MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
Marriage is a fundamental institution that
serves as the cornerstone of societies
worldwide, shaping cultures, customs, and
traditions. In the Philippines, a country with a
diverse and rich history, marriage culture
reflects a blend of indigenous practices,
colonial influences, and modern adaptations.
HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL
FOUNDATIONS:
Philippine marriage culture finds its roots in
pre-colonial indigenous traditions, deeply
connected to the country's many ethnic groups.
These practices varied across regions, but
commonalities included arranged marriages,
familial alliances, and community involvement.
The concept of "pamamanhikan," where the
groom's family visits the bride's family to
formally ask for her hand in marriage, remains
a cherished tradition.
NATURE AND DEFINITION OF MARRIAGE
 Humankind’s most basic and oldest
social unit is the family. It is a social
institution primarily established by
society to ensure its continuity and to
regulate the sexual behavior of its
members.
 The family is the primary group where
the child is initially socialized and
initiated in the ways of life of his group.
The family provides the child’s social,
psychological, and emotional needs –
warmth, intimacy, affection, love,
nurturance, care and security.
 Marriage is another human construction
to insure the continuity of the family and
the eventual perpetuation of the human
specie.
 The New Family Code of the
Philippines, which became effective on
August 3,1998, defines Marriage as a
special contract of permanent union
between a man and a woman entered
into in accordance with law for the
establishment of conjugal and the
family life.
 Light and Keller (1985)
 defines marriage as a socially
recognized union between two or more
individuals that typically involves sexual
and economic rights and duties.
They further elucidated their view of marriage.
“Marriage is a business partnership as much
as a romantic fairytale; it involves
compromises, division of labor, specialization,
financial arrangement, and communication
systems”
ASPECTS OF MARRIAGE:
First, the LEGAL POINT OF VIEW
 posits that marriage is a contract.
Second, RELIGIOUS POINT OF VIEW
 posits that marriages a sacrament.
“What God has put together let no man put
asunder.”
THE MEANING OF MARRIAGE AND THE
FAMILY ISSUE
a. The most TRADITIONAL SOCIAL NORM
 views marriage as a sacred
phenomenon; that is, the family and the
marriage are divine and holly institutions
created and maintained by God or some
supreme being greater than human
beings.
TRADITIONS AND CEREMONIES:
The Filipino wedding journey is an
amalgamation of rituals and traditions that
celebrate love, commitment, and family unity.
These customs vary across the country's many
regions and ethnic groups, but some key
elements are universal:
 PAMAMANHIKAN: As previously
mentioned, this is the formal meeting
between the families of the bride and
groom to discuss wedding plans and
signify their consent to the union. Gifts
are often exchanged as a symbol of
goodwill.
 PAGTATAMBAYAYONG: A Visayan
tradition involving a dowry negotiation,
emphasizing the groom's financial ability
to provide for his future wife.
 CEREMONIAL COINS AND
VEIL: Coins, known as "arras," are often
presented to symbolize the couple's
mutual commitment to financial
responsibility. The veil is draped over
the bride and groom, symbolizing unity
and protection.
 CORD OF UNITY: A ceremonial cord,
or "yugal," is placed around the couple's
shoulders in a figure-eight shape,
symbolizing their eternal bond.
 EXCHANGE OF VOWS AND
RINGS: Modern adaptations include
personalized vows and the exchange of
wedding rings, influenced by Western
practices.
 RELEASE OF DOVES OR
BUTTERFLIES: A symbol of peace and
new beginnings, the release of doves or
butterflies is a picturesque addition to
many Filipino weddings.
 TRADITIONAL ATTIRE: The bride
often wears a white gown, while the
groom dons a formal suit. Some regions
feature indigenous attire that reflects
their cultural heritage.
 FEASTING AND
CELEBRATIONS: Filipino weddings are
renowned for their grand feasts and
lively celebrations. Sharing food with
family and friends is a key aspect of
fostering community bonds.
 endogamy include marrying within the
family, clan, tribe, and caste
 Chastity, also known as purity, is a
virtue related to temperance. exclusivity
label often serves as a test drive for
relationships as people try out this
deeper level of commitment and get to
know their partner in this new role.
B. A SECOND TRADITIONAL NORM
 views the meaning of marriage and
family as centering primarily on
social obligations.
C. A THIRD
 meaning of marriage suggest that
families and the marital relationship
exist for the individual.
IMPORTANT LEGAL MATTERS ON
MARRIAGE
A. ESSENTIAL REQUISITES FOR
MARRIAGE
Family Code of the Philippines provides:
Art. 2: No marriage shall be valid, unless
these essential requisites are present:
1. Legal capacity of the contracting parties
(18 yrs. or upwards), who must be a
male and female; and
2. Consent freely given in the presence of
the solemnizing officer.
B. FORMAL REQUISITES OF
MARRIAGE
Art.3. the formal requisites of marriage are:
1. Authority of solemnizing officer;
2. A valid marriage license except in cases
provided in chapter 2 of this title; and
3. A marriage ceremony which takes place
with the appearance of the contracting
parties before the solemnizing officer
and their personal declaration that they
take each other as husband and wife in
the presence of not less than two
witnesses of legal age:
Art.4.The absence of any of the essential or
formal requisites shall render the marriage
“void ab initio” (void from the beginning)
except as stated in Article 35(a).
C. ANNULMENT OF A MARRIAGE
ANNULMENT
 refers to hr legal process of filing a
petition in the appropriate court seeking
a judicial declaration of making a
marriage null and void ab initio or from
the beginning as if no marriage took
place.
Art.45.Enumerates the grounds for
annulment of marriage, as follows:
1. One of the contracting parties is 18 yrs.
of age or over but bellow 21 and without
parental consent;
2. Either party was of unsound mind;
3. Consent of either party was obtained by
fraud, force and intimidation;
4. Either party was physically incapable of
consummating the marriage with the
other; and
5. Either party was afflicted with a sexually
transmissible disease found to be
serious and incurable.
D. LEGAL SEPARATION
Legal Separation- refers to the legal
process of filling a petition in the
appropriate court seeking a judicial
declaration of legal separation for married
couples.
Art.55. A petition for legal separation
may be filed on any of the following
grounds:
1. Repeated physically violence or grossly
abusive conduct directed against the
petitioner;
2. Physical violence or moral pressure to
compel the petitioner, apolitical
affiliation;
3. Attempt of respondent to corrupt r
induce the petitioner, a common child,
or a child of the petitioner, to engage in
prostitution, or connivance in such
corruption or inducement;
4. Final judgment sentencing the
respondent to imprisonment of more than
six yrs; even if pardoned;
5. Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of
the respondent;
6. Lesbianism or homosexuality of the
respondent;
7. Contracting by the respondent of a
subsequent bigamous marriage,
whether in the Philippines or abroad;
8. Sexual infidelity or perversion;
9. Attempt by the respondent against the
life of the petitioner; or
10. Abandonment of petitioner by
respondent without justifiable cause for
more that one year.
NORMS OF MARRIAGE ON THE
SELECTION OF POTENTIAL MARRIAGE
PARTNERS
1. Endogamy- is a rule that requires a
person to marry someone from within
his or her own group—tribe, nationality,
religion, race community, or any other
social grouping.
2. Exogamy- is a rule that requires a
person to marry someone from outside
his her own group.
3. Sororate- prescribes that a widower
marry the sister or nearest kin of the
decease wife.
4. Levirate- prescribes that widows marry
the brother nearest kin of the deceased
husband.
FORMS OF MARRIAGE
1. Monogamy
 marriage between one man and one
woman.
2. Polygamy or plural marriage
 has three forms:
a) Polygyny- one husband and two or
more wives
b) Polyandry- one wife and two or more
husbands
c) Group marriage- two or more
husbands and two or more wives.
BASIS ON CHOOSING A MARRIAGE
PARTNER
1. PARENTAL SELECTION OR ARRANGED
MARRIAGES
 Families that have important stake in the
type of spouse their son or daughter will
take usually practice.
2. ROMANTIC LOVE
 Romantic love has become an important
basis for marriage in our society. It is the THEORIES OR PERSPECTIVE ON THE
theme of most of our popular songs, the FAMILY
subject of many of our movies and
Three Theories:
television shows, and made active in
scores of popular books and magazine 1. THE FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
articles.
Functionalist says that if a society is to survive
and maintain itself across time, certain
essential functions must be performed.
WHY PEOPLE MARRY
Functions:
1. Love
2. Economic security a) Regulation and sexual behavior;
3. Emotional security
4. Parent’s wishes b) Reproduction;
5. Escape from loneliness c) Biological maintenance;
6. Common interest
7. Parenthood d) Socialization;
8. Physical attraction e) Care and protection function;
9. Compatibility
10. Martial bliss and happiness f) Social placement or group status;
11. Unhappy home situation g) Social control.
12. Money
13. Companionship
14. Protection 2. THE CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
15. Adventure
16. Sex and sexual attraction Jetse Sprey (1979), agree with the
17. Begetting and rearing of children functionalists’ position that the family
18. Acceptance responsibility institution and other groups in society
19. Death of a former spouse are organized systems of species
20. Care and nurturance happiness survival.

DEFINITION AND NATURE OF FAMILY

3. THE SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST
The family is the basis social institution PERSPECTIVE
and the primary group in society.
The symbolic interationist direct
considerable attention to the symbolic
environment in which people carry out
 Burgess and Locke (1963) their daily activities.
 define the family as a group of persons
united by ties of marriage, blood or
adoption, constituting a single PATTERNS OF FAMILY ORGANIZATION
household, interacting and
A. BASED ON INTERNAL
communicating with each other in their
ORGANIZATION OR MEMBERSHIP
respective social roles of husband and
wife, mother and father, son daughter, 1. Nuclear Family
brother and sister, creating and a
 is composed of a husband and his wife
common culture.
and their children in a union recognized
 Light (1985) - defines the family as a by the other members of the society.
group of people who are united by ties
a) The family of the orientation – is the
of marriage, ancestry, or adoption and
family into which a person is born and
who are recognized by the community
where he is reared or socialized.
as constituting a single household and
as having the responsibility for rearing
children.
b) The family of procreation – is the
family that such person established
 Murdock (1949) –defines the family as
a social group characterized by common through marriage and consists of a
husband, a wife, a sons and daughter.
residence, economic cooperation and
reproduction.
2. Extended Family –
 is composed of two or more nuclear
families, economically and socially
related to each other.
Linton (Murdock 1949)
TWO TYPES OF FAMILY:
1. CONJUGAL FAMILY
 corresponds to the nuclear family where
priority is given to marital ties.
2. CONSANGUINEAL FAMILY
 corresponds to the extended family
where priority is given to blood ties.
B. BASED ON DESCENT
DESCENT
 implies family genealogical ties of a
person with a particular group of
kinsfolk.
1. BILATERAL DESCENT- involves the
reckoning of descent through both the
father’s and mother’s families
2. PATRILINEAL DESCENT- involves the
reckoning of descent through the
father’s family only.
3. MATRILINEAL descent- involves the
reckoning of descent through the
mother’s family only.
C. BASE ON RESIDENCE
1. PATRILOCAL -the married couple live
with or near the husband’s family.
2. MATRILOCAL –the husband leaves his
family and sets up housekeeping with or
near his wife’s family.
3. NEOLOCAL-the married couple
establish a new home; they reside
independently of the parents of either
groom or bride.
4. BILOCAL- it gives the couple a choice
of staying with either the groom’s
parents or the bride’s parents.
FAMILY PLANNING
 Family planning experts define family
planning as the process by which
responsible and mature couples, if they
wish, determine by themselves the
timing, proper spacing and number of
the children born to them. Family
planning involves three main aspects:
1. Responsible parenthood
2. Proper spacing of children
3. Birth control
 Family planning involves the rational
utilization of effective contraceptive
methods by married couples so they
space and limit their children to a
desirable size in order for them to attain
quality life. Contraceptive means
prevention of unwanted pregnancy,
while responsible parenthood means
responsible pro-creation and
socialization of children. As responsible
parents, married couples are prepared
for the responsibility of rearing a child
who can be properly fed, clothed and
educated.
NORMS ON FAMILY PLANNING
1. SOCIOLOGICAL NORMS
Family planning is the process whereby,
through interaction, married couples arrive at
an intelligent decision in the number of children
they could provide with quality life.
2. MEDICAL NORMS
Family planning through the use of
contraceptives provides protection against
unwanted pregnancies. Contraceptives work to
prevent the meeting of the egg sperm. Family
planning is concerned with the regulation of
human reproductive capacity. It involves the
prevention of unwanted births by contraceptive
techniques, or by reducing the length of
exposure to pregnancy in order to protect the
well-being of the mother, of the family, or of the
larger population.
3. LEGAL-JURIDICAL NORMS
Government support of family planning
is reflected in Article XV,
Sec. 10 of the Philippines Constitution to
achieve and maintain population levels most
conducive to the national welfare. Measures to
assure its implementation have been made in
law and practice. The Labor Code of the
Philippines requires the employer of more than
200 workers to provide for family planning
services to their employees and their spouses (
Sec. 11, Rule VII, Book III of the Implementing
Rules ).

4. ECCLESIASTICAL NORMS
All the major religions of the world believe in
the guiding principle that a couple has a right to
limit family size.
The Roman Catholic Church is not against
family planning but categorically condemns the
use of artificial methods as they are against the
natural laws. The Catholic Church only accepts
the withdrawal, abstinence, and rhythm or
calendar method.
5. PSYCHOLOGICAL NORMS
Family planning has psychological
bearing on problems which confront the young
today brought about by their development
stage and the sexual revolution in the present
times. Marlyn Benoit, Executive Director of the
Devereux Children’s Center in Washington,
D.C. agrees that changes in society and family
structure have led to more sexual activity
among teenagers.
POPULATION POLICY AND PORGRAMS
Congress, through R.A. 6365, created,
the Population Commission (POPCOM) in
1971.
Main Goal: To enhance national
development by meeting the social
challenge of a high rate of population growth
The Department Of Education and the United
Nations Fund for Population Activities create
programs for population education.
POPULATION EDUCATION is the process
of developing awareness and understanding
of population situations as well as rational
attitude and behavior toward those
situations for the attainment of high quality
of life for the individual, the family, the
community, the nation, and the world.
CONTRACEPTION (BIRTH CONTROL
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES)
 Reproduction is the basic biological
reason for sexual intercourse. However,
most people enjoy sex and do not want
to conceive every time they have sex.
There are many reasons. they may wish
to concentrate on a career, they may
already have too many children in the
family, or suffer from certain health
problems, or dislike babies, or fell too
young or old, and so on.
 Contraception is not a new idea. Over
thousands of years all kinds of devices
have been tried to prevent pregnancy.
Almost 4,000 years ago some Egyptian
women put a contraceptive paste into
their vaginas, made form honey, sodium
carbonate and crocodile dung!
LITERATURE ON CONTRACEPTION AND
BIRTH CONTROL GIVES THE FOLLOWING
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES:
A. CHEMICAL METHODS
1. PILL OR ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE
 The pill is a tablet made of man-made
hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
mimicking the ones your body produces
monthly on its own. It’s is of two kinds:
COCs or combined oral contraceptives
and POPs or progesterone only pills
(mini pills). These are available in over-
the counter or prescription forms.
 Estrogen prevents the egg from
maturing and being released from the
ovary. Progesterone changes the lining
of the uterus and the consistency of
cervical mucus, making them
inhospitable to sperm and the
implantation of fertilized egg.
 The pill has to be taken for a certain
number of days in the menstrual cycle,
usually 21. Its effectiveness is 96% to
99%, if used properly.
2. “MORNING-AFTER PILL”
 The so-called “morning-after pill” is a
form of emergency birth control.
Emergency contraception can prevent a
woman from getting pregnant even after
unprotected sex. This method is
especially helpful for those who have
been raped or whose main birth control
methods have failed. Prescribed by a
health care professional, these pills are
similar to birth control pills but contain a
higher dose of hormones. The pills will
either inhibit or delay ovulation, or they
may alter the uterine lining, preventing
the implantation of a fertilized egg. After
sexual assault or consensual sex, two of
these pills are taken within 72 hours,
and then two more are taken 12 hours
later.

 In the Philippines, anti-abortion and pro-
life groups insist that the pill previously
marketed here under the brand
Postinor- is an abortifacient because, as
many of them believe, a fertilized egg is
already considered a life form. Thus,
preventing it from being implanted into
the uterus is tantamount to aborting, or
killing it.
 After much pressure from these groups,
the government relented and pulled
Postinor out of the local market. The
Bureau of Food and drug (BFAD)
likewise delisted the product from its
registry of drugs.
 It is injected by a health care
professional every three months. its
effectiveness is 99% of preventing
pregnancy.
3. IMPLANTS
 Implants are six matchstick-size
rubber silicone rods, tubes or capsules
containing progestin or progesterone. A
physician surgically implants them under
the skin, usually on the upper arm . The
rods released low doses of hormones to
suppress ovulation and cause a
thickening of the cervical mucus so that
sperm cannot penetrate. They are
locally available as Norplant and close
to 100% effectiveness for up to five
years, and they can be removed by a
doctor at any time.
B. STERILIZATION OR SURGICAL METHOD
In sterilization, the eggs or sperm are
prevented from going anywhere by cutting,
knotting or blocking the tubes along which they
normally travel. This is done by a small surgical
operation in the hospital or clinic. Its
effectiveness is 99% to 100%.
1. TUBAL LIGATION
 Female sterilization involves tying,
cutting or searing the two fallopian tubes
or oviducts via survey so that the
passageway to the uterus is blocked. It
is a more or less permanent surgical
method for women. The operation is
minor, leaving a small scar on the lower
abdomen. Most women can leave the
hospital on the same day, or a day or
two later.
2. VASECTOMY
 Male sterilization involves tying, cutting
or searing the two vasdeferens, the
tubes which carry sperm from the testes
to the penis, to prevent the sperm from
mixing with the seminal fluid. It is a more
or less permanent or irreversible
surgical method for men.
3. MECHANICAL OR BARRIER METHODS
 The barrier methods of contraception
put a physical barrier between sperm
and egg, so that two cannot meet.
A. MALE CONDOM OR PROPHYLACTIC
LATEX
 The condom is a synthetic latex sheath
worn over the penis during copulation to
prevent the sperm from entering the
woman’s womb. It has a sealed end the
caches the sperm0containing fluid at
ejaculation (enlarge and rigid) penis
before intercourse and unrolled and
disposed of afterwards. It is advised to
withdraw the penis immediately after
intercourse, and while still erect.
Delaying may cause sperm to spill out
into the cervix.
B. FEMALE CONDOM
 Female condom is elongated as
polyurethane sheath about 6.5 inches
long, with a flexible ring at each end. It
is used to line the inside of the vagina
covers the cervix. It prevents the sperm
from reaching the cervix. It is inserted
into the vagina before intercourse. Its
effectiveness is more or less 75% to
80% in preventing pregnancy.
C. DIAPHRAGM/CERVICAL CAP
 This device is a thin rubber cap or bowl-
shaped rubber disk with flexible rim that
fits into the top of the vagina and covers
the cervix, the neck or entrance to
womb. It prevents the sperm in the
vagina from entering the uterus and
reaching the egg beyond. It is usually
fitted 2 or 3 hours before intercourse
and removed several hours afterwards.
 d. SPONGE
 The sponge is a soft, donut-shaped
devise, which is made of spongy
materials that contains spermicidal. It
must be moistened and inserted before
intercourse, and left in place from up to
six hours afterward (although it can be
worn up to 24 hours with repeated
intercourse). It works like the diaphragm
and the cervical cap. Its function is to
block the entry of the sperm into the
womb. The sponge is available without
a prescription and is about 85%
effectiveness on preventing pregnancy.
4. NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS
o Natural Family Planning, also called
fertility awareness, refers to methods for
planning and preventing pregnancies by
observation of the naturally occurring
signs and symptoms of the fertile and
infertile phases of the menstrual cycle.
Intercourse is avoided during the fertile
phase if pregnancy is not desired. The
natural methods rely on timing rather
that artificial aids or surgery.
THE EIGHT TECHNIQUES OF NFP ARE:
A. THE RHYTHM (OR CALENDAR) METHOD
 The rhythm method is also known as the
safe period. It is a fertility tracking
method using a calendar. The woman
must observe and record her
reproductive cycle (I.e., ovulation and
menstruation). Ovulation occurs about
12 to 16 days before menstruation
(which is the end of your ovulation
period or 14 days before the next period
is due.) An egg has a natural life of two
days in the womb waiting to be fertilized.
A sperm can last for four or five days.
B. CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD
 It is an NFP method relying on a
woman’s familiarity with her body and its
processes. The vagina discharge after a
woman’s period is used as indicators of
fertility. It is also known as the Billing’s
method, named after an Australian
doctor who discovered it. Observe that
the vagina discharge which appears
after menstruation will first be cloudy
and sticky.
C. BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE
 The NFP method involves the daily
recording of the temperature changes in
the woman’s body with a special
thermometer. She records her
temperature at the same time every day
before getting up or doing anything in
the morning. A rise in the BBT of about
half a degree Celsius may mean
ovulation, and the couple should abstain
from intercourse if pregnancy is not
desired. Effectiveness is more or less
95% but only for couples with normal
fertility who follow and use the method
perfectly.
D. SYMPTO-THERMAL METHOD
 This is a combination of the BBT and
the cervical mucus methods and other
physiological indicators of ovulation,
such as tenderness of the breast and
mid-cycle pain. This involves recording.
If pregnancy is not desired, couples
should abstain from intercourse until the
3rd day of elevated temperature or the
fourth day after the peak day of mucus,
whichever comes first. Its effectiveness
is 98% but only for couples with normal
fertility who follow and use the method
perfectly.
5. WITHDRAWAL OR COITUS
INTERRUPTUS
 During sex, the man withdraws his penis
from the woman’s vagina just before the
sperm-containing fluid ejaculates.
However, this method is not very
reliable. It is difficult to predict the exact
timing of ejaculation and some sperm
may be released before the full
ejaculation. Even before the ejaculation.
Even before the ejaculation, the man
releases “pre-ejaculation fluid” which
already contains enough sperm to get a
woman pregnant. It may also lead to
frustration for one or both partners. Its
effectiveness is more or less 30% to
40%.
6. PROLONGED LACTATION OR
LACTATION AMENORRHEA (LAM)
 This is considered a natural
contraceptive and is known to protect a
woman from pregnancy for the first six
months after giving birth, depending on
certain factors.
  Breastfeeding is the main factor for and number of children born to them
delaying menstruation (lactaional with the aim of giving them quality life. It
amenorrhea). As the baby sucks, the involves three aspects: responsible
nipples are stimulated, causing the parenthood, proper spacing of children,
woman’s body to produce prolactin, and birth control.
the hormone that includes milk flow.
 There are several norms on
 Prolactin is also believed to suppress family planning: the sociological norms,
ovulation on the nursing mother, in the medical norms, legal-juridical norms,
addition to its main function of the ecclesiastical norms and the
increasing the supply of breast milk; psychological norms. These norms
thus, the more frequent and the longer provide various views and perspectives
the breast feeding, the longer the delay on family planning.
of menstrual period.
 Another aspect of family planning is
 Breastfeeding provides 98% birth control. Various methods and
protection against another techniques of contraception are
pregnancy only as long as: available today. These include:
Chemical Method, Sterilization or
a .The baby is under six months old
Surgical Method, Mechanical or Barrier
b. The mother is fully breastfeeding, a Methods, Natural Family Planning
minimum old six feedings during the daytime Methods, and the Intra-Uterine Devices.
and two at night, and completes emptying of
 Current research on birth control
the breast during every feeding episode.
focuses on contraceptives for men, such
c. The mother is amenorrheic or has not as contraceptive vaccines, hormonal
experienced menstrual bleeding 56 days after contraceptive injections, biodegradable
delivery. implants, and male polyurethane
condom. Advance in birth control are
limited by legal, religious, and financial
CURRENT RESEARCH ON BIRTH concerns.
CONTROL
 A new male condom made of
polyurethane is one type of birth control
currently under development.
Diaphragms may one day include a one-
size-fits-all device and disposable,
spermicide –releasing diaphragms may
also be developed.
 A contraceptive vaccine for men
currently in development contains a
hormone that appears to interfere with
the production of both sperm and the
male sex hormone testosterone. Vaginal
rings that deliver female sex hormones
are another potential method for
preventing pregnancy. These silicone
rubber rings fit in the vagina and release
a steady supply of hormones progestin-
only vaginal rings would be worn
continuously while those containing both
estrogen and progestin would be worn
for three weeks and then removed for
one week to allow menstrual bleeding in
the same pattern as combined oral
contraceptives.

SUMMARY
 Family planning is the process by
which responsible couples determine by
themselves the timing, proper spacing