REINHOLD CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SERIES Charles R. Wilke, Consulting Editor FLOW OF FLUIDS through Porous Materials ROYAL EUGENE COLLINS, Ph. D. Associate Projessor of Physics at the University of Houston and Consultant 10 the Humble Ott ‘ond Refining Company REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, NEW YORK 1961 P. KONMHHS TEYEHHUS KU ILKOCTEM wepes nopucmoe Mamepuasbl Mepeaod ¢ anzauticKozo PL SL CASIPAHHKA Mod pecaxyuet FW. BAPEMBMATIA MSAATETBCTBO MHP» Mockua 1964YAK 532, 546 MIpeaaraesan kuura nocosens sy¥enmo saKoKioN AuuKenmin akvAKoeTeh Hepes nopucrive cpeats, — donpocy IMeIOULeNY BECEMA UHPOKOE MpHMeeNE 1 passhtunMx oGsaersx wpkeHepnol xeRTemHOSTH. Saaymawan Kax yaeGHK KNITS War 3a maroM ReAeT ratear oF ocHooix ¢ilsnecKiX npeaeTasneMnit 0 opncrux arepuasax ss nacHulaouy HX *YUAKOCTAX Nowinfaniio pada goaoxno caOsKux saa O TexEHIH ‘auawocTeh a nopuerux cpexsx. px stow aotop etpe" IDTCA UMIABIETE OCHRE eopsmt 11 NozeNoHeTpliposaTL awGo2e onesie wareMoTiecsie npueMat .peueMie paceaxpuoaewtx saan, Kura coagpxur rocrarouoe wosuuecroo peuteuwux npumepos, 2 7aKcxe 2904 4 ynpakieWil, ueCLME noes UX ALIA YeuoemNR Navepuana, MOMeT cay RATE KOPOUIN, ‘BaezeneN 2 TeopiHo dunerpauun. Ova npeacraoirT Mi rrepec ana eryaeHtoo wepraiiuix nyaoB, munKenepoD aysnuax pacoriuKou HegraNo uw xaaMvecKOR mpomtatt- eioctity @ TaKKe ABR UInpoKOTe xpyFa cnewuaaKeToD apyrux o6sacrax. Podlonyus aumepanypee rho onpacass wamenamuteeniex iyi Tipeducaosue pedakmopa nepesoda Hsyuerme asinxenis axnaKocrell rasox 8 nopierstx epe- ax coctasaseT mpelsier OcoOoit Bers MeXAKUKH, OAYSIH- Iteli v nocaextue Torkt HasBaHHe NOASeMHOH FHAPORMNANKH, Cymeerayer owoabio pacnpoctpavestioe MitenHe 0 TOM, WTO HoLenwat FHAPORINAMIKA ABAACTER «npoBHNNaNeHo;y OO- DactbIO MeXaHIKH. Takoe MEH, OOWHHO BUCKABHBAeMOe He- Cheumaancranti, nplsen B ROCTATOUNo KareropuaHoll GopMe, He Mower OTL npilgweo npastapns, B cavom zene, 37a Derab MEXAHHIKH HAXOAMT BAPKHBIE NPIMTOKENIS, TAKHE, KK Hediranoe sLedo, HppHraIUist, XMMMHKO-TeXHOAOTHYECKHE M1po~ feces! 8 NAOTHUX CAO KATEmMIsaTOPOB H Ap. Bee ocHOBE Hear Hetpusnamenble BHseeKHe IypeKTaA (OeoGEHKO B oc- Hove Tex ce pasilenog, KoTopsle CHASAHLI C ABILACCHIEN HOA HOpOANLIX IKUAKOCTEH}; HANONeW, ON HeHbAyeT CoBpeNet- he MaTeNaTHMecKe MeTOR UB Mentastofl creneHH crocot- crayer ux pasoiTHo, ura P. Konaunsa, nepesenenwan wa pycesiit sant, safiner oco6oe mecTo B Hawell alTeparype NO NOALEMHOMT THA pounvauuxe, Ha pyccKom sauike ueeTes MHOrO pykosorcTs ho Homseuttoi rHApONMNAMMKe, ¢ PasAMUNDIX CTOPOH ocBeta toute stor npeaser: aro kwurit C. Hl, Apasnwa 1 C,H. Hy- mepona {1"]!, JI. C. JleiiGensoxa 12°,3"}, A. M. Tnpoepaaica [4P), TL. A. Tloay6apmionoit-Koanwon (5*, 6"), 1. B. Morxas send’ (71, B. H. Ieaxaveva [8*, 9°], B. H. Ueakesena BB. dlanyxa [16°], H. 8. apxoro [11*, 12°, 13). Hpi seem Goraterse W pastiooSpaatiit CoepIAHII ITHX_KHHT HE TORAE: RMT conHento, HTo npeasaraenas Kura P. Koaamssa 6yxer X BHM MeHHEnd Aoromertes, TaawHeist OGpasom Oaaronapa Deca YAauvioMy iSAoKeHINO MaTepHara, jaovKaum oTNCNEHa npngeTeHaR m KOMUC K pa, aobanaentian pexaKropon nepesoas. — ITpux. ped, 1 anteparyKuura conepaxit xoctarouto aeranpiuil avaana wget ¥ thaxros, aexautx B octioBe npetwera; aBtop He cKyrMuTeR Ha OGncHeHA, Korma pests Mer o auLcHeINMN gnBHMeEKOH eye HocTH Tex Hai HHKIX NpeAMOCLEAOK TeOPHH HH NeTOLOB Ke. epiienTanbioro onpeeaenus pywaastenttamaux xapar- ‘TepuctuK duserpanonAX ABNKeHMi. BMecTe ¢ Tem pacter- ble MaTeMaTHYeCKHe MeToN SauMaIOT B KHIIFe HloAMMNeHOS MecTO: aBTop 8 Ay'eM cAyMae jaeT oO HHX HeKOTOpHIE NPE. CTannenis w epaay ake nepexoniT K peayavraran. Tasoro po MeToAMMeCKHX yKagaHMit xocTaToANO jLaa cileuaquctoD.C Gomnuiel marewatiyeckoit noarotoskoll; ann HauilalouLNx STH YkasaHits MoryT OKasaTbes HedocTaTOUMLIMI, -BcBsiaM € Mest B HACTORULEM HaxaHlINt yKasaniM HeKoTOpBIe sieTepaTyp- BIE HCTOMAHKH, KoTOPKIe TOMOryT Gouiee jeTaLHOMy aKaKOM ety ¢ waTemaTitieckini MeTostantt Vsnoxeate tovereio astopom 0 snoane cospeneHiux Bonpocos, cocrasasiouix npeamer ceronumunix uecnelO. Baunit 8 noxseMHoi ripoamiaxmse. K coxa.tenino, anrop. No-piiauMoMy, He 3Ha% PaGoT coBeTeKHX cneuHanicton, TIO OGeAHHIO EFO KHUTY; B epenOAe AOaBAeNL ccuiAKH Ha OC HOBHMe paGoTH, AoKOmHAOUME coRepAATIE. KHNETH Mpeanaraewas kuira P. Koaawisa oxet Gur ncnoab- SonaHa Kak yueGHoe nocoGite gas cTyxeHTOB HedraHLx i xt MINKO-TexHOWOrMUECKHX CMeiambHocTel: oa BLIFOANO. OF aiaeten OT HeKOTOpLIX yueGuuKoR oTCyTeTDIeN HIcIHUNeTO MaTepHama, HepenKo BK.ioaeMOrO Mo CyGueKTHUBHIM COo6. Paxcenusms. Ona Gyrer nonesiia HayuwoMy paGoTunKy, anep Bile CTOAKHYBWeMYCR ¢ HOAGeMHOM rHApORMHaMuKOl H Kena omeny aoctatouo Guetpo w oaHio yesouTh ee ornuecKite H uonveckue ocwowsi. Kara, wecomitentio, npexcrasit iit Tepec Ja WHbKeHEPOB WH HayYAKIX paGorANKOD epraHOl Wm XIDMHYeCKOH MpowBIULIeHHOCTH, a TAKE AAR uEMpOKOTO KpYFa enewnaaneros 8 Apyrix oGnacrax. P.M. BapexGaamn Hs npeducaosun asmopa Alainsene xWAKocTen Yepes nopHerne warepuans cay. 2KNT BAAHETIUIIM OGReKTON LA psula OGaacTelt MhtxeHep oH AeateabuocTH. Sianie 3aKOHOR 3TOrO ARINKEHHA HeOGXOMNO Hebranoit npomiuiteniocti HB MexauuKe rpyHtoB, m THxpo- Hori W catittapHolt Texsuke; Gea sHanua STHX 3aKoHoS He: 84, HanpHMep, BBISCHHTH ocyMeCTEMMOCTL BLIABHHYTOTO. He~ AaBHO NpELTOKEHHIA SaKayNBATe palNOAKTUBHLle OTXOAM HeToweHine Hesprawite naact, ZLewkenitio skuAKOCTell 8 NopHerux cperax nocemeHa oGwiipwan auTepatypa, Ho KuHT no stoMy Bonpocy, HacKO.t- Xo MapecTio aBtopy, HanicaHo scero naTb. Cpein HHX Be Ha pyccko aauiKe, OHA Ha dpanmysckoN iW TOAbKO Be ita auraniiekom: Mackera (Muskat M. F., Flow of Homo- geneous Fluids Through Porous Media, N. Y., 1937) 1 Lei. aerrepa (Scheidegger A. E., Physics of Flow Through Porous Media, N. Y., 1957). Kaagan wa stux apyx kite Hpeactanaser coGoli mpesocxonHoe wcesenoBaNue cnewsa.tL- HBIX Bonpocos paccMarpusaeMoro aBIBKENIA *KILAKOCTEN B xntire Mackera wceaestyetes aninkesite onoposwol 2kiL- KocTH, pivem raasktim oGpasoM HecRMMacMOl >kUXKOCTH, 4H eonganiiie c 3TH cHoficTsa peenui ypaunenus Jlanaaca, Hanporus, » kuure Wefiaerrepa wsysaiotea nour nee Tint saaa4 0 ABWKeNUH MAKOCTeR w nopuicTHIx cpeax. OaHaKo ona Cxopee npexerananer co6ofi o630p autTepatypul, npexnasiaven Husil {I HaY¥HEKX pa6oTHMKOD, HM He MOET cayAUTE yueS- wukow. Taki o6pasom, nonxoasuyero yueGuinka mo oGeyrKa- ewomy npeawery Her. Tpeararaemas knura sanymada ka yueunk aaa wupoKoro kpyra wirrareneit. Ho raapiuim o6pasom ona petnastiavena AA MebTANMKOB: CTYMeHTOR, HiDKeHepOB HM HayYHLIX paGor wuxon, Hen 3tof KHlIrH — iar 3a ularoM necrit cTyxeHTa oF OcHOBHBX dpisi¥ecKHx MpercTasnennh o nopuictaix marepHa- aX H HACHIULAIOULIX HX RHAKOCTIX K NOHNMAHIO pata o- BOALHO CHOKMEX sata o TeYeHMM KUAKOCTeM B OpHCTUX cpenax. Tipw stom raasioe suMnadue yaeaneTen acHoctH nocTa: HoBOK paceMarpunaewnix sanauTip wanvcannn Keira me aenanoce nomrkn coGpary KonAekWHo pewenntsK sa1a4, NPHTOAMEX Aaa npHAORCHT, Antop etpestiiaca BuinpiTs ocHOBEL TeopHn m nporeNoHeTpH- onary HanGonee nonesHWe waTeMaTHMECKHE Apliembs euler saaay. Jan opnenttupoakn ctynenta copmyanpoakax PeWeHIAX SaxaH 8 KITE NpHBeeHO AocTaTOuHOe KOTTNECTBO Pewenmax npumepos, Kpowe Toro, » Kouile KaXJof ranst Hneloten sagan Aan’ nponepKH yesoenna Marepnasia. Hexo- Topble Hs STHX saaN COLepAKAT RAKHI peaysbTaTEl, He BK.HO- seimue B teker. Pasyneetes, ana npenodanateas, us6pan- wero sty KHHFY B Kavecrae 'yHeGnnka, He cocramnt Tpyna NoLOpaT AonoaKiTenbHBIe MpHNEpL. Maremariueckie MeTORE pouleHiis pada anaraeuex a: NGonee caoxK MX 3aRay He OTpaKeHM B KMNTe, TAK, HaNpH Mep, Np paccMoTpeHNH sueAeHMBIX MeTOROB ONYIeH MeKO- Tophle Cao HBIe NoApoGHOcTH, OaNaKO BO BCEX cAyuasX mpi BoAATEA CCRLIKH Ha ONOaHOFpadiO B KOMlLE FAR, TAK HTO Mpit XeAAHNA HeIoCTaIoMME CBELeHHA MORO NOVepMAYTS Hs a Tepatypes. Tipit aren Kunirn ot aurareas tpebyeren auanie Guu Horo Kypca MaTeMaTHecKOrO aKamH3a HW HeKOTOpoe SHAKON- cTBo ¢ oGosHaueHHANH nexTopHoro aamaa. OcTalBHble He OGXORIMEE MaTeNATHUeCKHE CpeAeHHA npHBOANTCA B KHHTE, Bee npuipoaiiute n Kure ypanenna we conep»kat amu NHX SiCAORDIX MHOKUTeReH, NTO AoCTATHYTO 3a CHET HOH BoRaNna ciictemts corsacosammerx eanmimt. Vs taKix cucten peanourenie ovAaHo cHeTeMe canTiMeTp — rpavM — cekyH- xa. Ha WeKoTopuix pieyHicax, sawMeTRoRaNHAX 3 auTepa- ‘Type, neTpesaioten i apyrie eM. OnnaKo BeaKuA pas a 30 WeTKo yxasuaeTea, Abrop npmitocit cnom napiHeKHs 3a Gonee vem Kpatkoe YtontHakute o TypGyeMTHON TexeHtMA B NOpuTAKX cpetax, — bo MuOrHx OOndieTAX MMKeHEpHOl JeATeNHOCTH TO TexeHNE lurpaer naxnyio poxs. Ho stect npHuiaoce exenars BuiGop. Tak Kak MaTepianit o TypOyseHTHOM ARIOKeHHH HezL3A OBLIO AKmOWTH Ges yuep6a Ana ACHOCTH H TOAHOTH sanOKeHHA APYTHX BoNpOCoD, OTHOCAMXCA K AAMMHApHOMY ABIKeHINO, KoTopoe npenetanaaet mepsocteneyxnili mHTepec An nesta Holt npomemuaennocti ABTop o6A8aN MHOTHM CHOHM APYSBAM H ConpyANHKaM 3a Hx coneficrane H copeTsi ® npowleece paGoTs ad KHHTOI Mion, 1961 P. Koaauna raaBal Cmpykmypa 1 ceoiicmea nopucmox ‘Mamepuaaoe 1.10, Crpyxrypa 1 KaaceuuKanna Tlopnetuii matepnan 9 caMom umpokoM embicre enona — 9T0 Tpepaoe Teno, coxepxkamee nyeToTH. OnHaKo Mostbii Me- TaLAHMeCKHi MULANKP, HaMpHNep, OOKIMHO He CHHTAIOT no- piteTim watepnazom. 'Caexopareasio, TONATHE opucmoi cpedee wyrRnaeTeA 8 Go.tee TosHOM onpeeneninK. [IA aLHx nesiefi Gyxet zoctatouum onpereants nopicTui MaTepnian Kak Tneploe Ten, conepaKamee OTHOCHTeAHO MHOTO nyCTOT, COOBUIAIONIHIXCA HAH He COOGMIAIOULIXER MeRKAY COGOK H pac” Inpenenenmax anyTpH Teza yRopanoveHHsM TaN HeynOpALO- ‘entins oOpasox, Osenb aiorme ectecracune nekyceraensie waTepianst snasioTes niopucTuiwis. Beapo ¢ neckoM, rabiGa usnectaka, KOK naTH HAH KyCoK xAeGa — Ace 3TO npliMept MOpHCTEIX tea, Kak Crpyktypa nopiicTsXx MaTepHasoR, Tak # pasmepy nYcrot MoryT OWT secbMa pasHoopasHEM (pic. 1-1). Ho Hecorpa Ha 970, HeKoTOpyiO KaaccuduKauwio nYeToT po necTH MoAKHO. Ecsit HEXOANTE #3 NlOneAeHINA XKHAKOCTH BHYTpH NopiicToi cperdi, TO NYCTOTH No HX pasMepaN MOXKHO NoApas- AeAuT Ha TPH OcHOBAWE rpynnb. B caMBIX MaseHbKHX ny- CTOTAX cHaBl MOeKYAAPHOTO BAAHMOReHCTHHA. MOKMY KIA KocTbio H TepAbIMH CTeHKaMH ONeHS BENIAKH. StH meabsafiuice yCToTH HasHIBAIOT MomeKYampHLIRE open. B caNBIx Gozit- WX nycTOTaX ABIDKeHIIE OKHAKOCTH AME acTHIHO. onpe: AeaweTeA ec SaiMonelicTalie co cTeHKaN; TakNe nycroTSs nastisaion KasepHaat. Hakowet, mosioctH, ‘samustatouite 10 CHOHM pasNepam MpoMeRYTONHO NosOKeHHe MexAY Kapep- HAMM HW MONeKYAApHSIMH Mopawn, HasEIBAIOT MpocTO nopaMH. T Towne, nopuerumi marep#azauin sxasunawre Taepmue rea, conepaauiie xoerarouno Gaxbiiow Komieerne ncrOru,, Kapakrep Mul pasMep Koropux saa epanmiteaLio © xapakTepHum paswepom reaa. = [pus pe 8Hopis MoryT Girt A6o cooGiuaouyuatica, NO necooGuato- tyusuca, Teaeune xxAAKOCTH 8 NOpHETO! Epere BOBMOAKHO AHI B ToM cuysae, Kora HO Kpaiittelt Mepe HeKOTOpHE 3 NOP Co OGmaioTeR MexkAY coboit. Coomatomuecs nlopsi oGpasyror ‘axmuanoe noponde TpoerpancTao, Bee Hops — d6uyee Moponoe pocrpanetoo, Pure. L 1. Clpauepis apyposuax nopucrinx warepuaa0n Geenenaparioe. yoeanvenne) — Amnecor © am Hworaa wo pasnepast Kaaccprnupyior TaKKe uM nopHl B ocodenoct 970 oTHocures K MgBeCTAAKaM Ht otoMuTaM, 8 KOTOPIX BisleJuoT MeCombUlOTO pasnepa nops!, o6pas0BaB- ulmecn B peayastate pactopeuuia nlopontt. Mx HaseIBaioT ace Ouse, @ aaHsiTOe HMI KpoctpancTEo keodoesLs Topucrste matepaasi no ux eTpyktype pasaeasior TaK- ake Ha ynopadownne W Reynopsdownnie. Tax, Hanpunep, paBHaALHas YKAaqKa OAMHAKOBKIX wlapos OGpasyeT yOpATO- ‘ewuuil dopueTill waTepiiaa, acTpykTypa kyeka x1e6a — mpi Mep HeynopsilodenHoro HopueToro MaTeputa.ta, 10 1.20. Crpyktypa xapaxreperuKu B Goasumuerse ectecrseHilx H uieKyceTHeHLIX HopHeTEX ea yerorit pacnperesems Gecnopsouno. ostomy erpyke Typa TAKUX Ted MOKET OLITh OUeaMa ToAGKO CTATHCTUMECKIL Oanako Texene xKUAKOeTH DyTpH STHX Tes _c MAKPOCKOT- NeckoR TOWN 3peHH MURHO OMLHCATS NOcpeNCTBOM TOWHO onpelennembix sein, Takoe nozoxeHue oveH® HanosunaeT auanorHunoe NosoxKeHe B KHMeTHYeCKO! TeopaMt rasoB. Ecai UpM_asikpoonitcannn pacematpumacmble nepeMenubie 8 city HX Go.bulloro WHeTa MB cHAY cAloAKHOCTH CHCTENI LOTKHE Tpakrowarben KaK caywaliubie, TO Mp Maxpoonucaniin aocTa- TONHO BBECTH HECKOAEKO BOA MaKpockonHuecKUX onpe- ACAREMEX pen. Aeranbvoe uectexoBaNHe SavieHMocTH MaKpocKonUyecKHX ceolicta nopucrbix MatepiatoB OT CraTHMeCKHX XapakTepHcTHK x sHKPoCTPYKTYped GiscIO MpeaNeTOM NOTH TeOptl. BGo.tb- umucTse us STHX Teopuit OlipeeaRAACh CBRIH MERAY NaK- POCKOMHMECKHMHL XapaRTepHeTHKAKM MaTepHaTOB M apacnpe~ Aenenuem top no pasmepan [3]. B HeKoTophix Teopiar, OTHOCAULIXCA K PUXABIM, HecHeNeHTHPoRAMMBIM MaTepHataNT, MakpockonivecKHe XapakreplcTUKHH cBmguiBaalteD —C «pace upedeneniem sepen no pasmepav» [12]. Xora taxue reopHt B siaWHTeAbHO! creneNH cHocobcTByIOT MOH IMAMIUO OCHOBIEAX qusuueckitx npoueccos, npoTeKaiomux BAYTpH mopHersix €PeA, oll, BOONE TOBOPs, He HloMOraIOT PellaTs maKkpocko- nuweckite ‘sataun, Makpockoniveckyio Teopiio Tevents xkiAKocTeR B nOpH- CTHX eperAX, KaK Hl BeAKYIO MakpocKOMiNecKyyIO TeOpHIO, MOH Ho crpowt AByMa cnocoawn. Ogun 3 WiKX cocroHT ® TOM, ‘ToGis BuBECTHL onpexeeHHBIe MaKPocKoMHuecKWe saKouK, Mexoas M3 cTaTHeTHHecKof MiKKpocKoMIMeCKOH TeopUMt (I1O- AOGHO TOMY, Kak MakpocKonMuecKuil saKou Boias noaywaer- CA Mo KuueTHecKoR TeopHH ras0B). LIpyrofi cmocos 3aKI0- HaeTeR 8 MpHHATHH OcHOBHMX MakpocKonHeCKHX saKoHOR Kak 3aKowoa, yerawonenitsx oKcrepuneHTa.teHo, Tak Kak WH oma Hts eyuLecTHYIOULUX cTATHeTHYECKHX Teo Pui TeveHitA rKIELKoCTeH B OpHeTUX epeax He oMNcuBaet YdonseTaopHTEAbiNIN OGpasoN Ce snITepeCyouLile Hae WaK- PockonimeckHe Anaenta, To 8 STO KHUTe NpHUsT BTOpoh cnoco6. MukpockoniweckHe mpoueccst MH xapaxtepHeTittt ETPYSTYPHH ulOpieTHIN matepHamOR paccMarpusatorer anti uTocToabKy, MocKOmEKY 3To HeOGKORHMO Je TOMMAHHA MAK PocKonAWecKHX saaeHiN. B caenytomix naparpaax onpenensiores nm pacewar- pitbaiores MakpockonieckHe XapakTepHCTHKkH NOpHeTHIx eper, Urparoutite BAPKHYIO por NpH gBIOKeNHN rNRKOCTeH 8 nopie crux cpetax. Bee oni npetetasnnor coGoli xapaktepucriiki Goauuitx oGeMon cpexel H NOITOMY MHeIOT eM TOTSKO A OGpaauon nopHeTite MaTepHaROR, coepAMUE oTHOCHTENLHO Gonitioe wiiea0 nop. 1.30, Mopneroers. Topitetocriio riopitetoro marepiiasta Hastimaerem ona ero Guero oGvewta, npiixoxmmteroca Ha nowt. Jaa store napa- MeTpa Mbt OymeM YnorpeGsTs OGosMaeHne m, XOTA HOTA uenomaytoren fH @. Takie o6pasom, nopiicTocte, onpexense- Nas cooTHoMennet O6xew nop “OGiuir o6veN* (il) npenctanaser coGoit Gespaswepmutt napawerp. Tax Kar wacTo o6ulero oGxewa warepnana, » Koropol eT Hop, Santa 3epHaN TwepIOrO Tesla HA CHsSyrONIOM BeUe- crboM, To orcioka eneayer, +170 OGuew rneprore rea a ay Moro onpexeaitTs Awe nopierocrH: aBcomomnyio, wat 06- tayo noptieTocte, iM aknueAyio nopHcTocts, AGconiotHas, Hak oGilax opweTocrs — sto oTHoUleHHe oGweNta BCeX Top K oGmeMy ouemy O6pasita; akTHBHaR nopucTocTs — oTHoILIE- tite oGuewa cooGmaiounixeR MexKIy coGolt mop « o6uleMy OGveny oGpasiia. Muorite ropHtie Moponkt yaikannyecKoro APONEXONAeHT MMCIOT BEICOKYIO OBuLyIO MOpHCToCTe, Wo HesHauitTenbHyio axruBilyio. AGTHBHAA MopucTocTs maxeTeR RoKasaterem Mpoxttiaeioerit, wo We ee mepol 1.31, Hopuctocts expyxrypa Tlopxerocrb sauncu? at erpyktypm moprictoro MaTepitaza. Sry sapuicimocTs MoxHO npociemuTs, usy4aR npocTehuie MoleaH, HANpUMeP NpaBiLAbHO YroKeHHBIe OAMHAKORELe WApET 12 ait Opyckw. B taxoli wonem# xocrarowo paccmorpert, oxy aueiixy (pic. 1.2). Ha pie, 1.2 nokasauti xa napniansa npasiasion ynaKonkn oaiaKosnx ‘urapos: KyGuneckit 1 pomGosapuyecnitii Sri Pure 1. 2 Yaaanni ommaxcatx wapoe (Fpsten W dpesep, 1935). Caooa—nyouuecs, capsaa— pouderapuvecnan Pure, 1. 8. opaa nops: nas anyx yknayox ommnaxous luapas (Fparou # dpesep, 1935) Cacea—ny6nsecnan yaauaea, chpana-— pondovanayeckes. Bapiiawtia npexctasamiot CoCo caxtyto xnpoctopuyioy 1 ca- Mylo ennoTHyio> ynaKouKH, KOTOpHe MoryT GuITb Toaysent INDW MoNOUH OANHAKONE:X Miapoe. Popa riop, npuxonauLnxen Ha ody nveiiky, nokasana aaa THX Awyx caywaeD Ha pmc. 1.3. ‘Sra opata Mop oveH ripocta no epanuesiuio © opwoti Top LupHponvoro Nopictoro warepiana, noKasariolt aa pie. 1-4 Ha pic. 1.4 noxasana gelierbnrenbnas popwa nop 8 cliewen TupowamHoM mecwasitke. Ona Guula noaywena nytex acta: Ha necaanuxa cnazauom Byxa H nocseayioutie pacTsopeHien necka, 3[poston m epeaep 18] paceMorpean meets pasawanrx enoco6on ykaaAKit omHOpOIABIX mapon. TlopHeTocte p 3THx llecTit CAyUaSX IEMeHSULACE B MpeseaaX OT 0,255 (pono- oapnueckan ynaxoska) 0 0.4764 (KyGnueeKaaynaKonKa) Ecill OMWMaKODMC Waphl He YkJaauBAT cieMtanbHo, A npocto HacHiNaTe NX B KAKOH-HNOYAB cocya, To eABA AH ON Pine. 14, Tumnian nopa © necuannee. yaowates npaviiastio. Tlowrit wasepHoe posHuKnyT oGnacrH Secnopstownoit crpyktypsl, m KoTOpEIX GyAYT nonaTaTHCA He- NpasuiabHoh Gopmbl mepenetuKs, B pesyabrare nopHcrocrs Takoit CHCTeMM OKMKeTEA ONeHD BAICOKOF. Bee, 470 GbisI0 ckasaHo 0 wapax, OTHOCHTe HK XOpouLlo OTeOpTAPOBAHHOMY Hecky, B KoTOPON NeGo.uIINTe YuaeTKH ¢ npaBHADHO ynaKoB- Koil 3epeH OGnaNO Guinaior oTaeaeMs Apyr OT Apyra oGAacTANIt Gocropanownoi eTpyxTypst. B oGaacwax GeenopsxoNHioli CTPYK TYPM, THE HMCIOTEA HepeNBINKH, HopHicTocTs oKasBIBaeTeR HeWSMeHHo BHIe MopHcToeTH, CooTNETeTayIOMeR HaHGonee NIOTHOM tipaBHbHOM yitaKoBKe. Tlopuctocte cicres, cocranenHofi 13 onWHakoBBIx wapoB, ‘TeopeTiveckit He Ao‘DKHa SamiICeTS OT pasMepa apoB. OmHaKO “4 i ee ee ANA ReTPEGAIOULIXCR B NpHPOLe MaTepHanon 9t0 Ne Berna une mecto, Hamepenna nokasaai, To Aake 8 TukaTe”bHO ofeoptiponanieix neckax mopwcTocrh yseauunpaereanpi yMewbwexnn pasmepa sepex. Tlocaeaee spnserca o6ulin Tpapisnom Aas cerectoeHMBIX. PHIXABX MaTepitatoB, coctOR- MHX 1 OAHHaKOBLEX TO PaaMePY SepeH: Hem Mele pasNep 3epeH, Tes Gosbitle nopuicTocts. B upmpoawsix marepiaiiax, COCIOHULIIX 3 HeosHaKOBAIX No pasmepy sepeH, nopuctocrs sannenr or pacnpexerenus sepex lo pasmepas,. Pasamuire B paswepax sepen nosnonner MeHBUIM 3epHtaN PacnonaraTscA B nOpax, OGPazoBaMMtsx Goasuninsn. B pesyavtate nopwerocrs noninKaeres. BooGue NAOxO oTCopTupoBaNHee MaTepiIais oGnaAaion aKawutTemtO Mewbueli NopHicTocTbIO, Nem XopoitO oTCopTHPoBAMMBe MecIKO- sepaiierae matepnants 1.32. Bawsmue wa nopucrocts Koncoanaanmn a yoaoTHeHns, Ynaotueniie ~ 3ro npouece ymeuburesnt o6nema Hox AclicTauem npiaoxkexworo BHeumero Aannenia. Koncoatta- Uuelt HasbiBaeteR Mpowtecc coeaHMeHIiA SaeNeHToN OCcHOBHOTO Matepiana neMeHTEpyioMM BemectaoN. Y MexoropHx npiipogitix nopHeTsix Te, TANK, KaK raneH M Mab, a TaKKKe Y BOTOKHHETEX MaTepitazios Tiina cykHa H OY- Nari YasoTHeHHe woxKeT BHOHBATE IHaNHTeAbILLe KaMeKeHtA nopucroct. Hanpori, nopictoers oveHn Taepabix. Mare- pHaob TNA KeapilesorO MecKa MeHREFCR necbata Mato LARK oa Aclicteitew AoBonsHO GoabuINX apseHi Tlog Relicrpiem oven» BAICOKHX AaBreHM Bee MaTepManet MenbiTHBaloT HeKOTOpHle NeoOpaTmsle HaMeNeHHiA opHeToctH nesexcrone Aebopmanint 1 paspyuienus acpeH HAW sveMeHTOB ocHoBHoli nopoast, a uMOTAa H acKexCTBIIe nepexpucranni: sau, Han6ozee saxkusi hakropox, BnitmonuN Ha nopeTocTt. FopHbIX Nopos, ABARCTER HX cileMenTHpOBAKHOcTS. TlosaraoT, ‘fo citeMeHTHpoBaHHte OcatOUHIE HOPOAL BOSIKIH NS pUIX- JAX Neckon, MORBePTUNXeH sHaMTeAbHOH NeNeNTa B Te NeitHe reoaoriueckoro nepHona. Llewext, KoTopstit npenMyut creeHNo pacnonaraetes 8 NeCTAX OsIDIUNX KONTaKTON MERAY BepHaNi, B GosbIMMHCTHE Cayaden yRaeren OTANUITTE OT NepBO wawaAbMIX sepeH waTepHaita no ero XHMMNeCKOMY cocTaBY, 15Sanoanenne noposoro npoctpanctra wewenTupyiouun yta- TepHatiom NpHBOANT K ckaBHOMY noMIUKeNHO. HopiterocTi Cuenentiponaintinn Gsisaior Taicke 1 HeKyccTBEnmMe no puctute marepnasit. K wnw oTHocaTca KepaMiki, MeHocTeK.0, nevomeraauasi. Bce 310 — warepiiany, noapeprinuecn sHaun- Teabioft KoNConHAaii nox Aeficroues naapentna Cpeait ncex netperaiouinxea enpnpoxe mateptanos wait Sombuni ananason nsMeneniis nopuictocTi oGHapyxkutpaIOT ralt- iil. Hx ectecreentoe erpoeHite—caonictoe. Bootle ronops, OHI vel rurpockonmtu. HexoTopste raimibl, TaKHe, KK MONT MOpHAAONIIT, MOTyT HorAoTiT KoaHeCTBO BOABI, —panHioe HECKOABRIIM HX COBCTHEHHLIM OBMeMan; pH 3TOM OHM CxLAbHO naByxaior. Tak Kak sepa rain npeacrannsor co6olt ovens wenke AACTHNKH, TO CHeAyeT OxsiAaTe, HTO OH OKaXKYTER pecbxa BocnpHisnBeia K exaTHO, Tlostoxy nopHictocTs rain Zo Ha YNeHDUIATDCA ¢ YBemeHeM rayONKEL HX sazeratiun OR opepx#ocrsio sewn. Hefictertenuo, Sen [1] yeraxositn To aMeHeHHe nopHeTocTH ran C rayOuNO! onueLnaeTeR opmy.ioi m= mye", (13) TAC_nt —cpeawsia nopicTocTs nopepxHocrHsx rani, @— noctonmitan, 2 — ray6uua nox nonepxnocrsio sem. Hs 3THx AaHHEIX CAETYeT, HTO B TO BHeMA KAK NOpIICTOCTS NoBEpxtO- CTHDIX FaKH SaKkmoueHa MexAy 0,40 4 0,50, nopitcrocrs ral HuicToro caaHlla (KoTopEI npexctapaser coGoH casio CKa- Tyo ramuy) Ha ray6ntte 1800 41 cocrananet cero auiuls 0,05. Ecait cliewentHpowaunocts Ml cxaTHe npuBoaAT K NOH 2keMO MopilcroCTH ropHlsX NOpos, To ApyrHe, BTopHADe ¢haxtopsi, ctpemarea ysennunre nopucrocts. K uM oTHo- caren npouecess BhmerauMBaniia H duanuecKol sposiit, KO- ‘TopbinHt ConpoBOXaeTeA TeveHe FPYHTOBLX BOA B NOpHeTHIX nopoaax. pumepst kpaiiueil crenerit nposnaeniia nropiaHbix MpoueccoB MoxkHO MaGmoyaTh B ecTecTReHNLIX KanepHax, MOZOONLIX KapacGaekum KaBepiaM B Hito-Mexnko, 1.33. Hamepenne nopuetocri Hs onpexenena nopucrocti caeayer, To aan ee HaxoH AEWA ZoCTATOYHO USMePIITh qOOWE Ane 13 Tex weATIUHH! Guero’ OGteNa, NopoHoro OGseMa 1 co6cTHEHHOFO OGueMA Marepiiana (oGvema Trepaofi dash). 6 Tp amo metoa, HanGoace wenocpeacrscumit cuo- 06 cocrouT B Tos, ¥To cHawasa ssMepaeren OGuLiH OGveN oGpaaua, sate o6pasett paspyuraetea, nce nopsl yunuToxKa ores H aMepaerca oGuem TRepaof baa. OroT npltest Hacro ApHMeHAIOT dam onperenenus nopucTocTH Kipmiva i Kepa- suki. Haxtepaeman Taxitm cnocobom nopuctocts — 30 06. mast nopnerocte. Meroa, ockosanuui wa pacunpennu rasa, 310, noxaayi, cammii pacnpocrpavensaf aeroa MemepeHitn axTuBHOR nopncTocTi. On aakmovaerca 8 Tox, To o6pasel, noeutaior cocya, HanoaHeMHbii BOsLyxOM Hal ra sox, Outi OGvem o6pasita, o6veM cocyaa H AaBsteHtte B CO” cyae aomxits Okt» HianecTHNs. SaTew cocya, & KoTOPEI NoMeuLeH obpaseu, coeauusioT ¢ apyrim 9naxynpopanumin cocynoM. Odvexs storo cocyaa TaKKe AOMKeH Obit WsBecTeH. Hawepie HsMeHeHHe RaBseliA, KoTOpOe NpousofizeT B peaymbtate Ta- Koro coeaitHeHta, MOKHO, icnomaya sakon Bolan — Ma- puoTra, Noxcaitrar» noposuili oGweM Ho opmy.ne Veep (a re V., — o6uinii_ oGvem o6pasua; Ve—oGvem cocyza, m Ko- ‘Topsi Hoewent oGpaseu, Vy — oGxew sroporo (anaKyiiponatt- oro) cocyaa, P,— HavanbHoe aaBaente, Ps — Konestoe anaente Pacuimpenue rasa stenoapsyerea vo mHoritx pastioo6pas- Hix npH6opax Aaa HaMepeHiin akTHBNOM nopricrocrH. Metoa, ocHopamuuih Ha pacumpenmn rasa, mewee TodeH, eM ApyrHe meron Metoa warketanma pry tu. Stor merog ocno- 0H Ha TOM, HO npit aTMocHEpuion AaBAeHIN pryTS He NpOAIIKA- er norpydenitill B Hee OGpaaeut, Tax KaK ona ero He CMAMIIDA. er. Caexosareabio, o6uuiit oGvem oGpastia woxker Outre onpes AeneH no HIMeHEHIHO ypOBHA pryTH B wtepttoM cocyxe. Ect cocya ¢ pryTblo H norpyxedibiw B pryTs OGpasiion TepweTit NecKH 3aKpbiTb H cHAbHO YeeaHUHTTS AaRNeHNe, TO pryTb BoMLLeT 8 noptl, cxan saneprat B Hux BOBAYX Oo MpeHeSpexKuMO ma- oro o6vena; Torda BoWeRWIH BAYTpD o6pasta OOveM pryTH Gyer panew o6verty nop. TIpeuymecrsoxt storo Merona anaaeren HenocpercraenHoe onpesenetie Kak oGuiero, Tak H noponoro OOueMOB. C mpyroH cTopoubi, STOT meToR He OWeHE TOUeH, TAK KaK OGBeN, SaHeTHit cakarum’ posyXoM, ocTaeTeA MeonpedereHHbiM. Eule oi 2 ann. 602 uvMelocrarok storo Meroxa cocroHT B TOM, FO nocAe npore evs usmepeHtit OOpased oxaauiBaere aarpasHeNH pry- Talo (WlecNoTPA Ha paszitHBie wepsi no OMHeTKe) Hy CAC SaTEADHO, MenpHromMN AMA AAAbKeHUNX HeMTaHNI Meroa, ocnosawuwh wa nsmepeann HaotHoc TH, Tak kak Macca nopiieroro marepita.za Hei ‘Kom cocpeiotowena a sepHax Ht cexaylontes warepHaae, TO M= ps. Vs. = po, Vows (5) me M — acca o6pasua, py, — coernentan naotwocth me Teptana, po, — o6ulaa nazoTHocTs o6pasia. Oreoaa it us ypasnenus (1.2) nonyuaer (1.6) Odinan naoTHOETS MOXeT GuITe aerKo wafineHa nyrex BypeLipania oOpasiia H onpexereNuA ero o6ulero OGEeMa npH HOMOULH OGHUHBIX HsMePeHHil, OCHOBAHHLAX Ha NorpyyxeHIN OGpasia B 2kHAKocTS, Tpit STOM B KavecTBe 2KHAKOCTH MOET GuITE HenoabsoRaNa pryTs, Ho ayNUle NPHMeHATE BOLOHENpo- uudeNbie NoKpuiTHA H HCHoaBaoBATe pony. Ecaw o6paseu par- PYUMITS, BoReCHTS u HBMepHTs OGveM HopoUIKA ECE TEM KE CflocoGoM norpy.KeHHA BOKHAKOCTE, TO MoxKHO GymeT onpe AeaiTs coeTREMyIO NaoTHocT. NaTepiasa. B_ pesyabraTe RpHMeHeHiis 9TorO MetoLa onpeenseTeA oGuLaR nopticTocTS. Mero mponutku. Sto meron npaworo onpe- AeAeHHA AKTHBHOTO TopoBoro OGveMa i, eeTOBATEAIBNO, ake THBHOA nopueTocTH, HawleMUNKi uIMpoKoe npmaeneHHe B Hed. TAHO npombiuuenHoctH. Ox ocHowAH Ha TOM, TO GoablilTH- TBO HHCTEIX FOpHbIX MOpod Xopoltio céauHBaeteR BORO! MAO StoMy Bnittupaer Boxy. Taki oGpazom, ecait oGpasen, 43 Kotoporo orkawan Bosqyx, norpy3iith 8 Boxy, TO npHMepHo Nepes wexenio ero aKTHBHOe NopoHOE NpocTpaHeTEO GyZeT We AuKOM SanomTHeHO BORO! K Macca HacHLeHWOTO OGpasiia OyreT pacna M = M+ 0. Vew (7) FRE py, — naoTHOCTH Bo;LI pasa. Orciona 1) w M—nacea cyxoro 06: w—M Va. = (1s) Heodxormmntit Jaa nsinérenns nopiictoctH oGutnii o6sew Vo, samepsicted Ges upienenis Kaxoro-s1H60 samLNTTHIOTO 0- KPuITHA Mo BHTECHEHIHO HORM HacKIMeHNbIN BOAO O6paatON. Ecau ne cuittate Goabiioro npomexkyTKa BpeMest, Hy:KHOrO AAA MOAHOTO HACHULeHHA OBpAsiLa, To MOrKMO CKasaTS, TO 9TOT MeTOR HBMePeHHIA MOpHCTOCTH OAK H3 AY4UIHX B COBpeMeHOf npaxtuxe. Cratetnweck#i mera, Tax xax ncrpewaiomnecs B NpHpoxe NopHicTHie MaTepHaat OGxaxaioT HeynopsoNeHHO! nopoBoil eTpYKTYpoit, TO NOBepxHOCTHa nopucTocTD (po: cwetiiocrs) Mpovsnoabnoro ceveNHA O6pasita AOMKHA coBna- Rats ¢ ero OGvertHolt nopucroctsio. [IpocverHocrs onpese- CIRETCR KaX NOAA MAOULARH. NAOCKOTO ceveHHIA, NPHXOAAMMAACA a nycrorl. C apyroit cToponl, oa papa BepoxTHOCTH cy- WaitHoro nonaxania ToNKH 8 OGaacTb, sansTyi nycToraMt, Hanepast sty sepostHocts, moxHo onpeneanTs nopHcToct 1 Stor nprimuin Guia nprenex Yoxan, Kopapuaton # Tlap- xow [5]. Onn nenoassosaan yaeaniennyio winxpobotorpaipiio RPoHsBOALHOTO ceMeHHA HlopHeTOrO waTepHaaa, Ha KOTOPYIO Mworo pas caywaitntim o6pasom Gpocaant iroaky. MoxHo 10- Kasarb, 470 npewea, K |KOTOPONY CTpeNHTeA OTKOMIeHHe HHIC- 212 nonazanni octpiit titoakH BOGaacT», saHATyIO NyCTOTANH, K oGueny sHeay Gpocamnit uroaKH, KorAa 9TO mocaenHee GesrpanniHo yseanuinaercs, pase m. Sanerin, To Tak Kak Ha oTOrpapuN Hs0parKeHEL coo6- imarouitees Ht HecooGmaiomMers nopsl, STOT MeTOR AaeT OOULyIO opxeracts. 1.40. Yaeanian nowepxuocte Yoeaonas nocepxnocme % nopuctoro Matepwana onpese- AmeTER KOK NAOULAT BHYTPEHHHX noBepxHocTeR Mop, mpi XoRmilaste Ha eiHHy OGreNa waTepHasa. OxeBHAHO, ¥TO y maTepiatos, oGaaAaIomuUx meaKosepHHcToll cTpykrypoii, YlenbWa nonepxHocTs HawNoro Gombe, Hem y MaTepitasi0n © Kpynuosepmnictoft crpyktypoik Yreabian lonepxoct tirpaer Goasmy!o poas pH npoek- THponawHt uABTPOBAABHEIX, PeAKTOPHEIX Hi HOHOOOMEHHLX KosonH. Owa sB.tseTes TaKKe na&KHRIN napaMeTpoM, onpe- AeARIOWI TIpoHititaeMocTs — cnocoGHocT nopiieroro. Ma ‘Tepwana nponyeKar wepes cea wKHAKOCTS. C oto TosKit SpeHisi ee suanenue OyseT nogpoGHo oGcyxReNO HILKE B CBASI © ypastenven Kosewt (a. 1.51). x 19Yaeawnan_novepxnocts upeneranaier co6oit owouenne AaowaAtt K Gwen H uMeeT pasnepioets L=! 1.4L. Hamepenne yaea Holl nowepxnocT#t Tak Kax cTpoente mnytpemteit nosepxsioerH atoGoro np Poautoro nopiicToro MaTepHasta ONeHb CHOAHO, TO yreaLNan MowepxHoeTE woreT OUTL onpeseacta ToABKG craTHeTHAC Kil WU KAKEM-HHOya KOCHEHHLIM MeToON. Hinke acres onteanite Tpex Takux weToxOB, Cratuctaveckui werox. — Paspatorannuti Yoxan, Kopuumon i TMapxom [5] erarietiueckiii wetox onpexenemta nopitcToctH Gaia pacnpocrpauien UNI TalOKe H Wa onpexenesite yaenbuoit novepxHocTit. B stom cnocoée, Kak H nperkie, HenowBgoRamact yBeattueH- Mas B 11 pas mitkpototorpagiia nponsposbHoro ceueiHs nopH ctoro watepitaza. Ha sty dotorpadino mnoro pas cayuailuo Spocann uroaKy am 1H moxewiTBas Meno f cxyuaes HonaxawiiA KONA NFOAKH BHYTPS Nope! H ulicO ¢ cHyNaeS epecewewis irosikolt KoNTypa Mopss. Yaenbitan novepxiocts S onperensaacy no ¢opmyae Aine aM ny as) Koropan moaywaetes 13 teopitt bepomuocre Sto aysiu Meron onperenenus yaessoi nosepxnocrH 8 compewessiofi npaxtitke. AncopGutonnu wetoa. Kommectso na- Pos, KoTOPoe MOKeT Guts axeapoupowasie owepxitocTiO, SapieHT oF ce nacwagi. Ha stow npimugime octiopall pa Teopiil onpexesenus yaessof nosepxuocr [2]. Oxnaxo ancopouroHNbte NeTOAH onpexeeMs YzeabIoll MoBEpXHOCTHL HMeIOT OxNK oui HexocTatoK. Kosituecrao axcop6KposaK- Horo raaa Hai Mapa nponoptiouazbio ruiouagn noBepXiiocTHL MYcTOT scex pasNepos sHACTH AO MesHaliux MoneKynp- ux utencil. TlocaeRute ke ne AOmKHEL YulETaIBATLCR pH OM PemeneNuuH yAesbHOH Tovepxtiocrit, wuirniomeli Ha revere wuAKocTHL Merod, ocHosanumi ia nenoarsoze Hun TeveHNs xHAKOCTH, Ypasiennte Kosent nan ypaewenue Kosew — Kapniana (06a ou pacenarpuaaioten 8 n, 1.51) ewasueatot nponnuaesocrs nopiicto epema ¢ ee Ylesouoit nonepxuoeriyo. Ha stom octiowan wHpoxo pactipo- erpanennsill enoco6 enwnenenns yn HoMepentiaw nponitiaenocri ‘Caelyet oTMeTHITb, HTO BLNHeAeHNHE ynemMNO;t NonepxMocTH px nowous ypapienta Kosexit coxepasitt sHauMTeabHYH0 osH0 neonpenenennocti (cm. n, 1.51), Conocrasjenne Toro cnoco6a_ onpenereniin ynenbHoi opepXHOCTH ¢ APYTHMH MeTOLANH Ous0 MPoBeKeHO BDyKcOM w Tlepeeaow [2] cabtoll noRepxHocTH Ho 1.50. Mponuuaemocrs Hpoxuyaestoome —~ 970 exoiter8o lopkeTaro warepHiana, XapakrepHayioulee ero cnoco6HocTh nponyeKath vepea cc6a 2RIIAKOCTS NOL JelicTaHeM npiowKeHHHoro rpasteHTa AaBNeNA TIpommuaenocts npercrasaser co6oi mposodusocms m0 on owen x aed. Tlapamerp, supaxkaiountl sty nposomwocrs, Ox snepstie seexen Mapeit » 1856 r. (ck. 1. 3.11, 3.30). Tlostowy ypaa ewHe, KoTOPoe onpedesieT NpoHNaeNOCTS Hepes HINEpsIEMBIe Beautuitiel, Hasuimaeren aaxonoxe Taped Ecam imeetes ropisoxransitall npsmoninelintit yerao- supunnfled NOTOK HeCKHMAeNOH WIKOCTH BRON o6pasua nopueroro marepiana c xauuoa Li nnowaxbio nonepewsoro ceventin A,70, Mo onpexterenitio, npowiitaestocTsio NaTepHama waahinaeTch seamtitia K= garny (1.10) Snech q — oGweMBUM PacKOR IKUAKOCTH, | — BAaKOCTH KH kocti, AP — nepenax xasnenis wa aamue o6paaua L. Beawauia npownuaenocta K onperetsetes erpyxrypoit nopuctoro watepxana. Hs ypapwewnsa (1.10) puso, uo K HMecT paswepHocts keatpaTa wiHuu. TIpouinaemocth K stenierea rpyGoll mepol cpeaNeknaxpariuxoro nopoxoro i anerpa. Crpyxtypa wmoritx nopHeTHx Matepiasos o6saxaet xanpasaeniocrsio. Tlostomy ec separ mponmuaemocr> No OTHoWeMIKO K NOTOKaM, NEPNeNAMKY.ARpHNM KAaXKLON rpawH xy6a, supesamioro us Takoro NaTepHasta, TO ue HCE ee oHeNe- wits TonyMaTes onNHaKOBMNH. Takile HopiteTive MaTepitacit Haapmaiotes aamaorponupnen, Hx caolicrsa pacenaTpupaiores bon. 3.32 HauGonee wipoko ynorpeGamewax exinuna HaMepenis npowtiuaewocr — aapen (d): 370 mpoxuuaewoet TaKoro 21Marepana, KoropoM nepenan AaaneHHA BI ame monnep- akupaer pacxon xwAKocTH BT cxt*/eex mpm aAaKOCTH, pabriof 1 caxrunyaay vepes Ky6 c aamnofi pepa 8 I cw. Taku oGpasoM, _, tex? jeen)-1 (en)? ae aay Jka ovens caaGonponnuaemex Marepiaron ynorpesaserca ‘exintuna HaMepenta npornuaeNtocra wnazamtapen (ad), Pasian 0,001 d. Tlpexse vem nepexoanti x MeTOAAN HaMepelHst npo- ituaewoetH, pacewotpus MoxpOGHO saxon JLaper. 1.51. Crpyxrypwan uurepnperayua nponmuaemocrH Onpexersewan saxonow Jlapcn mpormuaemocts npexcras- Aner COGOH MakPocKonHueckyi0 XapaKTepucrHKY fopueroro Matepnana. Tlostoy Meet eMiies TonOpHT» o MponHAeNocTH ToabKo GoabiHX OOpasilos, COReprKAIKHX AocTATONHO MHOrO Top. Oxenuqso, sro npouiuaemocr aonkHa onpereasrscs (3 Gonee usnit menee craTHcTit¥ecKoM cwniene) reoMeTpHe MOPOBO!I eTpyKTypa watepnaaa. HBectio Moro nomsiTox costars ‘Teopiio, CBAINDBAIOMYIO TeoMeTpHeCKyIO CTPYKTYpY. mopH= cToro Matepiata ¢ nporuuaenceToIo. Becswa noaksiit o630p stux Teopait cxenan Hlelizerrep [19]. Paceworpim Hexoropse us Hux, B teopim Kosean [II] nopucras cpera mpencras- sigeTeR 8 BILE CBASKM KaNHAApHUIX TPYGOR paswol AzmHHL. Tlonepeunioe cevexne tpyGox Moxer Gut» MpowBonpium Hexoga a pemienus xnaccneckix riapoaiiamuueckix ypas- Henmii Aix meqtenvoro yeranosunueroea teveuna, Koaenn HoKasan, TO MponutaeMocrs sto cucrems sannewBaerca B Buxe Da Te ¢—GeapasMepHat nocromtnan, saBHcam\a ToAbKO OT Teowerpiueckoll (hopMes nonepeHoro cevemus KaniuAaapHLX ‘TPYGOK, npHyem K wmeer pasMepHocTs KBazpara Anus. Jt Kpyrogoro cevenus c= 0,5, s18 KBanparHoro ceveHust ¢ 5619, RAR ceveHHIA B Bue panHoctopouero Tpeyroas nuka ¢ = 0.5974, Bermunna c naaupaerca noctoaunolt Ko- sen. Bnocaerctann OuiaK nperroxexs tivorowmcnenie ycor Bepinenctnosaniia ypannienia Koseun. B onHoM H3 TaKHX ye 2 Ka (1.12) i Bepiuenersosanuii npewaracten yHecTs, uTo TpyOKH ToKA B nopacToit cpexe CKPHBNENM! H, CAIeROBATEADHO, NYT, mpo- NOAMMEM 2KUAKUN YacTHAMH, GombUNe AauHD OGpasa. Ta- Kut oGpasom, ecan BBecTH uSmUAUCMoem v, oMpeReAeMyIO Kak OTHOUIeME cpeaNell AouHB TaeKTOPM AWAKOM 1aCTHILEL 1B o6pasile K AAuHe oGpasua, TO ypaBHeHNe Kasexu MoxKHO BIAOHSMENHT cHeayIouKHM OGpasoM: (1.13) Upyrie nujonsvenenus ypasienit Kosenn paccmorpentt Bpyxcow w Tépcenow [21 Ypaprenua tana Kosenn tpyano mposepats, Tak Kak TPYAKO onpereante wtesanucuno Nin t. Kpowe Toro, Gespas- MepHEtht KoxppuuHeHT ¢, onpenedmemsl Ha npaKTuke umi- Piveckn, oOapyaumact saMeTiINe KONeGARHA Ais passiNNHBIX OGpasuos. H Bee xe, weeworps Ha 970, Teopna Koen conep- meHHO onpexeneHHO YkaSHBAeT Ha ASANMHYIO CBS HeNHSHH m Nek, A[pyroit noxxox Kk yeranonteHito caasH MexRy Moposol cupyktypoi marepiiasia n ero nponmuaevocToio TakoKe OcHOBAHL Ha ncrionn30saHiih KaMAaspHof Moret, Ox saKaiovaercn B BHUNCNEKHH MpoHiuaeMocTH MyTeM cTIOADIOBAKUA «pac perenenita nop mo paswepar». Topnctuiit Matepwan cxona aaMenAeTes cBAIKOH KaNHAANpHAX TpyGOK papHoli AAMNB\, onepewtoe cevexHe Acex TpyGox cuitraetes KpyroBHN. Panny cat TpYGoK npeasioaaraiores pasznusiumul, pacriperenenue TpY- Gok Mo paxuycam sazaetes, Teenie axnAKOCTH B KAKO TPYO- Ke onucsipaerea 3aKoHom Tareva — Iyaselina, Sto nossoainer BLINEAHT MpOKIaeMoeTo M caMBaTe ee ¢ pacnpenenenten ‘py6ox mo paanycaw. Bépaaii, Tope n Peiixepu [3] AOBONHO YerteMIHO MpUMEHHLAH STY TeOPHIO K CCATONHAIM MC- PoxaM, Henonpsys pacmperenexne nop mo pasMepam, walizen- Hoe MeTotom KarkeTanua pryri (1. 2.30) Hago nonarate, 70 reomerpis Tlopooro npocrpaxersa PUXABX HOpHCTHIX MaTepHa.tos TecxKo coszaxta c HopMoli 3eper W Wx pacnperesieriiew flo pasmepan. KpanGuex m Moxx [12] HoKasain, HO AAR MecKOB MOAKHO HaliTH CHAI HeKOTOPHX napawerpos paciiperenesua sepex mo pasmepant c mpoui= uaewoersio, B wacriiocrn, » caywae Kora ¢hopwa sepen GansKa x cipe- Puseckoil pactiperenetine sepen to pasmepamt ( onperesiaemoe pH MOMOMH cHTOBOrO aKANHsa) GAHSKO K rayccoBOMy, OHTA 3OGHapy KeHa CRASH MexkAY NPoHHaeMocTbio, cpeRHereoMerp Ht: NeckinM AWaMeTPOM sepeH HW AucnepeHel dyHKUMH pacnpe- aenenus, He aanasice » zaabHeiiusee usywenne crpyktypHBx reoputl ApowtuaeNocrH, MoxkO Ha OCHORANLIM yike cKaaHHOrO Cae- late onpezenenibe nuBoasi. A uMevHo — nposuuaemocte oma Out NponopulionaaeAa KBaapaTy WeKoTOPOrO eped. Hero aiiaMerpa aM paguyca H AosLKHA cYLeCTREHNO sasncerL oF crenenit pasmasannocti dynkiunt pacnperenenia nop no Pasmepam. Paaymeeres, stu ake (bakTopee onpeneasior TaKiKe 4 yaeabHyto noBepxiocrs Matepuana, oTKyRa enemyer, WTO ‘Teopiin Koaesu crasana c pacnpexeneniien nop no pasmepant . PAXTOPHI, BAMHOWNE Ha NpoHNNaeMocTE Nopuctsix mavepuaaon Voaorwenwe. Ynaoriemte ywemtaer we roxKo hopictoct», Ho nposiiacsiocty Mazepitacion. Ocobeitto: pes, Ko.9v0 npomnnetes y nowokwicrisx Tea (GyMara, Noannghon. Mote wlaTepiaats, apesecia). B. Messuiell crenett —- y puix. 180 (HH€COK, NoponKH Hs THepABIE aepeH). Jas SHaviTensHorO CHIPKeHIA tx MpoHtuaeNocrH rpedyroTes ye OrHoctTeALtio Gonsurite caktnatouie yeni B eaysae xe xopoio citeNesruponawitiax cpex (ocanouniie topos) aaMerHoe cinikeHte npowmuaeyocrn BenbacTen ToMtLKo Over Gonsuninn ZanteduaM Y storite waTepHaiton JabiicuMocte hPotitiaeNoerit or npuaoxeuWoro. AaneMM leer Xapakrep xpitofi ¢ HactameniteM. Tax WTO, nocae Toro Kax AaneHie AocTuraeT HeKoTOpO! Reni, ero Rasonel luee Yneninenite HsweHster npowtuaeNocTo stliss Beata ‘eabiol| ereneHi, Sto noKaaaNo fam HecKOnMKiK oCaRoNtuaN hhopog via pie. 1.5, HaGyxamwe rawn. Mnorne cxevesruponauue hecvanuKit coRepaT HeKoropoe KoniHeCTHO NAMEN Ma Tak Kak rates sontMopiiaoAtonoro Tuna B. snaunreabiol crenexH noraouiaior mpecHyio Boxy i paa6yxaror, To. npo- suiuaewoers npipoanecx necawukon oKen citisno cuiniacten, ecall Aas ee isMepentis ynorpeGnnior npecityo Hoay.. B one: WeTHe caysaeR MOAHO IGexATD hadyxamme hall, Toco Aub Boay XaopHeTIsM HaTpHEM, kn XnopiteraMt Kase BumeasavuHpaune. Tak kak yraekicni Kanbunit ® kakol-ro cTenett pactsoperen n none, To mpi Tellin nec: Hoit OAM B nopHicTOM usBeCTHSKE MpolIcXoANT PacrBopeHHe 4 HAM BeutenaunBaHKe cTeHOK Hop. STO NpHUoAHT K YBeRINEHIO npownuaemocru. Has yerpanenus spbekra numienaunpadiin TDM WsMepeHiax MpoHituaenoeTH NOHO B KavecTBe NpoKa- suBaemol 2KUAKOCTH HCTIOMBsOBATE waciameMIth pactBop yr Jlekucaoro Kasia. 0 aod ain tas aa 8000 — faux P B nopoast (arr n Asenc, 1952). Fo cen sGouiee: crater asngenas igysifaeini): 1 dyxmfamint Mexanmueckoe usmenouue ctpykTy pu Crpyxtypa perxiex aatepiianon npetepnenaer vanerenite nO, BansHeM AelieTByIOWHX Ha Septia Ham wacTItUBt MeXaHTHECKHIX CHa, BOISbIRGeMLX TeNeIIMEM Yepea vaTepHaN NAIKOII 2KURKO- cr. STH ilsseweHus 8 eTpyKTYpe MoryT NORAMAT Ha MPO: niuaeMocre, 1.60. Tunmmme snasenus nopucroct#, nponuaemocTH 4M yaeasnoi nowepxHoctH B raGaiue 1.1 npunogsten shavenus rpex ocuosmx xapak- Tepueruk nopueroit eperM tn paamimaBx Matepuanon. His 25 2B. saw. 92Ta6auga 1.1 wawsecane cnoficrsa THniMEX NOpHeTIX MarepHasos 1950) TaGAUNs BIAHO, B KAKUX npeReIaX HsMeHmOTeR ocHOBHME XapakTepHucTHKH. 1938 1938 1948 Bane, 1.70, Pacnpexesenue nopucrocta 4 nponmnaemoctH | 8 MPHpoAMEX NOpHeTHX MaTepHasIaX Kapaa lepana Macker, 1937 So Tak Kak e1pyktyPa npHpoAHDIX nopHerbIx MaTepHaoe Gonee nan MeHee HeYnopatoveHa, To Ne YANBNTeAIbHO, WTO Input ussepenMit MopHcToCTH H MPOHMUaeMOCTH Ha HeCKONDKHX : HeGon unix oGpasitax onsioro W Toro 2ke Mavepltaa peaysutanbl ‘ Nonyuatorest pasnsim, Boobie Saino saewenio, WT0 pesyaib- ‘atu naayyaroTes TeM Gonee GaHaKuMit, Hew Gorsmero obnema Gepyren o6pasitis. Io obbsicHAeTeH creRyIONLM oOpasoxt. Pacemorpitt Gasmoit Kycok mopueroro Marepiasta H Mise ctenio pasgeame ero Ha Mane ateMenTapmate NpaMoyronb- Hue napanteneninert. Berencrane Geenopsxostoctn mopo- Boil CTPYKTYpH! Mel HOnyAHAL HeKoTOpoe pacnpereIeHMe sTHX t s21eMetiTod fio opitcrocTH. OGosHaNiis cooTBeTcTByrOMyIO Spy HK luitlo pacnpexeaesus sepes F (m), tax uro F (m) dm ect Aon SweMeHTOB, MOPHCTOCTD KOTOPHX SakmioNeHa MeEkLy aHave- uaa mH om + di. | Cheatins no Bees saeMeHTaM nopricTocts Mm, calexopatenb- | 1 Ho, Tlopictocts cero Kyeka papka ‘apa 29140 3.0 2.1074, 5-1074 agate | ere (eatfcat) 1,5-10%10-1 0.49 Tloprerocre 0.37-0,50 0,080,388 as | o49-0.5¢ mF (ny dm. 14) 3 Touno Tak se cpeatexsagpaTiuioe ork.aoHeHMe (amenepens oynxunn pacnpeneserus) suipaacaerea dopry ih | : o* = | (m—m)? F (m) dm (1.15) Teneps Npeanos0xkHNs, 4TO BIATO HeCKOADKO OGPasHOR sToro NopHeToro Marepita.ta, HMeIOMLHX OAMHAKOBHIt OBEN V. : Tipeanosoxun, aro Kaxkabiii OOpase paagesen Han 9eMeN- TapHEIX Mapasiaeneninenos. TopuctocTs oGpasta papiia ropnerish wareruaa (1.16) 7 edeareno anrovom. Pe m;—nopuctocrs i-ro stementapHoro napaaaexenunena. B cootsercrann © uextpansioh mpegesssiolt Teopewoii {22] ‘ ym pacnpenereNKA 1% Mo MOAHO Aas GomMUNX A 2 2 5 Pua Tlowea Hanecruax Kupawe KomaHpnGanweHHo sameHHT» rayccounM pacnpereaennent. Tax KilM oGpasom, oGoakaune OyHKWIO pacnpexereMUA 2.48 Mo, Hepes G(ime,), 14 OcHoBaNNN KeuTpasioHOll npeeabio; Teo pews! noaysins Gime 1 Visciyn OP ser} (tn pa yenoouy, uo 0< m<1. Hs dopmyasi (1.17) sano, ur0 Alicnepensa pacnpexenexua nopcroctn no OGpasiiam papa AMeHepeHH pacnpexeneris NopUcTOCTH No sneMeHTapHeM na PasaencnunexaM, Aenenuoll Ha | 7; cpeuue 3iiaenus 6 OGOHX caywasx copnanaior. Tax Kak wucTO saeMeHToR nm O6pasne MponopuHoranbio ero oGsemy V, To wabsoqaemas na oGpas ax AuenepcHa o6patHo Npontopuionaatita KBaapaTHOMy KopHio 43 OGwema V. Ecaw ofoanaunts o6sem suemewtaporo fapaamenens- nena Yepes e, To HonyunM, wo n=Vie, (18) 0.=Veo (19) TAC Jp, — AulenepeHA Pacnperenekua nopucroct#t no o6pas aw. Faia oven waseniskix oGseNon saewentapix napaa- aeseniinexos (2-0) etanosstTes poaMoxiMaMi TOKO RBA 312- ‘tenia nopucrocnit: 0 wan 1. Tipu 9ToM aoaa saewentaphiex Mapataeaermezos, usetouuix nyaeByio HiopHerocrs, erpeMitt cm k 1 — m, a gona saewentapinx napaanenenaneros, o61a AION HopueTocTHIo, paBuol 1, erpeMuTeR K m. Taki 06- Pas0M, woxkilo oxuAaTL, TO AAA HeKOTOPOrO KPHTHYECKOFO Nanoro sulavemua €, CRaXKEM © = &y, NOY 4 ostomy an im {Fn dm = (1.20) azn 28 rae Am— GeckouewHo waaoe npnpamenne m. Torta wa onpenesenus a caeayer o8 = lim | (m—m)? F(m) dm = m(1-~m), (1.22) H nlosTomy yHKiHA pacnpeenenna nopricroctH no oGpasnast, OGvem Koropix Ve, npiiunaer bie G (t1t,,) = V OGaact» npreuioeTH qopuysu (1.23) K npmpoxtisn HopHicrsna Matepuaaam necaIenosatia ele owen cx1ab0. O1HaKO pu nispoxe ato opny.n nenanbaoBaaucs TOALKO AONY'ULeNIA, v 5 ml — i) exp |— 220 | ass] i 8 240) 4 05 0 eas a5 ged aes G50 035 o40 Pie. 1. 6. Pacnpegeneime nopuctoct epean oGpasiina ofsewost 20 ca® sis nynGatinexoro neewauiika. LAR xawoil “KpNBOH! Guan He Mom. sosaiio couuie 100 ospaaito. Mo oon opamnar: AOay braid wher sunt nopfocre, w auonasone: Kpuaue coorsercenyer paghiustie RwisSalse ApoumuaewocrH # snsaeePcl reese Boat Ee) TO noponaa ctpyktypa mpocrpanicraenno Gecnopaoutia 10 V>ep. Xapakrepueriveckiit oGxem ey AOMKEH aaRHeeT oT pas- Mepon H cTenenH oAHopoRHOcTH Nop H moxTOMY jouKeN Guts Eyceasan ¢ NpouitaemocTsio, Sto Goto HccaeNoBANO AIA psina ecvanitkos. Ha pie. 1.6 nokaaais ape THinitunse KpHbsse Pacnpeseneniia nopicToctH, noctpoewmsie jaa BysAGallycKo. Fo mecuanuka is ‘Texacckoro Mecropoxseitin Tan. Kocr, Aas noctpoewua xpiBiix Ori BuOpa WTepsan HoplcTocti, oa L] aes - a24 * * ofp azol- — — ag ww a “ew sam nyaOaliexora’ necwanna, "To ocn epsuner: cpeavan nopucrocre, Pasusti 0,01. Ha pre. 1.7, 1.8 npunexena naGmoaaeman SabicnMoct» saeMeHTapHoro obbeMa eM epentell nopueroctn ‘m or nponituaewocrt, B Hacromutee ape eue we cosnana Teo pix, Koropar Gui AocTaTouNo TouHo onuicuBacia pacnpenenciine Mpotwiiaemocti w npupoawiix MatepHatax. Sto B MepByio ove PeAb cBABAHO ¢ TeN, HTO peayanraTe HEMepeHIIA MpOHHILAeMO- THB HeoHopoaHnix oGpasuax sapiieaT or Nanpapsenus noToKA 2xIAKOCTH, HeMIOEsyeMoit Am HaNepenui Hexoropie annie 0 pacnpeaestemin npomntaewocri ony6= antKopan! orgenbitunt Heerenonarens, Oauo Hs TaKKX pac- npesenenuit riokasao Ha pwc. 1.9. Baxnoli xapaxtepueri. Koit pacnperestenit powlttaemoctH sanerea ux aciaudfeTp ts Tostomy B npotkBononoxHocTs Tomy, Wo Ha6moRaetes a3 30 G8 T 26 - of ~ ~ + I ” > a ol ‘a 700 7700 7300 "iam BYAGaliuckoro,heceaiana 220 A as HH avo Yy 005 o 200 ata 600 80010001200 B40 Pure. 1.9. Pacnperenenme npowuaeyoer aaK nprpostoro necdanima (Joy, 1947), " "Mo oem aciuce: mprytaewcers Kopiictocti, HatlGonee acto HlomBAAioMeecs sHaNeRHE MPO HuuaeMocTH GalsKe K cpenienty rapMonieckoMy sHaNeHito bynmuunt pacnpenenenit, vem K cpeaweny apidverieckomy. Scaywae ae TopiicrocrH epenHeapipMerwueckoe snauenite nnaaeTes otopeMertho H HanGostee YacTO BCTPeHAIOULINC 1.80. Mexannueckne coilerna mopwerinx Marepanon OGunno B sananax o TeYeHHK 2KIELKOCTH B MOPHETHX Cpe jax MexaminiceRite eBolicTaa STHX cpea He Hrpalot pont. Oa- ako B ACTION cAyHAe FIYOOKO SAMEraIOULX OCALOSHELX HO- pod Nexammieckite cBolicTHa moplcToti cpeabl MOFyT KASH Bat onpexetetttioe BausIHHe Ua TeNeNMe MedyTH, BoAD HAH rasa, . ieee | | ‘ | a py | : ce = : (Nowa, 1950 seers wnacheno subse na Gyninhieasey. (On wcctounes C= HIeCer B nebraviofi nposmumenuocrit npooaiaes psa cenero- pannii no cxNMaeMocTitH KPOUHOCTHE FOPHAX MopOA. 2 CkMNaeMoeTh MOpHeTUX ropnux no- POA. Cxximaewocth onperenserca coorHoWeHtien 1a c = (24) Tye p — Bieulnee npHaowenHoe rHApocraTHHecKoe AaBAEHe. Flerko oGHapyasuDacres, TO eHKHMAeMOCTS nOpHETHX cper apucur or HopucrocrH. "910 noxasavo Ha puc. 1.10 4a Ke- eKOEKHX THOS FOpHEX nopon’ Pre. 1, U. Paspywienne e6pasuoe ropiol nopons nog avlicwwest Cxtnaiowed warpyaki (PooUCoI, 1959) Conpotusaenne cx&aT iio. TIpx Hsysenin no PHCTUX GBECTHKOD, NeCHAMIKOD Ht KAMAHCTINX CaaHED GLi10 YeTaHonteno, To HanpsoKesice CocTosHHe HopHcTO! nlopoa \ibHO BauseT Ha conpoTHBeHKE HopoaLs ExaTHO, B uacrHo- CTH, NeaHUIIa PasHocTH NEKAY AAaBeNHEN aHAKOCTH BUYTPH oOpasua 1 SHEMNHIN AaB.LeHKEM Ha OGpaseu onpenenscT Xa- pakrep Mexanuveckoro paspywienita. Tipit nospacraunn npe- BHULEHHA DHeMINETO AABreHHA HAA BriyTpeMMAME xapaKrep pas- pYulenus usaenseres oT Xpynkoro 10 BAIKOrO. Mpexen TeKY= SecTHt ¢ pocToM sToro npenuiienus yneunuunaeren [18] Ha puc. 1.11 nokasanmt ana sia paspymenna: xpynxoe paspymennie o6pasua (8 uentpe); BxaKoAebopUpovanHih O6- pase (cnpana); caena — Tumut oOpasen nopoan. T GimfaewveTl Nop H exuMAeNDETE sepeH workHO oNpeacATE Taxi 2ke o6paaom, KAX I O6MYIO CuNIeM OcTE; B Banaue § NOKAIANO, ‘ro 9m Benttunm cBxsaH MexkAY Cobol. Cxporo rosopa, caexoBao Gu pacemarpauare oraeabHo ammiitine nopoBere w RHCUHETO AaBaeHHh, FePesyanraris wekoropux nceaesosanuil, 8 ocoGentoetit uc: ewienosanii, npopoausuuxes 8 Repanineckon npoweiliten. xocru [20], nokasan, uro npowslocts nopicrax MaTepHacton, Moaseprinixen Koniconnaawwe, » auauiTenbHol creneHH on pe: AesimeTes cnocoGon, KOTOPEM KoHComiAaMLEA OcymMeeTAAaet. Tax, ecant Konconnaaua cyxoro nopuctoro sarepiana ‘npone. Xouluia nyre nepexpucraaausaunt nog aelicranen BielHero AaBAICKE, TO MPH BospactanK mpiLnoiKentoro Antena com npoTubireHHe Marepnasa cxaTINO IF pactmKeHio yReAIUN banoce.. Sananu 1. Honssysen onpexenesient nopuctocr, moKasare, ro cea oGpase nopiicroro Natepuana, useiouuit oObeM Vi Bopuerocta m, paspesath nan uacrell oGrena V;, 1 = 1, 2..., 70 m=4- Sm, va TRE Mm, — nopuictocty Ai wacrA. Paccnorpers TaKKe c ay¥all Kora V; oanwaxonss. 2. Moxasate, ro aH KyGiiveckoll ynakooKn wapon pa- auyea R rae rf — minmuManonetl paanye nope. Cpasiums mmueans- Mult paanye mopst ¢ BenuuitMOR K/m us Moabuuuponatttions Ypasrenita Kosexit, 8 KoTopox nowoKiiTs T= 1,5; ¢ == 0.36. (Hyscro yueers, sro mpi itsMepennm amie 8 cae Beauuina Mpouuuaewocri Ks ypaauenua Kosei noayuaercs 8 ca) 3. Henoanays Beipaxenus 219 cxHMaenocte nop cobcTaeN- Mo Marepuasta H epeats & uenOm 1s, Lov, 1 ave, opt Oe gt Cu eG Ca HoKasaTe, WTO HB OnpeseneHis MoplicroeTH caeayer Co, == (Im) e,, mea, Fae HHeKcaNtH 0., 7. Ht 1. oGosKayeNb! BenHUHHEL, oTHOCaMLUe- CH cooTHeTCTHeHHO K OGpasny B eOM, K ero TRepAOH YacTIT WK nopam. 3 10. 11 12 13. 1 15. 16. re Robinson L. I. 19. 0 2 22, 2 Chali Ley JW, . 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