Lecture 02 Part I Design of One Way Slab System Updated 26-10-2023

Updated: Oct 26, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Lecture 02
Design of One-way Slab System

(Part – I)
By:
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
www.drqaisarali.com
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 1

Lecture Contents
 General
 Design of Concrete Floor Systems
 Design of One-way Slab System
 General Design Procedure
 Design of 90′ X 60′ Hall (Example)
 Case Studies
 References

Learning Outcomes
 At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

 Classify Concrete Floor Systems.
 Choose different framing systems for structures.
 Analyze and Design one-way slabs for flexure by ACI

Approximate coefficients method.
 Recall basic design steps of shear and flexure.
 Understand the effect of beams’ spacing on slab moments.

General
 Concrete Floor Systems

 In reinforced concrete construction, Concrete Floor Systems are
broad and flat plates, usually horizontal, with top and bottom
surfaces parallel or nearly so.
 They are used to provide flat and useful surfaces. They may be
supported by:
 Reinforced concrete beams
 Masonry or reinforced concrete walls
 Structural steel members
 Columns
 Ground.

General
 Classification of Concrete Floor Systems

1. Flat Plate
 Concrete floors directly supported on columns (with no beams)

are called flat plates.
 Punching shear is a typical problem in flat plates.

General

2. Flat Slab
 A flat plate that has a column capital or a

Drop panel
drop panel is referred to as a flat slab.
 The drop panel and column capital are

intended to reduce the punching shear
problem.
 Drop panel is a projection of slab at the vicinity of column.
 Column capital is a widening of the top of a support column Drop panel
where it meets the soffit of a slab.

Column capital

General

3. One-way Joist System
 Joist construction consists of a monolithic combination of

regularly spaced ribs with clear spacing of 3′ and a top slab
arranged to span in one direction or two orthogonal directions.
Rib
Peshawar University Auditorium

General

4. Two-way Joist System
 A two-way joist system, or waffle slab, comprises evenly spaced

concrete joists spanning in both directions and a reinforced
concrete slab cast integrally with the joists.
 Like one-way joist system, a two-way system will be called as

two-way joist system if clear spacing between ribs (dome width)
does not exceed 30 inches.

General

4. Two-way Joist System

General

5. Beam-supported Slab Systems
 Slabs may be supported on two opposite sides only, or on all

four sides.
 Based on the behavior of bending, there are two types of such

slabs:
a. One-way slabs (bending in one direction)
b. Two-way slabs (bending in two direction)
 Both types will be discussed in detail later.

Design of Concrete Floor Systems
 Analysis
 Unlike beams and columns, Concrete Floors Systems are two
dimensional members. Therefore, their analysis except one–way
slab systems is relatively difficult.
 Design
 Once the analysis is done, the design is carried out in the usual
manner. Hence there is no problem in design, problem is only in
analysis of slabs.

Design of Concrete Floor Systems
 Methods of Concrete Floor Analysis

1. Analysis using computer software (FEA)
 SAP 2000
 ETABS
 SAFE and so on.
2. ACI Approximate Method of Analysis
 Strip Method
For One–way Slabs
 ACI Approximate Coefficients Method
 Moment Coefficient Method

For Two–way Slabs
 Direct Design Method (DDM)

 Definition (case I)
 Slab supported on two opposing sides only is called one–way
slab.
 In such case, the bending occurs perpendicular to the supports as

shown in the following figures.
Bending behavior of one-way slab

 Definition (case II)

 When the ratio of long to short span in a slab supported on all
sides is equal to or greater than 2 the slab is called one–way
slab.
 Because the major bending moment is always along the short

direction, these slabs are solely designed for the short direction.
𝑙
𝑙
Slab supported on all sides, but 𝛽 = 𝑙 /𝑙 ≥ 2
Animation
 Strip Method of Analysis

 For the purpose of analysis and design, a unit strip of one-way slab,
cut out at right angles to the opposing beams, may be considered
as a rectangular beam of unit width, with a depth and a span
as shown in figure.
 This method is called as strip method of analysis.

 Limitations of Strip Method of Analysis

 Applicable for one-way slabs only.
 Requires the slab to be supported on stiff beams or walls.
 It is not applicable to flat plates etc., even if bending is in one

direction.

 ACI Approximate Coefficients Method

 According to ACI 6.5.1, as an alternate to frame analysis, ACI
approximate moments shall be permitted for analysis of one-way
slabs with certain restrictions.
 This method is discussed in following slides.

 ACI Approximate Moment Coefficients
wu
Integral support Simple support
n n n n
1/14 1/16 1/16 1/11 Positive

Moment X wun2
Spandrel support 1/24 1/10* 1/11 1/11 1/11 1/11 1/10* 0 Negative
Moment X wun2
Column support 1/16

• 1/12 for spans having ln < 10 ft)
• 1/9 for 2 spans (for any 𝑙 )
Note: (i) For simply supported members, M = wul2/8, where l = center to center distance.
(ii) To calculate negative moments, ℓn shall be the average of the adjacent clear span lengths.

 ACI Approximate Shear Coefficients
wu
Integral support Simple support
n n n n
1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1

Shear coefficient 1 1.15 1.15
x 𝑾𝒖 𝒍𝒏 /𝟐
Note:
The above co-efficient is used for shear in beam only as slab has no significant shear.

 Limitations ACI Approximate Coefficients Method

1. Applicable to One-way Slabs and Beams only.
2. Loads must be uniformly distributed; not applicable for point loads.
3. The ratio of service live load to service dead load shall not exceed 3
(L/D ≤ 3).
4. Suitable for two or more spans.
5. Members must be prismatic.

 Limitations ACI Approximate Coefficients Method

6. The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by
more than 20 percent.
Uniformly distributed load (L/D 3) L and D are unfactored loads
 1.2n n n

General Design Procedure
 Steps in the Design of a Typical RC Structure

1. Selection of Structural Configuration
2. Selection of sizes
3. Calculation of Loads
4. Analysis (Calculating Ultimate load effects/stresses)
5. Determination of Steel Area
6. Detailing of reinforcement
7. Drafting of structural members

1. Selection of Structural Configuration

 The very first and most important step in Reinforced Concrete design
is to choose an appropriate structural configuration for the given
structure.
 Structural configuration means reasonable arrangement of beams,

girders and columns.
 Because several alternatives exist for a single structure, selecting a

suitable and cost-effective configuration is quite challenging.
 It is primarily determined by the designer's prior experience.

2. Selection of Sizes
 ACI tables 7.3.1.1 & 9.3.1.1 give the minimum thickness for one-
way slabs and beams, respectively.
Table 7.3.1.1 & Table 9.3.1.1– Minimum Thickness of Non-Prestressed Beams

or One-way Slabs Unless Deflections are Computed
Minimum thickness, h [1]

Member
Simply One end Both ends
Cantilever
supported continuous continuous
Solid one-way slabs l /20 l /24 l /28 l /10

Beams or ribbed one-
way slabs
l /16 l /18.5 l /21 l /8
• 𝑙 = Span length (Center to center length in case of interior spans and clear projection in case of
cantilevers) (Section 2.2).
• [1] For 𝑓 other than 60,000 psi, the expressions in the table shall be multiplied by (0.4 + 𝑓 /100,000)

3. Calculation of Loads
 According to ACI 5.2, service loads shall be in accordance with the
general building code of which this code forms a part, with such live
load reductions as are permitted in the general building code.
 BCP SP 2007 is General Building Code of Pakistan, and it refers to

ASCE 7-10 for minimum design loads for buildings and other
structures.

4. Analysis
 The analysis is carried out for ultimate load including self weight
obtained from size of the slab and the applied dead and live loads.
 The maximum demand values are used for the purpose of design.

5. Determination of Steel Area

 Once the load effects (Bending moment, Shear force, Axial force
and Torsion ) are calculated based on the anticipated loads, the
next step is to calculate the required area of steel to withstand
these load effects.
 The steel area can be determined by equating design capacity of a

structural member with demand.

6. Detailing
 The calculated steel area is detailed as per the Code Provisions.
 The detailing step involves development lengths, steel curtailment,

splices, symmetrical arrangement of rebars, spacing requirements
etc.
7. Drafting
 Drafting is the final stage in the design which is the proper sketch
of dimensions and reinforcement detailing of a structural member
in different views.

Design of 90′ x 60′ Hall
 Example 2.1
 The slab of a Hall having interior dimensions 90′ × 60′ with story height
of 20′ is subjected to a uniform service live load of 40 psf. Additionally,
the slab includes superimposed dead load in the form of 3-inch mud
layer and 2-inch tile layer. The allowable bearing capacity of soil at the
depth of 5 ft. from finished floor level is 2.204 ksf. For all structural
members, consider concrete compressive strength, and
steel yield strength,
 Design the Hall with various structural configurations.

 Given Data
Dimensions of Hall : 90′ x 60′ (interior)
Story height, h = 20′
Loads: 60′
 SDL: 3″ Mud layer and 2″ Tile layer
 Live load: 60 psf

90′
 Required Data
Design the Hall with various structural configurations.

 Solution
 Several structural configurations are possible for the given hall, some
of which are shown below

 Solution
 Several structural configurations are possible for the given hall, some
of which are shown below
and many more…

 Solution
 However, in this lecture we will explore the following design options:
1. Option 1: Hall Design Without Interior Columns

a) Beam-slab system supported on walls.
b) Beam-slab system supported on exterior columns.
2. Option 2: Hall Design With Only Two Interior Columns

a) Beam-slab system supported on girder and walls.
b) Beam-slab system supported on girder and exterior columns.

Design of 90′ X 60′ Hall
Option 1a

 Solution [option 1a]

 Step 1: Selection of Structural Configuration
Beams are supported

on walls
Centerline of beams
Brick masonry wall

60′
All beams are spaced

at 10′ c/c.
90′


60′
A A
90′ End span Interior span

10′ 10′
Assumed wall thickness = 18 in 9.25′ 18′′ 8.5′
Assumed beam width = 18 in
Section A-A


 Slab Design
 Step 2: Selection of Sizes
, (for one end continuous slab)

End span Interior span
10′ 10′
9.25′ 18′′ 8.5′
Section A-A
, (for both end continuous slab)
. Finally take


 Slab Design
 Step 3: Calculation of Loads

Calculation of Dead Loads
Thickness Unit weight
Material h x 𝜸 ( ksf)
h (in.) 𝛾 (kcf)
Concrete 6 0.150 (6/12) × 0.15 = 0.075
Mud 3 0.120 (3/12) × 0.12 = 0.03
Tile 2 0.120 (2/12) × 0.12= 0.02
Total dead load = 0.125 ksf
 Factored Load, wu,slab = 1.2D + 1.6L
= 1.2 × 0.125 + 1.6 × 0.04 = 0.214 ksf


 Slab Design
 Before proceeding to the analysis step, there is an important notion

that needs clarification.
 The ACI Coefficients give reasonably accurate results only when the
supports (beams or walls), exhibit sufficient stiffness.
 However, it must be kept in mind that; “Beams of any depth cannot

act as support to slabs; only beams with Specific depth can do so.”
 The subsequent slides elaborate the above statement.


 Slab Design
 Relative Stiffness of Slab and Beam-Slab Behavior.

Slab
Beam acting like pseudo

Wall (true) support support for slab
Less stiff beams
More stiff beams


 Slab Design
 Behavior of flexible (Less stiff) beams.
Before Bending
After Bending


 Slab Design
 Behavior of stiff beams.
Before Bending
After Bending
Animation on relative Stiffness


 Slab Design
 The question that arises is how to determine the necessary beam

depth to effectively support and minimize deflection in slabs.
 The required beam depth is determined by plotting the depth of the

beam against the negative moments in the slab, as illustrated below.
Beam Depth vs. Beam Section Moment (90 x 60 Hall)
46.0″ (ACI hmin)
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-0.2
-0.4 Required depth

Moment (kip-in/in)
-0.6
-0.8
From ACI Coefficient
-1
method : -1.29 in-ki/in
-1.0 in-kip/in
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
Beam Depth (Inches)


 Slab Design
 Concluding Remarks
 From the plot, it is cleared that ACI minimum depth equations for beams
may not always offer adequate stiffness under all circumstances. These
equations are specifically applicable to beams with normal load conditions
and typical spans.
 A beam depth of 60 inches is considered adequate to provide the

necessary stiffness for the slab.
Note: The determination of the necessary beam depth to act as support for
the slab depends on serviceability requirements, which is beyond the scope
of this course.


 Slab Design
 Step 4: Analysis
 When using 60" deep beams, the ACI coefficient method can be applied.
The results obtained are displayed in the figure.
Wu = 0.214ksf
6"
0 1/11 1/12 1/12 1/16 1/12
1.5' L= 9.25' 1.5' L= 8.5' 1.5'
19.97
11.60
BMD
(in.kip)
0
15.46 15.46
16.86 16.86 [1]
[1] For calculating negative moments, ℓn shall be the average of the adjacent clear span lengths (ACI:6.5.2)


 Slab Design
 Step 5: Determination of Flexural Steel Area
 Calculate moment capacity provided by minimum reinforcement

,


 Slab Design
 calculated from , is greater than all moments calculated in

Step No 4. Hence Minimum reinforcement governs.
Using #3 bar with
 Provide #3 bars @ 10.2 in. c/c for both positive and negative steel.


 Slab Design
Finally, provide #3 bars @ 9 in. c/c
 Shrinkage and Temperature reinforcement


 Slab Design
 Step 6: Detailing
 Positive reinforcement bars are placed in the direction of flexure

stresses and placed at the bottom to maximize the “d”.
 Negative reinforcement bars are placed perpendicular to the

direction of support (beam in this case). At the support, these rest on
the reinforcement of the beam.
 At the discontinuous end, the ACI code recommends to provide

reinforcement equal to 1/3 times the positive reinforcement provided
at the mid span.


 Slab Design
 Step 7: Drafting
Temperature Reinforcement
#3 @ 9″ c/c
A A
60′ Main Reinforcement

#3 @ 9″ c/c
90′


 Slab Design
#3 @ 18"C/C #3 @ 18"C/C #3 @ 9"C/C #3 @ 18"C/C #3 @ 9"C/C

(Supporting bars) (Supporting bars)
2'-10" with hook 6'-0" 5'-8"
6"
#3 Bars @ 9"C/C #3 Bars @ 9"C/C #3 Bars @ 9"C/C #3 Bars @ 9"C/C
18" L= 9'-3'' 18" L= 8'-6" 18"
SLAB SECTION A-A


 Slab reinforcement arrangement at Site
Shrinkage reinforcement
Spacer Main reinforcement


 Beam Design
 Step 2: Selection of Sizes
 Assume 18 width of beam. The minimum depth of beam for a

simply supported case is given by
Take (the reason is already explained earlier)
Effective depth,


 Beam Design
 Step 2: Selection of Sizes
Effective width of T- beam is minimum of:

114″

6″

57″
54″

As
Therefore, 18″


 Beam Design
 The factored load on the beam is the sum of the slab load and its
own weight.
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴
,
,
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Which can be simplified to
, , --- (2.1)
𝑏 90′


 Beam Design
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴
Now,
,
,
𝑏 90′


 Beam Design
 Maximum shear force and bending moment is given by

3.355 kip/ft
61.5′
103.16k 87.23k
SFD
30.75′
19034.17 in-kips
BMD
90′


 Beam Design
 Step 5: Determination of flexural steel area
Using direct method, we have
The beam will be designed as rectangular.


 Beam Design
 Step 6: Check for flexural steel area
 Minimum reinforcement limit
 Maximum reinforcement limit
, ,


 Beam Design
 Step 7: Determination of Shear reinforcement
Calculate design spacing using
Using 2 legged #3 stirrups,


 Beam Design
Calculate maximum spacing
𝑠 = 14.7" < 𝑠


 Beam Design
1. Check for Depth of Beam:
2. Check for Maximum spacing of stirrups:


 Beam Design
𝑉 = 103.17 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝑉 , = 87.23 𝑘𝑖𝑝
∅𝑉 = 84.29 𝑘𝑖𝑝
∅𝑉
= 42.14 𝑘𝑖𝑝
2
∅𝑉 < 𝑉 ∅𝑉 > 𝑉 ∅𝑉 /2 > 𝑉
𝑠 =192” 𝑠 = 14.9" Theoretically no reinforcement is needed

17.5′
30.75′
Finally provide #3 @ 12” c/c throughout.


 Beam Design
 Step 8: Determination of Skin Reinforcement
 For relatively deep beams, some reinforcement should be placed

near the vertical faces of the tension zone to control cracking in the
web (ACI R9.7.2.3). This is termed as skin reinforcement.
Skin reinforcement required

in these regions.
ℎ
Small strain, minimal
ℎ
web cracking chance.
Strain diagram Large strain, significant web

𝑏 cracking risk.
Shallow beam
𝑏 Strain diagram
Relatively deep beam


 Beam Design
 For beams with depth exceeding

36 inches ( 36″), longitudinal
skin reinforcement shall be
uniformly distributed on both side
faces of the beam for a distance
h/2 from the tension face (ACI
9.7.2.3).
Skin Reinforcement for beams with h > 36″


 Beam Design

 Amount of skin reinforcement
 Bar sizes No. 3 to No.5, with a minimum area of 0.1 in2 per foot of depth
(0.1h), are typically provided (ACI R9.7.2.3).
 Spacing of skin reinforcement
 Spacing shall not exceed given by
Where; and is clear cover.


 Beam Design

(where h is in feet, not inches)
Using #3 bar with
No. of bars = 0.5/0.11 = 4.55 (for the purpose of symmetry, take 6 bars.)
 Hence, 6 - #3 bars will be provided on each face of beam. The range

up to which skin reinforcement is provided is given by
(from tension face)


 Beam Design
 Spacing between adjacent skin rebars

2 - #6 bars
6"
#3@12"c/c
Now, 54"
(3+3) - #3 bars
(equally spaced)
y
30"
Spacer (1")
(4+4) - #8 bars
18"


 Beam Design
 Maximum spacing for skin reinforcement
″ and ″
As S = 8.4″ < , therefore provided spacing is OK.


 Beam Design
S/2 = 6"
A B 6-#3 bars
#3@12"c/c (skin reinforcement) 2-#6 bars
60"
(4+4)-#8 bars #8 spacer @ 3'c/c 4-#8 bars

L/8 = 7'-6" L/8 = 7'-6"
L = 60'-0"
A B
ELEVATION DETAILS


 Beam Design
2 - #6 bars 2 - #6 bars
6" 6"
#3@12"c/c #3@12"c/c
(3+3) - #3 bars (3+3) - #3 bars

54" (equally spaced) 54" (equally spaced)
30" 30"
Spacer (1")
4 - #8 bars (4+4) - #8 bars

18" 18"
Section A-A Section B-B

Design of 90′ X 60′ Hall
Option 1b

 Solution [option 1b]

Beams are supported

on columns
Centerline of beams
Brick masonry wall

60′
18″ thick
All beams are spaced

at 10′ c/c.
90′


60′
A A
90′ End span Interior span

Column 10′ 10′
Wall width = 18 in
9.25′ 18′′ 8.5′
Assumed beam width = 18 in
Section A-A


 Slab Design
 Analysis
0 1/11
19.97


 Slab Design
 Moment capacity provided by minimum reinforcement 33.95

in.kip (calculated in option 1a) is greater than all the moments
shown on previous slide, therefore Minimum reinforcement governs.
 Hence Provide;
 Main reinforcement : #3 @ 9″ c/c (both positive & negative)
 Shrinkage reinforcement : #3 @ 9″ c/c
 Supporting bars : #3 @ 18″ c/c


 Slab Design
 Drafting
Temperature Reinforcement
#3 @ 9″ c/c
A A
60′ Main Reinforcement

#3 @ 9″ c/c
90′


 Slab Design
 Drafting
#3 @ 18"C/C #3 @ 18"C/C #3 @ 9"C/C #3 @ 18"C/C #3 @ 9"C/C

(Supporting bars) (Supporting bars)
2'-10" with hook 6'-0" 5'-8"
6"
#3 Bars @ 9"C/C #3 Bars @ 9"C/C #3 Bars @ 9"C/C #3 Bars @ 9"C/C
18" L= 9'-3'' 18" L= 8'-6" 18"
SLAB SECTION A-A


 Frame Analysis
 A 2D frame can be detached from a 3D system in the following

manner:
Wu = 3.355 k/ft
𝑙 / = 61.5′
20′
61.5′


 Frame Analysis
 Numerous methods are available for frame analysis. here, we will use the
Simplified Flexibility Method.
3.355 × 61.5
𝑃 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟏𝟕 𝐤𝐢𝐩
2
(18 × 60 )/12
𝐾 = = 37.04
(18 × 18 )/12
Simplified Flexibility Method:
3.355(61.5) × 12
𝑀 = = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟓. 𝟐𝟎 𝐢𝐧. 𝐤𝐢𝐩 A simplified flexibility method, used for
,
12(61.5) + 8(20)(37.04) analyzing a single bay, non-sway,
symmetrical pin-supported frame under
3.355 61.5 × 12 uniformly distributed load.
𝑀 , = − 1405.20 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟕 𝐢𝐧. 𝐤𝐢𝐩
8 𝑊𝐿 𝐸𝐼
𝑀 , = ;𝐾 =
12𝐿 + 8𝐻𝐾 𝐸𝐼
1405.20
𝑉 = = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟔 𝐤𝐢𝐩 𝑊𝐿
20 × 12 𝑀 = −𝑀
, ,
8


 Frame Analysis
Mu = 1405.20 in-kip Mu = 1405.20 in-kip

Wu = 3.355 k/ft
61.5′
20′
Vu = 5.86 kip Vu = 5.86 kip
Pu = 103.17 kip Pu = 103.17 kip


 Frame Analysis
Wu = 3.355 k/ft
1405.20 in.kip 1405.20 in.kip
103.17 kip 103.17 kip

61.5′
103.17 kip
103.17 kip
1405.20 in.kip
1405.20 in.kip
5.86 kip
5.86 kip
20′
20′
5.86 kip
5.86 kip
103.17 kip
103.17 kip


 Frame Analysis
Wu = 3.355 k/ft
1405.20 in.kip 1405.20 in.kip
103.17 kip 103.17 kip

61.5′
103.17
SFD (kip)
103.17
17628.87
BMD (in.kip)
1405.30 1405.30


 Frame Analysis
103.17 kip
1405.20 in.kip
0 103.17 5.86 0 1405.30 0
5.86 kip
20′
5.86 kip 0 0 0
AFD (kip) SFD (kip) BMD (in.kip)
103.17 kip


 Frame Analysis
103.17 kip 17628.87 in.kip

1405.20 1405.20
in.kip in.kip
103.17k
5.86 kip 5.86 kip
Combined Shear Force Diagram Combined Bending Moment Diagram


 Beam Design
 Flexural Design
 The flexural design summary is tabulated below.
Moment Required 𝑨𝒔 𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑨𝒎𝒂𝒙

Detailing
(𝒊𝒏. 𝒌𝒊𝒑) (𝑖𝑛 ) (𝑖𝑛 ) (𝑖𝑛 )
𝑀 + = 17628.97 5.79 5.13 13.80 (4+4)-#8
𝑀 (−)=1405.20 0.46 --- 13.80 2-#6


 Beam Design
 Shear Design
 The shear design for the beam will remain the same as before.
𝑉 = 103.17 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝑉 , = 87.23 𝑘𝑖𝑝
∅𝑉 = 84.29 𝑘𝑖𝑝
∅𝑉
= 42.14 𝑘𝑖𝑝
2
∅𝑉 < 𝑉 ∅𝑉 > 𝑉 ∅𝑉 /2 > 𝑉
𝑠 =192” 𝑠 = 14.9" Theoretically no reinforcement is needed

17.5′
30.75′


 Beam Design
 Drafting
S/2 = 6"
A B 6-#3 bars
#3@12"c/c (skin reinforcement) 2-#6 bars
60"
(4+4)-#8 bars #8 spacer @ 3'c/c 4-#8 bars

L/8 = 7'-6" L/8 = 7'-6"
L = 60'-0"
A B
ELEVATION DETAILS


 Beam Design
 Drafting
2 - #6 bars 2 - #6 bars
6" 6"
#3@12"c/c #3@12"c/c
(3+3) - #3 bars (3+3) - #3 bars

54" (equally spaced) 54" (equally spaced)
30" 30"
Spacer (1")
4 - #8 bars (4+4) - #8 bars

18" 18"
Section A-A Section B-B


 Column Design
 Longitudinal Reinforcement of column can be determined using

Design Aids as follows:
1. Select appropriate dimensions:
2. Calculate ratio
Assuming


 Column Design
3. Calculate and factor
For , and , The relevant Design Aid is

DA – 2 (from Appendix)


 Column Design
4. Read from the graph
𝑓 /𝑓 = 0
5. Calculate Area of steel
Using #6 bar
No. of bars


 Column Design
 Spacing of Ties
 Using #3 tie bars for #6 main bars, spacing for Tie bars according
to ACI 25.7.2.1 is minimum of
a. 16 × dia. of main bar =16 × 6/8 =12″ c/c
b. 48 × dia. of tie bar = 48 × (3/8) =18″ c/c
c. Least column dimension =18″ c/c
 Finally use #3, tie bars @ 9″ c/c


 Column Design (Drafting)
Beam
#3@9.ʺ c/c
18ʺ A
8- #6 bars
18ʺ
Section A-A h Lap Splice
B
#3@9ʺ c/c
18ʺ
8- #6 bars #3@9ʺ c/c

8- #6 bars
18ʺ
Section B-B


 Footing Design
 Given Data
 Column size = 18″ × 18″
 = 3 ksi
 = 60 ksi
 = 2.204 ksf
 Reaction at the support should be used in design of footing.

 Factored load on column (reaction at support) = 103.17 kips
 Service load on column (reaction at support) = 81.87 kips


 Step 1: Selection of sizes
 Thickness
Assume thickness of footing “h” as 15 in. Taking size of bar as #4;
putting ″ and 4/8″

#4
#4

 Solution [option 1b] `
 Step 1: Selection of sizes 𝐹𝐹𝐿
 Required bearing area 𝑊 𝑊

𝑍 = 5′
15″ ` 𝑊 .
for square footing;
Take 7′ 𝐵
𝐵


 Step 2: Calculation of loads (bearing pressure)
By substituting values;


 Two-way shear (punching shear)
𝑑
2 𝐵
𝑑 𝑑
𝑐+𝑑
𝐵
2 2
𝑑
2
𝑐+𝑑


 Two-way shear (punching shear)

𝑑
= 29.5"
= 5.8"
2
𝐵 = 7′
5.8" 18" 5.8"
On putting values
𝑐+𝑑
𝑐+𝑑 = 29.5"
𝐵 = 7′


 Bending moment
2
𝑘
𝑢 c
Here;
𝐵 𝐵
c =18″ 𝐵−𝑐
𝑘=
Critical section 2
𝑢
h =15″
𝑢
B = 7′


 Step 4: Applying Shear Check
= 29.5"
= 5.8"
2
𝐵 = 7′
5.8" 18" 5.8"
𝑐+𝑑
𝑐+𝑑 = 29.5"
Now,
𝐵 = 7′


 Step 5: Determination of Flexural Reinforcement
 Step 6: Check for Minimum Flexural Reinforcement
, As,min governs!


 Step 7: Detailing of Reinforcement
Using #4 bar with
Check for maximum bar spacing
″ ″
Provided spacing is OK!


 Step 7: Detailing of Reinforcement
For crack control, the maximum spacing between the adjacent bars
shall not exceed (Table 24.3.2).
Provided spacing of 7 is OK. Finally provide #4@ 6 c/c.


FFL Column 18"x18"
3'-9" 3" clear cover

(each side)
6'-6"
7'-0"
12- #4 bars
A A (equally spaced)
1'-3"
P.C.C 1:4:8
6'-6" 6'-6"
7'-0" 7'-0"
FOOTING PLAN FOOTING DETAILS (A-A)

Site Pictures
 Actual pictures of a hall of almost the same size in

Peshawar University
Slab Reinforcement Beam Reinforcement

Site Pictures
 Actual pictures of a hall of almost the same size in

Peshawar University
Curtailed and Skin Reinforcement Hall after completion

Case Studies
 In the subsequent slides two case studies are carried out to

investigate the variation of moments in beams, moments and
slab thickness due to change in spacing between the beams.
60′
10′ 10′ 10′
90′

Case Studies
 Case Study 01
 Variation of Slab Thickness and Moments Vs Spacing Between the
Beams.
Variation of Slab thickness and Moments Vs Spacing Between Beams
Spacing Between the Beams (ft.)

Parameters
10 12 14 16 18 20
5.4 6.4 7.4 8.4 9.4 10.4

Slab thickness (in.)
(Used 6) (Used 6.5) (Used 7.5) (Used 8.5) (Used 9.5) (Used 10.5)
Max moment in slab (in-kip)
19.97 30.58 45.30 63.81 86.51 113.80
(1/11 coefficient)
Area of steel (in2) 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.23
c/c spacing of #3 main bars (in.) 10.20 9.40 8.10 7.20 6.40 5.80
Note: Clear length (ln) = lc/c -0.75 has been used in determining moments

Case Studies
 Case Study 01

Case Studies
 Case Study 02
 Variation of Moments in Beam Vs Spacing Between Beams
Variation of Beam Moments Vs Spacing Between Beams
Spacing Between the Beams (ft)

Parameters
5 8 10 12 14
Wu (k/ft) 2.285 2.927 3.355 3.873 4.526
Mu+(in-kip) 957.04 1225.94 1405.20 1622.16 1895.66
Mu- (in-kip) 12006.62 15380.03 17628.97 20350.82 23782.04
As positive (in2) 3.93 5.04 5.79 6.69 7.84
Note: Mu (+ve)
 Center-to-center length (lc/c = 61.5′ ) has been used in

Mu (-ve)
determining moments.
 Analysis done using simplified flexibility method.

Case Studies
 Case Study 02

Case Studies
 Conclusions
1. The thickness of slab increases linearly with an increase in spacing
between beams.
2. The moments in a slab increase quadratically with an increase in the

spacing between the beams.
3. The moments in beams increase linearly with an increase in the

spacing between the beams.

References
 Design of Concrete Structures 14th / 15th edition by Nilson, Darwin and

Dolan.
 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)
Figure 9

The End of Part – I
Option 2 of the example will be covered

in Part 2 of the lecture.

Appendix
 Minimum Design Loads ( ASCE 7– 16 )

Appendix
 Minimum Design Loads ( ASCE 7– 16 )

Appendix
 DESIGN AIDS (DA – 1 )
INTERACTION DIAGRAM DA-1 h

h
f /c= 3 ksi
2.2 g = 0.08
fy = 60ksi
 = 0.6
0.07
2.0
Kmax
0.06
1.8 Pn
e
0.05
1.6
0.04
1.4 fs/fy = 0
∅𝑓 𝐴
0.03
𝑃
1.2
𝐾 =
0.02 0.25
1.0
0.01
0.8 0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
0.2 1.0
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Appendix
 DESIGN AIDS (DA – 2 )
INTERACTION DIAGRAM, DA-2 h

h
g= 0.08 f /c= 3 ksi
2.2
fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.7
2.0
Kmax
0.06
1.8 Pn
e
0.05
1.6
0.04 fs/fy = 0
1.4
0.03
∅𝑓 𝐴
𝑃
1.2
0.25
𝐾 =
0.02
1.0
0.01
0.50
0.8
0.75
0.6
0.4
1.0
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Appendix
 DESIGN AIDS (DA – 3)
INTERACTION DIAGRAM , DA-3 h

h
g= 0.08 f /c = 3 ksi
2.2
fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.8
2.0
Kmax
0.06
1.8 Pn
e
0.05
1.6
fs/fy = 0
0.04
1.4
0.03
∅𝑓 𝐴
0.25
𝑃
1.2
𝐾 =
0.02
1.0
0.01 0.50
0.8
0.75
0.6
0.4 1.0
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Appendix

g = 0.08 h
f /c= 3 ksi
2.2
fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.9
2.0
Kmax
0.06
1.8 Pn
e
0.05
1.6 fs/fy = 0
0.04
1.4
0.03
0.25
∅𝑓 𝐴
𝑃
1.2
𝐾 =
0.02
1.0 0.50
0.01
0.8
0.75
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Appendix

h
f /c= 4 ksi
g = 0.08
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
 = 0.6
0.07
1.6 Kmax
0.06
e Pn
1.4 0.05
0.04
1.2 fs/fy = 0
0.03
∅𝑓 𝐴
𝑃
1.0 0.02
𝐾 =
0.25
0.01
0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
1.0
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Appendix

h
f /c= 4 ksi
g = 0.08
1.8 fy = 60ksi
0.07
 = 0.7
1.6 Kmax
0.06
e Pn
1.4 0.05
0.04
fs/fy = 0
1.2
0.03
∅𝑓 𝐴
𝑃
1.0 0.02
0.25
𝐾 =
0.01
0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
1.0
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Appendix

h
g = 0.08 f /c= 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.8
1.6 Kmax
0.06
e Pn
0.05
1.4
0.04 fs/fy = 0
1.2
0.03
∅𝑓 𝐴
0.25
𝑃
1.0 0.02
𝐾 =
0.01
0.50
0.8
0.6 0.75
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Appendix

h
g= 0.08 f /c= 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.9
1.6 0.06 Kmax
e Pn
0.05
1.4
fs/fy = 0
0.04
1.2
0.03
0.25
∅𝑓 𝐴
0.02
𝑃
1.0
𝐾 =
0.01 0.50
0.8
0.75
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

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Updated: Oct 26, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of One-way Slab System

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 1

 Design of Concrete Floor Systems

 Design of One-way Slab System

 General Design Procedure

 Design of 90′ X 60′ Hall (Example)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 2

 At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

 Choose different framing systems for structures.

 Analyze and Design one-way slabs for flexure by ACI

 Recall basic design steps of shear and flexure.

 Understand the effect of beams’ spacing on slab moments.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 3

 Concrete Floor Systems

 Masonry or reinforced concrete walls

 Structural steel members

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 4

 Classification of Concrete Floor Systems

 Concrete floors directly supported on columns (with no beams)

 Punching shear is a typical problem in flat plates.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 5

 Classification of Concrete Floor Systems

 A flat plate that has a column capital or a

 The drop panel and column capital are

 Drop panel is a projection of slab at the vicinity of column.

 Column capital is a widening of the top of a support column Drop panel

where it meets the soffit of a slab.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 6

 Classification of Concrete Floor Systems

 Joist construction consists of a monolithic combination of

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 7

 Classification of Concrete Floor Systems

 A two-way joist system, or waffle slab, comprises evenly spaced

 Like one-way joist system, a two-way system will be called as

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 8

 Classification of Concrete Floor Systems

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 9

 Classification of Concrete Floor Systems

 Slabs may be supported on two opposite sides only, or on all

 Based on the behavior of bending, there are two types of such

b. Two-way slabs (bending in two direction)

 Both types will be discussed in detail later.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 10

Design of Concrete Floor Systems

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 11

Design of Concrete Floor Systems

 Methods of Concrete Floor Analysis

 SAFE and so on.

2. ACI Approximate Method of Analysis

 Moment Coefficient Method

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 12

Design of One-way Slab System

 In such case, the bending occurs perpendicular to the supports as

Bending behavior of one-way slab

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 416: Reinforced Concrete Design – II 13

Design of One-way Slab System

 Definition (case II)