and production are termed nutrients.
The raw feed ingredients (cassava root chip and
moringa leaf meal) used in this preference trial
have vastly different nutritional characteristics
(Table 2). Cassava root is composed of mainly
starch with little fibre, protein, fat and minerals,
and therefore an excellent candidate as a source
of energy for broiler chicken. The nutritional
values reported here is similar to those of Garcia
& Dale (1999), Chauynarong et al. (2009) and
Bhuiyan & Iji (2015). In contrast, Moringa leaf
meal has high crude protein, fat, calcium and
phosphorus content, thus suitable as supplement
to mitigate the lack of these nutrients in cassava.
The crude protein content of Moringa leaf
sample provided by Betterlin Health Sdn. Bhd.
is 26.49%, which is similar to the value (26%)
reported by Makkar and Becker (1997) and
within the range of concentration (25.4-27.1%)
reported by Mahfuz and Piao (2019). Mahfuz
and Piao (2019) also reported the values for
calcium (20 mg/g) which is similar to ours (19.7
mg/g) but much lower phosphorus (0.2 mg/g)
and magnesium (0.3 mg/g) from what we
reported here.
When formulating a diet based on cassava
root and Moringa leaf meal, the most pertinent
question is how much of each component should
be used. The proportion is guided by the
chicken’s nutrient requirement and their relative
cost and can only be answered through feeding
and growth trial where feed conversion
efficiency is part of the assessment. The current
preference trial has shown that broiler chicken
liked the cassava root-moringa leaf meal
mixture, and the mixture containing 20%
Moringa leaf meal is as preferable as the
commercial concentrate.
57
From the nutritional point of view, the
proportion of cassava root chip and Moringa leaf
meal in the mixture is guided by the desired
content of crude fibre and protein in the mixed
diet. The crude fibre content of broiler diet is
normally capped at 5%, although the crude fiber
content of diet has been tested up to 8% without
much adverse effect on older chicken (Salami &
Odunsi, 2018a; Salami & Odunsi, 2018b). The
crude fibre content of diet C, D and E is
calculated at 1.76, 3.28 and 4.03%, which is still
well within the limit for broiler feed.
Because of the low crude protein content of
cassava root chip, the addition of Moringa leaf
meal is expected to contribute significantly to the
protein and amino acid requirement of chicken,
thereby promoting better growth rate and feed
conversion efficiency. However, in the nutrition
of non-ruminant livestock such as poultry and
pig, the amino acid contents play an important
role. Diet C (10%), D (20%) and E (30%)
yielded a calculated crude protein content of
5.54, 7.87 and 10.19%. These values are lower
than the requirement for broilers, which is 22%
for starter and 18% for finisher diet (National
Research Council, 1994). The effect of lowered
crude protein and amino acid concentration in
the mixture can only be assessed in a feeding and
growth trial, which takes longer time to conduct.
In one of the rare studies involving cassava
and moringa, broilers fed isonitrogenous and
isocaloric diets containing 20-30% of cassava
root chip and 5-10% of Moringa leaf meal, have
significantly lower weight gain and poorer feed
conversion ratio (Olugbemi et al., 2010). A
review of the literature on the effect of feeding
broilers with diet containing Moringa leaf meal
(Mahfuz & Piao, 2019) showed varied
responses, ranging from negative to positive.
These authors generally recommend a 5%
supplement level, which would not contribute
much to the cost saving issue currently faced by
the farmers.
CONCLUSION
This study investigated the broiler preference to
a simple diet containing just cassava root and
Moringa leaf meal with commercial starter as the
benchmark diet. As expected, broiler chicken
exhibited a preference for commercial starter
diet because this was what they were raised on
prior to the experiment. Cassava root was not
Bandong et al. 2022 Preference of chicken for cassava-Moringa diet
preferred despite it being the least fibrous of all
the diet. Perhaps this is due to it being deficient
in protein, fat and minerals or due to its
unappetising sensory characteristics.
Supplement of cassava root meal diet with 20%
Moringa leaf meal resulted in significant
improvement in food preference to a level
similar to commercial pellet.
It is recommended that further studies should
test a wider range of supplemental level, for
example 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40%
moringa leaf in the mixture. Since it has been
shown that incorporating Moringa leaf meal
improve food preference, future studies on
Moringa leaf meal provided by Betterlin Health
Sdn. Bhd. should focus on food intake,
digestibility, feed conversion efficiency as well
as on growth and carcass characteristic of
broilers. It should start with day-old chicks until
sale weight so that the effect of moringa
supplementation on different stages of feeding
and growth can be assessed. The study should
also be carried out with layer and breeder
chicken to see the effect on egg production and
quality.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Mr Bong and Mr Chong
Nyuk Kong from Betterlin Health Product Sdn.
Bhd. for the moringa powder used in this study
and Dr Pang Sing Tyan for carrying out the
nutritional analysis of the samples. We are also
grateful to QL Livestock Farming for providing
live chickens for this project.
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