2018-19 - Extraction of Water From Atmosphere

EXTRACTION OF WATER FROM ATMOSPHERE
A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirement for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
V.OM PRAKASH (16095A0119)
P.NARENDRA (16095A0117)
J.SREEKANTH (16095A0131)
B.VAMSIKRISHNA YADAV (16095A0133)
B.VAMSEE KRISHNA (14091A01F3)
Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr.G.Sreenivasulu Ph.D (IISC)
Professor and HOD of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

R. G. M College of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous),
Nandyal 518 501, A. P., INDIA
(Affiliated to J. N. T. University , Anantapur, A. P., INDIA)
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by N.B.A, NewDelhi, NAAC-A+ Grade)
2015 - 2019
R. G. M College of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous),
Nandyal 518 501, A. P., INDIA
(Affiliated to J. N. T. University, Anantapur, A. P., INDIA)
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by N.B.A, NewDelhi, NAAC-A+ Grade)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled ”EXTRACTION OF WATER FROM
ATMOSPHERE” that is being submitted by
V.OM PRAKASH 16095A0119

P.NARENDRA 16095A0117
J.SREEKANTH 16095A0131
B.VAMSIKRISHNA YADAV 16095A0133
B.VAMSEE KRISHNA 14091A01F3
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of B.Tech in Civil Engineering in the RA-
JEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOL-
OGY(AUTONOMOUS),Nandyal (Affiliated to J.N.T University, Anantapur) is a bonafide
record of confide work carried out by her under our guidance and supervision. The results
embodied in this technical report have not been submitted to any other university or institute
for the award of any Degree.
Signature of the Project Guide Signature of Head of the Department

Dr. G. Sreenivasulu Ph.D (IISC), Dr. G. Sreenivasulu Ph.D (IISC),
Professor and HOD Professor and HOD
Examiner:
Date:
i
Dedicated to my beloved parents, and teachers who have worked hard throughout my education.
ii
Acknowledgements
We deem it a great pleasure and privilege to express our profound deep sense of gratitude to our
Project guid Dr. G. SREENIVASULU M.Tech(IITK), Ph.D(IISc),Professor and Head of the
department of Civil Engineering,RGMCET for his able guidance, advice, inspiration in the right path
throughout the project. He has also taught us the time sense, discipline and punctuality, which indeed
made us to accomplish this piece of work effectively, efficiently and on time. For all these, we owe him
profusely forever.
We feel prvilege and honour to express our gratitude toDr. K. SUKUMARAN , Professor of
Civil Engineering RGMCET for the encouragement and motivation, which contributed to the sucessful
completion of project.
We are also highly grateful to Dr. T. JAYACHANDRAPRASAD,Principal, R.G.M. College

of Engineering and Technology, for his encouragement and inspiration at various points of time in the
successful accomplishment of the project.
We shall remain grateful to Dr. M. SHANTHIRAMUDU,Chairman R.G.M. College of En-

gineering and Technology who has been a constant source of inspiration throughout the project work
and we also seek his blessings for a bright future.
We shall remain grateful to Sri M. SHIVARAM, M.D,Lab Technician of Mechanical Depart-

ment in R.G.M. College of Engineering and technology who has been a constant source of inspiration
throughout the project work and we also seek his blessings for a bright future.
We shall remain grateful to Mr. Ramireddy , Lab Technician of Mechanical Department in

R.G.M. College of Engineering and technology who has been a helped in fabrication in project work
and we also seek his blessings for a bright future.
We express our sincere thanks to all the teaching and non- teaching staff membersfor constantly
cooperating in the completion of the project.
V. Omprakash
P.Narendra
J.Sreekanth
B.Vamsi Krishna
B.Vamsee
iii
Abstract
Water is one of the most important substance on the earth. All plants, animals and human beings
must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth apart from drinking
it to survive people have many other uses of water. Now a days on the world water scarcity is lack of
sufficient available water resources to meet the demands of water uses with in these region. It already
affects every continent and around 2.8 billion people around the world at least one month out of every
year.
In our project to overcome the water scarcity we are going to design the Atmospheric Water Gen-
erator. A Atmospheric Water Generator is structure (or) device that collects water by promoting the
condensation of moisture from the air. This device which is exposed to the atmosphere consists of a
turbine and fan setup which is used to pump humid air in to the device continuously with out using
electricity. Once the air temperature falls below its condensation temperature its condenses as a water
droplet and stored in the chamber and water collected by using pump. Atmospheric Water Generator
depends on the variable parameters like Temperature and Relative Humidity etc. and the theoretical
analysis of quantity of water can extract from atmosphere.
Key Words: Water scarcity, Waterseer, Condensation, Atmosphere, Temperature.
iv
Notations
AWG Atmospheric Water Generator
RH Relative Humidity
Pw Partial Water Pressure
Ps Saturation Pressure
Pa Atmospheric Pressure
T Temperature
Td Dew Point Temperature
v
Contents
Abstract iv
Notations v
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Literature Review 4
3 Fabrication and Experimentation 8

3.1 Materials Used For Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.1 Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.2 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Parts of Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2.1 Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2.2 Fan Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.3 Vertical Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.4 Collecting Pot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.5 Submerged Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3 Objects of the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4 Techniques Used For Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4.1 Gas Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.5 Procedure For Manufacturing Atmospheric Water Generator . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.6 Location Requirements For Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.7 Working Principles Of AWG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.8 Installation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.9 Water Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
vi
4 Quality Tests 17
4.1 Determination of pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2 Determination of Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.3 Determination of Electrical Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.4 Determination of Total Dissolved Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.4.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.5 Estimation of Chloride Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.5.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.6 Determination Of Nitrogen (Nitrates) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.6.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5 Theoretical Estimation Of Quantity Of Water In Nandyal Region 30

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.1.1 Climate of Nandyal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2 Basic Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.2.1 Relative Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.2.2 Humidity Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.2.3 Saturation Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.2.4 Dewpoint Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.2.5 Dry-bulb temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.3 Theoretical Analysis OF Quantity Of Water In Nandyal Region For Year 2018 . 33
5.4 Sample Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.5 Quantity of Water from January to December . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.6 Theoretical calculations for the Quantity of water from AWG . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.7 Result Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6 Conclusion and Future Scope 64

6.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6.2 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
vii
List of Figures
2.1 Daily yield in litres v/s Relative humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 Prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2 Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Vertical Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5 Collecting Pot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6 Submerged Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.7 Equipment After Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.8 Pit with depth of 6 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.9 Field view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1 Field view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.2 Field view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.3 Field view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.4 Test Results of Electrical Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.5 Test Results of Electrical Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.6 Test Results of TDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.7 TDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.1 Temperature v/s Quantity of water in litres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5.2 Relative Humidity v/s Quantity of water in litres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.3 Humidity Ratio v/s Quantity of water in litres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
viii
5.24 Humidity v/s Quantity of water in litres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.37 Quantity of Water in Varies Months in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.38 Relative Humidity (v/s) Collected Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.39 Humidity Ratio (v/s) Collected Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.40 Temperature (v/s) Collected Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
ix
List of Tables
4.1 Test Results of pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.2 Test Results of Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3 Test Results of Chloride Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4 Test Results of Nitrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1 Quantity of Water in January Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

5.2 Quantity of Water in February Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.3 Quantity of Water in March Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.4 Quantity of Water in April Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.5 Quantity of Water in May Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.6 Quantity of Water in June Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.7 Quantity of Water in July Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.8 Quantity of Water in August Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.9 Quantity of Water in September Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.10 Quantity of Water in October Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.11 Quantity of Water in November Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.12 Quantity of Water in December Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.13 Calculations for Quantity of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.14 Table of Dew point Temperatures and Wind Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.15 Quantity of water for Analytical and Practical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
x
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
The lack of safe drinking water and sanitation is the single largest cause of illness in the world
today. According to the May 2007 issue of Vanity Fair, Green Issue edition, almost one out
of every three people on the planet currently lacks reliable access to fresh water. With ever-
increasing water pollution and global warming, the conventional sources of pure water are fast
depleting and increasingly proving inadequate to feed the needs of the vast global population.
Also due to their inherently fixed nature, the water generated from traditional sources such as
rivers, lakes and ground need to be transported over long distances before final consumption.
This increases costs and requires immense amounts of energy.
In the ambient air water is dissolved depending on temperature and relative humidity.
Water- loaded air is a worldwide existing resource which has an inexhaustible potential. Tech-
nical possibilities for water trapping from air are already known from climate technology. A
process has been developed, in which the humidity contained in the atmospheric air is bound
by adsorbents and is later extracted as drinking water by means of desorption and condensa-
tion. This extractor of water form atmospheric moisture what we have undertaken is the good
extractor, it is very easy to handle and carry it will produce fresh water from the air. The
water produced is can be drink with safe.
Water is one of the most important substance on the earth. All plants, animals and human
beings must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth apart
from drinking it to survive people have many other uses of water. Now a days on the world
1
water scarcity is lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demands of water uses
with in these region. It already affects every continent and around 2.8 billion people around
the world at least one month out of every year. To overcome the water scarcity we developed
an equipment called Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG).
1.2 Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG)

An atmospheric water generator (AWG) is a device that extracts water from humid ambient
air. Water vapor in the air can be extracted by condensation - cooling the air below its dew
point. AWGs are useful where pure drinking water is difficult or impossible to obtain, because
there is almost always a small amount of water in the air that can be extracted. The primary
technique used for condensation.
The extraction of atmospheric water can require a significant input of energy. Some AWG
methods are completely passive, relying on natural temperature differences, and requiring no
external energy source. Many atmospheric water generators operate in a manner very similar
to that of a dehumidifier and causing water to condense. The rate of water production depends
on the ambient temperature, humidity, the volume of air passing to the chamber.
Atmospheric water generators extract water from the surrounding air which is free from
bacteria. The resulting water is clean and free of chemicals and other hazards. In areas where
water is scarce or polluted, atmospheric water generators are reliable sources of clean, safe wa-
ter. For domestic applications, they can reduce or eliminate the need for bottled drinking water.
In our project we deal with the fabrication of Atmospheric Water Generator and experi-
mentation of this equipment in this Nandyal region.
In Chapter-2 it deals with literature review i.e in this the different techniques to generate
the water from atmosphere and the results of that techniques are explained
In Chapter-3 the fabrication of the Atmospheric Water Generator, materials used for At-
mospheric Water Generator , technique used for fabrication working of this Atmospheric Water
Generator and experimentation of AWG in Nandyal region are explained with results.
2
In Chapter-4 the quality test of water is explained that is experimental tests of environmen-
tal engineering like pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity , Total Dissolved Solids, Chlorine
Concentration and NItrates of the collected water from Atmospheric Water Generator are con-
ducted and as per drinking water standards the results are discussed.
In Chapter-5 the theoretical estimation of quantity of water for Nandyal region for twelve
month of year 2018 are calculated by using formulas and result analysis are explained in detail.
In Chapter -6 the Conclusions of AWG is explined.
3
Chapter 2
Literature Review
WaterSeer extends the lessons learned from the experiments listed below accelerating the con-
densate process through an innovative structure that maximizes the temperature difference
between atmospheric temperature and the surface of the condenser.
S. Hanish Anand et.al. (2018)
Did on ” Design and Fabrication of Waterseer”. The waterseer is a centralized system that
extracts the water from the atmospheric air through the natural condensation occurring due
to the natural cooling of soil under the ground. with the waterseer system we can provide the
water around the arid regions of the world. This can provide drinking water for a society which
lacks available of water. The waterseer is a best solution to meet out the need of water in the
world.
Girja Sharan et.al. (2011)
Under funding from Gujarat Energy development Agency, Baroda and World Bank conducted
atmospheric humidity yield from passive condensers in a coastal arid Area (Kutch, India). He
derived the following conclusions based on three month observations. Passive condensers ex-
tracted significant amounts of water from the air at night in arid regions.
• Passive condensers made of polyethylene mixed with titanium oxide and barium sul-
phate(PETB) gives much higher yield - nearly 2.5 times- than the galvanized iron and
aluminum surfaces under similar ambient conditions
4
• PETB condenser can extract moisture from air with lower humidity than the metal con-
densers alone. High humidity, calm winds, clear sky and relatively warm ambient appear
to result in higher condensation yields.
Proof-of-concept field tests in India extracted an average of 1.75 litres of water per day using
a 9 Sq. Meter surface. A special coating was applied to the condensing surface. (BaSo4)
Super-hydrophobic coatings were considered but have not been tested and the daily yeild with
different relative humidity is shown in below figure .
Figure 2.1: Daily yield in litres v/s Relative humidity
Hassan and Jakob
Under the assumptions of Nusselts theory, Hassan and Jakob conducted analytical analysis on
the laminar film condensation of saturated vapours on the outside of inclined circular cylinders.
They used experimental results of the heat transfer coefficient for the concurrent condensation
of steam inside an inclined tube to compare with their analytical results. The analytical results
were 28-100 % lower than the experimental results due to the rippling of the condensate film,
which is not evaluated in their model. Besides this, developed an analytical solution which
includes surface tension effects to obtain the local film thickness on the outside of an inclined
elliptical tube using Nusselt-type condensation.
Professor H. P Roy
In the coastal areas the relative humidity is quite high (around 70-80 %). So, the air in coastal
areas can be used to meet the water needs of people by using a dehumidifier unit. Further the
solar insolation is quite high in these areas round the year. This can be used to provide necessary
power to the dehumidifier unit. Thus drinking water can be obtained from the atmosphere by
harnessing solar energy. Such a device is called Atmospheric Water Generator.
5
Anbarasu and Pavithra (et.al. 2011)
The water generator, made from air-conditioning and dehumidifier parts, can generate enough
amount of water to meet the drinking water requirements of a regular household. It also
addresses the need for safe drinking water in remote areas and responds to the impending
scarcity of potable water in certain areas due to the effects of global warming and natural
disasters. It can also replace or supplement the currently available water devices in the market
to reach the more remote areas.
A.Bharath and K.Bhargav
Atmosphere contains large amount of water in the form of vapour, moisture etc. Within those
amounts almost 30 % of water is wasted. This amount of water can be used by implementing
a device like Atmospheric Water Generator. This device is capable of converting atmospheric
moisture directly into usable and even drinking water. The device uses the principle of latent
heat to convert water vapour molecules into water droplets using Peltier plates that are pow-
ered by solar energy. The goal is to obtain that specific temperature (dew point temperature)
practically or experimentally to condense water with the help of some electronics devices. It
consists of a thermoelectric peltier (TEC) couple, which is used to create the environment of
water condensing temperature or dew point, indeed conventional compressor and evaporator
system could also be used to condense water by simply exchanging the latent heat of coolant
inside the evaporator. The condensed water will be collected to use for drinking purpose and
various other uses.
Figure 2.2: Prototype
Some theoretical equations used to calculate the quantity of water at different temperature
6
and relative humidity are mentioned below
Pw
HumidityRatio = 0.622 ∗ (2.1)
Pa − Pw
Quantityof W ater = HumidityRatio ∗ 1000 (2.2)
The atmospheric water generator used to generate water from the vapor has been optimized
to work at relatively lower humidity levels. CFD analysis was carried out to optimize the design
by changing the number of peltiers and if relative humidity is nearer to 45 % then the device
will function well and it will start condensing more amount of water
7
Chapter 3
Fabrication and Experimentation
3.1 Materials Used For Fabrication

1.Wood
2.Steel
3.1.1 Wood
1. Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and
other woody plants.
2. It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material.
3. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in

tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression.
3.1.2 Steel
1. Steel is basically an alloy of iron and carbon with a small percentage of other metals.
such as nickel, chromium, aluminum, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten etc.
2. Steel is a hard ductile and malleable solid and is probably the most solid material after
plastic and iron.
8
3.2 Parts of Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG)
3.2.1 Wind Turbine
Wind turbine is connected to shaft arranged vertically. One advantage of this arrangement is
that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be effective, which is an advantage
on a site where the wind direction is highly variable. It is also an advantage when the turbine
is integrated into a building because it is inherently less steerable. A vertical axis wind turbine
has its axis perpendicular to the wind streamlines and vertical to the ground. A more general
term that includes this option is ”transverse axis wind turbine” or ”cross-flow wind turbine.”
The working of the wind turbine depends on the wind velocity. The materials used for
plastic, Thick paper type. In our project the dimensions of wind turbine in AWG is assumed
and some models are developed and connected to the shaft. The different models are shown in
figure. The final dimensions of the wind turbine of AWG is decided by practical experiments
made by prepared models.
Dimensions of the turbine is
1. Diameter of the turbine is 16 cm.
2. Height of the turbine blades is 20 cm.
3. Number of Blades are arranged = 4
4. Angle between blades are arranged = 90 degrees
Figure 3.1: Wind Turbine
9
Figure 3.2: Wind Turbine
3.2.2 Fan Setup
In order to pull the moist air from atmosphere the fan is connected to the shaft of the wind
turbine and the fan is covered by the cone which is rotated with the help of wind turbine which
sucks the air and sent to the pot which get condenses in to water droplets. The material used
for fan is aluminum which weights 40 gm.
Figure 3.3: Fan
10
3.2.3 Vertical Pipe
The material used for pipe is stainless steel tube which is locally available. The vertical pipe is
connected to fan chamber and collecting pot used to sent the air to pot. The height of vertical
pipe is 6 ft with 4 inch Diameter. It is low corrosive material. It can bear the temperature up
to 1100 Degree centigrade.
Figure 3.4: Vertical Pipe
3.2.4 Collecting Pot
The collecting pot is made up of stainless steel with 12 litres capacity is connected to vertical
pipe. In this pot the condensation of water will be stored.
Figure 3.5: Collecting Pot
11
3.2.5 Submerged Pump
Using 40W Motor and it can be lift the water up to 2.6 m at a rate of 1100 L/H. Low electricity
consumption. Long lasting, Fully submersible and low heat operation.
Figure 3.6: Submerged Pump
3.3 Objects of the Project

1. Developing an Equipment to extract water from Earths atmosphere which contains billion
cubic meters of fresh water, which is considerable as a reliable water resource, especially
in sultry areas.
2. TO produce water from thin air.
3. The water generating from Atmospheric Water Generator should free from contaminants.
4. Design and Fabrication should be easy.
5. Fabrication with locally available materials.
6. Low maintenance Cost.
7. It is to be reliable.
12
3.4 Techniques Used For Fabrication
3.4.1 Gas Welding
1. Gas welding is a welding process that melts and joins metals by heating them with a
flame caused by a reaction of fuel gas and oxygen.
2. The most commonly used method is Oxyacetylene welding, due to its high flame temper-
ature.
3. The flux may be used to deoxidize and cleanse the weld metal.
3.5 Procedure For Manufacturing Atmospheric Water

Generator
1. The vertical pipe is connected thin plate which is connected to the pot.
2. The cone setup is connected to vertical pipe.
3. The wind turbine and fan setup which is connected to cone by fixing with nut bolts which
is shown in figure.
13
Figure 3.7: Equipment After Fabrication
14
3.6 Location Requirements For Installation
1. Hilly areas are more suitable because of the moisture content is more in that locations.
2. Places where wind velocity is high and moderate.
3. Low population density should available to avoid man-made obstruction for the equip-
ment.
4. Suitable terrain and geology on site access.
5. Large open fields are can be require.
3.7 Working Principles Of AWG

1. The working principle of AWG is nearly same as wind turbine,which converts kinetic
energy to electric energy.
2. But in this AWG is the wind turbine does not convert kinetic energy to electric energy it
makes to rotate the fan which sucks the moist air from atmosphere.
3. The atmospheric air is sucked by the fan is passed through the vertical pipe which is
condenses in to water droplets using the temperature difference above the ground level
and collecting vertical installed below the 1.8 M.
4. The generated water collected to using the submersible pump.
3.8 Installation Procedure

1. Choose the site for installation which is suitable for all atmospheric conditions and is free
from obstructions.
2. Dig the pit of 3 × 3 × 6f eet.
3. The whole setup of atmospheric water generator is placed in the pit and covered with
soil.
15
Figure 3.8: Pit with depth of 6 feet
Figure 3.9: Field view
3.9 Water Collection

The water is collected with the help of submersible pump the quantity of water collected from
atmospheric water generator and which is represented in below table.
Quantity of Temperature Relative Humidity in

Date Wind Velocity in m/s
water in ml in C percentage
31-01-2019 290 17 54 0.69
02-02-2019 310 19 58 0.83
03-02-2019 150 30 26 0.27
06-02-2019 120 32 29 0.27
14-02-2019 80 36 32 0.69
16
Chapter 4
Quality Tests
Environmental Engineering tests on quality of water plays major role because if the water
collected from Atmospheric Water generator has any contaminants its not use for drinking
purpose so to justify the water generated from Atmospheric Water Generator the quality tests
are conducted. athe different tests conducted on the water are
1. pH
2. Turbidity
3. Electrical Conductivity
4. Total Dissolved Solids
5. Chlorine Concentration
6. Nitrates
4.1 Determination of pH
Calibration Procedure
Step-1
1. In a 100 ml beaker take PH 7.0 buffer solution and place it in a magnetic stirrer, insert
the Teflon coated stirring bar and stir well.
2. Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the stirred buffer and check for the
reading in the pH meter.
17
3. If the instrument is not showing PH value of 7.0,using the calibration knob adjust the
reading to 7.0.
4. Take the electrode from the buffer, wash it with distilled water and then wipe gently with
soft tissue.
Step-2
1. In a 100 ml beaker take pH 4.0 buffer solution and place it in a magnetic stirrer, insert
3. If the instrument is not showing PH value of 4.0,using the Slope knob adjust the reading
to 4.0.
soft tissue.
Step-3
1. In a 100 ml beaker take pH 9.2 buffer solution and place it in a magnetic stirrer, insert
3. If the instrument is not showing PH value of 9.2, using the Slope knob adjust the reading
to 9.2.
soft tissue.
Testing of Sample
1. In a clean dry 100 ml beaker take the water sample and place it on a magnetic stirrer,
insert the Te?on coated stirring bar and stir well.
2. Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the water sample and check for the
reading in the pH meter. Wait until you get a stable reading.
18
3. The pH of the given water sample is given.
4. Take the electrode from the water sample, wash it with distilled water and then wipe
gently with soft tissue.
Table 4.1: Test Results of pH
Temperature
Sample
Sample description of sample in pH
No
(0 C)
1 Drinking water 27 7.1
Sample-1 Collected
2 27 7.41
from AWG
Sample-2 Collected
3 27 7.40
from AWG
Sample-3 Collected
3 27 7.39
from AWG
Sample-4 Collected
3 27 7.35
from AWG
Sample-5 Collected
3 27 7.08
from AWG
4.1.1 Results
As per Drinking Water Standards of BIS(IS : 10500:2012) the desirable limits is 6.5-8.5
The Turbidity of the water collected from Atmospheric Water Generator are with in limits so
it is safe for drinking.
19
4.2 Determination of Turbidity
Procedure
Using the standard solution ( 400 NTU) calibrate the instrument.
1. Switch ON the instrument and keep it ON for some time.
2. Open the lid of the sample compartment and close the lid.
3. Rotate button set zero control to get zero displayed on the readout.
4. Open the lid and replace the test tube filled with distilled water with test tube filled with
(FORMAZINE) standard then close the lid.
5. Rotate button set 100 to get 100 displayed on the readout.
6. Now the instrument is ready to take measurement of any solution of unknown concentra-
tion.
7. Replace the standard test tube with the sample and place the test tube in a sample
compartment and close the lid.
8. Turbidity value of the sample will be displaced on the readout.
Table 4.2: Test Results of Turbidity
Sample Temperature
Sample description Turbidity (NTU)
No of sample in C
1 Drinking water 27 -09
Sample-1 Collected
2 27 08
from AWG
Sample-2 Collected
3 27 08
from AWG
Sample-3 Collected
3 27 -0.7
from AWG
Sample-4 Collected
3 27 -0.6
from AWG
Sample-5 Collected
3 27 -0.6
from AWG
20
4.2.1 Results
As per Drinking Water Standards of BIS(IS : 10500:2012) the desirable limits is 1-5 NTU
The Turbidity of the water collected from Atmospheric Water Generator are with in limits so
it is safe for drinking.
21
4.3 Determination of Electrical Conductivity
Procedure
1. Switch ON the instrument half an hour before the conduction of experiments.
2. Electrode or Probe is to be washed with Distilled water and do not dip any solution.
3. Press ENTER for getting SELECTION MODE. Select mode as (EC) using direction keys
and presses ENTER.
4. Enter cell constant value as 1.00 and press enter.
5. If automatic temperature meant is desired and thermo probe is not connected in which
case connect it and press Enter key to get temperature.
6. If the actual temperature is desired to be entered manually, press ESC key and enter
temperature.
7. If the actual temperature is not what is displayed as default, measure the temperature
with a thermometer, press ESC key and enter the temperature. 8. Keep the sample filled
container near the cell or probe stand and lower the holding clamp to dip the sensor Part
of the cell in sample. Insert thermo probe also in to the sample.
8. Press ENTER key and it display cell constant value as 1.00 and then dip the cell in the
sample and press enter. There temperature and EC values are displayed.
22
4.3.1 Results
As per Drinking Water Standards of BIS(IS : 10500:2012) the desirable limits is up to 2ms/cm.
Sample collected by AWG are with in limits, so it is safe for irrigation.
Figure 4.4: Test Results of Electrical Conductivity
Figure 4.5: Test Results of Electrical Conductivity
23
4.4 Determination of Total Dissolved Solids
Procedure
1. Switch ON the instrument half an hour before the conduction of experiments.
2. Electrode or Probe is to be washed with Distilled water and do not dip any solution.
3. Press ENTER for getting SELECTION MODE. Select mode as (TDS) using direction
keys and presses ENTER.
4. Enter TDS factor as 0.50
5. Enter cell constant value as 1.00 and press enter.
6. If automatic temperature meant is desired and thermo probe is not connected in which
case connect it and press Enter key to get temperature.
7. If the actual temperature is desired to be entered manually, press ESC key and enter
temperature.
8. If the actual temperature is not what is displayed as default, measure the temperature
with a thermometer, press ESC key and enter the temperature.
9. Keep the sample filled container near the cell or probe stand and lower the holding clamp
to dip the sensor Part of the cell in sample. Insert thermo probe also in to the sample.
Press ENTER key and it display cell constant value as 1.00 and then dip the cell in the
sample and press enter. There temperature and TDS values are displayed.
24
4.4.1 Results
As per Drinking Water Standards of BIS(IS : 10500:2012) the desirable limits is up to 500
mg/lt. Sample collected by AWG are with in limits, so it is safe for irrigation.
Figure 4.6: Test Results of TDS
Figure 4.7: TDS
25
4.5 Estimation of Chloride Concentration
Procedure
1. Before starting the titration rinse the burette with silver nitrate solution.
2. Fill the burette with silver nitrate solution of 0.0141 N. Adjust to zero and fix the burette
in stand.
3. Take 20ml of the sample in a clean 250 ml conical flask.
4. Add 1ml of potassium chromate indicator to get light yellow colour.
5. Titrate the sample against silver nitrate solution until the colour changes from yellow to
brick red. I, e the end point.
6. Note the volume of silver nitrate added (A)
7. Repeat the procedure for concordant values.
Blank Titration
1. Take 20ml of the distilled waste in a clean 250ml conical flask.
2. Add 1ml of potassium chromate indicator to get light yellow colour.
3. Titrate the sample against silver nitrate solution until the colour changes from yellow to
brick red I,e the end point.
4. Note the volume of silver nitrate added for distilled water (B).
26
Table 4.3: Test Results of Chloride Concentration
Sample Volume of Chlorides of sample in
Sample description
No sample in ml mg/l
1 Drinking water 20 9.99
Sample-1 Collected
2 20 19.99
from AWG
Sample-2 Collected
3 20 14.99
from AWG
Sample-3 Collected
3 20 12.49
from AWG
Sample-4 Collected
3 20 12.49
from AWG
Sample-5 Collected
3 20 11.36
from AWG
4.5.1 Results
As per Drinking Water Standards of BIS(IS : 10500:2012) the desirable limits is up to 250
mg/lt. Sample collected by AWG are with in limits, so it is safe for Drinking.
27
4.6 Determination Of Nitrogen (Nitrates)
Procedure
1. Switch on the instrument and wait for 10-15 min.
2. Select the source as UV or VIS depending on sample. Clear water (colour less) (or) UV
Waste water (colour 0 - VIS)
3. Depending on sample press the source button such that the light makes visible on the
source.
4. Select 6th filter DARK and then close door.
5. Press the percentage mode.
6. Again wait for 10 to 15 minutes.
7. Set zero using SET ZERO knob.
8. Select wave length by pressing CLEAR and then enter wave length of 220nm.
9. Take blank water sample and keep in 1st hole and select 1st filter by taking the filter
wheel and close the door.
10. Set the COARSE knob to very high.
11. By rotating the FINE knob clock wise set to 100.
12. Press ABS button.
13. Again using the FINE knob set to zero.
14. Place the sample in the 4th filter hole and note the reading.
28
Standard KNO3
Distilled Water ABS
in ml
10 0 0.891
9 1 0.871
8 2 0.842
7 3 0.777
6 4 0.706
5 5 0.632
4 6 0.540
3 7 0.431
2 8 0.327
1 9 0.174
Table 4.4: Test Results of Nitrates

Wave
Sample-1 Sample-2 Sample-3 Sample-4
Length
200 0.919 0.921 0.926 0.872
210 0.868 0.873 0.885 0.733
220 0.714 0.723 0.749 0.476
230 0.444 0.434 0.483 0.185
240 0.413 0.171 0.244 0.016
250 0.126 0.085 0.0163 -0.66
260 0.139 0.098 0.176 -0.18
270 0.175 0.140 0.212 0.043
280 0.185 0.153 0.227 0.070
290 0.147 0.117 0.186 0.044
300 0.105 0.066 0.140 0.013
310 0.099 0.053 0.132 0.018
320 0.110 0.056 0.131 0.035
330 0.130 0.075 0.018 0.061
340 0.129 0.071 0.141 0.064
4.6.1 Results
As per Drinking Water Standards of BIS(IS : 10500:2012) the desirable limits is up to 45 mg/lt.
Sample collected by AWG are with in limits, so it is safe for Drinking.
29
Chapter 5
Theoretical Estimation Of Quantity Of

Water In Nandyal Region
5.1 Introduction
Nandyal is situated in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh, which is surrounded by districts
of both Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It is bordered by the state of Mahabub Nagar in its
north, Anantapur in its south, Praksam in its East and Bellary, a district in Karnataka in its
west.
It is surrounded by Nallamala Ranges, which is probably the largest stretch of undisturbed

forest in South India apart from the Western Ghats, in the east and Kundu River flowing to
its west, Nandyal is located at 78.480 E and 15.480 N on the southern part of India. It has
an average elevation of 203 meters (666 feet). The region is densely forested and rich in water
resources owning many tanks and reservoirs. Forest to the south of Nandyal has been mined
for granite. Its richness in water resources leads to an equitable climate throughout the year.
5.1.1 Climate of Nandyal
Nandyal is known to have tropical weather with three main seasons summer, winter and the
monsoon. The annual average temperature stands at 28.40 C and annual rainfall stands at 710
mm in the region. The summers are extremely hot and unpleasant. The traveler should avoid
visiting Nandyal during the summer. One can visit during winters which are relatively cooler.
Anyone travelling during the monsoon season can expect heavy rainfall. Nandyal experiences
30
more rainfall than other parts of Andhra Pradesh.
Summer
Summer in Nandyal is quiet hot as heat waves are pretty common. The summer months are
from March to May and sometimes extend till June. The temperature ranges from a minimum
of300 C to maximum of 400 C Humidity is very high and can go up to 75 %. The warmest
month of the year is May with an average temperature of 33.80 C. People who are traveling
form places with milder temperature are advised to avoid the summer months.
Monsoon
Monsoon in Nandyal starts from July and goes on till September. During these months heavy
rains can be expected as Nandyal gets more rain than the other parts of the state. The driest
month is January with 0 mm rainfall and the most precipitation falls in July, with an average
of 147 mm. If travelers are planning to visit in this season, they should be well prepared for
the rain.
Winter
This is definitely the best time of the year to visit Nandyal as temperature is moderate after
the end of the monsoon season. The months from December to February constitute the winter
season. The temperature varies between a minimum of 200 C to a maximum of 300 C. The
coldest month of the year is December with an average temperature of 23.60 C.
5.2 Basic Definitions
5.2.1 Relative Humidity
Relative Humidity is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapour to the equilibrium vapour
pressure of water at the same temperature.
Pw
RH = ∗ 100 (5.1)
Ps
31
Thus from saturation pressure (Ps) and relative humidity (RH) data partial pressure of water
(Pw) can be obtained as
RH
Pw = ∗ Ps (5.2)
100
5.2.2 Humidity Ratio
Humidity Ratio gives the volume of water (in m3) present in 1m3 of air. Humidity ratio can
also be expressed in terms of partial pressure of water (Pw) as
Pw
Pa − Pw
(Where Pa is the atmospheric pressure i.e. Pa=1.0120 bar)
Humidity ratio gives the amount of water (in m3) present in 1m3 of air. Also we know
that 1m3 is equal to 1000 litres. Thus multiplying humidity ratio by 1000 gives the maximum
amount of water (in litres) that is present in 1m3 of air.
5.2.3 Saturation Pressure
Saturation Pressure (Ps) is the pressure of a vapour which is in equilibrium with its liquid
(as steam with water) i.e. the maximum pressure possible by water vapour at a given tem-
perature. The saturation pressure of water at different atmospheric temperature is obtained
from the commercially available steam tables. Air is a mixture of both air molecules and water
molecules. Partial Pressure of water (Pw) is the pressure of water vapour present in a mixture
of air and water vapour.
5.2.4 Dewpoint Temperature
Dew-point temperature (Tdp) is the temperature at which humidity in the air starts condensing
at the same rate at which it is evaporating at a given constant barometric pressure.
100 − RH
Td = T − (5.4)
5
32
( Where Td = Dew point Temperature, T = Temperature, RH = Relative Humidity )
Magnus Formula for Dew point Temperature:
cγ(T ∗ RH)
T dp = (5.5)
b − γ(T ∗ RH)
( Where b = 17.67, c = 243.50 C )
5.2.5 Dry-bulb temperature
Dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely ex-
posed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture. DBT is the temperature that is
usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature.
5.3 Theoretical Analysis OF Quantity Of Water In Nandyal

Region For Year 2018
The quantity of water which can extract from atmosphere is calculated theoretically for the
whole year of 2018 for climatic conditions of nandyal region and the required data i.e. (tem-
perature and relative humidity ) for theoretical calculations is collected from the World Online
Weather.
The theoretical analysis for the quantity of water can generate from atmosphere is done for
the condensation of 1 m3 of air .
5.4 Sample Calculations

(For atmospheric temperature 240 C and relative humidity 36 %)
Saturation Pressure of water vapour (Pw) at 240 C is obtained from steam table as 0.0298 bar.
Partial pressure of water

RH
Pw = ∗ Ps (5.6)
100
36
Pw = ∗ 0.0298 = 0.010728 (5.7)
100
33
Humidity Ratio
Pw
Pa − Pw
( Where Pa = 1.0120 bar (For Nandyal))
0.010728
HumidityRatio = 0.622 ∗ = 0.006664339 (5.9)
1.0120 − 0.010728
Quantity of Water (or) Amount of Water
The quantity of water from January 2018 to December 2018 are estimated by multiplying the
HumidityRatio ∗ 1000 for the all days of year 2018 and plotted the graphs.
Quantity of Water = Humidity Ratio ∗ 1000

Quantity of Water = 0.006664339 ∗ 1000 = 6.666 litres.
The theoretical calculations from the month January to December are tabulated below :
34
Table 5.1: Quantity of Water in January Month
saturation
Amount
Pressure Partial Wa- Humidity
Relative Of Water
Date Temperature From ter Pressure Ratio
Humidity (HumidityRatio∗
Steam ( RH
100 ∗ P s) (0.622 ∗ P a)
1000)
Tables
01-01-2018 24 36 0.0298 0.010728 0.006664339 6.66
02-01-2018 31 30 0.045 0.0135 0.008409614 8.41
03-01-2018 32 28 0.0476 0.013328 0.00830104 8.30
04-01-2018 31 27 0.045 0.01215 0.007558434 7.56
05-01-2018 31 23 0.045 0.01035 0.006427095 6.43
06-01-2018 31 25 0.045 0.01125 0.006992256 6.99
07-01-2018 27 25 0.0357 0.008925 0.005534332 5.53
08-01-2018 30 27 0.0425 0.011475 0.007133705 7.13
09-01-2018 30 37 0.0425 0.015725 0.00981752 9.82
10-01-2018 32 34 0.0476 0.016184 0.010108743 10.11
11-01-2018 33 35 0.0503 0.017605 0.011012032 11.01
12-01-2018 31 34 0.045 0.0153 0.009548109 9.55
13-01-2018 32 31 0.0476 0.014756 0.009203597 9.20
14-01-2018 31 38 0.045 0.0171 0.010690723 10.69
15-01-2018 34 35 0.0532 0.01862 0.011658821 11.66
16-01-2018 34 22 0.0532 0.011704 0.007277734 7.28
17-01-2018 31 29 0.045 0.01305 0.008125632 8.13
18-01-2018 29 32 0.0401 0.012832 0.00798815 7.99
19-01-2018 29 32 0.0401 0.012832 0.00798815 7.99
20-01-2018 28 35 0.0378 0.01323 0.008239194 8.24
21-01-2018 29 30 0.0401 0.01203 0.007482884 7.48
22-01-2018 31 24 0.045 0.0108 0.006709549 6.71
23-01-2018 32 25 0.0476 0.0119 0.00740106 7.40
24-01-2018 30 33 0.0425 0.014025 0.008741251 8.74
25-01-2018 31 21 0.045 0.00945 0.005862949 5.86
26-01-2018 30 31 0.0425 0.013175 0.00820449 8.20
27-01-2018 30 29 0.0425 0.012325 0.007668642 7.67
28-01-2018 30 30 0.0425 0.01275 0.007936452 7.94
29-01-2018 32 29 0.0476 0.013804 0.008601605 8.60
30-01-2018 29 32 0.0401 0.012832 0.00798815 7.99
31-01-2018 30 21 0.0425 0.008925 0.005534332 5.53
35
Figure 5.1: Temperature v/s Quantity of water in litres
Figure 5.2: Relative Humidity v/s Quantity of water in litres
Figure 5.3: Humidity Ratio v/s Quantity of water in litres
36
Table 5.2: Quantity of Water in February Month
saturation
Amount
Relative Of Water
Steam ( RH
100 ∗ P s) (0.622 ∗ P a)
1000)
Tables
01-02-2018 32 48 0.0476 0.022848 0.014367313 14.37
02-02-2018 29 14 0.0401 0.005614 0.00346975 3.47
03-02-2018 31 17 0.045 0.00765 0.004737691 4.74
04-02-2018 30 23 0.0425 0.009775 0.006066552 6.07
05-02-2018 29 28 0.0401 0.011228 0.006978429 6.98
06-02-2018 30 24 0.0425 0.0102 0.006333001 6.33
07-02-2018 28 21 0.0378 0.007938 0.004917461 4.92
08-02-2018 30 28 0.0425 0.0119 0.00740106 7.40
09-02-2018 31 24 0.045 0.0108 0.006709549 6.71
10-02-2018 32 31 0.0476 0.014756 0.009203597 9.20
11-02-2018 30 26 0.0425 0.01105 0.006866577 6.87
12-02-2018 28 24 0.0378 0.009072 0.00562631 5.63
13-02-2018 29 34 0.0401 0.013634 0.008494228 8.49
14-02-2018 30 24 0.0425 0.0102 0.006333001 6.33
15-02-2018 31 28 0.045 0.0126 0.007841905 7.84
16-02-2018 31 27 0.045 0.01215 0.007558434 7.56
17-02-2018 31 24 0.045 0.0108 0.006709549 6.71
18-02-2018 30 28 0.0425 0.0119 0.00740106 7.40
19-02-2018 31 28 0.045 0.0126 0.007841905 7.84
20-02-2018 32 24 0.0476 0.011424 0.007101637 7.10
21-02-2018 28 22 0.0378 0.008316 0.005153566 5.15
22-02-2018 28 27 0.0378 0.010206 0.006336764 6.34
23-02-2018 30 24 0.0425 0.0102 0.006333001 6.33
24-02-2018 28 19 0.0378 0.007182 0.004445784 4.45
25-02-2018 32 17 0.0476 0.008092 0.005013631 5.01
26-02-2018 34 10 0.0532 0.00532 0.003287082 3.29
27-02-2018 35 12 0.0563 0.006756 0.00418031 4.18
28-02-2018 35 13 0.0563 0.007319 0.004531207 4.53
37
38
Table 5.3: Quantity of Water in March Month
saturation
Amount
Relative Of Water
Steam ( RH
100 ∗ P s) (0.622 ∗ P a)
1000)
Tables
01-03-2018 34 15 0.0532 0.00798 0.004943686 4.94
02-03-2018 32 18 0.0476 0.008568 0.005311068 5.31
03-03-2018 34 18 0.0532 0.009576 0.005941869 5.94
04-03-2018 35 17 0.0563 0.009571 0.005938737 5.94
05-03-2018 36 10 0.05945 0.005945 0.003675535 3.68
06-03-2018 34 12 0.0532 0.006384 0.003948672 3.95
07-03-2018 35 14 0.0563 0.007882 0.004882498 4.88
08-03-2018 36 12 0.05945 0.007134 0.00441586 4.42
09-03-2018 36 12 0.05945 0.007134 0.00441586 4.42
10-03-2018 36 20 0.05945 0.01189 0.007394767 7.39
11-03-2018 34 18 0.0532 0.009576 0.005941869 5.94
12-03-2018 34 19 0.0532 0.010108 0.006275303 6.28
13-03-2018 35 21 0.0563 0.011823 0.007352605 7.35
14-03-2018 36 18 0.05945 0.010701 0.006647387 6.65
15-03-2018 36 14 0.05945 0.008323 0.00515794 5.16
16-03-2018 36 16 0.05945 0.009512 0.00590178 5.90
17-03-2018 35 16 0.0563 0.009008 0.005586262 5.59
18-03-2018 33 18 0.0503 0.009054 0.005615046 5.62
19-03-2018 32 20 0.0476 0.00952 0.005906791 5.91
20-03-2018 36 19 0.0378 0.007182 0.004445784 4.45
21-03-2018 36 20 0.05945 0.01189 0.007394767 7.39
22-03-2018 37 22 0.06279 0.0138138 0.008607796 8.61
23-03-2018 35 21 0.0563 0.011823 0.007352605 7.35
24-03-2018 35 22 0.0563 0.012386 0.007707067 7.71
25-03-2018 37 23 0.06279 0.0144417 0.009004724 9.00
26-03-2018 36 25 0.05945 0.0148625 0.009271013 9.27
27-03-2018 36 22 0.05945 0.013079 0.008143925 8.14
28-03-2018 38 17 0.06629 0.0112693 0.007004386 7.00
29-03-2018 35 22 0.0563 0.012386 0.007707067 7.71
30-03-2018 36 11 0.05945 0.0065395 0.004045479 4.05
31-03-2018 33 32 0.0503 0.016096 0.010052889 10.05
39
40
Table 5.4: Quantity of Water in April Month
saturation
Amount
Relative Of Water
Steam ( RH
100 ∗ P s) (0.622 ∗ P a)
1000)
Tables
01-04-2018 37 23 0.06279 0.0144417 0.009004724 9.00
02-04-2018 37 23 0.06279 0.0144417 0.009004724 9.00
03-04-2018 38 21 0.06629 0.0139209 0.008675464 8.68
04-04-2018 38 20 0.06629 0.013258 0.008256863 8.26
05-04-2018 38 21 0.06629 0.0139209 0.008675464 8.68
06-04-2018 37 23 0.06279 0.0144417 0.009004724 9.00
07-04-2018 38 23 0.06629 0.0152467 0.009514338 9.51
08-04-2018 36 18 0.05945 0.010701 0.006647387 6.65
09-04-2018 35 22 0.0563 0.012386 0.007707067 7.71
10-04-2018 35 27 0.0563 0.015201 0.009485385 9.49
11-04-2018 36 25 0.05945 0.0148625 0.009271013 9.27
12-04-2018 34 30 0.0532 0.01596 0.009966588 9.97
13-04-2018 36 28 0.05945 0.016646 0.01040214 10.40
14-04-2018 36 26 0.05945 0.015457 0.009647606 9.65
15-04-2018 36 33 0.05945 0.0196185 0.012296387 12.30
16-04-2018 34 30 0.0532 0.01596 0.009966588 9.97
17-04-2018 35 32 0.0563 0.018016 0.011273775 11.27
18-04-2018 37 19 0.06279 0.0119301 0.007420004 7.42
19-04-2018 38 21 0.06629 0.0139209 0.008675464 8.68
20-04-2018 40 23 0.07381 0.0169763 0.010612067 10.61
21-04-2018 40 21 0.07381 0.0155001 0.009674925 9.67
22-04-2018 37 28 0.06279 0.0175812 0.010996882 11.00
23-04-2018 38 25 0.06629 0.0165725 0.010355445 10.36
24-04-2018 36 24 0.05945 0.014268 0.00889487 8.89
25-04-2018 38 27 0.06629 0.0178983 0.011198796 11.20
26-04-2018 38 24 0.06629 0.0159096 0.009934612 9.93
27-04-2018 38 27 0.06629 0.0178983 0.011198796 11.20
28-04-2018 38 23 0.06629 0.0152467 0.009514338 9.51
29-04-2018 38 19 0.06629 0.0125951 0.007838817 7.84
30-04-2018 41 14 0.07784 0.0108976 0.006770843 6.77
41
42
Table 5.5: Quantity of Water in May Month
saturation
Amount
Relative Of Water
Steam ( RH
100 ∗ P s) (0.622 ∗ P a)
1000)
Tables
01-05-2018 42 14 0.08205 0.011487 0.007141251 7.14
02-05-2018 39 29 0.06996 0.0202884 0.012724853 12.72
03-05-2018 38 32 0.06629 0.0212128 0.013317049 13.32
04-05-2018 36 36 0.05945 0.021402 0.013438392 13.44
05-05-2018 37 36 0.06279 0.0226044 0.014210632 14.21
06-05-2018 39 27 0.0532 0.014364 0.008955579 8.96
07-05-2018 38 29 0.06629 0.0192241 0.0120444 12.04
08-05-2018 38 28 0.06629 0.0185612 0.011621316 11.62
09-05-2018 36 34 0.05945 0.020213 0.012676599 12.68
10-05-2018 37 46 0.06279 0.0288834 0.018274002 18.27
11-05-2018 37 42 0.06279 0.0263718 0.016642441 16.64
12-05-2018 36 40 0.05945 0.02378 0.014967477 14.97
13-05-2018 37 40 0.06279 0.025116 0.015829775 15.83
14-05-2018 36 41 0.05945 0.0243745 0.015350899 15.35
15-05-2018 35 38 0.0563 0.021394 0.01343326 13.43
16-05-2018 35 40 0.0563 0.02252 0.014156365 14.16
17-05-2018 37 42 0.06279 0.0263718 0.016642441 16.64
18-05-2018 36 41 0.05945 0.0243745 0.015350899 15.35
19-05-2018 38 36 0.06629 0.0238644 0.015021882 15.02
20-05-2018 39 33 0.06996 0.0230868 0.014520981 14.52
21-05-2018 39 32 0.06996 0.0223872 0.014070997 14.07
22-05-2018 38 36 0.06629 0.0238644 0.015021882 15.02
23-05-2018 36 34 0.05945 0.020213 0.012676599 12.68
24-05-2018 38 30 0.06629 0.019887 0.01246805 12.47
25-05-2018 38 35 0.06629 0.0232015 0.014594817 14.59
26-05-2018 37 33 0.06279 0.0207207 0.013001659 13.00
27-05-2018 38 27 0.06629 0.0178983 0.011198796 11.20
28-05-2018 38 31 0.06629 0.0205499 0.012892265 12.89
29-05-2018 40 29 0.07381 0.0214049 0.013440252 13.44
30-05-2018 38 36 0.06629 0.0238644 0.015021882 15.02
31-05-2018 38 31 0.06629 0.0205499 0.012892265 12.89
43
44
Table 5.6: Quantity of Water in June Month
saturation
Amount
Relative Of Water
Steam ( RH
100 ∗ P s) (0.622 ∗ P a)
1000)
Tables
01-06-2018 38 36 0.06629 0.0238644 0.015021882 15.02
02-06-2018 33 53 0.0503 0.026659 0.016828588 16.83
03-06-2018 34 45 0.0532 0.02394 0.015070623 15.07
04-06-2018 36 38 0.05945 0.022591 0.014202016 14.20
05-06-2018 35 37 0.0563 0.020831 0.013072324 13.07
06-06-2018 34 39 0.0532 0.020748 0.013019148 13.02
07-06-2018 36 41 0.05945 0.0243745 0.015350899 15.35
08-06-2018 36 44 0.05945 0.026158 0.016503939 16.50
09-06-2018 33 46 0.0503 0.023138 0.014553938 14.55
10-06-2018 32 52 0.0476 0.024752 0.015594606 15.59
11-06-2018 32 48 0.0476 0.022848 0.014367313 14.37
12-06-2018 33 42 0.0503 0.021126 0.013261395 13.26
13-06-2018 34 38 0.0532 0.020216 0.012678519 12.68
14-06-2018 34 39 0.0532 0.020748 0.013019148 13.02
15-06-2018 36 36 0.05945 0.021402 0.013438392 13.44
16-06-2018 36 34 0.05945 0.020213 0.012676599 12.68
17-06-2018 36 28 0.05945 0.016646 0.01040214 10.40
18-06-2018 34 30 0.0532 0.01596 0.009966588 9.97
19-06-2018 34 34 0.0532 0.018088 0.01131965 11.32
20-06-2018 36 34 0.05945 0.020213 0.012676599 12.68
21-06-2018 36 30 0.05945 0.017835 0.01115848 11.16
22-06-2018 35 32 0.0563 0.018016 0.011273775 11.27
23-06-2018 34 31 0.0532 0.016492 0.010304311 10.30
24-06-2018 34 32 0.0532 0.017024 0.010642395 10.64
25-06-2018 36 34 0.05945 0.020213 0.012676599 12.68
26-06-2018 36 29 0.05945 0.0172405 0.010780084 10.78
27-06-2018 36 31 0.05945 0.0184295 0.011537328 11.54
28-06-2018 31 48 0.045 0.0216 0.013565428 13.57
29-06-2018 33 44 0.0503 0.022132 0.01390701 13.91
30-06-2018 33 42 0.0503 0.021126 0.013261395 13.26
45
46
Table 5.7: Quantity of Water in July Month
saturation
Amount
Relative Of Water
Steam ( RH
100 ∗ P s) (0.622 ∗ P a)
1000)
Tables
01-07-2018 33 42 0.0503 0.021126 0.013261395 13.26
02-07-2018 35 37 0.0563 0.020831 0.013072324 13.07
03-07-2018 34 38 0.0532 0.020216 0.012678519 12.68
04-07-2018 34 42 0.0532 0.022344 0.014043231 14.04
05-07-2018 35 38 0.0563 0.021394 0.01343326 13.43
06-07-2018 33 40 0.0503 0.02012 0.012617091 12.62
07-07-2018 33 41 0.0503 0.020623 0.01293908 12.94
08-07-2018 32 44 0.0476 0.020944 0.013144735 13.14
09-07-2018 32 48 0.0476 0.022848 0.014367313 14.37
10-07-2018 33 46 0.0503 0.023138 0.014553938 14.55
11-07-2018 34 46 0.0532 0.024472 0.015413825 15.41
12-07-2018 32 48 0.0476 0.022848 0.014367313 14.37
13-07-2018 32 49 0.0476 0.023324 0.014673693 14.67
14-07-2018 31 57 0.045 0.02565 0.01617509 16.18
15-07-2018 31 54 0.045 0.0243 0.015302825 15.30
16-07-2018 32 56 0.0476 0.026656 0.016826643 16.83
17-07-2018 32 52 0.0476 0.024752 0.015594606 15.59
18-07-2018 31 52 0.045 0.0234 0.014722638 14.72
19-07-2018 31 50 0.045 0.0225 0.014143507 14.14
20-07-2018 31 49 0.045 0.02205 0.013854336 13.85
21-07-2018 31 48 0.045 0.0216 0.013565428 13.57
22-07-2018 32 44 0.0476 0.020944 0.013144735 13.14
23-07-2018 34 45 0.0532 0.02394 0.015070623 15.07
24-07-2018 32 47 0.0476 0.022372 0.014061227 14.06
25-07-2018 32 46 0.0476 0.021896 0.013755436 13.76
26-07-2018 31 44 0.045 0.0198 0.012412417 12.41
27-07-2018 32 48 0.0476 0.022848 0.014367313 14.37
28-07-2018 32 46 0.06629 0.0304934 0.019324266 19.32
29-07-2018 34 40 0.07381 0.029524 0.018691477 18.69
30-07-2018 31 45 0.045 0.02025 0.012700277 12.70
31-07-2018 31 49 0.045 0.02205 0.013854336 13.85
47
48
Table 5.8: Quantity of Water in August Month
saturation
Amount
Relative Of Water
Steam ( RH
100 ∗ P s) (0.622 ∗ P a)
1000)
Tables
01-08-2018 33 45 0.0503 0.022635 0.014230309 14.23
02-08-2018 32 46 0.0476 0.021896 0.013755436 13.76
03-08-2018 32 45 0.0476 0.02142 0.013449938 13.45
04-08-2018 32 46 0.0476 0.021896 0.013755436 13.76
05-08-2018 31 49 0.045 0.02205 0.013854336 13.85
06-08-2018 32 45 0.06629 0.0298305 0.018891414 18.89
07-08-2018 32 49 0.06629 0.0324821 0.020626337 20.63
08-08-2018 31 44 0.045 0.0198 0.012412417 12.41
09-08-2018 31 42 0.045 0.0189 0.011837479 11.84
10-08-2018 32 47 0.0476 0.022372 0.014061227 14.06
11-08-2018 32 45 0.0476 0.02142 0.013449938 13.45
12-08-2018 31 48 0.045 0.0216 0.013565428 13.57
13-08-2018 31 50 0.045 0.0225 0.014143507 14.14
14-08-2018 29 65 0.0401 0.026065 0.016443711 16.44
15-08-2018 27 75 0.0357 0.026775 0.016903804 16.90
16-08-2018 31 39 0.045 0.01755 0.010977022 10.98
17-08-2018 31 56 0.045 0.0252 0.01588407 15.88
18-08-2018 30 56 0.045 0.0252 0.01588407 15.88
19-08-2018 30 58 0.0425 0.02465 0.015528739 15.53
20-08-2018 28 65 0.045 0.02925 0.018512847 18.51
21-08-2018 26 62 0.03362 0.0208444 0.01308091 13.08
22-08-2018 27 55 0.0357 0.019635 0.012306933 12.31
23-08-2018 24 52 0.0532 0.027664 0.017480828 17.48
24-08-2018 27 50 0.0357 0.01785 0.011168033 11.17
25-08-2018 32 48 0.06629 0.0318192 0.020191726 20.19
26-08-2018 32 42 0.06629 0.0278418 0.017596358 17.60
27-08-2018 32 46 0.06629 0.0304934 0.019324266 19.32
28-08-2018 32 48 0.06629 0.0318192 0.020191726 20.19
29-08-2018 32 49 0.06629 0.0324821 0.020626337 20.63
30-08-2018 32 48 0.06629 0.0318192 0.020191726 20.19
31-08-2018 32 46 0.06629 0.0304934 0.019324266 19.32
49
Figure 5.24: Humidity v/s Quantity of water in litres
50
Table 5.9: Quantity of Water in September Month
saturation
Amount
Relative Of Water
Steam ( RH
100 ∗ P s) (0.622 ∗ P a)
1000)
Tables
01-09-2018 31 50 0.045 0.0225 0.014143507 14.14
02-09-2018 32 48 0.0476 0.022848 0.014367313 14.37
03-09-2018 32 41 0.0476 0.019516 0.012230879 12.23
04-09-2018 32 45 0.0476 0.02142 0.013449938 13.45
05-09-2018 33 43 0.0503 0.021629 0.013584039 13.58
06-09-2018 33 34 0.0503 0.017102 0.010691995 10.69
07-09-2018 32 38 0.0476 0.018088 0.01131965 11.32
08-09-2018 32 38 0.0476 0.018088 0.01131965 11.32
09-09-2018 32 40 0.0476 0.01904 0.011926845 11.93
10-09-2018 33 39 0.0503 0.019617 0.012295428 12.30
11-09-2018 34 39 0.0532 0.020748 0.013019148 13.02
12-09-2018 34 38 0.0532 0.020216 0.012678519 12.68
13-09-2018 33 40 0.0503 0.02012 0.012617091 12.62
14-09-2018 33 41 0.0503 0.020623 0.01293908 12.94
15-09-2018 34 39 0.0532 0.020748 0.013019148 13.02
16-09-2018 35 37 0.0563 0.020831 0.013072324 13.07
17-09-2018 35 36 0.0563 0.020268 0.012711797 12.71
18-09-2018 34 37 0.0532 0.019684 0.012338255 12.34
19-09-2018 34 41 0.0532 0.021812 0.013701503 13.70
20-09-2018 32 42 0.0476 0.019992 0.012535205 12.54
21-09-2018 31 51 0.045 0.02295 0.014432941 14.43
22-09-2018 31 48 0.045 0.0216 0.013565428 13.57
23-09-2018 32 46 0.0476 0.021896 0.013755436 13.76
24-09-2018 32 48 0.0476 0.022848 0.014367313 14.37
25-09-2018 34 43 0.0532 0.022876 0.014385327 14.39
26-09-2018 35 42 0.0563 0.023646 0.014881117 14.88
27-09-2018 35 41 0.0563 0.023083 0.014518535 14.52
28-09-2018 32 36 0.0476 0.017136 0.010713617 10.71
29-09-2018 32 40 0.0476 0.01904 0.011926845 11.93
30-09-2018 33 45 0.0503 0.022635 0.014230309 14.23
51
52
Table 5.10: Quantity of Water in October Month
saturation
Amount
Relative Of Water
Steam ( RH
100 ∗ P s) (0.622 ∗ P a)
1000)
Tables
01-10-2018 34 44 0.0532 0.023408 0.014727791 14.73
02-10-2018 34 44 0.06629 0.0291676 0.018459146 18.46
03-10-2018 31 57 0.045 0.02565 0.01617509 16.18
04-10-2018 31 55 0.045 0.02475 0.015593315 15.59
05-10-2018 30 64 0.0425 0.0272 0.017179529 17.18
06-10-2018 30 55 0.0425 0.023375 0.014706537 14.71
07-10-2018 31 57 0.045 0.02565 0.01617509 16.18
08-10-2018 33 44 0.0503 0.022132 0.01390701 13.91
09-10-2018 33 42 0.0503 0.021126 0.013261395 13.26
10-10-2018 31 38 0.045 0.0171 0.010690723 10.69
11-10-2018 31 41 0.045 0.01845 0.0115504 11.55
12-10-2018 32 45 0.0476 0.02142 0.013449938 13.45
13-10-2018 32 48 0.0476 0.022848 0.014367313 14.37
14-10-2018 31 49 0.045 0.02205 0.013854336 13.85
15-10-2018 31 55 0.045 0.02475 0.015593315 15.59
16-10-2018 32 44 0.0476 0.020944 0.013144735 13.14
17-10-2018 32 38 0.0476 0.018088 0.01131965 11.32
18-10-2018 31 36 0.045 0.0162 0.010118899 10.12
19-10-2018 28 40 0.045 0.018 0.011263581 11.26
20-10-2018 29 48 0.0401 0.019248 0.012059664 12.06
21-10-2018 29 46 0.0401 0.018446 0.011547849 11.55
22-10-2018 30 42 0.0425 0.01785 0.011168033 11.17
23-10-2018 31 42 0.045 0.0189 0.011837479 11.84
24-10-2018 30 48 0.0425 0.0204 0.012796289 12.80
25-10-2018 30 51 0.0425 0.021675 0.013613561 13.61
26-10-2018 30 49 0.0425 0.020825 0.013068479 13.07
27-10-2018 31 46 0.045 0.0207 0.012988399 12.99
28-10-2018 32 53 0.0476 0.025228 0.01590217 15.90
29-10-2018 29 37 0.0401 0.014837 0.00925487 9.25
30-10-2018 28 41 0.045 0.01845 0.0115504 11.55
31-10-2018 28 46 0.045 0.0207 0.012988399 12.99
53
54
Table 5.11: Quantity of Water in November Month
saturation
Amount
Relative Of Water
Steam ( RH
100 ∗ P s) (0.622 ∗ P a)
1000)
Tables
01-11-2018 29 57 0.0401 0.022857 0.014373103 14.37
02-11-2018 28 68 0.03781 0.0257108 0.01621443 16.21
03-11-2018 28 67 0.03781 0.0253327 0.015969861 15.97
04-11-2018 28 68 0.03781 0.0257108 0.01621443 16.21
05-11-2018 28 63 0.03781 0.0238203 0.014993454 14.99
06-11-2018 29 59 0.0401 0.023659 0.014889495 14.89
07-11-2018 29 58 0.0401 0.023258 0.014631194 14.63
08-11-2018 28 52 0.03781 0.0196612 0.012323681 12.32
09-11-2018 28 53 0.03781 0.0200393 0.012565462 12.57
10-11-2018 29 46 0.0401 0.018446 0.011547849 11.55
11-11-2018 29 44 0.0401 0.017644 0.01103686 11.04
12-11-2018 28 43 0.03781 0.0162583 0.01015591 10.16
13-11-2018 27 45 0.03567 0.0160515 0.010024648 10.02
14-11-2018 28 45 0.03781 0.0170145 0.010636355 10.64
15-11-2018 26 48 0.03362 0.0161376 0.010079291 10.08
16-11-2018 26 46 0.03362 0.0154652 0.009652803 9.65
17-11-2018 27 46 0.03567 0.0164082 0.010251089 10.25
18-11-2018 27 55 0.03567 0.0196185 0.012296387 12.30
19-11-2018 28 66 0.03781 0.0249546 0.015725478 15.73
20-11-2018 26 53 0.03362 0.0178186 0.011148035 11.15
21-11-2018 26 50 0.03362 0.01681 0.010506356 10.51
22-11-2018 28 48 0.03781 0.0181488 0.011358394 11.36
23-11-2018 26 42 0.03362 0.0141204 0.008801552 8.80
24-11-2018 27 44 0.03567 0.0156948 0.009798369 9.80
25-11-2018 26 46 0.03362 0.0154652 0.009652803 9.65
26-11-2018 26 41 0.03362 0.0137842 0.008589097 8.59
27-11-2018 25 55 0.03169 0.0174295 0.010900332 10.90
28-11-2018 26 64 0.03362 0.0215168 0.013512041 13.51
29-11-2018 26 60 0.03362 0.020172 0.012650363 12.65
30-11-2018 26 60 0.03362 0.020172 0.012650363 12.65
55
56
Table 5.12: Quantity of Water in December Month
saturation
Amount
Relative Of Water
Steam ( RH
100 ∗ P s) (0.622 ∗ P a)
1000)
Tables
01-12-2018 25 58 0.0532 0.030856 0.019561279 19.56
02-12-2018 25 64 0.03169 0.0202816 0.012720501 12.72
03-12-2018 26 65 0.03362 0.021853 0.013727826 13.73
04-12-2018 26 64 0.03362 0.0215168 0.013512041 13.51
05-12-2018 27 72 0.03567 0.0256824 0.016196054 16.20
06-12-2018 27 63 0.03567 0.0224721 0.014125571 14.13
07-12-2018 26 65 0.03362 0.021853 0.013727826 13.73
08-12-2018 27 60 0.03567 0.021402 0.013438392 13.44
09-12-2018 26 62 0.03362 0.0208444 0.01308091 13.08
10-12-2018 26 64 0.03362 0.0215168 0.013512041 13.51
11-12-2018 26 59 0.03362 0.0198358 0.012435308 12.44
12-12-2018 26 55 0.03362 0.018491 0.011576545 11.58
13-12-2018 26 57 0.03362 0.0191634 0.012005636 12.01
14-12-2018 27 55 0.03567 0.0196185 0.012296387 12.30
15-12-2018 26 59 0.03362 0.0198358 0.012435308 12.44
16-12-2018 26 54 0.03362 0.0181548 0.011362218 11.36
17-12-2018 26 55 0.03362 0.018491 0.011576545 11.58
18-12-2018 25 51 0.03169 0.0161619 0.010094715 10.09
19-12-2018 25 58 0.03169 0.0183802 0.011505894 11.51
20-12-2018 24 67 0.02985 0.0199995 0.012540003 12.54
21-12-2018 24 67 0.02985 0.0199995 0.012540003 12.54
22-12-2018 25 61 0.03169 0.0193309 0.012112616 12.11
23-12-2018 25 58 0.03169 0.0183802 0.011505894 11.51
24-12-2018 23 55 0.0281 0.015455 0.009646338 9.65
25-12-2018 26 58 0.03362 0.0194996 0.012220399 12.22
26-12-2018 26 54 0.03362 0.0181548 0.011362218 11.36
27-12-2018 26 51 0.03362 0.0171462 0.010720104 10.72
28-12-2018 26 66 0.03362 0.0221892 0.013943758 13.94
29-12-2018 24 37 0.02985 0.0110445 0.006863121 6.86
30-12-2018 23 59 0.0281 0.016579 0.010359574 10.36
31-12-2018 21 47 0.02487 0.0116889 0.007268235 7.27
57
58
5.5 Quantity of Water from January to December
The Quantity of water from January 2018 to December 2018 are tabulated below .
Month Amount Of Water in Liters

January 250.81
February 181.24
March 195.99
April 281.89
May 423.6
June 392.13
July 446.13
August 489.65
September 390.74
October 414.31
November 363.15
December 379.97
Figure 5.37: Quantity of Water in Varies Months in 2018
The bar graph is plotted between quantity of water in various months. Which is shown in
figure 5.37. In this graph every month yield is shown thats varies from month to month. Which
is due to variation in Temperature and Relative Humidity from season to season. In August
month the quantity of water is more due this month falls in rainy season i.e. which can give
more Humidity and moderate Temperature.
5.6 Theoretical calculations for the Quantity of water

from AWG
The water collected from Atmospheric Water Generator at different days which is tabulated
below and the theoretical calculations of quantity of water in these particular days is calculated
59
and tabulated below.
Table 5.13: Calculations for Quantity of Water
Saturation Relative Water Amount

Humidity
Date Temperature(0 C) Pressure Humidity Pressure of Water
Ratio
(Ps) (RH) in % (Pw) (Litres)
31-1-2019 17 0.01938 56 0.01085 0.00674 6.74
2-2-2019 19 0.02198 53 0.01164 0.00727 7.272
3-2-2019 30 0.04241 26 0.0110 0.00683 6.835
6-2-2019 32 0.04755 29 0.01378 0.00858 8.586
14-2-2019 36 0.05942 32 0.01378 0.0119 11.90
Dew point Temperature
Dew-point temperature (Tdp) is the temperature at which humidity in the air starts condensing
at the same rate at which it is evaporating at a given constant barometric pressure.
cγ(T ∗ RH)
T dp = (5.10)
b − γ(T ∗ RH)
RH bT
γ(T ∗ RH) = ln( )+ (5.11)
100 c+T
( Where b = 17.67, c = 243.50 C )
56 17.67 ∗ 17
γ(T × RH) = ln( )+ = 0.573 (5.12)
100 243.5 + 17
0.573 ∗ 243.5
T dp = = 8.160 C (5.13)
17.67 − 0.573
Table 5.14: Table of Dew point Temperatures and Wind Velocity
Temperature Relative Humid- Dew point Tem- Wind Velocity

Date
(0 C) ity % perature % (m/s)
31-1-2019 17 56 8.2 0.69
2-2-2019 19 53 9.6 0.83
3-2-2019 30 26 15.2 0.27
6-2-2019 32 29 17.8 0.27
14-2-2019 36 32 22.4 0.69
60
5.7 Result Analysis
In this there are three graphs are plotted,
(1) Temperature v/s Collected Water : In this graph for Temperature v/s Collected
Water is plotted. in this graph shows that the temperature is low the higher higher quantity
of water may get and temperature is high then the less quantity of water may get.
(2) Relative Humidity v/s Collected Water : In this graph raises in the Relative
Humidity, the Quantity of Water Collected is more. Which means higher humidity available in
the atmosphere we collect the more quantity of water.
(3) Humidity Ratio v/s Collected Water : In this humidity ratio is calculated with
the Temperature and Relative Humidity is calculated from the above equations. The Humidity
Ratio will increases then collecting the quantity of water will be increased.
In this theoretical analysis the calculate for quantity of water is done using above formulas
and different graphs are plotted.
(1) Temperature v/s Collected Water
(2) Relative Humidity v/s Collected Water
(3) Humidity Ratio v/s Collected Water
Table 5.15: Quantity of water for Analytical and Practical Results
Temperature Relative Hu- Humidity Amount of Water Water Col-

Date
(0 C) midity % Ratio in (1m3 ) of Air lected in (lt)
31-1-2019 17 56 0.0067 6.74 0.290
2-2-2019 19 53 0.00727 7.272 0.310
3-2-2019 30 26 0.00683 6.835 0.150
6-2-2019 32 29 0.00858 8.586 0.120
14-2-2019 36 32 0.0119 11.90 0.080
61
Figure 5.38: Relative Humidity (v/s) Collected Water
In this Temperature v/s Collected Water graph for the different days in month with different
temperatures and how much quantity of water is generated is calculated from above mention
formulas. For this quantity of water and temperature the graph is plotted as shown in figure.
In this graphs it shows how much quantity of water can generated for the month of 1 Cu.M of
air condensation is happen is shown figure.
Figure 5.39: Humidity Ratio (v/s) Collected Water
In this Relative Humidity v/s Collected Water graph for the different humidities at differ-
ent days of the quantity of water can generated is calculated from above formulas and graph
is plotted for this collected values. In this graph at particular temperatures and it shows the
62
quantity of water is generated in the month.
Figure 5.40: Temperature (v/s) Collected Water
In this Humidity Ratio v/s Collected Water graph plotted to Humidity Ratio and Quantity
of Water. In this humidity ratio is calculated with the temperature and relative humidity is
calculated from the above equations. So this graph is combination of Relative Humidity and
Temperature and from this a linear relationship is shown which is Humidity Ratio increases
the quantity of water may increases. So that it represents Relative Humidity increases more
quantity of water can generated, because of the Humidity Ratio is factor of Relative Humidity
63
Chapter 6
Conclusion and Future Scope
6.1 Conclusion
1. Atmospheric Water Generator is an equipment that extracts the water from the atmo-
spheric air through the natural condensation occurring due to the natural cooling of soil
under the ground.
2. The efficiency of Atmospheric Water Generator depends on the quality of fabrication i.e
workmanship in fabrication shows effects in working of Atmospheric Water Generator
that gives variations in output.
3. One year theoretical analysis of quantity of water that can extract from atmosphere
for this Nandyal region is done which gave an total quantity of water can extract from
atmosphere.
4. Atmospheric Water Generator depends on various parameters i.e., temperature relative

humidity i.e., with higher relative humidity more quantity of water can extract.
Pw
Quantity of Water =0.622 ∗ P a−P w
∗ 1000
6.2 Future Scope

1. In Atmospheric Water Generator with some modifications like providing air vent to sent
air outside may increase the efficiency of the equipment and generates more quantity of
water.
2. One decade theoretical analysis of quantity of water for this Nandyal region gives accurate
information that which month gives more quantity of water.
64
References
1. Design and Fabrication of Water Seer (IJETCSE) ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 25 Issue 5.
2. Arora C.P, Refrigeration and air conditioning. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 1July 2001.
3. Anbarasu T., Pavithra S. Vapour Compression Refrigeration System Generating Fresh

Water from Humidity in the Air.
4. A. M. Hamed, Absorption-regeneration cycle for production of water from air-theoretical

approach, Renewable Energy 19 (2000), 625-635.
5. www.youtube.com -Waterseer.
6. Beysens D; Milimouk I; Nikolayev V; Muselli M; Marcillat J. 2003. Using radiative cooling

to condense atmospheric vapor: a study to improve water yield.
65

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EXTRACTION OF WATER FROM ATMOSPHERE

A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Department of Civil Engineering

V.OM PRAKASH 16095A0119

Signature of the Project Guide Signature of Head of the Department

We are also highly grateful to Dr. T. JAYACHANDRAPRASAD,Principal, R.G.M. College

We shall remain grateful to Dr. M. SHANTHIRAMUDU,Chairman R.G.M. College of En-

We shall remain grateful to Sri M. SHIVARAM, M.D,Lab Technician of Mechanical Depart-

We shall remain grateful to Mr. Ramireddy , Lab Technician of Mechanical Department in

Key Words: Water scarcity, Waterseer, Condensation, Atmosphere, Temperature.

3 Fabrication and Experimentation 8

5 Theoretical Estimation Of Quantity Of Water In Nandyal Region 30

6 Conclusion and Future Scope 64

2.1 Daily yield in litres v/s Relative humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.1 Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.1 Field view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5.1 Temperature v/s Quantity of water in litres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

4.1 Test Results of pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5.1 Quantity of Water in January Month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

1.2 Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG)

In Chapter -6 the Conclusions of AWG is explined.

S. Hanish Anand et.al. (2018)

Girja Sharan et.al. (2011)

Figure 2.1: Daily yield in litres v/s Relative humidity

Hassan and Jakob

A.Bharath and K.Bhargav

Figure 2.2: Prototype

Quantityof W ater = HumidityRatio ∗ 1000 (2.2)

Fabrication and Experimentation

3.1 Materials Used For Fabrication

3. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in

3.2.1 Wind Turbine

1. Diameter of the turbine is 16 cm.

2. Height of the turbine blades is 20 cm.

3. Number of Blades are arranged = 4

4. Angle between blades are arranged = 90 degrees

Figure 3.1: Wind Turbine

3.2.2 Fan Setup

Figure 3.3: Fan

Figure 3.4: Vertical Pipe

3.2.4 Collecting Pot

Figure 3.5: Collecting Pot

Figure 3.6: Submerged Pump

3.3 Objects of the Project

2. TO produce water from thin air.

4. Design and Fabrication should be easy.

5. Fabrication with locally available materials.

6. Low maintenance Cost.

3.4.1 Gas Welding

3.5 Procedure For Manufacturing Atmospheric Water

2. The cone setup is connected to vertical pipe.

2. Places where wind velocity is high and moderate.

4. Suitable terrain and geology on site access.

5. Large open fields are can be require.

3.7 Working Principles Of AWG

4. The generated water collected to using the submersible pump.

3.8 Installation Procedure

2. Dig the pit of 3 × 3 × 6f eet.

Figure 3.9: Field view

3.9 Water Collection

Quantity of Temperature Relative Humidity in