Journal of Power Sources 601 (2024) 234253

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Journal of Power Sources

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpowsour

Experimental study and model characterization of thermoelectric coupling

characteristics of ternary lithium batteries suitable for
engineering applications
Haopeng Chen a, b, Tianshi Zhang a, b, *, Haibo Chen a, b, **, Qing Gao a, b
a
National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics, Jilin University, Jilin, China
b
College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, China

H I G H L I G H T S

• Designing a model characterization method for batteries with different shapes.

• Revealing differences in modeling parameters of batteries with different shapes.
• Constructing a simpler battery thermal model with low calculation volume.
• Balancing the accuracy of simulation with the feasibility of applications.

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: There is a pressing requirement to design a simple battery thermal model that balances simulation accuracy
Ternary lithium batteries regarding battery thermal characteristics and engineering application feasibility. The paper carries out the
Thermoelectric coupling characteristics experimental study and model characterization of thermoelectric coupling characteristics of ternary lithium
Experimental study
batteries with different shapes under ambient temperature conditions. The paper designs a characterization
Model characterization
method of the battery thermoelectric coupling model. It conducts experiments to analyze the battery’s charging
Thermal behavior simulation
Engineering applications and discharging characteristics and extracts essential modeling parameters. It reveals the differences in the
modeling parameters of ternary lithium batteries with different shapes and constructs the thermoelectric
coupling models of the square and 21700 cylindrical ternary lithium battery respectively. At the same time, the
paper applies the model to carry out the simulation and experimental verification of the battery thermal
behavior. The experimental data monitored by the infrared thermal imager and temperature sensors are
compared with the simulation results. The errors are less than 5 %. It can provide a reference for related re­
searches and engineering applications of battery thermal behavior and thermal management.

cobaltate, lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, and ternary

lithium batteries [12–15]. Among them, lithium cobaltate batteries have
1. Introduction
stable charging and discharging performance, but high cost and poor
safety [13]. Lithium manganate batteries offer a balance between safety
Batteries play a crucial role as a key component in electric vehicles
and cost-effectiveness, although they have relatively lower energy
[1–5]. Currently, lithium batteries are commonly used in most com­
density [12]. On the other hand, lithium iron phosphate batteries excel
mercial electric vehicles [6–10]. In terms of shape, they can be catego­
in terms of safety and cycle life [14]. Ternary lithium batteries are
rized into square and cylindrical batteries. Square batteries are highly
dominating the current market due to their high energy density [15].
reliable and have a long cycle life, but are heavy and costly [11]. Cy­
With the continuous development of high energy density battery
lindrical batteries have a more mature manufacturing process and are
materials, the thermal stability of lithium batteries has gradually dete­
low cost, but have a short cycle life [12]. In terms of their composition,
riorated, and the heat production behavior has become increasingly
lithium batteries can be classified into different types, including lithium

* Corresponding author. National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics, Jilin University, Jilin, China.
** Corresponding author. National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics, Jilin University, Jilin, China.
E-mail addresses: zhangtianshi@jlu.edu.cn (T. Zhang), chenhb@jlu.edu.cn (H. Chen).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234253
Received 10 January 2024; Received in revised form 15 February 2024; Accepted 20 February 2024
Available online 7 March 2024
0378-7753/© 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
H. Chen et al. Journal of Power Sources 601 (2024) 234253

Nomenclature Y reciprocal of slope of the linear fitting function

ρ density
σ battery electrodes’ effective electric conductivity R2 fitting coefficient
φ battery electrodes’ phase potential C charge/discharge rate
◦
C degree celsius J joule
m meter S siemens
Q battery capacity W watts
k thermal conductivity q̇ battery heat generation rate
V voltage
A ampere Acronyms
T temperature T thickness
cm centimeter D diameter
mm millimeter H height
g gram L length
Ah ampere hour DOD depth of discharge
kg kilogram Subscripts
K kelvin nom nominal
Cp specific heat capability ref reference
t time short short circuit inside the battery
j battery current transfer rate ECh electrochemical reaction
U intercept of the linear fitting function abuse battery thermal abuse
Vol battery active volume

drastic [16–18]. To guarantee the normal performance and safety of
lithium batteries, researchers have introduced diverse thermal man­
agement systems [19–22]. It is worth our attention that the realism of
the simulated temperature rise characteristics and temperature field
distribution of lithium batteries serve as a crucial factor in evaluating
the accuracy of the final results obtained from battery thermal man­
agement strategies [17,18].
The battery thermal management studies commonly employ the
homogeneous thermal source uncoupled model at present [23–26]. The
model simplifies the battery to a stable thermal source with uniform
internal heat generation. Its construction idea is simple and computa­
tional volume is small. The fundamental idea originates from the heat
generation rate equation for batteries proposed by Bernardi et al. [27].
In fact, the battery itself has various anisotropic properties. The battery
thermal model construction is a complex task involving multi-scale,
multi-dimensional, and multi-physics fields. It accounts for spatial var­
iations in thermal conductivity, as well as differences in potential and
temperature distributions across different dimensions [28]. While the
homogeneous thermal source uncoupled model effectively captures the
temperature fluctuations of batteries in typical operating scenarios, it
fails to account for the interplay between electrical and thermal be­
haviors. This model falls short in simulating the non-uniformity of bat­
tery potential, current density, and temperature field distribution,
resulting in compromised accuracy and reliability for subsequent bat­
tery thermal designs. To address this crucial issue, a more realistic
battery thermal model must be developed.
Newman et al. [29] developed an electrochemical thermal coupling
model for lithium batteries by incorporating the principles of porous
electrodes and concentrated solution theory into their construction. The
model can simulate the microscopic changes of electrochemical re­
actions inside the battery, but requires a large number of parameters of
battery material and electrochemistry. There are many testing devices
involved. The parameter acquisition procedure is complex. The
computational volume is huge. Subsequently, many scholars have
simplified this model [30–32]. Despite some reduction in the number of
partial differential equations, the complexity of the model persists.
Therefore, it is applied universally in the simulation of battery material
characteristics, and it is not suitable for researches and engineering
applications of battery thermal properties’ characterization and thermal
management strategies’ design [33–35].
To satisfy both simulation accuracy regarding battery thermal
characteristics and engineering application feasibility, a simpler battery
thermal model needs to be constructed. The paper carries out the
experimental study and model characterization of thermoelectric
coupling characteristics of ternary lithium batteries with different
shapes under ambient temperature conditions. The paper designs a
characterization method of the battery thermoelectric coupling model.
It conducts experiments to analyze the battery’s charging and dis­
charging characteristics and extracts essential modeling parameters. It
reveals the differences in the modeling parameters of ternary lithium
batteries with different shapes and constructs the thermoelectric
coupling models of the square and 21700 cylindrical ternary lithium
battery respectively. At the same time, the paper applies the model to
carry out the simulation and experimental verification of the battery
thermal behavior. The experimental data monitored by the infrared
thermal imager and temperature sensors are compared with the simu­
lation results. The errors are less than 5 %. It can provide a reference for
related researches and engineering applications of battery thermal
properties’ characterization and thermal management strategies’
design.
2. Model and experiment
2.1. Model description
2.1.1. Theoretical model
∂ρCp T
− ∇ • (k∇T) = σ+ |∇φ+ |2 + σ − |∇φ− |2 + q̇ECh + q̇short + q̇abuse (1)
∂t
∇ • (σ + ∇φ+ ) = − (jECh − jshort ) (2)
∇ • (σ − ∇φ− ) = jECh − jshort (3)
Eq. (1) is the energy conservation equation [36,37]. Eq. (2) and Eq.
(3) are current conservation equations [38,39]. Detailed descriptions of
each term of above equations are explained in previous literature
[40–42]. To simplify the calculation, we assume the density and specific
heat capacity of the battery are homogeneous. And we don’t consider
the radiant heat transfer. Density is ρ. Specific heat capacity is Cp .
Temperature is T. Time is t. Thermal conductivity is k. Battery

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H. Chen et al. Journal of Power Sources 601 (2024) 234253

electrodes’ effective electric conductivity is σ. Battery electrodes’ phase ∑

Li ρi
potential is φ. Battery heat generation rate is q̇. Battery current transfer ρbatt = ∑ (9)
Li
rate is j. Internal short-circuiting and thermal abuse condition of the
battery are not considered under the conventional operating condition, ∑
(ρ Li )ci
so the sizes of q̇short , q̇abuse and jshort are zero [17,18]. q̇ECh is composed of cbatt = ∑ i (10)
(ρi Li )
the irreversible heat (the overpotential heat) and the reversible heat (the
entropic component) [40,43]. jECh is a function of the potential differ­ The hierarchical structure of the battery makes the distribution of the
ence between negative and positive electrodes at the membrane inter­ thermal properties of the battery appear a certain law. In a three-
face [44]. The sizes of q̇ECh and jECh of the battery are calculated by Eq. dimensional thermal model, the battery can be treated as an aniso­
(4) and Eq. (5) [45,46]. tropic material with the same thermal conductivity in the X-axis and Y-
[ ] axis directions and different thermal conductivity in the Z-axis direction.
dU
q̇ECh = jECh U − V − T (4) Materials’ average thermal conductivity of the battery for the Z-axis
dT
direction can be computed by the series thermal resistance method, as
Qnom shown in Eq. (11). Materials’ average thermal conductivity of the bat­
jECh = Y[U − V] (5) tery for the X-axis and Y-axis directions can be computed by the parallel
Qref Vol
thermal resistance method, as shown in Eq. (12).
The irreversible heat (the overpotential heat) is jECh [U − V]. The ∑
Li
reversible heat (the entropic component) is − jECh T dU dT
. Battery active kT,z = ∑ ( / ) (11)
Li kT,i
volume is Vol. Battery capacity is Q. Potential difference between
negative and positive electrodes at the membrane interface is V. Gu et al. ∑
Li kT,i
found in previous studies [47] that the battery voltage displayed a linear kT,x = kT,y = ∑ (12)
Li
dependency on the current density. The intercept in the linear fitting
function of battery voltage with respect to battery current density is U. The average density of the battery is ρbatt . The average specific heat
The reciprocal of the slope in the linear fitting function of battery capacity of the battery is cbatt . Each layer’s thickness inside the battery is
voltage with respect to battery current density is Y. At the same time, Gu Li . Materials’ density of each layer inside the battery is ρi . Materials’
et al. also found in previous studies [47] that both U and Y varied with specific heat capacity of each layer inside the battery is ci . Materials’
respect to the depth of discharge. In order to further improve the fitting thermal conductivity of each layer inside the battery is kT,i .
accuracy, we fit U and Y to a fifth-degree polynomial function against
depth of discharge. The sizes of Y and U of the battery are calculated by 2.1.2. Physical model
Eqs. (6)–(8) [47–49]. Table 1 presents the complete details of ternary lithium batteries of
various shapes.
∫t
Vol The battery’s initial state of charge is set at 100 %. Additionally, a
DOD = jdt (6)
3600Qnom surface convective heat transfer coefficient of 5 W m− 2 K− 1 is considered
[17,18,50]. Table 2 shows the battery material properties.
0

∑
5
Y= bn (DOD)n (7) 2.2. Experimental system design
n=0

∑
5 Fig. 1 depicts the experimental system design used to measure the
U= an (DOD)n (8) charging and discharging characteristics of ternary lithium batteries in
n=0 various shapes. The experimental temperature is 25 ◦ C. The direct cur­
rent power supply is used to charge the battery. Its output power is up to
DOD is the depth of discharge. The interior of the battery consists of a
3000 W, voltage range is 0~32 V, current range is 0~220 A, and reso­
blend of electrolyte, negative and positive active materials, aluminum,
lution is up to 0.1 mV/0.1 mA. The charging method is constant-current
diaphragm, and copper in specific proportions. Since each layer’s
and constant-voltage. The electronic load is used to discharge the bat­
thickness inside the battery is thin, the interior of the battery can be
tery. Its output power is up to 1500 W, voltage range is 0~120 V, current
considered a uniform substance. Therefore, materials’ average density
range is 0~240 A, and resolution is up to 0.1 mV/0.1 mA. The dis­
and average specific heat capacity of each layer are used as the density
charging method is constant-current. The battery state of charge is 100
and specific heat capacity of the battery. They are calculated using Eq.
% initially. The battery state of charge is 20 % finally. The battery is fully
(9) and Eq. (10) respectively.
cooled down by adding a hold time of more than a half hour per charge
and discharge switch. During the experiment, various parameters such
Table 1 as battery voltage, capacity, and current are recorded. Surface temper­
Complete details of the ternary lithium batteries. ature changes at different levels (upper, middle, and bottom) of the
Parameters Values battery are monitored using K-type thermocouples. The multi-circuit
Shape square cylindrical
Coordinate Table 2
Battery material properties.
Materials Density Specific heat capacity Thermal conductivity
(kg⋅m− 3) (J⋅kg− 1⋅K− 1) (W⋅m− 1⋅K− 1)

Square battery 2478 806 14.15 (X): 14.15 (Y):

1.3 (Z)
Size (mm) 148 (L) × 98 (H) × 27 (T) 21 (D) × 70 (H) Cylindrical 2676.8 1457.6 1.21 (X): 1.21 (Y): 12.5
Mass (g) 800 65 battery (Z)
Rating voltage (V) 3.65 3.7 Negative 8978 381 387.6
Rating capacity (Ah) 37 5 electrode
Discharging cut-off voltage (V) 2.7 2.7 Positive 2719 871 202.4
Charging cut-off voltage (V) 4.2 4.2 electrode

3
H. Chen et al.
temperature tester captures temperature changes at predetermined
points on the battery surface, allowing for simultaneous acquisition,
processing, and conversion of eight-channel temperature signals.
Furthermore, an infrared thermal imager is utilized to obtain the tem­
perature field distribution on the battery surface. To ensure safety, the
battery is placed within a safety cabinet throughout the experiment.
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Experiments and data analysis
The initial charging process involves applying a constant current of
0.5 C to the battery until it reaches the charge cutoff voltage at room
temperature (25 ◦ C). Subsequently, the charging continues with a con­
stant cutoff voltage until the charging current diminishes to 0.1 A.
Following a 30-min interval, the battery undergoes the discharging
phase. Discharge rates of 0.5 C, 1 C, 1.5 C, 2 C, 2.5 C, and 3 C are applied
Fig. 1. Design of the experimental system.
Fig. 2. Changes of battery voltage with depth of discharge across different discharge rates a) the square battery, b) the cylindrical battery.
4
Journal of Power Sources 601 (2024) 234253
sequentially, reaching an 80 % depth of discharge for each rate. Fig. 2
illustrates the variations in battery voltage observed during discharge at
different rates.
Next, the current density is determined based on the dimensions of
the pole ear’s cross-sectional area and the discharge rate. The current
density is regarded as the independent variable, while the battery
voltage is considered the dependent variable. A linear function is fitted
to relate the battery voltage with the current density. Figs. 3 and 4
display the resulting linear functions.
Finally, considering the inverse of slope of the linear fitting function
of the above battery voltage against current density as Y. Considering
the intercept of the linear fitting function of the above battery voltage
against current density as U. Fitting U and Y to a polynomial function
against depth of discharge, as shown in Fig. 5.
H. Chen et al. Journal of Power Sources 601 (2024) 234253

Fig. 3. Linear fitting functions of the square battery voltage against current density.

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H. Chen et al. Journal of Power Sources 601 (2024) 234253

Fig. 4. Linear fitting functions of the cylindrical battery voltage against current density.

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H. Chen et al. Journal of Power Sources 601 (2024) 234253

Fig. 5. Polynomial fitting functions of U and Y against depth of discharge a) the square battery, b) the cylindrical battery.

3.2. Model characterization battery state of charge is 100 % initially. The battery state of charge is 20
% finally. Table 4 illustrates the variations in the maximum temperature
As shown in Figs. 3, Figs. 4 and 5, the modeling parameters vary with observed on the battery surface after discharging. Interestingly, when
the battery geometry characteristics even if the battery materials are increasing the number of meshes from 47829 to 178432, there is min­
consistent. If the modeling parameters of the square and cylindrical imal change in the maximum temperature of the square battery surface.
batteries are mixed with each other, it will certainly cause errors and
weaken the accuracy and reliability of battery thermal behavior simu­ Table 4
lation. Therefore, it is of great significance to construct thermoelectric Mesh independence verification.
coupling models of ternary lithium batteries with different shapes to Shapes Number Maximum temperature of the battery surface (◦ C)
simulate the real battery temperature rise characteristics and tempera­
Square 47829 51.00
ture field distribution. Based on the experimental data in Section 3.1, the
71454 51.00
modeling parameters for square and cylindrical batteries can be deter­ 108344 50.90
mined. The sizing of these parameters is presented in Table 3. 148528 50.90
178432 50.90
Cylindrical 40400 40.65
3.3. Model validation
63200 40.65
94667 40.55
3.3.1. Mesh independence verification 135148 40.55
The paper firstly carries out the mesh independence verification to 174265 40.55
improve the efficiency of computing. The discharge rate is 3 C. The

Table 3
Modeling parameters of the ternary lithium batteries.
Parameters Shapes n =0 n =1 n =2 n =3 n =4 n =5 R2

an square 4.19824 − 1.30178 0.24943 − 0.04536 2.12991 − 1.98013 0.99980

cylindrical 4.24624 − 2.50324 9.52834 − 24.1685 26.14372 − 10.18109 0.99935
bn square 487.0295 1333.53788 − 6191.79403 13796.06454 − 13196.24417 4466.63462 0.96909
cylindrical 73.5415 494.42008 − 2233.7417 4575.67555 − 4238.77331 1477.21154 0.96313

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H. Chen et al. Journal of Power Sources 601 (2024) 234253

Similarly, for the cylindrical battery surface, an increase in the number
of meshes from 40400 to 174265 results in negligible changes in the
maximum temperature. Therefore, for optimal accuracy and efficiency,
the number of meshes is set to 47829 for the square battery and 40400
for the cylindrical battery.
3.3.2. Simulation accuracy verification
3.3.2.1. Square ternary lithium batteries. Taking the discharge condition
at a 1 C rate as an example. Thermal imaging and simulations were
conducted to analyze the temperature field distribution on the surface of

Fig. 6. Temperature field distribution on the surface of the square battery at different depths of discharge a) 20 %, b) 40 %, c) 60 %, d) 80 %.

8
H. Chen et al.
the square ternary lithium battery. The results are shown in Fig. 6.
Notably, the temperature field distribution observed through thermal
imaging aligns closely with the simulated results. As the discharge be­
gins, an increase in temperature is observed near both the positive and
negative electrodes, with the highest temperature recorded at the pos­
itive electrode. Two distinct high-temperature zones, resembling semi­
circles, are formed near the positive and negative electrodes,
respectively. As the discharge process progresses, two high-temperature
zones similar to semicircles gradually expand. They intersect and reunite
into a high-temperature zone with a circular arc as the lower edge. A
distinct temperature gradient is formed from the battery electrodes to
the bottom of the battery.
In the thermal image, the highest temperature is observed at the
connecting terminal, surpassing the maximum temperature recorded on
the battery surface. Conversely, the ambient temperature appears to be
lower than the minimum temperature detected on the battery surface.
Hence, thermal imaging experiments can effectively confirm the con­
sistency between the temperature field distribution of the battery sur­
face and simulation results. However, for detailed verification of
temperature changes on the battery surface, the monitoring of temper­
ature sensors is necessary.
Fig. 7 (a) presents the monitored and analyzed temperature changes
on the surface of the square ternary lithium battery at various discharge
rates. As the depth of discharge increases, the battery’s surface tem­
perature gradually rises. Higher discharge rates result in faster tem­
perature rise rates and higher overall temperatures. During the initial
stage of discharge, when the battery resistance is high, the temperature
rises rapidly. As the discharge process progresses, the battery’s internal
resistance stabilizes, enhancing heat dissipation to the external envi­
ronment and causing a slower temperature rise on the battery surface.
Comparing the simulation data with experimental results at different
discharge rates, the maximum temperature error on the battery surface
is below 0.82 ◦ C, the minimum temperature error is below 0.78 ◦ C, and
the maximum temperature difference error is below 0.09 ◦ C. These er­
rors indicate an accuracy within 5 %, fully validating the precision of the
simulation model.
Fig. 7. Temperature changes on the battery surface at the different discharge rates a) the square battery, b) the cylindrical battery.
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Journal of Power Sources 601 (2024) 234253
3.3.2.2. Cylindrical ternary lithium batteries. Using a discharge rate of
1 C as an example, thermal imaging and simulations were conducted to
analyze the temperature field distribution on the surface of the cylin­
drical ternary lithium battery. The findings are depicted in Fig. 8.
Notably, the temperature field distribution observed through thermal
imaging aligns closely with the simulated results. During the initial stage
of discharge, temperature increases near both the positive and negative
electrodes, with the highest temperature recorded at the positive elec­
trode. Unlike the square battery, the cylindrical battery exhibits excel­
lent axial thermal conductivity, resulting in a high-temperature axial
band. The temperate band near the positive electrode is wide and fea­
tures relatively high temperatures, while the temperate band near the
negative electrode is narrow and has relatively lower temperatures. As
the discharge process progresses, the temperate band gradually expands
radially until it encompasses the entire battery surface. Additionally, a
temperature gradient is observed between the positive and negative
electrodes. However, compared to the square battery, the temperature
gradient on the cylindrical battery surface is significantly smaller.
Fig. 7 (b) displays the monitored and analyzed temperature changes
on the surface of the cylindrical ternary lithium battery at different
discharge rates. Due to its smaller volume, the cylindrical battery ex­
hibits a rapid axial heat transfer rate. Compared to the square battery,
the cylindrical battery surface demonstrates minimal differences in
maximum temperature and boasts good temperature uniformity. By
comparing simulation data of the battery surface temperature at various
discharge rates with experimental results, it is observed that the
maximum temperature error on the battery surface is below 0.35 ◦ C, the
minimum temperature error is below 0.36 ◦ C, and the maximum tem­
perature difference error is below 0.06 ◦ C. These errors indicate an ac­
curacy within 5 %, fully validating the precision of the simulation
model.
4. Conclusions
The paper carries out the experimental study and model character­
ization of thermoelectric coupling characteristics of ternary lithium
H. Chen et al. Journal of Power Sources 601 (2024) 234253

Fig. 8. Temperature field distribution on the surface of the cylindrical battery at different depths of discharge a) 10 %, b) 20 %, c) 30 %, d) 40 %, e) 60 %.

10
H. Chen et al.
batteries with different shapes under ambient temperature conditions.
The paper designs a characterization method of the battery thermo­
electric coupling model. It conducts experiments to analyze the battery’s
charging and discharging characteristics and extracts essential modeling
parameters. It reveals the differences in the modeling parameters of
ternary lithium batteries with different shapes. Even if the battery ma­
terials are the same, the modeling parameters of batteries with different
geometrical characteristics should not be mixed with each other.
Otherwise, it will cause large errors and lead to distortion of the final
battery thermal behavior simulation, which will weaken the accuracy of
the battery thermal management. On this basis, the paper constructs the
thermoelectric coupling models of the square and 21700 cylindrical
ternary lithium battery respectively. At the same time, the paper applies
the model to carry out the simulation and experimental verification of
the battery thermal behavior. By comparing the experimental data ob­
tained from the infrared thermal imager and temperature sensors with
the simulation results, the accuracy of the simulation model is assessed.
For the square battery surface, the maximum temperature error is below
0.82 ◦ C, the minimum temperature error is below 0.78 ◦ C, and the
maximum temperature difference error is below 0.09 ◦ C. As for the cy­
lindrical battery surface, the maximum temperature error is below
0.35 ◦ C, the minimum temperature error is below 0.36 ◦ C, and the
maximum temperature difference error is below 0.06 ◦ C. Overall, all
these errors are within 5 %, indicating a satisfying level of accuracy in
simulating the battery’s thermal characteristics, making it suitable for
practical engineering applications. It can provide a reference for related
researches and engineering applications of battery thermal design.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Haopeng Chen: Writing – original draft, Software, Investigation,
Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Tianshi Zhang: Writing – review &
editing, Supervision, Resources, Project administration, Methodology,
Funding acquisition. Haibo Chen: Writing – review & editing, Super­
vision, Conceptualization. Qing Gao: Writing – review & editing, Su­
pervision, Conceptualization.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Acknowledgements
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (52006088)
provided sponsorship for this research project.
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